The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
16-07-2018
How glacial biomarkers can hone the search for extraterrestrial life
How glacial biomarkers can hone the search for extraterrestrial life
Laguna Negra in the Chilean Andes is a glacial lake that contains the remains of ancient life and is exposed to ultraviolet light.
Credit: Wamba Wambez/Wikimedia Commons
Detecting biomarkers in glacial lakes on Earth could pave the way for astrobiologists to detect evidence for life on other worlds, and also unravel the properties of the environments in which that life lived.
High in the Andes Mountains in Chile, unrelenting ultraviolet (UV) radiation blasts the nutrient-poor waters of Laguna Negra and Lo Encañado, two lakes fed by rapidly melting glaciers. In this hostile and remote environment, researchers are trialling life-detection technology to see if we can use it on other planets.
Understanding these lake systems will help scientists to interpret biomarkers in ancient lakes both on Earth or other planets. Although the organisms themselves are long dead, the traces and history of their deaths are encoded in the biomolecules that litter the lakes' sediments.
The implications of these biomolecules extend far beyond the boundaries of these lakes: they could help scientists to recreate the evolutionary history of extraterrestrial life. The scientists' findings were described in a recent article in Astrobiology.
"Once a microbe dies, different physiochemical factors – such as humidity, temperature, oxygen, or the presence of metals – affect the degradation or chemical alteration of its structures and molecular components," says lead author Victor Parro, based at the Centro de Astrobiología, in Madrid, Spain.
Certain biomarkers are characteristic of certain groups of microbes and even particular metabolisms, he says. "From this information it is possible to infer what the environment where they developed was like."
Crater lakes
In the Andes, this can tell us about the paleoclimate of the mountains and their rapidly thawing glaciers. But it could possibly unravel the geochemical and atmospheric histories of other worlds, such as Mars and Saturn's moon Titan.
"These high-altitude lakes in the Andes mountains are interesting for astrobiology because they are exposed to high levels of ultraviolet radiation," says Lewis Dartnell, an astrobiologist at the University of Westminster, in London, who was not involved in the research. "Understanding how microbial life in the lake copes with these UV levels is important for the search for life beyond Earth – on Mars, for example, where there are believed to have once been crater lakes but also very high UV levels. "
The researchers used a Life Detector Chip (LDChip) to hunt for these fragments of life. An LDChip is a biosensor that can detect the presence of life (recent or ancient) from protein fragments and other biomolecules.
"An LDChip doesn't need entire living microbes, it just needs biological material, whether it is alive or dead, recent or ancient, free or as part of large polymers or even organo-mineral particles [which are mineral by-products of life]," Parro says. The chip needs between four and ten amino acids to identify the protein or family of proteins that the amino acids came from.
Gale Crater on Mars, which NASA’s Curiosity rover is exploring, used to contain a lake that was exposed to the ultraviolet radiation incident on the surface of the red planet, and which may contain evidence for past life. Credit: NASA/JPL–Caltech
Testing for life in situ
The LDChip is the core of the Spanish Signs Of LIfe Detector (SOLID), an instrument that can liquidize up to two grams of solid rock, soil or ice, which can then be screened for biopolymers.
Importantly, especially when viewed through the lens of astrobiology, it can test for life in situ.
Researchers can treat these extreme environments as proxies for the remote and harsh conditions on other planets, allowing them to test their theories and technologies on Earth. Astrobiologists often view Laguna Negra as a stand-in for the lakes of Titan.
Understanding water, glaciers and ice is a fundamental part of astrobiology. "Ice and glaciers were and are common in other planetary bodies, such as Mars, and they must have played a critical role in the hydrogeology of those planets, the formation and behavior of ancient lakes, as well as in the development and evolution of potential Martian microbiology," says Parro.
In their study, Parro's team investigated the shallow sediments of the lakes. They reported the presence of sulphate-reducing bacteria, methanogenic (methane producing) archaea, and exopolymeric substances (polymers, such as biofilms, secreted by organisms) from Gammaproteobacteria.
Proof of life
Don Cowan, a professor of microbial ecology at the University of Pretoria, in South Africa, says that their presence is unsurprising and "just what one would expect in a glacial lake sediment".
Asked if they were significant biomarkers, he says that "All are important, in a general sense, in that identification of any of these biomarkers (which are examples of many possible biomarkers) in an 'astrobiological' sample, such as from Mars, would be definitive evidence of life."
A library of biomarkers is the next step in Parro's research. "We need further studies and understanding of what biomarkers we can expect to find in different planetary environments," he says. This involves identifying the most universal ones, discovering how they are preserved and how they respond to radiation and other environmental conditions, and then using that information to hone their tests for the presence of life.
The end game is to see the SOLID instrument with its LDChip on extraplanetary missions to test for biomarkers or assist astronauts in biohazard detection. Until then, the researchers plan to deploy it in as many terrestrial environments as they can, from extreme environments to the veterinary sector, Parro says.
More information: Víctor Parro et al. Biomarkers and Metabolic Patterns in the Sediments of Evolving Glacial Lakes as a Proxy for Planetary Lake Exploration, Astrobiology (2016). DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1342
The object known as 1I/2017 U1 (and nicknamed ‘Oumuamua) was traveling too fast (196,000 miles per hour, that’s 54 miles per second or 87.3 kilometers per second) to have originated in our solar system. Comets and asteroids from within our solar system move at a slower speed, typically an average of 12 miles per second (19 km per second) . In non-technical terms, ‘Oumuamua is an interstellar vagabond.
Artist’s concept of the interstellar object ‘Oumuamua.
Image via ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESO, M. Kornmesser.
2. We’re not sure where it came from.
‘Oumuamua entered our solar system from the rough direction of the constellation Lyra, but it’s impossible to tell where it originally came from. Thousands of years ago, when ‘Oumuamua started to wander from its parent planetary system, the stars were in a different position so it’s impossible to pinpoint its point of origin. It could have been wandering the galaxy for billions of years.
3. We know it’s out of here.
‘Oumuamua is headed back out of our solar system and won’t be coming back. It’s rapidly headed in the direction of the constellation Pegasus and will cross the orbit of Neptune in about four years and cover one light year’s distance in about 11,000 years.
4. We don’t really know what it looks like.
We’ve only seen it as a speck of light through a telescope (it is far away and less than half a mile in length), but its unique rotation leads us to believe that it’s elongated like a cigar, about 10 times longer than it is wide. We can’t see it anymore. Artist’s concepts are the best guesses at what it might look like.
5. We know it got a little speed boost.
A rapid response observing campaign allowed us to watch as ‘Oumuamua got an unexpected boost in speed. The acceleration slightly changed its course from earlier predictions. Davide Farnocchia, of the Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, said:
This additional subtle force on ‘Oumuamua likely is caused by jets of gaseous material expelled from its surface. This same kind of outgassing affects the motion of many comets in our solar system.
6. We know it’s tumbling.
Unusual variations in the comet’s brightness suggest it is rotating on more than one axis.
This illustration shows ‘Oumuamua racing toward the outskirts of our solar system. As the complex rotation of the object makes it difficult to determine the exact shape, there are many models of what it could look like.
Image via NASA/ESA/STScI.
7. We don’t know what it’s made of.
Comets in our solar system kick off lots of dust and gas when they get close to the sun, but ‘Oumuamua did not, which led observers to consider defining it as an asteroid.
Karen Meech, an astronomer at the University of Hawaii’s Institute of Astronomy, said small dust grains, present on the surface of most comets, may have eroded away during ‘Oumuamua’s long journey through interstellar space. She said:
The more we study ‘Oumuamua, the more exciting it gets.
It could be giving off gases that are harder to see than dust, but it’s impossible to know at this point.
8. We knew to expect it.
Just not when. The discovery of an interstellar object has been anticipated for decades. The space between the stars probably has billions and billions of asteroids and comets roaming around independently. Scientists understood that, inevitably, some of these small bodies would enter our own solar system. This interstellar visit by ‘Oumuamua reinforces our models of how planetary systems form.
9. We don’t know what it’s doing now.
After January 2018, ‘Oumuamua was no longer visible to telescopes, even in space. But scientists continue to analyze the data gathered during the international observing campaign and crack open more mysteries about this unique interstellar visitor.
10. We know there’s a good chance we’ll see another one … eventually.
Because ‘Oumuamua is the first interstellar object ever observed in our solar system, researchers caution that it’s difficult to draw general conclusions about this newly-discovered class of celestial bodies. Observations point to the possibility that other star systems regularly eject small comet-like objects and there should be more of them drifting among the stars. Future ground- and space-based surveys could detect more of these interstellar vagabonds, providing a larger sample for scientists to analyze. Meech said:
I can hardly wait for the next interstellar object!
Bottom line: What science knows and doesn’t know about ‘Oumuamua, the first confirmed interstellar object to pass through our solar system.
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Three Bright UFOs Filmed Over France in Broad Daylight
Three Bright UFOs Filmed Over France in Broad Daylight
This footage captured by Sebastien Monnetver in Lyon, France shows 3 bright UFOs hovering in the daytime. The brights ufos were seen for several minutes before fading away. Good daytime UFO footage can be hard to find! For recent news about UFO sightings visit our YouTube channel!
Checkout This Dynamic New Crop Circle That Was Just Reported in the UK
Checkout This Dynamic New Crop Circle That Was Just Reported in the UK
This impressive crop circle was just discovered in the UK on July 14th. The details in this one are pretty remarkable. To us it looks like 24 star systems circling the core of the galaxy!
Extraterrestrial and Extradimensional Beings — How They Travel Space and Time
Extraterrestrial and Extradimensional Beings — How They Travel Space and Time
To Understand ET, You Need to Understand Dimensionality
We have talked before about the fact that most extraterrestrial beings visiting our planet are actually extradimensional in nature, but limited to travel within and across dimensional realities within our sub-universe (there are many sub-universes in the cosmos). Sub-universes are what we might call instances, shards, or even forks in technical terms.
The UFOs that we regularly see are often light ships that are interdimensional nature, hailing from a 5D reality or other dimensional reality. Dimensionally speaking, 5D is right next door and certain ET groups have the ability to cross the dimensional veil into our reality. This is referred to as the Interdimensional Hypothesis (IDH). Most of the benevolent ET groups are extradimensional, interdimensional, and frequently transdimensional, as well. UFOs that are metallic in nature are not typically interdimensional and frequently not extraterrestrial either. More on that later, but for now, let’s discuss extradimensionals.
One advantage of IDH proffered by Hilary Evans is its ability to explain the apparent ability of UFOs to appear and disappear from sight and radar; this is explained as the UFO entering and leaving our dimension (“materializing” and “dematerializing”). Moreover, Evans argues that if the other dimension is slightly more advanced than ours, or is our own future, this would explain the UFOs’ tendency to represent near future technologies (airships in the 1890s, rockets and supersonic travel in the 1940s, etc.
It is also worth knowing that the entire cosmos is holographic in nature, and is indeed a matrix with many sub-matrices in existence, as well. Some of the beings exist across multiple dimensions. There aren’t just 11 or 12 dimensions, either. They number in the thousands. Some extensions of multiverse or parallel universes hypotheses are not entirely correct — there is not a dimension spawned at every decision point — only observed realities come into or stay in existence. Most of the other dimensional realities experience time differently than we do, as well. They call it ‘no time’. It doesn’t mean that things don’t progress in a linear fashion, but they are able to perceive multiple possibilities simultaneously. They then choose to train their observation on the possibilities they want to manifest. Many beings can instantly manifest within their realities (which would look like magic to us), but some manifestation requires collective effort/observation over time (like it does with us).
The holographic nature of the cosmos means that the Galactics, as they like to be called, are able to use their projectors (we all project and co-create our realities) to focus on creating the reality that is most positive. It is a co-created, negotiated in real-time, collective reality. Our individual consciousnesses are projections that we create and when married with similar projections from other beings, the collective reality becomes manifest. We are all essentially AI, if you think about the cosmos from a technical/IT perspective. The dark beings are IT experts, in a manner of speaking, and have made a mess of the security infrastructure relative to planet Earth. They are hackers of a sort, and were trying to lead humanity onto a negative timeline. However those efforts were subverted by benevolent extradimensionals.
The Fermi Paradox, as you know, posits that no extraterrestrial nor extradimensional beings have been able to get to our planet. That isn’t true. There have been all sorts of beings, both light and dark, who have visited Earth throughout history. The dark ones considered our reality an experiment and there were all sorts of interventions, including genetically engineering early hominids into a slave species. The reason we, homo sapiens sapiens, do not look like most other hominids and our close cousins, the higher primates, is because we were seeded with DNA from various ET/ED species. Most of them are humanoid, as well. Civilization was also seeded by some of these beings, which was how we developed, very quickly, advanced knowledge of engineering, architecture, astronomy, mathematics, and various cosmological mythologies involving star beings and galactic-level conflicts. This video explains the cosmic back story to what is happening now:
Dark energy is the space between what we might consider visible matter. All matter is fundamentally energy, whether it is light or dark in nature. Dark energy is what we might call the glue that holds all light matter in the cosmos together. Within dark matter is a tremendous amount of what we call zero-point energy, which is the fundamental force behind systems like gravity, light, and the electro-magnetic forces. It is also the mechanism behind what some of us might call soul force, love force, or light force. Dark energy could be compared to wet sand on a beach — we have the ability to make sand castles from it, or it can remain in its natural state. Dark matter, as we call it, is the fundamental force of entropy that allows the sand castles to decay.
Both light and dark energy are what connects everything in the cosmos. At a quantum level, the divine spark of creation resides in dark energy, ready to be manifested into light matter. This is how the big bang happened, and how our sub-universe came into being. The singularity was the original spark and dark energy was the kindling. Dark matter is what causes the fire to go out.
So, how do these beings physically get to our planet/reality? As we have theorized, faster than light or superliminal travel isn’t possible for them either, though it is theoretically possible for them. ET/ED do travel via what we might call conventional means, but they can only travel at a maximum of two-thirds light speed. What they can also do, however, is travel via what we might call wormholes. There are several different types of wormholes — they all persist once created, as long as there is an energy source. Contrary to some sci fi, wormholes are not created on the fly as they are not stable enough when created that way:
Jump gates are wormholes that persist once they are created. There are several hundred thousand jump gates in our sub-universe alone. They are often referred to as portals and are powered by zero point energy. Jump gates are used for intra-galactic travel.
Star portals are wormholes that persist, as well, but they rely on the energy of a sun to fuel them. The ‘alien megastructure’ is a grid around a star that is being utilized to power a star portal. It harnesses the solar plasma field as energy. Star portals are much larger than jump gates and many solar systems have them. Since many of their vessels are enormous bio-spheres that are planet-sized, these large portals are necessary. They can travel inter-galactically using these portals.
There are two forces that are relevant to travel through space and time. One is the attractive force (the pull) and the other is the magnetic or repulsive force (the push). Dark energy is magnetical (repelling) and dark matter is gravitational (attracting) with a weaker magnetical force applied to it. There is an energy field surrounding all planets that is toroidal in nature. It, and many other things, maintain their form through a perfect balance of these two forces:
The toroidal plasma field
The Keshe Foundation has been doing a lot of work in this area, using controlled gravitational and magnetic fields powered by zero-point energy.
I’m an anthropologist, not a physicist, but this is how it was explained to me!
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This Week's Top Space Stories!
This Week's Top Space Stories!
By Chelsea Gohd, Space.com Staff Writer
Photo Credit: MPIA
The Week's Top Space Stories
Saturn's singing, a ghost particle is traced to its source, and NASA may have found organics on Mars in the 1970s — it's Space.com's best news stories of the week.
Photo Credit: DESY, Science Communication Lab
1. Ghost particle
In a major breakthrough and world first, astronomers have traced a high-energy neutrino to its distant, blazing source.
Researchers have discovered hundreds of enormous, crescent-shaped pits on the surface of Mars that they suspect used to be sand dunes. Those former dunes might hide traces of ancient life.
NASA's Parker Solar Probe has a fancy new heat shield. This will protect the spacecraft as it travels closer to the sun than any human-made object has before.
Photo Credit: Paul Schenk/Lunar and Planetary Institute
4. Pretty Pluto maps
New research has revealed the topography of Pluto and its moon Charon in a best-ever series of maps — this could help scientists to figure out what shaped them.
For years, researchers have wondered how NASA's Viking landers, which studied the Martian surface in 1976, found no organic molecules. New research shows how they may have found organics after all — then burned them up.
The hottest exoplanet ever discovered, KELT-9b, is so hot that it's "boiling off" its own atmosphere. This gas is then being captured by its host star.
A Russian cargo spacecraft traveled to the International Space Station on July 9 and arrived in less than 4 hours, traveling at record speed. This is the first time a Progress spacecraft has made the trip in less than 6 hours.
Is er leven na de dood? Hierna zul je nooit meer hetzelfde kijken naar reïncarnatie
Is er leven na de dood? Hierna zul je nooit meer hetzelfde kijken naar reïncarnatie
Onlangs werd op het Tom Tom Founders Festival in Virginia een belangrijke vraag gesteld: is er leven na de dood?
Experts van de Universiteit van Virginia vertelden hoe zij hierover denken. De discussie werd geleid door Monty Python-acteur John Cleese.
Emeritus hoogleraar Bruce Greyson vertelde over zijn decennialange onderzoek naar bijna-doodervaringen en deelde anekdotes die duidelijk maken dat we voor bepaalde fenomenen nog geen goede verklaringen hebben.
Terugkomen
Hij noemde daarbij het ‘zien’ van dingen met je bewustzijn terwijl je niet in je fysieke lichaam zit, het zien van overleden familieleden of vrienden of het zien van overleden mensen die je niet kent.
Professor Jim Tucker heeft jarenlang onderzoek gedaan naar kinderen die herinneringen hebben aan vorige levens.
Hij merkte op dat vooral mensen die een gewelddadige dood sterven ‘terugkomen’. Moedervlekken laten zien waar ze in hun vorige leven fatale wonden opliepen.
Onafgemaakte zaken
Het lijkt er dus op dat ze nog onafgemaakte zaken hebben, aldus Tucker.
Professor Emily Williams is vooral gespecialiseerd in sterfbedvisioenen en hoe stervende patiënten contact lijken te maken met individuen en entiteiten die niet in de ruimte aanwezig zijn.
Teken
Dit gebeurt zo vaak dat verplegers het zijn gaan zien als teken dat iemand op het punt staat te overlijden, merkte Williams op.
Ze vertelde ook over gevallen waarbij mensen op afstand voelen dat een geliefde is overleden.
WETENSCHAPPERS WETEN ZEKER DAT WIJ ALLEEN ZIJN IN DE MELKWEG
WETENSCHAPPERS WETEN ZEKER DAT WIJ ALLEEN ZIJN IN DE MELKWEG
Een team onderzoekers aan de universiteit van Oxford weet na gedegen onderzoek zeker dat er absoluut geen buitenaardsen bestaan.
Dat niet alleen, maar de kans dat wij ooit buitenaardsen leven zullen vinden is volgens hen heel erg klein.
Alles wat met buitenaardsen, hun ruimtevaartuigen en waarnemingen daarvan te maken heeft wordt systematisch uit het mainstream nieuws gehouden. Behalve die keren dat er eigenlijk geen ontkennen meer aan is en dan wordt het meestal belachelijk gemaakt of er wordt “een logische verklaring” voor gevonden zoals Thaise ballonnen.
Ze doen dit dan onder andere door middel van de zogenaamde Fermi paradox.
De Fermiparadox is een paradox waarin de grote statistische waarschijnlijkheid van het bestaan van intelligent buitenaards leven in schril contrast staat met een gebrek aan bewijs daarvoor.
De vergelijking van Drake is een wiskundige formule, die radioastronoom Frank Drake in 1961 opstelde. De formule schat het aantal intelligente beschavingen in ons melkwegstelsel, die via radio met ons kunnen communiceren. Alle factoren die van invloed kunnen zijn op het ontstaan van intelligent leven staan in de formule.
En wanneer ze dat dan allemaal doen, dan komen ze tot de conclusie dat er in de gehele Melkweg geen buitenaards leven bestaat en dat er niet meer dan 50 procent kans is dat daar buiten ergens buitenaards leven bestaat.
En zo kan het dat er voor onze wereld dingen worden bepaald door een aantal wetenschappers achter een bureau die nog nooit de moeite hebben genomen om zelf naar de lucht te kijken, of zelfs maar een blik te werpen op al die vreemde dingen op aarde waar geen enkele “logische verklaring” voor te vinden is.
Die korte metten maken met al die miljoenen mensen wereldwijd die met eigen ogen dingen hebben waargenomen.
Die websites zoals deze waar in de loop der jaren een enorme database is opgebouwd met een overweldigende hoeveelheid aanwijzingen dat er wel degelijk buitenaards leven bestaat, volkomen genegeerd.
Of zoals Tyler van Secureteam zegt: Ik kan net zo goed dit kanaal sluiten, want het maakt toch allemaal niet uit want alles dat wordt aangevoerd als bewijs wordt systematisch genegeerd. Don't stop Tyler!
Je kunt zeggen wat je wilt over het Nederlandse medium Robbert van den Broeke, maar is er altijd wel wat gaande met hem.
Nu is het een door Robbert ontdekte graancirkel in Zevenbergen en een woedende boer die het nieuws halen.
Wanneer we denken aan graancirkels, dan komt eigenlijk automatisch Engeland in gedachten, het land waar je soms de meest prachtige graancirkels ziet verschijnen.
Ook in Nederland komt zo heel af en toe een graancirkel voorbij, maar wanneer je naar de beelden daarvan kijkt, dan halen ze het in de verste verte niet bij die uit Engeland.
Als dergelijke graancirkels in Nederland worden ontdekt, dan kom je ook vaak de naam Robbert van den Broeke tegen.
Zo ook op 12 juli toen Robbert de volgende graancirkel ontdekte bij Zevenbergen.
Het is een graancirkel, maar wanneer je bijvoorbeeld kijkt naar een Engelse zoals de volgende, dan zie je het verschil. De Engelse cirkels lijken ook veel groter dan de Nederlandse.
Tussen kwart voor twaalf en twaalf uur kwam er vanuit de rechterhoek een lichtbol zo groot als een tennisbal in het zicht, op het moment dat ik in mijn tuin zat. Deze lichtbol ging rakelings langs me heen en schoot tegen mijn deurkozijn aan en het bolletje loste daar op.
Op de plek waar het lichtbolletje het kozijn heeft geraakt zie je een grote schroeivlek, daarvan zijn de foto’s te zien in het artikel.
Op dat moment kreeg ik een drukkend, onrustig gevoel wat ik de dag daarvoor ook al had. Ik kreeg sterk het gevoel dat ik naar Zevenbergen moest, ik kreeg duidelijk een beeld van een grote, zilverachtige ufo die heel rustig boven een graanveld hing, waar drie metaalachtige bollen uitkwamen die licht gaven. Ik zag in het visioen hoe de bollen de graancirkelformatie vormden. Het voelde heel liefdevol en zacht.
Toen kreeg ik heel duidelijk de straat (straatnaam kan ik nog niet bekend maken, aangezien de boer nog niet op de hoogte is) door in Zevenbergen waar ik de cirkel zou treffen. Daar aangekomen trof ik inderdaad de graancirkelformatie aan die ik in mijn visioen had gezien. Ik voelde duidelijk dat er wezens aanwezig waren van arcturus. De cirkelformatie heeft een zachte , helende roze/gele energie. De graancirkelformatie heeft ook een ritmische energie.
Toen de boer bericht kreeg van Robbert dat er op zijn land een graancirkel was gevonden, was deze niet blij.
Maar boer Örjan Schrauwen moet er niets van weten. „Onzin”, vindt hij de vondst. „Ik kreeg een berichtje, dat Van den Broeke iets had gevonden op mijn land. Ik ben gelijk op de machine gestapt en heb het gedeelte van de ’graancirkel’ geoogst.” De schade is minimaal: de paar vierkante meter schelen ’enkele euro’s in opbrengst’. „Maar het gaat mij om het principe”, aldus de agrariër. „Je moet gewoon van mijn land af blijven en niet het graan plat gaan trappen.”
Zoals te zien op de volgende foto maakte hij korte metten met de graancirkel.
Hij is zo boos dat hij meteen vandaag de graancirkel er uit maaide uit boosheid, en verder het graan nog niet oogstte, alleen de cirkels zijn er uit gemaaid.
Ik heb de boer netjes benaderd dat ik het erg vond voor hem dat het op zijn land de graancirkel was ontstaan omdat ik al had begrepen dat hij er niet blij mee was opperde ik het idee om van de graankorrels in de cirkel brood te bakken en dat te verkopen, er zit energie in die korrels van de graancirkel, de opbrengst is dan geheel voor de boer.
Ik zei ik kan het op mijn facebook plaatsen dat het brood te koop is en dan weet ik zeker dat veel mensen het brood willen kopen. Toen kreeg ik in het chatgesprek "BARST" terug met de foto er bij genomen vanuit de cabine van de graandorser waar op te zien is dat hij de graancirkel weg aan het maaien is.
Ik betreur het dat hij zo reageert, ik heb hem netjes en lief benaderd, dan denk ik.. kom op denk je nou werkelijk dat ik die cirkels stiekem 's nachts maak?? echt niet tof dit.
It’s frequently alleged that NASA may have hidden, obfuscated, or otherwise destroyed evidence of extraterrestrial life in its sixty-year history. While a great deal of these claims are based solely on individuals’ interpretations of NASA photographs or videos, sometimes scientists do actually uncover inconsistencies or irregularities in NASA’s hard data. In 2016, one such case came to light when a pair of astrophysicists published a rebuttal of forty-year-old data gathered on the surface of the Red Planet by NASA’s Viking 1 lander. The article claims that the Viking lander actually uncovered evidence of organic molecules in Martian soil samples, but that the data was either misinterpreted or deliberately hidden.
No way. Government agencies never lie to us, do they?
Now, those claims have been taken one step further as a new study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research now claims that the Viking lander might have actually destroyed evidence of organic molecules – the building blocks of life – by heating them up in its gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer or GCMS, a scientific instrument which heats/burns substances to determine their composition. Did NASA unwittingly incinerate proof of life (or more realistically, the potential for life) on Mars?
It’s hard to stay. This new study examines data gathered by NASA’s Phoenix lander in 2008 and Curiosity rover in 2013. In their analyses of Martian soil, both rovers discovered the presence of perchlorates, salt compounds used in propellants and to control static electricity in food packaging. When heated to high temperatures, perchlorates break down into other compounds, one of which is chlorobenzene. It turns out that the 1976 Viking lander, the same one accused of possibly having detected organic compounds without NASA admitting as much, detected the presence of chlorobenzene in its GCMS data.
That’s some nice soil you got there. It’d be a shame if someone, I don’t know, burned it to smithereens.
What does this mean? Ultimately, all we know for sure is that NASA likely had evidence of organic matter on Mars forty years ago and either didn’t realize what they were looking at, or intentionally hid the data. Nobody has gone so far as to make that claim yet, but given that the Viking landers cost over $5 billion, it wouldn’t have been a wise funding move to admit that NASA’s flagship lander incinerated the best evidence we had at the time that life may exist or may have existed elsewhere in the solar system.
Viking I
Ultimately, not even all of the scientists involved with this study are convinced that the chlorobenzene is proof that the Viking incinerated organic compounds; one author believes the readings could be the result of terrestrial contamination. Whatever the case may be with this reexamination of the Viking data, this case makes you wonder: could we already have proof of alien life resting in some vault or dataset somewhere and not even know it yet?
Scientist Says He’s Found Alien Footprints On Mars, Accuses NASA Of Cover-Up
One of the most controversial of all of Bob Lazar’s claims (made after he allegedly briefly worked, in late 1988, at a portion of Area 51 called S-4) is that he read a series of highly-classified documents on various aspects of the UFO phenomenon. One of those documents, Lazar maintained, told a strange and sinister story of a violent confrontation between security personnel at Area 51 and a group of aliens that were in residence and working at S-4, alongside a scientific team. It was a confrontation that reportedly resulted in more than a few deaths. Far more than a few.
Lazar has admitted that he cannot say for sure that the briefing papers he read were the real thing. He has acknowledged that they may have been nothing but disinformation, designed to swamp him with both real and bogus material. Why might the project leaders at Area 51 do such a thing? Simple: if there were concerns that Lazar might blow the whistle on what he knew (which, as history has shown, he did, in 1989), mixing up the truth with a more than liberal amount of lies might have an adverse effect on his credibility. It should be noted that’s exactly what happened. That said, and although he cannot say for sure that the documentation was the real deal, he does recall the contents of the material, in relation to this fire-fight situation.
According to Lazar, the deadly confrontation occurred at some point in 1979, in the S-4 facility. Lazar said: “I believe the altercation came about in 1979, or sometime like that. And I don’t remember exactly how it was started, but it had something to do with the security personnel. The aliens were in a separate room. I think it had something to do with the bullets [the security guards] were carrying, and somehow they were trying to be told that they couldn’t enter the area with the bullets, possibly because it was hazardous – the bullets could explode, through some field or whatever.”
Lazar continued that despite the warning, one of the security guards did indeed enter the room with the bullets – something which resulted in a violent and lethal response from the aliens. Lazar recalled that the papers he read described how the security personnel were all quickly killed by “head wounds.” The same fate befell a group of scientists on the program, too. Timothy Good, who interviewed Lazar at the height of the controversy surrounding his claims, said: “The incident is said to have led to the termination of an alien liaison at the Nevada Test Site.”
It’s important to note that there is a variation on this story. Not from Lazar, who stuck to the story which he read out at S-4. But, from a man named Paul Bennewitz, who in the late 1970s began digging into claims that an alien base existed below the New Mexico town of Dulce. From intelligence personnel at Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, Bennewitz learned of a story of a fatal encounter between hostile aliens and a security team in the lower levels of the Dulce Base. The different location given to Bennewitz is just about the only difference between what Lazar was told and what Bennewitz was told.
Clearly, both scenarios cannot be true, something which means we must give deep consideration to the possibility that the papers Lazar read were not the real deal. They may well have been disinformation. So might have been the data provided to Paul Bennewitz. In other words, there is a strong likelihood that both tales were fabricated and fed to Lazar and Bennewitz as a means to confuse the truth surrounding what is really going on at Area 51 – and which may actually have nothing to do with real aliens, hostile or not.
New research from the up-close Grand Finale orbits of NASA’s Cassini mission shows a surprisingly powerful interaction of plasma waves moving from Saturn to its moon Enceladus.
Researchers converted the recording of plasma waves into a “whooshing” audio file that we can hear, in the same way a radio translates electromagnetic waves into music.
Much like air or water, plasma (the fourth state of matter) generates waves to carry energy.
The recording was captured by the Radio Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument Sept. 2, 2017, two weeks before Cassini was deliberately plunged into the atmosphere of Saturn.
The universe is not only fascinating and full of secrets it continues to surprise us. Listen to the eerie sounds of Saturn and its Moon Enceladus.
Hey everyone. I have tweeted Tom Cruise to ask him to verify if this video below is truly Stanley Kubrick. Since they made a movie just before his death together, I believe Tom could clear this up for us. Lots of regular joes are calling the video a fake, but I have done some analysis of my own of the video and found the following. 1. Resonance (grating vibration) is same in both videos. 2. His voice is slightly higher pitch than others. 3. His hesitations...which are common of him in both videos when speaking. 4. Vocal Inflections are the same. Meaning his voice rises and lowers in the same places in the sentences. Also there are photo similarities that are interesting. 1. Both wear glasses, but different types. 2. Both have a receding hairline and beard. 3. Both have matching skin bumps. 4. Both have matching scars between eye lid and brow. 5. Both have bags under and over eyes.
It is my professional opinion that this video of Stanley Kubrick admitting to the moon landings is 100% real. Watch the videos below and compare and contrast for yourself. I also believe that the US gov has spent a lot to time and money on leaving fake comments on Youtube and other sites calling this video a fake in order to control the public perspective of it. This video would be enough evidence in a court of law to convict NASA of lying to the USA and to the world.
UFO Recorded Over Grand Canyon On July 15, 2018, Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Recorded Over Grand Canyon On July 15, 2018, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: July 15, 2018 Location of sighting: Grand Canyon, New Mexico, USA A UFO was caught by accident over the Grand Canyon this week. It shot past the camera at incredible speed, but lucky for us it was recorded on camera. No jet or aircraft is capable of such speed. 100% evidence that aliens are visiting us. Scott C. Waring Eyewitness states:
Filmed over Grand Canyon, Arizona today. (Navajo point overlook). While attempting to capture lightenings from the storm on the horizon a very fast object crossed the sky. You can see it appearing from the top center of the screen and disappearing towards the bottom left. I have slowed it down to the extent possible with my iphone.
'Mensachtigen waren 2,1 miljoen jaar geleden al in China aanwezig'
'Mensachtigen waren 2,1 miljoen jaar geleden al in China aanwezig'
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Het zou betekenen dat mensachtigen Afrika veel eerder verlieten dan tot op heden werd aangenomen.
Dat schrijven onderzoekers in het blad Nature. Ze baseren zich op opgravingen op het lössplateau in China. In opeenvolgende aardlagen werden tientallen stenen gereedschappen aangetroffen die er sterk op wijzen dat dit gebied tussen 1,3 en 2,1 miljoen jaar geleden mogelijk vrijwel continu of in ieder geval herhaaldelijk door mensachtigen bewoond is geweest.
Oudste bewijs? Het is een spectaculaire vondst die suggereert dat mensachtigen al veel eerder buiten Afrika te vinden waren dan gedacht. Als de dateringen kloppen, is het tevens het oudste bewijs voor de aanwezigheid van mensachtigen dat tot op heden buiten Afrika is aangetroffen.
Georgië Het oudste bewijs voor de aanwezigheid van mensachtigen buiten Afrika dat ons tot voor kort bekend was, werd ontdekt in Georgië. Het gaat om gereedschappen en botten van Homo erectus die tot zo’n 1.85 miljoen jaar oud zijn. Tevens zijn in China en op Java fossiele resten van mensachtigen aangetroffen die tussen de 1.5 en 1.7 miljoen jaar oud zijn.
Dieren Maar nu zijn in China dus meer dan 2 miljoen jaar oude sporen van mensachtigen ontdekt. Naast de stenen gereedschappen zijn ook resten van dieren gevonden. Onduidelijk is of de aangetroffen gereedschappen gebruikt zijn om die dieren te slachten. Vervolgonderzoek zal dat uit moeten wijzen.
De implicaties van de vondst zijn hoe dan ook enorm. Dit is namelijk de eerste aanwijzing dat mensachtigen zich meer dan 2 miljoen jaar geleden al (ver) buiten Afrika begaven. Hoe ze zich precies verspreid hebben vanuit het meer dan 14.000 kilometer verderop gelegen Oost-Afrika blijft voor nu een raadsel.
Nieuw bewijs dat dit de hoogste bergen op Pluto zijn
Nieuw bewijs dat dit de hoogste bergen op Pluto zijn
Vivian Lammerse
De hoogste pieken zijn zo’n 6 kilometer hoog en moeten wel uit waterijs bestaan.
Toen ruimtesonde New Horizons in 2015 een expeditie naar Pluto deed, kwam het grote nieuws naar buiten: er bestaan daadwerkelijk torenhoge pieken en diepe valleien op zowel de ijzige dwergplaneet als op zijn grootste maan Charon. Na een aantal jaar van onderzoek zijn dan nu officieel de topografische kaarten van deze twee aldaar. De kaarten, evenals het proces om deze te maken, zijn terug te vinden in twee nieuwe onderzoeksartikelen gepubliceerd in het tijdschrift Icarus.
Beeld van de hoogste bergen op Pluto, de Tenzing Montes. Het heuvelachtige gebied achter de bergen is de ijsvulkaan Wright Montes. Het getoonde gebied is zo’n 500 kilometer breed.
Foto: Lunar and Planetary Institute/Paul Schenk
Kaarten Om de kaarten te maken, werden alle beelden van zowel de Long Range Reconnaissance Imager(LORRI) als de Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) samengevoegd. En dit ging niet zonder slag of stoot. Voor dit werkje was een gedetailleerde uitlijning van oppervlaktekenmerken in overlappende afbeeldingen nodig. Door digitale analyse van stereobeelden, verkregen van beide camera’s, werden de topografische kaarten voor elke regio gemaakt. Over een periode van twee jaar stuurde New Horizons mondjesmaat de afbeeldingen die gebruikt werden naar de Aarde. De kwaliteit van de geografische-, en topografische kaarten werden hierdoor met elke nieuwe reeks beelden verbeterd.
CHARON
Op Charon onthullen de topografische kaarten valleien nabij de noordpool die zo’n 14 kilometer diep zijn. In vergelijking, dit is dieper dan Marianentrog op Aarde. De equatoriale troggen die de grens vormen tussen de noordelijke en zuidelijke vlaktes op Charon, hebben een reliëf van zo’n 8 kilometer.
Ontdekkingen Op de kaarten is goed te zien dat er op Pluto als op Charon veel verschillende landvormen voorkomen. Daarnaast bevestigen de kaarten dat de hoogste berg op de dwergplaneet de Tenzing Montes is, gevormd langs de zuidwestelijke randen van de bevroren stikstofijskap Sputnik Planitia. De steile ijspieken hebben hellingen van 40 graden of zelf meer. De hoogste piek is zo’n 6 kilometer hoog, wat vergelijkbaar is met de Kilimanjaro in Kenia. Waarschijnlijk bestaan Pluto’s bergen uit waterijs, om op die manier hun hoogten te behouden. Als de bergen namelijk uit eerder waargenomen vluchtig ijs zouden bestaan, waaronder methaan en stikstofijs, zouden de bergen instorten.
Daarnaast blijkt uit de topografische kaarten dat de ijskap in de 1000 kilometer lange Sputnik Planitia gemiddeld 2,5 kilometer diep is, terwijl de buitenste randen van de ijskap meer dan 3,5 kilometer onder Pluto’s gemiddelde hoogte liggen. Hoewel het grootste deel van de ijskap relatief vlak is, zijn de buitenranden de laagst bekende gebieden op de dwergplaneet. Daarnaast tonen de kaarten het bestaan van een mondiaal geërodeerd diep rif van meer dan 3000 kilometer lang. Deze loopt van noord naar zuid nabij de westelijke rand van de Sputnik Planitia. Deze trog is de langst bekende op Pluto en geeft aan dat er een grote breuk in het verre verleden heeft plaatsgevonden. Op de vraag waarom deze breuk zich alleen langs de lineaire lijn voordoet, hebben de onderzoekers nog geen antwoord.
The new discovery leaves the secrets of the ancient Egyptian mummification in the open, offering unprecedented details not only about the mummification process but the oils used by the ancient Egyptians thousands of years ago to mummify their deceased.
Egyptian archaeologists have confirmed they’ve discovered an ancient Egyptian cemetery and a mummification temple located thirty meters below the surface near the necropolis of Saqqara, south of Cairo.
Experts have also come across a large number of small stone statues, jars, and vases which were most likely used in the mummification process. Image Credit: Ministry of Antiquities وزارة الآثار
Dr. Ramadan Badry Hussein, Director of Saqqara Saite Tombs Project and Professor at Tübingen University describes the discovery as “rare”.
The amazing underground mummification workshop will provide, according to experts, a new vision of the chemical composition of the oils used by the ancient Egyptians to mummify their dead. It is thought that the funerary well, which is believed to be more than 2,000 years old, dates from the Saita-Persian period (664-404 a.C.).
According to reports, the discovery of the 35 mummies and the abandoned mummification workshop was made in April of this year and includes a number of stone sarcophagi.
“The discovery will offer experts a couple of things but most importantly the type of oils used (in mummification) and their chemical composition, so we can identify the exact types of used oils, “said Ramadan Badry Hussein, head of the Egyptian-German mission that discovered the site.
Among the many discoveries on the site, the Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities has pointed out that the most important artifact experts have come across is a Gilded Silver Mummy Mask, the second discovery of this kind ever made. The mask was found in one of the burial chambers of the main shaft attached to the Mummification Workshop reports the Ministry of Antiquities via their official Facebook page.
It is believed that the mask belonged to a person who held the title of ‘the Second Priest of Mut and the Priest of Niut-shaes’.
The Ministry has revealed that preliminary tests have revealed the mask is composed of gilded silver, and that the eyes of the mask are inlayed with a black gemstone (most likely onyx), calcite and obsidian.
“the Mummification Workshop also includes an embalmer’s cachette with a 13.00 m. deep shaft that ends with a rectangular subterranean chamber, where a large corpus of pottery was found. This pottery included vessels, bowls and measuring cups inscribed with names of oils and substances used in the mummification. The Mummification Workshop has also a large shaft (K 24) in the middle, which is used as a communal burial place. It measures 3.00 x 3.35 m x 30.00 m. Shaft K24 uniquely has several burial chambers, including a complex of burial chambers, cut into the bedrock on a depth of 30.00 m,”explained Dr. Ramadan Badry Hussein.
COSMIC CLOAK Whirls of cold and hot gas billow in this simulation of a circumgalactic medium surrounding a galaxy. With new tools and simulations, researchers have learned that the CGM helps a galaxy recycle its materials.
There’s more to a galaxy than meets the eye. Galaxies’ bright stars seem to spiral serenely against the dark backdrop of space. But a more careful look reveals a whole lot of mayhem.
“Galaxies are just like you and me,” Jessica Werk, an astronomer at the University of Washington in Seattle, said in January at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society. “They live their lives in a constant state of turmoil.”
Much of that turmoil takes place in a huge, complicated setting called the circumgalactic medium, or CGM. This vast, roiling cloud of dust and gas is a galaxy’s fuel source, waste dump and recycling center all in one. Astronomers think the answers to some of the most pressing galactic mysteries — how galaxies keep forming new stars for billions of years, why star formation abruptly stops — are hidden in a galaxy’s enveloping CGM.
“To understand the galaxies, you have to understand the ecosystem that they’re in,” says astronomer Molly Peeples of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore.
Yet this galactic atmosphere is so diffuse that it’s invisible — a liter of CGM contains just a single atom. It has taken almost 60 years and an upgrade to the Hubble Space Telescope just to begin probing distant CGMs and figuring out how their constant churning can make or break galaxies.
“Only recently have we been able to really, truly, observationally characterize the relationship between this gaseous cycle and the properties of the galaxy itself,” Werk says.
Armed with the first extragalactic census, astronomers are now piecing together how a CGM controls its galaxy’s life and death. And new theoretical studies hint that galaxies’ stars would be arranged very differently without a medium’s frenetic flows. Plus, new observations show that some CGMs are surprisingly lumpy. A better understanding of CGMs, enabled by new telescopes and computer simulations, could change how scientists think about everything from galaxy collisions to the origins of our own atoms.
“The CGM is the part of the iceberg that’s under the water,” says astrophysicist Kevin Schawinski of ETH Zurich, who studies the more conventional parts of galaxies. “We now have good measurements where we’re sure it’s important.”
Frenetic fog
Researchers use a bright source of background light, like a quasar, to learn about a galaxy’s circumgalactic medium, a diffuse cloud of gas and metals (pink in the illustration) surrounding a galaxy. Gas is recycled between the galaxy and the CGM.
C. CHANG
Sources: J. Tumlinson, M.S. Peeples and J.K. Werk/Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2017; M.S. Peeples/Nature 2015
Waiting for Hubble
That 2009 Hubble telescope upgrade, which made the CGM census possible, almost didn’t happen.
In a cosmic coincidence, the Hubble telescope’s chief champions were also the first astronomers to figure out how to observe a galaxy’s CGM. Lyman Spitzer of Princeton University and John Bahcall of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J., and other astronomers noticed something strange after the 1963 discovery of quasars (SN Online: 3/21/14), bright beacons now known to be white-hot disks surrounding supermassive black holes in the centers of distant galaxies.
Everywhere astronomers looked, quasars’ spectra — the rainbow created when their light is spread out over all wavelengths — were notched with dark holes. Some wavelengths of light weren’t getting through.
In 1969, Spitzer and Bahcall realized what was going on: The missing light was absorbed by gas at the edges of galaxies, the same stuff that would later be called the CGM. Astronomers had been peering at quasars shining through CGMs like headlights through a fog.
Not much more could be done at the time, though. Earth’s atmosphere also absorbs light in those same wavelengths, making it difficult to tell which light-blocking atoms were in a galaxy’s CGM and which came from closer to home. Knowing that a CGM was there was one thing; taking its measurements would require something extra.
Spitzer and Bahcall knew what they needed: a space telescope that could observe from outside Earth’s atmosphere. The pair were two of the most vocal and consistent champions of the Hubble Space Telescope, which launched in 1990. Spitzer’s colleagues called him Hubble’s “intellectual and political father.”
Bahcall never stopped advocating for Hubble. In February 2005, six months before his death at age 70 from a rare blood disorder, he cowrote an article in the Los Angeles Times urging Congress to restore funding for a mission to fix some aging Hubble instruments, which NASA had canceled after the 2003 Columbia space shuttle disaster.
“What is at stake is not only a piece of stellar technology but our commitment to the most fundamental human quest: understanding the cosmos,” Bahcall and colleagues wrote. “Hubble’s most important discoveries could be in the future.”
His plea was answered: The space shuttle Atlantis brought astronauts to repair Hubble for the last time in May 2009 (SN Online: 5/19/09). During the repair, the astronauts installed the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph, which could pick up diffuse CGM gas with 30 times the sensitivity of any previous instrument. Although earlier spectrographs on Hubble had picked out CGMs a few quasar-beams at a time, the new device let astronomers search around dozens of galaxies, using the light of even dimmer quasars.
“It blew the field wide open,” Werk says.
Gas flows out from M82, the Cigar galaxy, to its invisible circumgalactic medium in this Hubble image.
NASA, ESA, HUBBLE HERITAGE TEAM
The circumgalactic census
A team led by Jason Tumlinson of Baltimore’s Space Telescope Science Institute, Hubble’s academic home, made a catalog of 44 galaxies with a quasar sitting behind them from Hubble’s perspective. In a 2011 paper in Science, the researchers reported that every time they looked within 490,000 light-years of a galaxy, they saw spectra dappled with blank spots from atoms absorbing light. That meant that CGMs weren’t odd cloaks worn by just a few galaxies. They were everywhere.
Tumlinson’s team spent the first few years after Hubble’s upgrade like 19th century naturalists describing new species. The group measured the mass and the chemical makeup of the galaxies’ CGMs and found they were huge cisterns of heavy elements. CGMs contain 10 million times the mass of the sun in oxygen alone. In many cases, the mass of a CGM is comparable to the mass of the entire visible part of its galaxy.
The finding offers an answer to a long-standing cosmic mystery: How do galaxies have enough star-forming fuel to keep going for billions of years? Galaxies build stars from collapsing clouds of cool gas at a constant rate; the Milky Way, for example, makes one to two solar masses’ worth of stars every year. But there isn’t enough cool gas within the visible part of a galaxy, the disk containing its stars, to support observed rates of star formation.
“We think that gas probably comes from the CGM,” Werk says. “But exactly how that gas is getting into galaxies, where it gets in, the timescale on which it gets in, are there things that prevent it from getting in? Those are big questions that keep us all awake at night.”
Werk and Peeples realized that all that mass could help solve two other cosmic bookkeeping problems. All elements heavier than helium (which astronomers lump together as “metals”) are forged by nuclear fusion in the hearts of stars. When stars use up their fuel and explode as supernovas, they scatter those metals around to be folded into the next generation of stars.
But if you add up all the metals in the stars, gas and dust in a given galaxy’s disk, it’s not enough to account for all the metals the galaxy has ever made. The mismatch gets even worse if you include the hydrogen, helium, electrons and protons — basically all the ordinary matter that should have collected in the galaxy since the Big Bang. Astronomers call all those bits baryons. Galaxies seem to be missing 70 to 95 percent of that stuff.
At the time, Werk reported that at least half of galaxies’ missing ordinary matter can be accounted for in their CGMs. In a 2017 update, Werk and colleagues found that the mass of baryons just in the form of cool gas in a galaxy’s CGM could be nearly 90 billion solar masses. “Obviously, this mass could resolve the galactic missing baryons problem,” the team wrote.
“It’s a classic science story,” Schawinski says. The researchers had a hypothesis about where the missing material should be and made predictions. The group made observations to test those predictions and found what it sought.
In a separate study, Peeples showed that although metals are born in galaxies’ starry disks, those metals don’t stay there. Only 20 to 25 percent of the metals a galaxy has ever produced remains in the stars, gas and dust in the disk, where the metals can be incorporated into new stars and planets. The rest probably ends up in the CGM.
“If you look at all the metals the galaxies ever produced in their whole lifetime, more of them are outside the galaxy than are still inside the galaxy,” Tumlinson says, “which was a huge shock.”
Recycling centers
So how did the metals get into the CGM? Quasars’ spectra couldn’t help with that question. Their light shows only a slice through a single galaxy at a single moment in time. But astronomers can track galaxies’ growth and development with computer simulations based on physical rules for how stars and gas behave.
This strategy revealed the churning, ever-changing nature of gas in galaxies’ CGMs. Simulations such as EAGLE, or Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments, which is run out of Leiden University in the Netherlands, showed that metals can reach CGMs through stars’ violent lives: in powerful winds of radiation blowing away from massive young stars, and in the death throes of supernovas spraying metals far and wide.
This EAGLE simulation shows that, over time, metals (colors) move away from the center of a galaxy to the circumgalactic medium.
J. TUMLINSON, M.S. PEEPLES AND J.K. WERK/ANNUAL REVIEW OF ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS 2017
Once the metals are in the CGM, though, they don’t always stay put. In simulations, galaxies seem to use the same gas over and over again.
“It’s basically just gravity,” Peeples says. “Throw a baseball up, and it’ll come back to the ground.” The same goes for gas flowing out of galaxies: Unless the gas travels fast enough to escape the galaxy’s gravity altogether, those atoms will eventually fall back into the disk — and form new stars.
Some simulations show discrete gas parcels making the trip from a galaxy’s disk out into the CGM and back again several times. Together, CGMs and their galaxies are giant recycling devices.
That means that the atoms that make up planets, plants and people may have taken several trips to circumgalactic space before becoming part of us. Over hundreds of millions of years, the atoms that eventually became part of you traveled hundreds of thousands of light-years.
“This is my favorite thing,” Tumlinson says. “At some point, your carbon, your oxygen, your nitrogen, your iron was out in intergalactic space.”
How galaxies die
But not all galaxies get their CGM gas back. Losing the gas could shut off star formation in a galaxy for good. No one knows how star formation shuts off, or quenches. But the answer is probably in the CGM.
Galaxies come in two main forms: young spiral galaxies that are making stars and old blobby galaxies where star formation is quenched (SN Online: 4/23/18).
“How galaxies quench and why they stay that way is one of the most important questions in galaxy formation generally,” Tumlinson says. “It just has to have something to do with the gas supply.”
Reading what's not there
Using light from a quasar (QSO), researchers can “see” CGMs. In this example, spectra from two galaxies, G1 and G2, have certain wavelengths missing (red, in bottom boxes) where the CGM atoms are absorbing light.
J. TUMLINSON ET AL/SCIENCE 2011
One possibility, suggested in a paper posted online February 20 at arXiv.org, is that sprays of supernova-heated gas could get stripped from galaxies. Physicist Chad Bustard of the University of Wisconsin–Madison and colleagues simulated the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way, and found that the small galaxy’s outflowing gas was swept away by the slight pressure of the galaxy’s movement around the Milky Way.
Alternatively, a dead galaxy’s CGM gas could be too hot to sink into the galaxy and form stars. If so, star-forming galaxies should have CGMs full of cold gas, and dead galaxies should be shrouded in hot gas. Hot gas would stay floating above the galactic disk like a hot air balloon, too buoyant to sink in and form stars.
But Hubble saw the opposite. Star-forming galaxies had CGMs chock-full of oxygen-VI — meaning that the gas was so hot (a million degrees Celsius or more) that oxygen atoms lost five of their original electrons. Dead galaxies had surprisingly little oxygen-VI.
“That was puzzling,” Tumlinson says. “If theory told us anything, it should have gone the other way.”
In 2016, Benjamin Oppenheimer, a computational astrophysicist at the University of Colorado Boulder, suggested a solution: The “dead” galaxies didn’t lack oxygen at all. The gas was just too hot for Hubble to observe. “In fact, there is even more oxygen around those passive galaxies,” Oppenheimer says.
All that hot gas could potentially explain why those galaxies died — except that these galaxies were full of star-forming cold gas, too.
“The dead galaxies have plenty of fuel left in the tank,” Tumlinson says. “We don’t know why they’re not using it. Everybody’s chasing that problem.”
Grabbing at the elephant
The chase comes at a good time. Until recently, observers had no way to map a single galaxy’s CGM. Researchers have had to add up dozens of quasar beams to understand the composition of CGMs on average.
“We’ve been like the three blind people grabbing at the elephant,” says John O’Meara, an observational astronomer at Saint Michael’s College in Colchester, Vt.
Teams using two new spectrographs — KCWI, the Keck Cosmic Web Imager on the Keck telescope in Hawaii, and MUSE, the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer on the Very Large Telescope in Chile — are racing to change that. These instruments, called integral field spectrographs, can read spectra across a full galaxy all at once. Given enough background light, astronomers can now examine a single galaxy’s entire CGM. Finally, astronomers have a way to test theories of how gas circulates into and out of a galaxy.
The European Southern Observatory’s Medusa-like MUSE instrument was installed on the Very Large Telescope in Chile in 2014 to take spectra across a full galaxy.
ERIC LE ROUX/SERVICE COMMUNICATION/UCBL/MUSE/ESO
A Chilean team, led by astronomer Sebastian Lopez of the University of Chile in Santiago and colleagues, used MUSE to observe a small dim galaxy that happens to be sandwiched between a bright, distant galaxy and a massive galaxy cluster closer to Earth. The cluster acts as a gravitational lens, distorting the image of the distant galaxy into a long bright arc (SN: 3/10/12, p. 4). The light from that arc filtered through the CGM of the sandwiched galaxy, which the team called G1, at 56 different points.
Surprisingly, G1’s CGM was lumpy, not smooth as expected, the team reported in the Feb. 22 Nature. “The assumption has been that that gas is distributed homogeneously around every system,” Lopez says. “This is not the case.”
MUSE makes a mark
Light from a source galaxy is deflected and magnified by an intervening galaxy cluster to form the bright arc seen in the projected image at far right. Unlike a quasar’s narrow beam of light, the extensive arc lights up a large area of galaxy G1’s CGM, showing it is surprisingly lumpy.
CARLOS POLANCO, ESO
O’Meara is leading a group that is hot on Lopez’s trail. Last year, while KCWI was being installed, O’Meara got an hour of observing time and was able to see hydrogen — which is associated with cool, star-forming gas — in the CGM of another galaxy backlit by a bright lensed arc. He’s not ready to discuss the results in detail yet, but the team is submitting a paper to Science.
FOGGIE computer simulations improve CGM resolution. In these renderings of the same galaxy, the bottom shows FOGGIE at work. The galaxy’s shape and size change dramatically.
M. PEEPLES, G. SNYDER ET AL/FOGGIE PROJECT
Meanwhile, Peeples’ team is revisiting how computers render CGMs. “The resolution of the circumgalactic medium in simulations is, um, bad,” she says. Existing simulations are good at matching the visible properties of galaxies — their stars, the gas between the stars, and the overall shapes and sizes. But they “utterly fail at reproducing the properties of the circumgalactic medium,” she says.
So she’s running a new set of simulations called FOGGIE, which focus on CGMs for the first time. “We’re finding that it changes everything,” she says: The shape, star formation history and even the orientation of the galaxy in space look different.
Together, the new observations and simulations suggest that the CGM’s function in the life cycle of a galaxy has been underestimated. Theorists like Peeples and observers like O’Meara are working together to make new predictions about how the CGM should look. Then the researchers will check real galaxies to see if they match.
“Molly will post a really amazing new render of a simulation on Slack, and I’ll go, ‘Holy crap, that looks weird!’ ” O’Meara says. “I’ll go scampering off to find a similar example in the data, and we get into this positive feedback loop of going ‘Holy crap! Holy crap!’ ”
While future circumgalactic studies will focus on gathering spectra from full CGMs, Tumlinson is hoping to squeeze more information out of Hubble while he still can. Hubble made CGM studies possible, but the telescope is 28 years old, and probably has less than a decade left. Hubble’s spectrograph is still the best at observing certain atoms in CGMs to help reveal the gaseous halos’ secrets. “It’s something we definitely want to do,” he says, “before Hubble ends up in the ocean.”
This article appears in the July 21, 2018 issue of Science News with the headline, "A Galaxy's Ecosystem: The circumgalactic medium is an invisible cloak that controls how galaxies live and die."
Jason Tumlinson, Molly Peeples and Jessica Werk. The Circumgalactic Medium. Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics. Published online June 28, 2017. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-091916-055240.
Severe Drought Reveals Massive Ancient Monument That Predates The Pyramids And Stonehenge in Ireland
Severe Drought Reveals Massive Ancient Monument That Predates The Pyramids And Stonehenge in Ireland
Severe Drought Reveals Massive Ancient Monument in Ireland
As severe droughts swipe across Britain, new aerial images of a crop field in Ireland have revealed what appears to be a gigantic monument similar to Stonehenge, reports the Irish Times.
June of 2018 was one of the top five warmest Junes across the UK, according to the UK Met Office, dating back to 1910.
Aerial images taken this week from a drone reveal the presence of a circular monument 200 meters in diameter buried under a field in Ireland.
Image Credit: Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht
The circle is located around one kilometer from Newgrange.
It is believed that the discovered site is at least 500 years older than Newgrange, so it was most likely built at the end of the Neolithic or beginning of the Bronze Age, say experts.
Interestignly, Newgrange remained ‘lost’ during more than 4,000 years due to a decrease of the mound until it was discovered in the XVIIcentury by people who looked construction stones and described it as a cave.
The true purpose of Newgrange remains a mystery, although experts believe it was a religious center of some sort.
The new discovery–not far from Newgrange–is hailed as ‘extremely significant’
As explained by experts, the moisture left in the soil lodged into the archaeological features more than the surrounding soil, making the outside soil and crops to become drier.
The image of the new archeological site was snapped by historian and authorAnthony Murphy.
Speaking to the Irish Times Mr. Murphy said: “the weather is absolutely critical to the discovery of this monument. I have flown a drone over the Boyne Valley regularly and have never seen this.”
“So when that crop is harvested all surface traces of this monument will vanish and we may not see this monument again for 2 or 3 decades depending on when we get another prolonged dry spell like this.”
The discovery could be the beginning of something bigger.
According to archeologists, the fact that the massive monument is located not far away from Newgrange means that we are most likely looking at a much larger ancient landscape filled with monuments.
The Newgrange UNESCO World Heritage Site in Ireland is home to several monuments, including this mound.
As explained by Archaeologist Dr. Gerladine Stout:
“I believe Newgrange is just the center of a much larger sacred landscape and I think there was a whole series of facilities built for the pilgrims coming to Newgrange in prehistory.”
“Generally we believe these henge monuments were built up to 500 years after the main use of Newgrange and in a lot of cases they actually enclose the area of monuments.”
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