Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
24-10-2018
NASA's Found a Weird, Rectangular Iceberg in Antarctica
NASA's Found a Weird, Rectangular Iceberg in Antarctica
By Rafi Letzter, Live Science Staff Writer
Credit: NASA IceBridge
Look at that iceberg. It's beautiful. Perfectly rectangular. An object of near geometric perfection jutting into a polar sea of the usual squiggly, chaotic randomness of the natural world. It calls to mind the monolith from "2001: A Space Odyssey.
But, unlike the monolith from that very weird movie, this iceberg was not deposited on this world byspace aliens. Instead, as Kelly Brunt, an ice scientist with NASA and at the University of Maryland, explained, it was likely formed by a process that's fairly common along the edges of icebergs.
"So, here's the deal," Brunt told Live Science. "We get two types of icebergs: We get the type that everyone can envision in their head that sank the Titanic, and they look like prisms or triangles at the surface and you know they have a crazy subsurface. And then you have what are called 'tabular icebergs.'" [In Photos: Huge Icebergs Break Off Antarctica]
Tabular icebergs are wide and flat, and long, like sheet cake, Brunt said. They split from the edges of ice shelves — large blocks of ice, connected to land but floating in the water surrounding iced-over places like Antarctica. This one came from the crumbling Larsen C ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula.
From yesterday's #IceBridge flight: A tabular iceberg can be seen on the right, floating among sea ice just off of the Larsen C ice shelf. The iceberg's sharp angles and flat surface indicate that it probably recently calved from the ice shelf.
Tabular icebergs form, she said, through a process that's a bit like a fingernail growing too long and cracking off at the end. They're often rectangular and geometric as a result, she added.
"What makes this one a bit unusual is that it looks almost like a square," Brunt said.
It's difficult to tell the size of the iceberg in this photo, she said, but it's likely more than a mile across. And, as with all icebergs, the part visible above the surface is just the top 10 percent of its mass. The rest, Brunt said, is hidden underwater.
In the case of tabular icebergs, she said, that subsurface mass is usually regular-looking and geometric, similar to what's visible above. This iceberg looks pretty fresh, she said — its sharp corners indicate that wind and waves haven't had much time to break it down.
But despite the berg's large mass, Brunt said, she wouldn't advise going on a walk on its surface.
"It probably wouldn't flip over," she said.
The thing is still much wider than it is deep, after all. But it's small enough to be unstable and crack up at any moment.
So, it's probably best to marvel at the thing from a distance.
Asteroid or Comet? Weird Blue Space Rock 'Phaethon' Gets a Close-Up
Asteroid or Comet? Weird Blue Space Rock 'Phaethon' Gets a Close-Up
By Hanneke Weitering, Space.com Staff Writer
An artist's impression of the blue asteroid 3200 Phaethon
Credit: Heather Roper/University of Arizona
KNOXVILLE, Tenn. — A bizarre, blue asteroid that acts like a comet and appears to be responsible for the annual Geminid meteor shower made a close flyby of Earth last year, giving astronomers an opportunity to study the object in unprecedented detail. They found that the asteroid is even weirder than they had imagined.
Asteroid 3200 Phaethon is a special space rock with a rare blue color and an extremely eccentric orbit that has the object pass superclose to the sun and then out past the orbit of Mars. One orbit takes about 1.4 Earth years. This kind of orbit is more typical for comets than asteroids.
But while Phaethon acts like a comet, it doesn't look like one. When comets get close to the sun, they form a cloud known as a "coma" and a long tail of dust and gas. Phaethon, however, always looks like a tiny speck floating through space. [The 7 Strangest Asteroids in the Solar System]
On Dec. 16, 2017, the asteroid Phaethon made its closest approach to Earth since 1974, passing within 6.4 million miles (10.3 million kilometers) of our planet. While backyard astronomers pointed their telescopes toward the space rock to catch a glimpse of the historic flyby, astronomers in observatories around the world took the opportunity to learn more about what the object is and where it came from.
Teddy Kareta, a graduate student at the University of Arizona who led an international effort to investigate Phaethon during the flyby, presented his team's findings here at the 50th annual meeting of the American Astronomical Society's Division for Planetary Sciences today (Oct. 23). Kareta and his colleagues observed Phaethon's close approach using NASA's Infrared Telescope Facility on Mauna Kea in Hawaii and the Tillinghast telescope on Mount Hopkins in Arizona.
One of their findings may overturn the current prevailing theory about the origin of Phaethon. Astronomers have long suspected that Phaethon is a fragment of the much larger blue asteroid Pallas. "However, Pallas' albedo [or reflectivity] is about twice what we found for Phaethon's albedo," Kareta said. With an albedo of about 8 percent, Phaethon is slightly brighter than charcoal and only about half as bright as Pallas, Kareta said.
The researchers also found that the surface of Phaethon is equally blue all around, which means that the object has been "evenly scorched" or "cooked" by the sun's heat. Phaethon's blue color indicates that the rock has undergone intense heating, Kareta said. During Phaethon's trips around the sun, it gets heated to temperatures of up to 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit (800 degrees Celsius), which is "so hot that metals on the surface turn to goo," he said.
Creating the Geminid meteor shower
The Geminid meteor shower, which arrives every year in December, is the only meteor shower that appears to have originated from anything other than a comet. Comets are icy bodies containing a mixture of ice, rock, dust and frozen gas. When a comet gets close to the sun, some of this material gets vaporized and small pieces of the comet break loose, leaving behind a trail of comet crumbs in space. When Earth passes through such a trail of debris, we get meteor showers.
Asteroids like Phaethon are rocky objects that don't behave the same way as comets do when they get close to the sun, and astronomers aren't sure how Phaethon could have created the Geminids. Before Phaethon was discovered, in 1983, astronomers had no idea where the Geminids came from. Having observed that Phaethon's orbit matched the trail of debris that causes the annual meteor shower, though, astronomers determined that Phaethon must be the source.
This diagram shows the highly eccentric orbit of 3200 Phaethon.
Credit: NASA JPL
Exactly how Phaethon created that trail of debris remains a mystery, Kareta said. While it is possible that material swept off the asteroid's surface could contribute to the debris, "the amount of dust that gets swept off is nowhere near enough to sustain the Geminids," he said. One possibility is that Phaethon collided with another object in space and the Geminids are the debris from that "catastrophic breakup," he said. "So, in that case, you're essentially seeing dust, which is kind of like blood splatter, to be gruesome, from this really violent event."
Another possibility is that Phaethon is a dormant comet, or a comet that turned into an asteroid over time. "If it was cometary at some point in the past, maybe it made the meteor shower the normal way and left behind those comet crumbs … but since then, it's been cooked through and turned off and it just looks like a rock," Kareta said.
Phaethon may look more like an asteroid than a comet, but it displays qualities of both types of objects. It doesn't have the coma and tail that are characteristic of comets, but it does release "a tiny dust tail when it gets closest to the sun in a process that is thought to be similar to a dry riverbed cracking in the afternoon heat," University of Arizona officials said in a statement. "This kind of activity has only been seen on two objects in the entire solar system — Phaeton and one other, similar object that appears to blur the line traditionally thought to set comets and asteroids apart."
A mission to Phaethon: DESTINY+
Findings from this new research will come in handy for scientists with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), which is currently planning a mission to Phaethon. The mission is called DESTINY+ (an abbreviation for Demonstration and Experiment of Space Technology for Interplanetary Voyage, Phaethon Fyby and Dust Science), and it is currently scheduled to launch in 2022.
DESTINY+ will fly by Phaethon and other near-Earth objects to study how dust is ejected from these objects. This should help to explain Phaethon's tiny dust tail. DESTINY+ could help scientists figure out whether Phaethon is an asteroid, a comet or something else. "It's probably somewhere in the middle," Kareta said.
Email Hanneke Weitering at hweitering@space.com or follow her @hannekescience.
Filer’s Files 42 – 2018 The War Over Human’s Soul - PART I
Dundee, Scotland disc in trees on October 15, 2018
Filer’s Files 42 – 2018 The War Over Human’s Soul - PART I
October 22, 2018
In special reports, this week’s files cover: Secrets of the Saucer Scientists, Aerospace Research & Development. Night Siege: The Hudson Valley UFO Sightings, A Picture We May Not Wish to Gaze Upon by David Jacobs, PhD, The War Over Human’s Soul, China May Have a Devastating Hypersonic Advantage
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over California, Florida, Maine. Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, South Carolina, Utah, and Virginia.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over Australia, Canada, France, Greece. Netherlands, Spain, and Scotland the United Kingdom.
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force investigated UFOs publicly for more than twenty years under Project Blue Book; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFO’s are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
Forward these files to your friends and neighbors.
Special Projects
Secrets of the Saucer Scientists
Photo of Oberth and Von Braun
William F. Hamilton III writes, “In all probability the first saucer scientists were rocket scientists. Without a doubt one of these great men was the pioneering rocket scientist, Professor Hermann Oberth was a writer, scientist, and visionary from Austria-Hungary whose paper.”The Rocket into Interplanetary Space was published in 1923 and served as an inspiration to the rocket designers that followed. Influenced by Verne’s books and ideas, Oberth constructed his first model rocket as a school student at the age of 14. In his youthful experiments, he arrived independently at the concept of the multistage rocket. By 1917, he showed how far his studies had reached by firing a rocket with liquid propellant in a demonstration to Hermann von Stein, the Prussian Minister of War.
Werner von Braun read Oberth’s work in 1925 and joined him in rocket experiments in 1930. Oberth is considered the Father of Rocketry.
In letters to Donald Keyhoe, Oberth mentions his belief that saucers are spaceships manned by superior beings. He says that the marvelous aerodynamics of the saucers is accomplished by generating an artificial gravity field. This is the famous G-field theory. The saucers create their own gravitational fields which enables them to hover motionless above the earth, accelerate at tremendous speeds, or execute violent turns that would cause ordinary aircraft to disintegrate. Even with swift changes of speed and direction, the passengers would feel no effect. It would also explain the silence of UFOs in flight as the artificial G-field would drag the surrounding air along with it. And, because the air is not flowing pass the hull, it would eliminate heating caused by friction.
Statements have been made that saucer behavior defies the laws of physics. It seemed impossible that a manned craft could execute such tremendous accelerations from a hovering position to a high-speed linear velocity or in high-speed acute-angled turns. Inertial forces caused by such accelerations would tear apart an aircraft frame. And, often, the picture came to mind of a human pilot ending up flat as a pancake against the cabin wall. Gerald Heard, in his book, “Is Another World Watching?” hypothesized that the saucers were being flown by insects because only insects could survive those wrenching turns. All of these concerns evaporate when one considers the physics of G-field propulsion.
Aerospace Research & Development.
David Mathes writes, I cannot speak to what you may have seen. Let me talk in general terms about aerospace R&D. When new and improved effects or technologies are developed, the services all take a look at and see how it fits with present inventory. In the case of an airframe or propulsion improvement, one would take that technology and do studies applying the new principles to missions involving scouting, intelligence, gathering, interceptors, fighters and bombers.
One would do trades which include scaling the power, propulsion and airframe in a SWaP-C analysis (Size, Weight, Power and Cost). Scaling tradeoffs would be made in theory, modeling, simulation and experiment to find stable configurations and survivable solutions. Velocity and acceleration numbers would matter. Jolt/jerk (acceleration change) would be calculated as well as higher order derivatives especially for changes in angular momentum which includes pitch, roll and yaw
SU 57 Russian Stealth Fighters
There have been past efforts, notably the Russians (see Jane’s Aircraft in the late 1980s, early 1990s) to use a combination of technologies to extend the performance specifications of aircraft. One notable jet-powered craft was an inflatable saucer design with four ballutes internally. The surface material was not defined but look liked aluminum. The craft appeared to be designed for swift transit over a long range. But the lighter than air components would be usefully useable only to about 10k ft. Even so, the craft could be used in a variety of ways. Fighter versions of B-1 and B-2 are possible. Keep in mind that with less lift, more thrust is required to maintain a velocity. For me, the most interesting engine is the transonic engine. No more violent transition to Mach velocities.
Dream Chase
The U.S is developing a new ‘Shuttle to carry seven astronauts, called Dream Chaser that can pay for itself by carrying astronauts to the International Space Station rather than paying Russia millions for each trip. Best David Mathes
Night Siege: The Hudson Valley UFO Sightings
The “”Westchester Boomerang” was a UFO reported by hundreds of people in New York State and Connecticut between 1983 and 1986 and described by most witnesses as a hovering, immense V-shaped series of flashing lights connected by a dark structure. UFO investigators Imbrogno (Crosswalks Across the Universe) and Pratt write in detail about the “close encounters” of some 900 people who filled out “witness forms.” (Famed UFO author Hynek died in 1986, “as the book was being written,” but the authors maintain that he participated in the investigation and include the transcript of a Hynek interview with a witness.) They note a “feeling” common to the witnesses: “They felt as if the object or whatever intelligence that was behind it was trying to communicate with them in some way.” After a two-year analysis, the authors conclude that there is “no conventional explanation for the Hudson Valley UFO.” The illustrations include photos, drawings and sequential frames from a videotape of the lights.
The sightings of the craft were mostly in New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Massachusetts. The craft was virtually silent, and measured between 300 to 900 feet across. The craft was seen hovering over busy highways, rivers and lakes. It was often seen over the Hudson River. It was reported by pilots, air traffic controllers, doctors, lawyers, police, fireman, women, and computer operators. The craft appeared to have structural girder and cross beam construction like a truss bridge.
Bruce Cornet reports, Michael Schratt presents one of the most detailed and well-illustrated accounting of the Hudson Valley or Westchester Boomerang I have seen. Perhaps his diagrams and schematics are more imagination than factual. He documents in this video the thousands of sightings which occurred over the Hudson Valley between 1982 and 1989.
The March 24, 1983 sighting was spectacular with hundreds of witnesses from Westchester and Putnum seeing the craft. Police switchboards where jammed with frantic calls from local residents between 8:30 and 1o;30 PM. The TV show sightings ran a special on the sightings. At the intersection of Routes 202 and 35, traffic was halted in a tangled jam as motorists stopped, got out of their cars and looked at the object. Motorists stopped on the Taconic Parkway in groups to observe the hovering object. A slow moving silent V shaped craft with multi-colored lights was flying low just above the treetops. It cruised in a looping pattern over Yorktown, Somers and Carmel for more than an hour.
Rarely has this enormous craft been seen since, yet I have documented a much smaller version, which I call the Manta Ray. His diagrams closely resemble the B-2 Bomber, but his description of its construction from eye witness reports is nothing like the military copy cat. Surprised this video has only received 8,179 views since January 7, 2017. Why so little public interest? It is well worth seeing. Thanks to Bruce Cornet Hudson Valley UFO Sightings Revisted (Michael Schratt Talk Danbury Library)
A Picture We May Not Wish to Gaze Upon by David Jacobs, PhD
The abduction phenomenon is something so strange, so unusual; it is very difficult to gain an understanding of it. When I was a UFO researcher strictly examining the outside shells of anomalous objects in the sky, most people thought the abduction phenomenon was purely and totally psychological. Even though there was, of course, the Barney and Betty Hill case. The Hills were obviously not 1950s-style contactees. One was required to have a lot of evidence to accept the idea that not only were there complex individuals inside the UFOs, but they were kidnapping humans. Furthermore, the Barney and Betty Hill case had embarrassing elements in it, such as a sperm sample taken from Barney, and a needle put in Betty’s navel (which she said was a pregnancy test, although it almost certainly was not). When more abduction cases were reported and researchers began to study them, the Hill case provided a model for understanding what was happening. What happened to the Hills, and to others, seemed to suggest an experimental model; this was a learning situation. Aliens were running tests on humans to understand our physiology and our mental processes. The experimental model fit and there was little reason to doubt it. The model became so strongly accepted it seemed to explain most of the evidence from 1966 to the early 1990s. I fully accepted this model in the first seven years of my abduction research. Then as the evidence mounted, I realized the experimental model was not holding. The evidence did not explain how this could be an experiment when they are doing certain procedures on people repeatedly around the world. For example, how many times does one have to run an experiment to learn that when people see horrible scenes of death and destruction, they experience anxiety?
Rather than an experimentally-based endeavor, the evidence began to conform more to a “program” model. As a program it has a beginning, a middle, and an end, and it is goal-directed. The ultimate objective of this program has eluded both Budd Hopkins and me. We do not know why this phenomenon is happening. But, we have an enormous amount of information about what is happening, how it is happening, what the plans are, and how they have been developing it over the years. It is something I find extremely disquieting. From the beginning, this program had many facets. One was a strong reproductive aspect, and another was a neurological feature. Budd Hopkins had discovered egg harvesting and sperm extraction taking place in sterile-looking environments.
David Jacobs
Oftentimes I found these procedures were accompanied by a strange procedure in which an alien might stare into an abductees’ eyes from a distance of a few inches away or closer. The abductee is unable to avert his or her gaze. They feel something happening inside of their minds. They “see” both static and flashing images. Emotions are generated of one sort or the other. Memories are looked at. A whole world of neurological patterns is happening in their minds while this kind of neural engagement is occurring—which I unfortunately called “Minds can” in my book Secret Life. I have regretted using that term ever since, because it sounds so “science fiction-y” but, in a sense, everything is “science fiction-y” about this phenomenon.
The taking of sperm and ova, the insertion of embryos into the woman, and the extraction of fetuses from her, are also commonly reported aspects of abduction activity. After these types of procedures, a small alien might take an abductee into a room filled with tanks containing a liquid in which
fetuses are suspended—an incubatorium. When a woman is shown these tanks she is led to believe this is a gestation area in which the fetuses are growing and some of them might be hers. Budd Hopkins also first discovered the “baby presentations” in the early 1980s. These entail aliens taking an abductee into another room onboard a UFO and having the abductee hold one or more babies in sequence. Sometimes abductees are required to feed the babies. Thanks to the Journal of Abduction Research http://jar-journal.org/Files/JAR_2007_Q1.pdf
The War Over Men’s Souls
Brett Alen reports that in 30 years of researching the paranormal, I always believed there had to be some correlating unifying theory to both ghosts and UFOs. My research into the paranormal has proven one thing… spirit orbs I once thought were hooey, are very real. They appear to be the manifestation of the human soul after we die; only visible to ultraviolet and infrared non-filtered cameras. To days cameras pick them up because it is much cheaper to manufacture them without such filters. This is why both UFOs (who the ancient s said were “spirit” gods who could take human form-cloaked in the UV and IR) and ghosts can be captured by today’s technology, when not visible to the human eye. The ancient Mesopotamia bible spoke of both spirits and the soul. Nearly every ancient civilization makes reference to the soul; Egypt built a technological civilization around them. They were quite obviously doing something with high voltage; Tesla coils and particle accelerators, to harness and launch the soul. From the Zoroastrians, to Mesopotamia, even the Maya and pre-Columbians, all had this knowledge.
My work with spirit orbs, both in my own haunted study location, and in photos sent to me by friends, shows obvious faces show up in these orbs. I believe even the Mayan calendar round was a spirit orb, as they also knew that night was “the realm of the dead.” But perhaps UFOlogists and NASA/CIA insider John Lear puts it all in perspective when he claims there was a soul capturing and processing machine that the alien’s operate on our moon. In fact NASA’s recent bombing of the Moon may have been to destroy one such structure.
Recent photos captured over my own home, on a lake where some 4000 graves were opened may also vindicate his claims. A bright light on a rectangular UFO was seen with what the ancients referred to as a GATE hanging off the end of the rectangle. I believe the craft was sweeping the area for “lost souls.” If this is not true, why are there so many references to the soul in ancient cultures. In our own Bible there are 457 references to the soul and Christians are promised to go to heaven when the body dies. The soul or the spirit of humans is immortal. However the soul can be lost Mark 8-36 states, “What good is it for someone to gain the whole world, yet forfeit their soul?”
“We wrestle not against flesh and blood, but against ‘principalities,’ against ‘powers,’ against the ‘rulers of darkness of this world’ , against ‘spiritual wickedness’ in high places” Eph 6-12
Do not be afraid of those who kill the body but cannot kill the soul. Rather, be afraid of the One who can destroy both soul and body in hell. There are red orb seen all over the world and in Egypt they are often called serpent of the dragon. In the Solomon Islands, dragon orbs can be seen going in and out of the sea where battles are fought. Often in war UFOs and Foo Fighters are everywhere. Why is the human soul so important? It is disturbing, but your own search will surely lead you to the same conclusion.
Extraterrestrials once called Angels are here for one thing, the soul. How many reports come back from abductees saying the aliens seemed to be interested in my soul. It’s as if they separated me from my soul; because they did?. The scary part is I came to this conclusion before over hearing of John Lear or his claim. In the 90s I had a very strange visitor who refused to identify himself, only that we worked with a group that was aware of my work; and if I was deemed worthy, they might release to me the answers. He interviewed me, a journalist and media professional, about my world views on religion, aliens and the paranormal. Since that time, although seeing them since youth, I have seen many more UFOs, and many red orbs. There is a long list of UFOlogists who have come to these same unorthodox conclusions. On Sunday 21st, March 2004, John Lear (who brought the world Bob Lazar, at first scoffed at, but now being validated).Lear has flown all types in all types of aircraft and has 19,000 flying hours. While on the Art Bell Show he delivered some very disturbing information.
Cube on Moon
Lear stated on Coast 2 Coast AM, that a massive cube has been found on the moon, and that this cube is responsible for not only holding human souls here on Earth, but that after you die, the cube pulls your soul to it, and then erases your memory, and reinserts your soul into a new baby to repeat the process over again.
Our moon was brought here from another star system long ago, as part of the experiment. Earth was taken over about 200 thousand years ago, humanity was genetically engineered race, but it is the souls of light that are the real reason for all of this. The souls of light are used as food by the Reptilians. They need a constant supply of emotional food to enable them to do anything. Without a fuel source, negative souls are dead in the water, and are completely powerless. On the Day of Judgment it is the soul (nafs) which will appear before Allah as stated in the Holy Quran:“And every soul comes, with it a driver and a witness” (50:21).
This soul (nafs) will enter into hell or heaven. In short, since soul is the essence of man, everything that is given in this earthly life is given to the soul, and so too will be the rewards and punishment of the Hereafter. “To Allah belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in the earth.” Mankind is an alien controlled experiment. All religions were created by the aliens to give us a set of rules and regulations to live by so that we wouldn’t hurt ourselves. The secret government knows about this experiment but is hiding it from us. This experiment has something to do with the soul. The aliens refer to us as containers. The aliens are busy collecting the souls of the sixty million aborted babies since Roe vs. Wade with Planned Parenthood killing most. There is a cube on the Moon with an antenna. The antenna sends and receives souls.
The two mile high tower on the Moon may house the antenna.
When there is a major disaster like 911 the aliens send down giant soul collectors to recover the souls. From the assignation of Kennedy, from Forestall to the Anunnaki, everything has been orchestrated to keep this information silent, and those who do try to decimate it, usually end up dead. This is either by design or there is a fault with the cube. This cube falls right in line with what I’ve said before. Check it out.
Our Moon was towed here and placed in orbit around the Earth by a very large space machine. There was a time in the recorded history of man when the Earth had no Moon. The Moon has an atmosphere which contains clouds. The Moon does not revolve which proves it is artificial. US astronauts went to the Moon, saw all the alien machinery and structures and were told to keep silent about it by NASA.
John Lear says it is NASA itself that is doing the tampering with signals to the Mars rovers.. NASA knows that Venus is a normal planet just like Earth. Venus has beings that are similar to us. We already have bases on the Moon and Mars but for anyone to go there it is a one way trip. NASA knows there are spaceships in the rings of Saturn. If mankind gets too close to discovering the experiment it will be cancelled and started all over again. A sort of cleansing that happens on Earth every 25,000 years.
John Lear, a retired airline captain logged over 19,000 hours of flight time. He is the son of Lear Jet inventor Bill Lear and flew over 100 different airplane designs. John accumulated 17 aviation world records and claimed to have flown CIA missions in Central and Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Africa between 1966 and 1983.. John met Bob Lazar in 1988; the scientist/physicist who broke the story of Area 51 and the US back-engineering ET craft at S-4 near the infamous Area 51. Lazar and Lear made startling claims of an element 115 that powered alien craft; an element now proven to exist. In March 1989, Lazar took Lear to our government’s Rachel Nevada’s facility where they observed the flight of a flying saucer at the exact time and place Lazar said it would occur. Two weeks later, security forces caught Lear, Lazar and 3 others. The next day, Lazar lost his job over his breach of security. John Lear has lectured and learned incredible information about life in our Solar System; alien structures on the Moon; cities on Mars and even huge ET ships mining the rings of Saturn, and n much more. John Lear passed away in 2009. Thanks to Bret Allen
The Starry Sky-2, which is an experimental design known as a wave rider – for its ability to ride on the shock waves it generates – completed its first test flight on Friday at an undisclosed location in northwest China, the China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics said in a statement issued on Monday.
The aircraft was carried into space by a multistage rocket before separating and relying on its own power. During independent flight it conducted extreme turning man oeuvres, maintained velocities above Mach 5.5 (five-and-a-half times the speed of sound) for more than 400 seconds, and achieved a top speed of Mach 6, or 7,344km/h (4,563mph), the statement said.
hypersonic missile test.
Mike Ward: China is getting more dangerous by the minute.
On Friday, astonishing footage was revealed showing strange plumes of light over Beijing skies – a phenomenon created by a secret hypersonic missile test.
Though Chinese officials haven’t confirmed this latest round of testing, the writing is on the wall…
Beijing has already released footage and boasted that its new aircraft could deliver nuclear missiles at such high speeds that they’d be nearly impossible to defend against.
These new weapons can move through the sky at speeds up to 15,300 mph – 20 times faster than the speed of sound – and can strike anywhere on the globe within minutes or even seconds, rendering current nuclear weapons completely useless.
And the Pentagon reported to Congress earlier this year that China has piloted 20 times more hypersonic flight tests than the U.S. Make no mistake: China’s stealthy test marks a disturbing escalation in this arms race. You need to be prepared for this. Thanks to Mike Ward Strategic Tech Investor.
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Filer’s Files 42 – 2018 The War Over Human’s Soul - PART II
Filer’s Files 42 – 2018 The War Over Human’s Soul - PART II
UFO Sightings in the United States
California Object
Manahtten Beach — This was bright and reflective. Stationary over the Pacific Ocean flying low west of LAX airport on .
Slowly headed north in a straight line and then disappeared. I took pictures and a witness was there next to me. It was definitely not a drone. This is too far away and still was able to see that this was a UFO..
Thanks to MUFON CMS
Beverly Hills — While I was walking in the open-air Beverly Connection shopping complex, on Octoberr16, 2018, I noticed, to the south, what I initially thought was Venus but I realized it seemed too bright to be Venus. It was round, white, bright, and stationary. It was 6 pm, and the sun was to the west of the object. Then, another object came into view from the west, flying almost directly east. Its position was 5-10 degrees below the first object. It had three white and yellow pulsating lights from high illumination, to low in one second. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Florida Lights
Jacksonville— I was outside on my porch doing my nightly sky watching on October 12, 2018, and turned around and there were 30 to 40 white orbs flying in a boomerang formation as they towards the south. I held my hand out and some of the orbs moved out of formation then went back to their spots again. We were a bit startled at first as I was not expecting to see them. They were just above the tree tops. A bit later an all black boomerang shaped object flew over me fast heading north. I saw another one a couple days before the hurricane hit as well. that It was round in shape and reflected light on the edges. Just within the past couple weeks are the first encounters with them so close to me. I feel honored that they are doing this for me as I asked of them.
Key Largo– On October 11, 2018, I work at a sailing resort and take care of the property from 2 a.m. until 7 a.m. as I take care of the docks. I monitor Miami arc and the app. Plane finder to watch what flies overhead. This craft was not on radar. Moved very slow until overhead. I took my photos then it accelerated at amazing speed to the northwest. No sound at all.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
Maine Object
Bethel–There are several reports across the, Albany, Lovell and Waterford of two military jets chasing a sphere with blue lights. The jets were flying very low and reported to suddenly change directions. The planes were low enough to shake resident’s houses. Earlier on Wednesday two military helicopters landed at our local airport that don’t normally use the airport. The helicopters were in tight formation. Some posts on social media have been removed. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Nevada Triangle
Battle Creek — While scanning earth for artifacts after reading about an old crash story I saw this triangle on Octoberr13, 2018. I believed it to be cattle ranch but on further looks believed it may be tourist fake. After realizing after a month of research it can’t be, I became scared. The only American I reached was Kristen Desilva. She then suggested George Knapp. He never responded and next day deserve had blocked me. The object shows water drainage proving it is part of the landscape. Water drains around it and across it. Soil looks to have come from lakebed. Explaining lack of vegetation due to salt content. Three phase power line to site is way too much power for a mini ranch not to mention expensive to install. Object is visible in the very first Google map from us geological survey sight proving it existed pre satellite maps. Shape can be seen in some hikers photos of region proving it isn’t a Google Easter egg. What appear to be two large HVAC units sit on a building. Far too much air handling for a small building. There is even a perfect circular puddle visible on top. Everything points to being the crash site of the ELY sighting. My belief is Area 51 is far away as a slight of hand to prevent expanded searching. The lack of security here is to serve as to not draw attention, or maybe this is just weird large equilateral triangle in sand, who builds a triangular 1069 meter triangle, before it could be seen from above! Thanks to MUFON CMS
New Jersey Dark Metallic Square
Medford— Several objects I first thought were birds but then. I observed reflections from object. I was in my bathroom and looked out of my skylight and observed what I thought was a group of birds circling in sky on October 18. 2018.
I am a bird watcher. When I realized they were silver and reflecting light. First a couple then several more joined then they appeared to disappear and reappeared circling faster and faster then they left viability at extremely high rate of speed.
Millville — This is the scariest thing that has ever happened to me when I saw a UFO with orbs of light on the ground on October 13, 2018. I’m reporting it because I want to see if anybody else saw anything in my area. I live in southern New Jersey about halfway between Philadelphia and Atlantic City. This sighing happened at 1145 PM, I went out on my front porch when I start to notice movement across the four way stop about 20 yards in the distance. To me it looked like white looking mist moving across the road in a periodic nature. Also in the woods was metallic banging and movement sounds. Where the woods are across the street is just wilderness for miles until you hit the Delaware Bay.
Right after that happens this white light rises up out of the woods and just sits there for about 3 minutes. It just looked like a ball of light from that distance when it started to move it moved right towards me. This thing moved at a slow steady rate until it’s literally about 500 yards from my face. It was a dark metallic almost plate or square looking object with the lights underneath flashing red upside down double v shaped patterns.
It scared the living hell out of me. It looked unlike any aircraft I’ve ever seen before. There always wasn’t any sound except for a slight electric charge I felt in the air. While it was flying at increasing speed away from me the other phenomenon I experienced first the mist free flowing forms crossing the street. I notice voices what feels like all around me. A lot of orb lights were moving around in the woods and street. The lights were looking. The lights almost looked like people I couldn’t see where holding flashlights while they walked but I just couldn’t see who or why was holding it.
I was focusing on the orbs so when I looked back for the craft it was already gone. That’s when there was this loud scrapping noise of metal on metal which scared me. These really were ufos. Thanks to MUFON CMS
New Mexico Object
Driving into Albuquerque nm on Route 40 we observed a white/blue object in the NE sky on Octoberr15, 2018. I thought it was a star but upon going through the city we could see that it was in the shape of an inverted pyramid,
Driving further east as the sun was setting we noticed that it was reflecting sunlight and was stationary. It changed from a bright white to a light blue then orange as the sun set so it was reflective, We are wondering if there were any other reports that day. Thanks to MUFON CMS
South Carolina Object
Rock Hill— It was really clear, bright and beautiful Saturday afternoon on Octoberr13, 2018. I was sitting outside when I just happened to look up to see this white object heading my direction. I first thought it was a very odd balloon, but then it changed its shape right before it got just about directly over my home. It slowed down, stopped and hovered for a few minutes the first time and then 3 minutes the second time. It started slowly moving towards the back of my home directionally then it stopped again and hovered. A few seconds later a commercial airplane flew by and the object just stayed locked in position. During this time my dog was going bananas barking nonstop. I did have some ringing in my ears and nauseous.. Before it turned and started heading East. Upon reviewing the footage there were 3 different sphere shaped things Thanks to MUFON CMS
Utah Object
Kayenta – On Octoberr15, 2018 I gassed up in Santa Clara and drove Highway 91 west through the Piute Indian Reservation and just before the Summit Highway I saw the UFO. I thought it was a comet at first but it kept the same altitude and speed. I would guess attitude at 7 to 10 thousand feet and about 3 miles south of me, kind paralleled the highway. It was a bright spot with an orange tint, with a single white trail about 8 times length of UFO with space between them. I started taking pictures with cell phone and stopping at the summit I got two pictures. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Virginia Lights
Richmond — While at work I occasionally go outside to smoke like I did on Octoberr17, 2018.. It was about a year ago when I first saw the strange object in the sky. I could clearly see there were no wings on it and it wasn’t making any sound at all. Plus, it seemed to be moving too slowly to stay in the sky if it was a plane. It looks like a airplane fuselage moving at the speed of a blimp. I have seen them on 4 or 5 different occasions and it has always been in the evening around 6-7pm. The objects are usually moving west to east except today it was moving south to north. The object appears to be white cigar shaped and the size of a tic-tac. It makes no sound or contrail and moves in a slow straight line. It is visible until it goes behind a building or trees and out of view. A couple of times a second one has appeared shortly after the first has gone out of sight. CNS
Worldwide UFO Sightings
Australia Disc
Sydney— I took this picture from my window at a hotel I was staying at in Sydney Australia on September 24, 2018.
I sent it to my partner it wasn’t too much later in the day my partner called and said to zoom in on the image. i then noticed this yellow shape in the clouds as she had told me I noted the planes. Sydney was over cast yesterday.Thanks to MUFON CMS
Canada ‘Objects
Spruce Grove— Spotted Saturday at 7:30 pm September 29, 2018, at my buddies just about to get out of the hot tub, he went inside and all of a sudden I noticed these things… they were travelling west to the east. really not sure what these are, They were dead quiet for how many of them there were. They had no visible wings or tail and moved across the sky too quick. The objects were way too big at the altitude they were at (above the clouds) to be a flock of birds. I finally caught them just before they went behind the clouds and you can even see them a bit through the clouds before losing them on my Samsung. Thanks to MUFON CMS
France Orb
Paris — First of all I’m not supposed to be driving and filming at the same time but I just wanted to show my wife how beautiful the weather is in Paris on April 21, 2018.
I was driving from the 16th district of Paris France to the 15th and when I passed over the bridge of Garigliano in front of France television I turned the camera in the direction of the Eiffel Tower and I noticed this orb. It was very bright and staying stationary over Paris. Thanks to MUFON CMS
Greece Delta Craft
Athens— Chevron/delta shaped black craft with soft orange glow in places underneath craft. My girlfriend and I were staying in the rooftop apartment in Kos Perdis family resort in Kos town It was 1:30 am on the September 7, 2018, and had made the bed outside so we could sleep under the stars. We had a clear view of the sky. chatting, and said, “Would you come with me if aliens would beam us up?” Five streaks of light above us which were red/orange glow, theses moved very fast. Moving from north to south was very easy to define the front edge of the craft having a triangle/swept wing front and was completely silent, steady and constant in motion. As it was dark we could see a faint orange glow on the underbelly of the craft. Photo is a depiction/ Thanks to MUFON CMS
Netherlands Triangle
Volendam — One evening in 1988 my brother and I were playing outside on September 25. I was on a skateboard while my brother’s bike pulled me forward. I looked up and saw a similar to the Phoenix boomerang ufo flying up only 1 meter above the rooftops. We were less than 20 yards away from it, in astonishment I shouted my brother’s name and said “Look!!!” It was a boomerang shaped UFO,, with lights surrounding its edges that were clearly turned off. The boomerang ufo floated without making any noise in a straight line over the houses to the east over the city. We tried to chase it to no avail, the two of us running back in complete panic back to our parents house while screaming “ufo ufo UFO.” .she said ” Yeah right, and doesn’t believe us.” My father was showing more compassion by saying “Well it could be that they saw something right.” We saw a 10 yard small pitch black boomerang .CMS
Spain Orb
Valencia— The 15th of September of 2018 a blue static orb was seen floating above the Parc Benicalap, in the city of Valencia, Spain.
A blue static orb was seen floating in the sky that was very large.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
UK/Scotland Disc
Dundee – I took 3 pics the middle one caught something weird.
It appears to be some sort of a disc in the trees.
Photos were shot on Octoberr15, 2018.
Thanks to MUFON CMS
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Onderzoekers ontdekten dat het grootste ijsplateau ter wereld, de Ross-ijsvlakte in Antarctica, een vreemd geluid maakt. De buitenaardse klanken zouden kunnen helpen met hun onderzoek naar de klimaatsverandering.
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Shape Shifting UFO Caught Following Space Station On Live Cam, Oct 24, 2018, UFO Sighting News.
Shape Shifting UFO Caught Following Space Station On Live Cam, Oct 24, 2018, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Oct 24, 2018 Location of sighting: Earth orbit at space station Source:NASA Live cam I was watching the live cam and noticed this UFO in the far distance. The UFO moved slightly and changed shape from a round appearance to a long cigar shape. Its also odd that a new NASA red screen kept popping up about 6 times during the sighting. I believe the new color indicated an emergency that needs dealt with...a UFO. It may be a new AI system for detecting anomalies flying past. Scott C. Waring
Bilderbergclub heeft zinnen gezet op de kosmos. Wat vertelt deze sinistere groep ons niet over buitenaards leven?
Bilderbergclub heeft zinnen gezet op de kosmos. Wat vertelt deze sinistere groep ons niet over buitenaards leven?
Schrijfster en journaliste Cristina Martin Jimenez heeft zich uitgebreid verdiept in de Bilderbergclub, die volgens haar aanstuurt op een samenleving met één enkele religie, één gemeenschappelijke munt en een wereldregering.
Jimenez heeft ontdekt dat de sinistere club nu haar zinnen op de ruimte heeft gezet.
Haar onderzoek heeft geresulteerd in een revolutionair, uniek en controversieel boek, getiteld ‘Hijos del Cielo’ oftewel kinderen van de hemel.
Ze merkte op dat er allerlei krachten actief waren om de publicatie van haar boek tegen te houden. “Maar ik ben niet bang voor hen,” zei ze in een interview met Epipress.
Een eerder boek van haar was jarenlang niet verkrijgbaar.
Buitenaardse schepen
De Bilderbergclub is vastbesloten om te investeren in de ruimte en de kosmos te verkennen. Zij is er zeker van dat buitenaardse schepen met daarin superieure wezens de aarde hebben bezocht.
Dat terwijl ze ons jarenlang hebben voorgelogen over alles wat er in de lucht gebeurt en mensen die over UFO’s spraken belachelijk hebben gemaakt en in diskrediet hebben gebracht, aldus Jimenez.
Het blijkt dat er altijd een speciale band is geweest tussen de aarde en deze wezens, die sterk, knap en intelligent zijn; heel anders dan het stereotiepe beeld in de samenleving, legde ze uit.
We danken alles aan deze superieure wezens, die ook wel ‘goden’ werden genoemd en die in ruimteschepen ‘feller dan de zon’ neerdaalden vanuit de hemel. Dankzij hen konden we evolueren, zei ze.
Nieuwe wereldoorlog
De Bilderbergers zitten volgens haar ook achter de financiële crisis van 2008. “Zij hebben dit systeem gecreëerd, waarbij van tijd tot tijd economische crises ontstaan.”
Ze zei verder dat de nieuwe wereldoorlog al gaande is. Het is een subtiele en discrete oorlog, die de cultuur aanvalt.
Het is ook een economische en psychologische oorlog die hier en daar nog klassieke oorlogstinten heeft, zoals we in Syrië zien, klonk het.
Bilderberg wil een wereldregering in particuliere handen vestigen door de emoties en gevoelens van mensen te manipuleren in een samenleving die wordt bedwelmd door de grote techbedrijven, die ook van Bilderberg zijn, zei Jimenez.
Rotte fundamenten
Ze voegde toe dat sommigen beginnen in te zien dat deze manipulatie uit de hand is gelopen.
David Rockefeller, de vader van Bilderberg, was al in 1947 van plan om regeringen te vervangen door een privémacht. Ook Paul Warburg had het over een wereldregering.
Het Marshallplan, het omvangrijke ‘hulpplan’ dat na de Tweede Wereldoorlog in werking trad, is volgens de journaliste bedacht door de Amerikaanse elites en de Bilderbergclub om Europa te onderwerpen.
Jimenez zei dat de VN is opgericht om alvast te experimenteren met een soort wereldregering. “De VN is opgebouwd op rotte fundamenten, op het terrein van de Rockefellers,” zei ze.
Pedofiele priesters
In 1957 zag Bilderberg hoeveel invloed je op mensen kunt uitoefenen door middel van religie.
Ze wees erop dat veel machtsgroepen die met Bilderberg verbonden zijn, in de katholieke kerk zijn geïnfiltreerd en dat veel pedofiele priesters leden zijn van deze manipulatieve groepen.
Steeds meer mensen doorzien de plannen van Bilderberg, zei ze. Er is een informatieoorlog gaande en iedereen die tegen de gevestigde orde is wordt genadeloos hard aangevallen.
In de VS is dat Trump en in Europa gaat het om Polen, Hongarije en Italië, waar regeringen rebelleren tegen de oude garde, besloot ze.
Weird Square Iceberg in Antarctica ‘Something hidden in plain sight?’
Weird Square Iceberg inAntarctica ‘Something hidden in plain sight?’
NASA’s project Operation Icebridge, studying climate conditions in Antarctica, captured a weird square iceberg during a flyover of Antarctica.
According to NASA twitter: From yesterday's IceBridge flight: A tabular iceberg can be seen on the right, floating among sea ice just off of the Larsen C ice shelf on the Antarctic Peninsula.
The iceberg's sharp angles and flat surface indicate that it probably recently calved from the ice shelf.
Yes NASA that is indeed very weird; it just split from the edges of ice shelves and there it is… a perfect square iceberg.
It looks almost as if the iceberg was sliced with a laser. This square iceberg with its perfect 90 degrees corners just does not fit in the surrounding area if you compare it with other icebergs.
It is known that there are secret bases and underwater bases in Antarctica. Could it be that this weird iceberg is more than just an iceberg, something hidden in plain sight?
A former Air Force sergeant who claimed to have seen top-secret photos of an alien base on the far side of the moon has died in a bicycle crash.
Karl R. Wolfe was killed in the crash on October 10 in Lansing, New York, after he was struck from behind by a tractor trailer traveling southbound on North Triphammer Road near Sharon Drive. He was 74.
Wolfe was rushed to Cayuga Medical Center where he later died from injuries sustained in the crash.
Although the crash is under investigation, no charges have been filed and the Tompkins County Sheriff's office did not release the name of the tractor trailer driver, the Ithaca Journal reported.
Karl R. Wolfe (above) was killed in the crash on October 10 in Lansing, New York
In 2001, Wolfe gained fame when he came forward with claims that he had he had seen photographic evidence of an alien structure on the far side of the moon.
In a video interview, Wolfe said that in the mid-1960s, he had a top secret clearance and worked for Tactical Air Command at Langley Air Force Base in Virginia.
Wolfe said his job was working as a electronic technician in photographic surveillance labs, and he spent most of his time working on machines that processed surveillance footage of Vietnam.
One day, Wolfe recalled that his superior told him to report to an NSA facility on the base to help with an issue with equipment used to process imagery from the first lunar orbiter mission.
Wolfe said he reported to the facility, which he described as a large hangar-type building with many foreign citizens in civilian clothes, accompanied by interpreters - a surprising sight to the military man.
The former airman recalled that he was alone in a darkroom with another Airman second class, when the other enlisted man said: 'By the way, we've discovered a base on the back side of the moon.'
The far side of the moon is seen in a 1972 photo taken by Apollo 16. Wolfe said that he saw an alien moon base in photos taken by the first lunar orbiter
Wolf (above) was working as a photo technician for the Air Force when he says he was called in to repair equipment that was used to process images from the first lunar orbiter
'I said, 'Whose? What do you mean?'' Wolfe recalled. He said he was fascinated by the statement but was fearful that someone would walk in on their conversation.
Then, Wolfe said, the Airman showed him a photo mosaic assembled from multiple passes by the lunar orbiter.
'He pulled out one of these mosaics, and showed this base which had geometric shapes - there were towers, there were spherical buildings, there were very tall towers and things that looked somewhat like radar dishes, but they were very large structures,' Wolfe said.
'Every day when I went home I thought, 'I can't wait to hear about this on the news,'' Wolfe said.
After serving in the Air Force, Wolfe attended the University of Buffalo with a dual major in Social and Cultural Anthropology, and Electronics Engineering.
Wolfe went on to become a self-help consultant. He never married, and had no children.
Ever seen one of these? People sometimes report them as UFOs. They’re called hole-punch clouds, and jets make ’em. The connection between hole-punch clouds, jets and snowfall, here.
Patricia Evans spotted this hole-punch cloud in November 2015 from a restaurant parking lot.
You’re probably familiar with contrails, the wispy strands of clouds made by jet exhaust high in the sky. But if you’ve ever seen a hole-punch cloud, sometimes called a fallstreak hole, you’ll be surprised by their strange appearance. They look like strange clearings in an altocumulus cloud layer, often circular patches of clear sky, surrounded by clouds. Sometimes people report them as UFOs. Airplanes create hole-punch clouds – but just how do they do it?
… composed of small water droplets that are below freezing called ‘supercooled water droplets.’ If ice crystals can form in the layer of supercooled droplets, they will grow rapidly and shrink or possibly evaporate the droplets completely.
Studies, including this one by Andrew Heymsfield and collaborators, have shown that aircraft passing through these cloud layers can trigger the formation of the heavier ice crystals, which fall to Earth and then leave the circular void in the blanket of clouds.
They concluded that aircraft propellers and wings cause the formation of those initial ice crystals. There are zones of locally low pressure along the wing and propeller tips which allow the air to expand and cool well below the original temperature of the cloud layer, forming ice crystals.
Rick Trent in Paradise, California, caught this hole punch cloud in November 2016.
Image via Andrew Heymsfield. Used with permission.
Houston, Minnesota.
Photo via Jamie Vix.
Andrew Heymsfield of the National Center for Atmospheric Research spoke with EarthSky some years ago, when his study first appeared. He told us:
This whole idea of jet aircraft making these features has to do with cooling of air over the wings that generates ice.
His team found that – at lower altitudes – jets can punch holes in clouds and make small amounts of rain and snow. As a plane flies through mid-level clouds, it forces air to expand rapidly and cool. Water droplets in the cloud freeze to ice and then turn to snow as they fall. The gap expands to create spectacular holes in the clouds. He said:
We found an exemplary case of hole-punch clouds over Texas. From satellite imagery you could see holes just pocketing the sky, holes and long channels where aircraft had been flying at that level of the cloud for a while.
Heymsfield used a weather forecast model developed at NCAR – and radar images of clouds from NASA’s CloudSat satellite – to explain the physics of how jet aircraft make hole-punch clouds.
Heymsfield’s team found that every measurable commercial jet aircraft, private jet aircraft and also military jets as well as turbo props were producing these holes. He said a hole-punch cloud expands for hours after being created. Major airports, where there’s a lot of aircraft traffic, would be a good place to study cloud holes. He said:
What we decided to do was look at major airports around the world, especially where there’s low cloud cover and cold clouds in the wintertime, and found that the frequency of occurrence suitable for this process to occur is actually reasonably high, on the order of three to five percent. In the winter months, it’s probably two to three times higher, 10 to 15 percent.
Image via Andrew Heymsfield. Used with permission.
He said people who look out their airplane window in flight can see for themselves how the wing changes a cloud.
When an aircraft lands or takes off sometimes – especially in humid, tropical areas – you see a little veil of clouds over the wings of the aircraft. And basically, what’s happening over the wings of the aircraft, there’s cooling. And the cooling produces a cloud.
It’s basically a super-cooled cloud. It’s just like a fog you see at the ground except that its temperature is zero degrees centigrade [32 degrees Fahrenheit]. So in that process of expanding, the air expands over the wing and cools. And that cooling can be as much as 20 degrees centigrade [68 F].
The cooling of air over the wings generates ice, said Heymsfield.
About the Texas incident where satellite imagery showed many hole-punch openings and channels, Heymsfield said:
What we found was that there were about a hundred of these little features. We decided to, first of all, identify their location and see if we could link them to particular aircraft. Then the second thing we did was say, okay, why do these long channels last for the period of time it would take for a satellite to take a snapshot of them? We got high-time-resolution satellite imagery and were able then to track these features, these holes, and watch them develop with time, watch how they developed.
Bottom Line: Scientists have found that, at mid-altitudes, jet aircraft can punch holes in clouds and make small amounts of rain and snow. These are the strange hole-punch clouds that are sometimes reported as UFOs.
NASA Tests Astronaut Survival Systems for Orion Splashdowns
NASA Tests Astronaut Survival Systems for Orion Splashdowns
By Meghan Bartels, Space.com Senior Writer
In a previous drill, NASA astronaut Suni Williams tests an Orion crew module escape mechanism at the agency's Johnson Space Center, before the capsule was ready to be tested in open water.
Credit: NASA
NASA and the U.S. Air Force recently tested astronaut survival systems for the first time since the space shuttles stopped flying in 2011.
Those tests were part of the agency's preparations for the first crewed flights of its Orion module, which is designed to carry astronauts out of our immediate neighborhood and toward more exotic destinations like the moonand Mars.
Orion Spacecraft✔@NASA_Orion
Orion, @NASAGoddard and the @usairforce tested open water raft and survival equipment performance in challenging weather conditions and dynamic simulated sea states. The search and rescue beacon notification system was exercised for the first time since the Space Shuttle program.
The scenarios focused on systems that would protect astronauts landing in open water under harsh weather conditions. (As usual for spaceflight systems, the agency wants to make sure everything works safely in the most extreme conditions that might be experienced.)
During the tests, NASA and the Air Force studied both the rafting equipment that lets crewmembers leave the capsule and the beacon systems that help rescue personnel track down the astronauts. The latter are leftover from the space shuttles' systems and haven't been checked since the vehicles stopped flying in 2011.
The Orion capsule is designed to fly on the Space Launch System, a powerful rocket that NASA has yet to complete. Crewed flights are scheduled to begin in the early 2020s, leaving the agency plenty of time to ensure all the safety systems can hold up under the harshest possible conditions.
AN ALIEN SATELLITE IS IN RETROGRADE ORBIT AROUND EARTH
AN ALIEN SATELLITE IS IN RETROGRADE ORBIT AROUND EARTH
By: Gaia Staff
There are currently more than 100,000 satellites orbiting the Earth, from space junk, to high tech probes transmitting signals back to Earth. But one of these satellites is thought to be of extraterrestrial origin and has been circling our planet, prior to the launch of Sputnik. This mysterious spacecraft is known as the Black Knight satellite, alleged to be of alien provenance and covered up by NASA for more than 60 years.
While most man-made satellites orbit in prograde, due to the ease and fuel efficiency of using the Earth’s natural gravitational pull, the Black Knight is said to orbit in retrograde, adding to its curious nature. But is it actually an alien satellite monitoring our planet, or simply a thermal space blanket like NASA has claimed photo evidence of it to be?
TESLA AND THE BLACK KNIGHT SATELLITE
Recently, a series of fast radio bursts was picked up by Stephen Hawking’s Breakthrough Listen Initiative, which some have speculated could be coming from the technology of an advanced, extraterrestrial species. This wouldn’t be the first time a scientist picked up signals from the cosmos and believed it to be of alien origin. Nearly a century ago, Nikola Tesla claimed to have recorded electrical signals at his laboratory in Colorado Springs that were of intelligent nature.
Tesla had been working on the technology for his Wardenclyffe Tower, when he noticed signals which were not of earthly origin and could be ruled out as being weather-related. He believed the signals were being transmitted from a civilization on Mars, so he developed a device to send signals back out to make contact. Tesla was arguably the most well-versed in radio signal transmission at the time, having pioneered the technology, so it’s hard to imagine he would have been confused by any earthly interference.
No one knows exactly what those signals were, but some believe they may have been a transmission from the Black Knight satellite. Not long after Tesla’s reception, an amateur radio operator in Norway named Jørgen Hals, recorded transmissions called Long Delayed Echoes, or LDEs. Stanford professor, Ron Bracewell, proposed the idea that these echoes were the product of an alien satellite picking up radio signals from Earth and rebroadcasting them back, creating a delay of several seconds. Some speculate that the Black Knight could be this theoretical transmitter, known as a Bracewell probe.
In the early 1970s, a man named Duncan Lunan reinterpreted and examined these LDEs, concluding they were too strong to simply be echoed radio signals from Earth. Lunan said he translated the signals and, to his surprise found a map of Epsilon Boötis, a binary star in the Boötes system. Although Lunan doesn’t like his interpretation of the LDEs associated with the conspiracy surrounding the Black Knight, there are similarities in nature and timeliness.
IS THE BLACK KNIGHT SATELLITE REAL?
In 1954, a few news reports claimed the U.S. Air Force had discovered two satellites orbiting the Earth. With the first man-made satellite, Sputnik, not launching for another three years, the discovery was surprising. But the Air Force was not the only government agency to notice the satellites. The Venezuelan Communications Ministry also noticed their presence a few years later while tracking Sputnik. The ministry noted that these satellites were moving from east to west, in retrograde orbit. Aside from the fact that there were only a few artificial satellites in orbit at the time, none would have been in retrograde orbit.
In 1954, Donald Keyhoe claimed found a satellite was found to orbiting Earth. Keyhoe was originally a marine naval aviator who later became the most prominent name in ufology, establishing the National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomena, or NICAP. Keyhoe’s claim was picked up by the San Francisco Examiner and St. Louis Post Dispatch. According to the articles, Keyhoe said that the Secretary of the Air Force, Harold Talbott, was aware of the satellites and had even witnessed a ‘silvery, disc-shaped object’ in the sky. Though, Talbott dismissed these claims.
Another confounding characteristic of the Black Knight was the fact that it was circling the Earth in polar orbit, a feat not accomplished by man-made satellites until 1960. This type of orbit is typically used for mapping, reconnaissance, and tracking, and often it is done in a sun-synchronous orbit so that each time the satellite passes a particular spot, it is the same time of day. The combination of retrograde and polar orbits makes this type of satellite stick out especially in the late 50s/early 60s when satellite technology was in its nascent phases. And it wasn’t just military entities who photographed an unidentified satellite, but also the Smithsonian Observatory at Harvard as well as the Gruman Aircraft Corporation in New York.
But the story of the Black Knight gets even more bizarre with the French Space Commission’s observation of the satellite while Jacques Vallée was on staff. Despite excitement and intrigue by Vallée and his colleagues, a senior member of his team deleted their imaging of the satellite, for reasons unknown. While Vallée said he believed it was out of embarrassment for the commission’s inability to identify the orbiting object, it was becoming increasingly common for agencies around the world to notice the unidentified satellite, without explanation.
The Black Knight Satellite –
wikipedia.com
NASA’S BLACK KNIGHT SATELLITE EXPLANATION
There are several pictures circulating the internet of what is thought to be the Black Knight. These pictures, according to NASA, are images of a thermal cover dropped during a spacewalk or during some type of extra-vehicular activity on the ISS. During this expedition, one astronaut purportedly finished his mission early and was asked to cover the space station’s trunnion pins with thermal covers. The astronaut was asked to complete this as a free-floating task, despite not having the cover properly attached, inevitably losing track of it as it floated off.
When asked later which pin he lost the cover to, he said he could not remember and that he was too upset with himself to think about it. NASA maintains that the photographs most people point to as evidence of the black knight are images of this thermal cover. There is also a video of the astronauts inside the space station filming and photographing the cover as it floats off.
It is entirely possible that NASA’s claims are true. There are plenty of similarities between the thermal cover and the images believed to be the Black Knight. There aren’t however, sufficient explanations of sightings and documentation of the satellite from the 1950s and 60s by numerous government and scientific agencies.
In 1963, while orbiting Earth, astronaut Gordon Cooper reported seeing a glowing green light ahead of his Mercury 9 module. He reported it to the Australian Space Command, who were able to track it. Oddly enough, when Cooper returned to Earth he was not allowed to talk about the light and it wasp officially reported he had suffered hallucinations from an excess of carbon dioxide in his cabin.
Despite NASA’s attempt to explain what Cooper saw with a more mundane explanation, he continued throughout his life to divulge stories that detailed his experiences with UFOs and other unexplained phenomena. He often spoke of attempted government cover-ups regarding UFOs and unexplained activity, so it could be probable he saw the Black Knight realizing its existence was deliberately being withheld from the public.
One of NASA's twin MarCO spacecraft took this image of Mars on October 2 -- the first time a CubeSat, a kind of low-cost, briefcase-sized spacecraft -- has done so.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
NASA's MarCO mission was designed to find out if briefcase-sized spacecraft called CubeSats could survive the journey to deep space. Now, MarCO - which stands for Mars Cube One - has Mars in sight.
One of the twin MarCO CubeSats snapped this image of Mars on Oct. 3 - the first image of the Red Planet ever produced by this class of tiny, low-cost spacecraft. The two CubeSats are officially called MarCO-A and MarCO-B but nicknamed "EVE" and "Wall-E" by their engineering team.
A wide-angle camera on top of MarCO-B produced the image as a test of exposure settings. The MarCO mission, led by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, hopes to produce more images as the CubeSats approach Mars ahead of Nov. 26. That's when they'll demonstrate their communications capabilities while NASA's InSight spacecraft attempts to land on the Red Planet. (The InSight mission won't rely on them, however; NASA's Mars orbiters will be relaying the spacecraft's data back to Earth.)
This image was taken from a distance of roughly 8 million miles (12.8 million kilometers) from Mars. The MarCOs are "chasing" Mars, which is a moving target as it orbits the Sun. In order to be in place for InSight's landing, the CubeSats have to travel roughly 53 million miles (85 million kilometers). They have already traveled 248 million miles (399 million kilometers).
MarCO-B's wide-angle camera looks straight out from the deck of the CubeSat. Parts related to the spacecraft's high-gain antenna are visible on either side of the image. Mars appears as a small red dot at the right of the image.
To take the image, the MarCO team had to program the CubeSat to rotate in space so that the deck of its boxy "body" was pointing at Mars. After several test images, they were excited to see that clear, red pinprick.
"We've been waiting six months to get to Mars," said Cody Colley, MarCO's mission manager at JPL. "The cruise phase of the mission is always difficult, so you take all the small wins when they come. Finally seeing the planet is definitely a big win for the team."µ
Mars likely to have enough oxygen to support life: study
Mars likely to have enough oxygen to support life: study
By Marlowe HOOD Paris (AFP)
Salty water just below the surface of Mars could hold enough oxygen to support the kind of microbial life that emerged and flourished on Earth billions of years ago, researchers reported Monday.
In some locations, the amount of oxygen available could even keep alive a primitive, multicellular animal such as a sponge, they reported in the journal Nature Geosciences.
"We discovered that brines" -- water with high concentrations of salt -- "on Mars can contain enough oxygen for microbes to breathe," said lead author Vlada Stamenkovic, a theoretical physicist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California.
"This fully revolutionises our understanding of the potential for life on Mars, today and in the past," he told AFP.
Up to now, it had been assumed that the trace amounts of oxygen on Mars were insufficient to sustain even microbial life.
"We never thought that oxygen could play a role for life on Mars due to its rarity in the atmosphere, about 0.14 percent," Stamenkovic said.
By comparison, the life-giving gas makes up 21 percent of the air we breathe.
On Earth, aerobic -- that is, oxygen breathing -- life forms evolved together with photosynthesis, which converts CO2 into O2. The gas played a critical role in the emergence of complex life, notable after the so-called Great Oxygenation Event some 2.35 billion years ago.
But our planet also harbours microbes -- at the bottom of the ocean, in boiling hotsprings -- that subsist in environments deprived of oxygen.
"That's why -- whenever we thought of life on Mars -- we studied the potential for anaerobic life," Stamenkovic.
- Life on Mars? -
The new study began with the discovery by NASA's Curiosity Mars rover of manganese oxides, which are chemical compounds that can only be produced with a lot of oxygen.
Curiosity, along with Mars orbiters, also established the presence of brine deposits, with notable variations in the elements they contained.
A high salt content allows for water to remain liquid -- a necessary condition for oxygen to be dissolved -- at much lower temperatures, making brines a happy place for microbes.
Depending on the region, season and time of day, temperatures on the Red Planet can vary between minus 195 and 20 degrees Celsius (minus 319 to 68 degrees Fahrenheit).
The researchers devised a first model to describe how oxygen dissolves in salty water at temperatures below freezing.
A second model estimated climate changes on Mars over the last 20 million years, and over the next 10 million years.
Taken together, the calculations showed which regions on the Red Planet are most likely to produce brine-based oxygen, data that could help determine the placement of future probes.
"Oxygen concentrations [on Mars] are orders of magnitude" -- several hundred times -- "greater than needed by aerobic, or oxygen-breathing -- microbes," the study concluded.
"Our results do not imply that there is life on Mars," Stamenkovic cautioned. "But they show that the Martian habitability is affected by the potential of dissolved oxygen."µµ
An 'octomite', or a speculative alien produced by natural selection.
Courtesy Helen Cooper/Cambridge University
What would convince you that aliens existed? The question came up recently at a conference on astrobiology, held at Stanford University in California. Several ideas were tossed around – unusual gases in a planet’s atmosphere, strange heat gradients on its surface. But none felt persuasive. Finally, one scientist offered the solution: a photograph. There was some laughter and a murmur of approval from the audience of researchers: yes, a photo of an alien would be convincing evidence, the holy grail of proof that we’re not alone.
But why would a picture be so convincing? What is it that we’d see that would tell us we weren’t just looking at another pile of rocks? An alien on a planet orbiting a distant star would be wildly exotic, perhaps unimaginably so. What, then, would give it away as life? The answer is relevant to our search for extraterrestrials, and what we might expect to find.
Astrobiology – the study of life on other planets – has grown from a fringe sub-discipline of biology, chemistry and astronomy to a leading interdisciplinary field, attracting researchers from top institutions across the globe, and large sums of money from both NASA and private funders. But what exactly is it that astrobiologists are looking for? How will we know when it’s time to pop the Champagne?
One thing that sets life apart from nonlife is its apparent design. Living things, from the simplest bacteria to the great redwoods, have vast numbers of intricate parts working together to make the organism function. Think of your hands, heart, spleen, mitochondria, cilia, neurons, toenails – all collaborating in synchrony to help you navigate, eat, think and survive. The most beautiful natural rock formations lack even a tiny fraction of the myriad parts of a single bacterial cell that coordinate to help it divide and reproduce.
And living things, unlike dirt and wind, appear to be trying to do things – eat, grow, survive, reproduce. If you’ve ever tried to squish a resilient bug, you know that it doesn’t require a complex mind for an organism to appear to want to survive. Or for a squirrel to ‘want’ to jump from one branch to the next. Or for a plant to ‘try’ to reach towards the Sun and soak up nutrients from the soil. Not only do living things have many intricate parts, but all of those parts have the same, common purpose – survival and reproduction. This combination of complex design and apparent purpose, also known as adaptedness, defines life. When we look at that photo of an alien, it’s exactly this adaptedness that would make us go: ‘Aha!’ We would see, clearly, the difference between a disappointing pile of rocks and an exciting alien – design. This is good news, because there’s only one way to get such design: natural selection.
Scene from a desert planet: a panoramic view of the Payson outcrop near the Opportunity rover’s landing site. With its ocean long gone, Mars may yet have liquid reservoirs underground, and spacecraft have seen signs of surface flows. Life, if it ever existed, most likely followed the water.
(NASA/JPL-Caltech/USGS/Cornell)
Natural selection occurs whenever you have a collection of things (cells, replicators, birds, an imaginary species we’ll call ‘Glipgloops’) that have three properties: variation, heredity and differential success. For example, some of the Glipgloops we posited have longer eyestalks than others (variation). Long-eyestalked Glipgloops have long-eyestalked babies (inheritance of the variation). And Glipgloops with long eyestalks can see out of their methane holes better and therefore have more babies (differential success linked to that variation). The result is that, over time, Glipgloops evolve to have elongated eyestalks.
This is the process by which the apparent design in nature is generated: in every generation, at every instant, individuals with traits linked to better reproduction are being ‘selected’. As a result, over time, populations consist of individuals who appear designed for the purpose of reproducing. It’s exactly because the selection criterion is always the same that design can develop. Imagine a car that was constructed using a different blueprint at every step – well, you likely wouldn’t end up with a car. It’s natural selection’s unwavering mantra – the contribution of genes to future generations – that allows for design to appear without a designer.
In fact, the selection criterion is so consistent, that an organism cannot be designed for anything other than contributing genes to future generations. This is why we don’t get organisms who sacrifice for the good of their species. In general, organisms are selfish – reproducing yourself at the expense of others is a great way to pass on genes. We do sometimes see sacrifice and cooperation in nature – but only when the benefits of cooperation come back to you, or the sacrifice benefits relatives. Relatives share genes, so a bee can sacrifice for the queen (its mother), if it means she’ll produce 100 more sisters, each carrying half the bee’s genes. The calculus of which traits lead to more genes, and exactly when and how much to sacrifice, is precise and rigid. This is why evolutionary biologists can make mathematical models that correctly predict how many helpers a bird should allow at her nest, and how often wasps should cannibalise their siblings. But this algorithmic rigidity of natural selection also comes in handy for the astrobiologist.
Curiosity’s study of a formation called Whale Rock revealed evidence of flowing water, one of the main clues scientists look for to assess whether a site was once habitable.
(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)
Athread should be revealing itself: life is special because of its apparent design. The only way to get design without a designer is natural selection. Therefore, aliens must be the product of natural selection. And natural selection follows certain rules, and can produce only certain kinds of organisms. Thus, astrobiologists can use the theory of natural selection, and the mathematics of evolution, to make predictions about aliens.
Are there exceptions? We can’t get complex life, even something as simple as a bacterium, without natural selection. Even a postorganic, computer-based alien would ultimately be the product of a product of natural selection. But let’s consider a borderline case. Imagine a collection of replicating molecules, like tiny naked genes, on an alien planet. If these replicators made copies of themselves (inheritance), but replicated perfectly every time (no variation or differential success), you wouldn’t get natural selection.
Would this be life? Maybe, but it wouldn’t be very exciting. For one, without variation, the molecules can never change, or become more adapted, or evolve into anything more interesting or complex. Finding bacteria or bears on a distant planet would suggest that the universe might be teeming with life of all shapes and sizes. These replicators wouldn’t suggest anything. Even more problematic, their existence would likely be fleeting – without natural selection, they wouldn’t be able to cope with changes on their planet, and so would disappear before we found them.
The argument from natural selection is robust, even at the boundaries. This frees us up to use the same evolutionary tools we use on Earth to make predictions about life elsewhere.
Previous work in astrobiology has extrapolated from what’s happened on Earth, potentially limiting our vision to certain special features, such as DNA or carbon-based life, that won’t hold on other planets. Natural selection, on the other hand, is universal. It doesn’t depend on DNA (remember, Charles Darwin knew nothing of genes) or carbon chemistry or the presence of water. It’s incredibly simple – it just requires a few ingredients – and it’s the only way to generate life.
A mental image of that prized photo, showing entities apparently designed to fit their surroundings, is beginning to form. We can’t say whether the grainy picture of the alien will have eyes, or limbs, or be green. That’s not the kind of prediction good evolutionary theory can make. But natural selection tells us that its forms, goals and evolutionary pathways are constrained.
One example posed by our team in the sketch above is what we playfully call ‘the octomite’ – a conglomerate of once-separate entities now working together to survive, reproduce and evolve. How would we recognise an alien? It would include a hierarchy of entities, with the interests of each lower level aligned with components in levels above. The photo we envision would show division of labour, with various parts specialising in various tasks in a mutually dependent way.
This work of incorporating evolutionary theory into our astrobiological toolkit is only just beginning. What else can Darwin tell us about aliens? Presumably quite a lot. The photo, if and when it comes, will be something entirely exotic to the naked eye. But to the student of evolutionary biology, it might look surprisingly familiar.
More evidence of water on Mars: Close-up views show features like those left on Earth after water evaporates.
(NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)
In 1996, even closer microscopic views inside a Martian meteorite led to claims of fossil life—which today are mostly discounted.
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Interstellar Object 'Oumuamua's Surprise Arrival Still Thrills Scientists One Year Later
Interstellar Object 'Oumuamua's Surprise Arrival Still Thrills Scientists One Year Later
By Meghan Bartels, Space.com Senior Writer
Artist's illustration of 'Oumuamua, the first known interstellar asteroid.
Credit: M. Kornmesser/ESO
A year ago, astronomers spotted a strange object barreling through our solar system on a very weird path — the first discovery of an interstellar object, now called 'Oumuamua, which means "messenger from afar" in Hawaiian.
During the abrupt flyby, scientists made frantic observations of the object before it passed out of range of even the most-powerful telescopes. Ever since then, 'Oumuamua has provided scientists a seemingly endless supply of questions, with most answers still very much up in the air.
Astronomers got their first glimpse of 'Oumuamua on Oct. 19, 2017, through the Pan-STARRS1 telescope based in Hawaii, which is fine-tuned to catch temporary phenomena like passing comets. Right away, scientists knew this wasn't your average comet; its path was way too strange. They'd caught sight of the object on its way out of our solar system, so scientists are still trying to figure out where its journey began. ['Oumuamua: The Solar System's 1st Interstellar Visitor Explained in Photos]
'Oumuamua has also endured a bit of an identity crisis during its first year in the scientific literature. At first, astronomers thought it was a comet. Then, they realized there was no cloud of gas and dust enveloping the object, so they reclassified it as an asteroid. But that proved problematic when they realized it was moving faster than an asteroid ought to be, as if getting a little boost of speed from volatile materials evaporating off its surface, like those that form a comet's surrounding cloud.
Another puzzle is the object's strange shape: long and thin, something like six times longer than it is wide. That's unlike most cosmic objects, which are generally lumps. It's also spinning strangely, tumbling end over end like a stick tossed for a cosmic dog. Some of the hypotheses to explain that elongated shape are that 'Oumuamua had a messy run-in with an asteroid or that the incredible gravitational pull of a giant planet stretched the object.
Because they can't gather any more data about 'Oumuamua, scientists have turned their attention to spotting another such interstellar visitor, hoping to find one sooner rather than later. (Researchers have said the objects should be pretty common, and scientists had in fact been waiting for a flyby like 'Oumuamua's for decades.)
But regardless of the mysteries scientists may never be able to solve with the observations they did gather in time, one thing about 'Oumuamua is nearly certain: It's not an alien spaceship broadcasting back to its creators. Yes, they checked.
Salty Martian Water Could Have Enough Oxygen to Support Life
Salty Martian Water Could Have Enough Oxygen to Support Life
By Mike Wall, Space.com Senior Writer
Pockets of salty water just beneath the Martian surface may contain enough oxygen to support life — in some places, even complex multicellular life such as sponges, a new study suggests.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Salty water buried just beneath the Martian surface could have enough dissolved oxygen to support microbes, and perhaps even simple animal life such as sponges in some places, a new study suggests.
This surprising conclusion could help reshape scientists' understanding of the Red Planet's habitability, both past and present, study team members said.
"We live in exciting times," said lead author Vlada Stamenković, a research scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. "Especially as there is so much more work still needed to better understand the Martian habitability, I hope this creates excitement in the [scientific] community, in the world, to think of Mars as a potential place for life to exist maybe even today." [The Search for Life on Mars (A Photo Timeline)]
Water underground
Water flowed liberally across Mars' red dirt in the ancient past, as observations by spacecraft such as NASA's Viking orbiters, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and Curiosity, Spirit and Opportunity rovers have shown. Indeed, many scientists think the Red Planet even featured oceans billions of years ago.
This surface water disappeared long ago, after Mars lost most of its atmosphere and transitioned to the cold, dry world that we know today. But researchers believe that some wet stuff probably persists underground to this day — in deeply buried aquifers as well as in salty brine pockets, some of which may lie just below the surface.
For example, some scientists think the seasonal Martian dark streaks known as recurring slope lineae are caused by the escape of such brines, which can remain liquid at much lower temperatures than "pure" water because of their salt content.
The dark streaks on some Martian slopes known as recurring slope lineae — imaged here by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter — may be caused by salty liquid water, some scientists think. The Red Planet could have pockets of oxygen-rich brines just below its surface.
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona
Stamenković and his colleagues modeled the oxygen-harboring potential of near-surface brine reservoirs, calculating how much dissolved O2 they could contain at various locales around the Martian globe.
This an interesting astrobiological question. Life as we know it doesn't necessarily need oxygen; the earliest Earth organisms were anaerobic, after all, as is a huge chunk of the planet's modern microbial diversity. But oxygen is such a rich energy source that its availability makes possible many interesting evolutionary pathways, such as the rise of complex plant and animal life. (Nearly all known multicellular species here on Earth breathe oxygen in some fashion.)
The researchers found that Martian brines could hold a lot of oxygen — enough to support aerobic microbial life pretty much everywhere, if the requirements of these hypothetical Mars bugs mirror those of Earth. And the models showed that dissolved-oxygen capacity varies greatly both over time and from place to place, because it depends on temperature and, to a lesser extent, pressure. (The temporal variation is tied to shifts in Mars' obliquity — the tilt of its axis of rotation.)
Colder temperatures promote greater oxygen entry into brines. So, especially frigid pockets near the Martian poles could potentially be oxygen-rich enough to support complex multicellular organisms such as sponges, the researchers determined. Such "aerobic oases" may be common today above 67.5 degrees north latitude and below 72.5 degrees south latitude. [Photos: The Search for Water on Mars]
Astrobiologists therefore shouldn't turn their noses up at extremely cold environments just because relatively warm ones tend to be better for life as we know it here on Earth, Stamenković said.
"Each environment has its own pros and cons," he told Space.com.
Spurring the search
There is some observational evidence to back up the new modeling results, study team members said. For example, the Curiosity rover has spotted manganese oxides during its exploration of Mars' 96-mile-wide (154 kilometers) Gale Crater.
It takes a lot of dissolved oxygen to produce these minerals, Stamenković said. Here on Earth, he added, manganese oxides formed only after O2 began persisting in the atmosphere about 2.5 billion years ago — a milestone known as the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE).
"Our model says that [manganese oxide formation] is possible to occur on Mars, because of the briny environment and the low temperatures," Stamenković said.
The GOE was tied to the rise of oxygenic photosynthesis, which produces virtually all of the oxygen in Earth's air today. There's only a small amount of abiotically produced oxygen in Mars' air, but that doesn't mean that none of the stuff can make it into buried brines. For instance, in addition to the trace atmospheric oxygen, radiation emitted by radioactive elements in Martian rocks could split water molecules into their constituent hydrogen and oxygen, Stamenković said.
Indeed, radiolysis and/or other processes may have been important players for nearly all of the Red Planet's history, raising the possibility that Mars life — if it ever arose — has had access to energy-rich oxygen for billions of years. And the same may be true on other worlds with chilly habitable environments, such as the buried-ocean moons Europa and Enceladus (which orbit Jupiter and Saturn, respectively), Stamenković said.
"There are so many abiotic ways of creating small but sufficient amounts of oxygen which then, at the colder temperatures, can be absorbed effectively, and could actually maybe trigger evolution in a different way than we got on the Earth," he said. "This is all hypothetical, but worth exploring."
Both NASA and the European Space Agency (in partnership with Russia) aim to launch life-hunting rovers toward Mars in 2020. But both of those robots will be hunting for signs of past life. The last, and so far only, spacecraft to look for present-day Red Planet organisms on the Martian surface were NASA's twin Viking 1 and Viking 2 landers, which touched down in 1976.
Stamenković would like for that to change, and he said he hopes the new study — which was published online today (Oct. 22) in the journal Nature Geoscience — provides a little momentum in that direction.
"There is still so much about the Martian habitability that we do not understand, and it's long overdue to send another mission that tackles the question of subsurface water and potential extant life on Mars, and looks for these signals," he said.
Mike Wall's book about the search for alien life, "Out There," will be published on Nov. 13 by Grand Central Publishing. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall.
In its current form, Mars isn’t the best place to host life — but some of its subsurface oases may be pretty welcoming, a new study reports.
Credits: NASA.
In order to sustain life, a planet (or any celestial body) must fulfill quite a lot of conditions. You need sufficient gravitational pull, an atmosphere with a specific chemical makeup, a Goldilocks temperature — and that’s just the start of it. All in all, the stars need to align just right to provide the necessary conditions for life to evolve.
Mars definitely fulfills some of those requirements. It’s a rocky planet, lies at a reasonable distance from its star, and shows signs of hosting water. Its atmosphere, however, isn’t conducive to life as we know it. Aside from being very thin (just 6% the density of Earth’s atmosphere on average), it comprises 96% carbon dioxide and only contains traces of free oxygen. Due to the scarcity of oxygen, Mars has been assumed to be incapable of producing environments with sufficiently large concentrations of O2 to support aerobic respiration, researchers write in a new study.
However, there are some places where Mars could, in fact, host life: underground. But the story isn’t that straight-forward.
Here on Earth, oxygen and life go hand in hand. Photosynthesis evolved at least 2.3 billion years ago, and aerobic (or oxygen-breathing) life evolved with it. We haven’t seen any sign of that on Mars, however. Furthermore, life requires liquid water — and with an average surface temperature of -81 degrees Fahrenheit (-63 Celsius), liquid water is a scarce commodity on the red planet. There’s no clear evidence that liquid water exists (or could exist) on Mars’ surface, but there are some hints that liquid water could exist underground, in the form of brine (very salty water).
Water mixed with salt freezes at lower temperatures than freshwater. While pure water will freeze at 32 degrees Fahrenheit (0 Celsius), salty water will still be liquid at that temperature. But salt also reduces the amount of oxygen that water can store, while low temperatures increase the amount of oxygen. So salt, temperature, and oxygen are trapped in a constant push and tow.
To study this dance, Vlada Stamenković and colleagues calculated how much molecular oxygen could be dissolved in subsurface Martian liquid brines. They found that molecular oxygen concentrations are particularly high in the polar regions, and remarkably, some of them could even contain enough oxygen to support aerobic life.
These findings also fit with surface observations, particularly oxidized rocks observed by rovers exploring Mars’ surface.
“That’s the thing of habitability; we never thought that environment could have that much oxygen,” saysStamenković, a planetary scientist and physicist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
This completely changes our understanding of the potential for life on current-day Mars, he adds. Of course, it doesn’t mean that there is life on Mars — but the fact that could be is already pretty exciting.
The study has been published in Nature Geoscience.
NASADe rechthoekige ijsplaat: een geheime militaire basis, of een gril van Moeder Natuur?
MILIEUWetenschappers van NASA hebben op de zuidpool een opmerkelijk fenomeen gespot. Tussen een chaotische wirwar van drijvend ijs, zagen ze plots een perfect rechthoekige ijsberg drijven. Een geheime militaire basis, of een gril van Moeder Natuur?
De natuur is vaak rommelig, onregelmatig en asymmetrisch. Rechte vormen en hoeken van 90 graden zijn eerder zeldzaam. Toch is deze plateauvormige ijsberg volkomen natuurlijk. De foto werd gemaakt tijdens NASA’s IceBridge-project. Daarbij worden de poolgebieden jaarlijks vanuit de lucht gefotografeerd en in kaart gebracht om te zien hoe de gigantische ijsplaten en het zee-ijs zich door de jaren heen ontwikkelen.
Dat de ijsplaat zo mooi afgelijnd is, komt niet omdat iemand het ijs heeft zitten snoeien. “Wellicht is ze nog maar recent afgebroken van een groter geheel”, vertelt Kelly Brunt van de universiteit van Maryland. “Onder invloed van de wind en de zee zal het strakke lijnenspel van deze plaat snel minder scherpe vormen aannemen.” De grootte van de plaat is niet gemeten en is alleen op basis van een foto moeilijk in te schatten, maar Brunt vermoedt dat ze minstens 1,6 kilometer breed is.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
Mysterious fast radio burst signals that could be evidence...
'What exactly is this?' Mysterious light is spotted in the...
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