02-04-2019 om 23:01 geschreven door peter  

Scientists capture mysterious hum from deep inside the Earth - but no one knows what it is

The new study could help to shed on the source of the vibrations

By Sophie Curtis Technology And Science Editor

Scientists have recorded a mysterious hum coming from deep inside the Earth and it had better bloody not be those worms from Tremors.

Scientists have captured a mysterious hum coming from deep inside the Earth, but they are still no closer to working out what it is.

It has long been known that the Earth constantly generates a low-frequency vibrational signal.

The first attempt to detect this hum was made in 1959, but it wasn't until 1998 that scientists finally proved its existence.

Since then, there have been hundreds of attempts to record the Earth's hum, but they have all been made using seismometers on land.

Hundreds of attempts have been made to record the sound since then using land based seismometers and now scientists have taken to the bottom of the sea to record the sound, The Mirror reports.

The researchers first collected data from 57 seismometer stations located at the base of the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, between 2012 and 2013.

Now researchers have captured the hum for the first time using seismic instruments at the bottom of the sea.

The researchers first gathered data from 57 seismometer stations located in the Indian Ocean, east of Madagascar, between 2012 and 2013.

They then applied a combination of techniques to remove interference from ocean infragravity waves, currents and electronic glitches, and corrected for the signal generated by any earthquakes.

Eventually, they were able to determine that the Earth's natural vibration peaks at several frequencies between 2.9 and 4.5 millihertz.

These vibrations can't be heard by people, because they are approximately 10,000 times smaller than the lower hearing threshold of the human ear (20 hertz).

However, the fact that they have been detected at the bottom of the ocean, and around 70% of the planet's surface is covered by water, suggests that the hum is present across the entire globe.

The research team, led by Martha Deen at the Paris Institute of Earth Physics, hopes the new data will provide clues as to the source of the hum.

Seismologists have proposed many different theories to explain the continuous vibration - from atmospheric disturbances to ocean waves moving over the sea floor.

However, the study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, concludes that these theories can only explain part of the vibration.

Deen and her co-authors believe the data could also help scientists map the interior of Earth with more detail and accuracy than ever before.

Scientists traditionally study the Earth's interior during earthquakes, but this mean they are severely limited to specific times and areas where quakes commonly occur.

Using the hum signal as a source of seismic waves would avoid this problem, because it is generated continuously, and can be detected across the planet's surface.

Now watch: This mysterious humming sound has been keeping people awake for 40 YEARS

{ https://www.mirror.co.uk/ }

02-04-2019 om 22:58 geschreven door peter  

02-04-2019 om 22:30 geschreven door peter  

VREEMDE DINGEN IN DE LUCHT EN OP DE GROND ( VIDEO )

Tot op de dag van vandaag doen autoriteiten er alles aan om vreemde dingen die men in de lucht ziet te verklaren als bijvoorbeeld ballonnen. 

Zelfs waarnemingen van getrainde piloten worden afgedaan als gezichtsbedrog en het beste wat NASA kan bedenken is de camera bij het ISS uitzetten als er weer eens een ufo in beeld komt.

Venezuela is de laatste tijd regelmatig in het nieuws, maar niet vanwege het volgende verhaal dat zeker de moeite waard is.

Een inwoner van dat land, Friman Rodriguez, was samen met zijn neef onderweg toen het land weer eens te maken kreeg met een stroomuitval en zij besloten terug te keren naar huis. 

Toen ze weer op de terugweg waren zag Rodriguez een licht waarvan hij eerst dacht dat het de zon was, maar realiseerde zich toen dat die zich op een andere positie bevond en bovendien lager aan de hemel. 

Volgens het verhaal landde dit object, maar was Rodriguez te bang om te gaan kijken en was hij allang blij dat hij iets had kunnen vastleggen met zijn telefoon. 

Iets dat er als volgt uit zag:

Ufoloog Scott Waring heeft hier de volgende verklaring voor: 

Hij zegt dat dit type ufo vrij bekend is in Zuid Amerika en wanneer men er dicht bij komt ziet het eruit als een fel oranje licht. Het is te fel om details te kunnen ontwaren en wanneer het object zich hoger in de lucht bevindt, kan het gemakkelijk worden aangezien voor de zon. 

Verder zegt hij dat dit type ruimteschip hoort bij een buitenaards ras dat bijna goddelijk is. Zij kwamen hier in de hoop om de mensheid een vreselijke toekomst te kunnen besparen en zijn in de loop der jaren hier diverse keren geweest om mensen te ontvoeren en hen dan te vertellen dat er verschillende voor de mensheid dramatische scenario’s zich kunnen ontvouwen in de toekomst. 

Zij hadden de hoop door enkele mensen in te lichten dat ze dit soort vreselijke scenario’s zouden kunnen voorkomen, maar volgens Scott hadden ze dit mis. De mensen die ze hadden ontvoerd waren te bang en hadden in het dagelijks leven totaal geen invloed of een groot bereik. 

Wat dat betreft hadden ze beter ons kunnen ontvoeren, want dan hadden wij in ieder geval verslag uit kunnen brengen. 

Op een andere website werd deze week een verhaal gepubliceerd dat zich weliswaar in 2014 afspeelde, maar desalniettemin fascinerend is. 

Het speelt zich ook niet af in de lucht, maar op de grond waar een auto wordt achtervolgd door een orb.

Zoals in de volgende video wordt uitgelegd is het beslist geen reflectie of iets dergelijks, maar beweegt het onafhankelijk van de auto en volgt deze. 

Wat het ook moge zijn, de orb bevindt zich onder één of andere intelligente besturing. Tips over wat dit zou kunnen zijn, zijn altijd welkom. 


Enkele weken geleden vloog een ambulance helikopter, Mercy Air 21, een kilometer of 25 ten westen van Las Vegas toen de piloot een vreemd object waarnam in de lucht. 

Hij meldde dit aan de verkeersleiding die aangaf niets te kunnen zien op hun radarscherm, waarop de piloot antwoordde dat hij het object alleen kon zien via zijn nachtkijker. De verkeersleider was nogal onder de indruk klaarblijkelijk want die antwoordde met: “that’s awesome”, dat is indrukwekkend. 

In de volgende video van Tyler van Secureteam is te zien en horen hoe dat verhaal is afgelopen. Hoe eigenlijk altijd een soort standaard script wordt gevolgd om het publiek wijs te maken dat er helemaal niets aan de hand is. 

In het tweede deel van de video een mooi voorbeeld van hoe NASA omgaat met ufo's die onuitgenodigd plotseling in beeld verschijnen bij het ISS ruimtestation.



De plek waar bovenstaand incident met de helikopter plaatsvond is eveneens vlakbij Nellis Airforce Base, waar Steven Barrone regelmatig opnames maakt van ufo’s. 

Ter illustratie hierna een klein deel uit een eerder artikel en als je dat hebt gezien, dan weet je dat die helikopterpiloot wel degelijk een ufo heeft waargenomen: 

Iemand die op een bijzondere plek woont waar altijd wat schijnt te gebeuren is de Amerikaan Steven Barone waarover wij al eerder schreven.

De man woont ongeveer naast een beroemde Amerikaanse luchtmachtbasis, Nellis Airforce Base. Het vliegveld waarvan wordt gezegd dat het ook de aardse thuisbasis is van een buitenaards ras, The Tall White Aliens. 

Meerdere keren heeft Steven op die locatie al bijzondere opnames kunnen maken en zo ook dit keer.

Hij zegt er zelf het volgende over: 

“Wat was dit een prachtig gezicht. Ik zag een licht aan de hemel net boven de berg op slechts een paar kilometer van mijn huis. Ik zag onmiddellijk dat het een UFO was en begon met filmen. 

Ik zag de UFO net voordat deze begon met afdalen en uiteindelijk landen. Terwijl het aan de landing begon, gingen de lichten uit, maar er was genoeg maanlicht zodat ik het nog steeds in de lens van de camera kon zien. 

Het bleef enige tijd hangen in het duister aan de voet van de berg en uiteindelijk was het weer even te zien. 

Minuten later verscheen het weer net boven het dak van een gebouw dat je wel vaker tegenkomt in mijn video’s. 

Aan het eind, toen het object vertrok, kon je goed zien dat het niet één, maar twee UFO’s waren. Ik kon het nog een paar seconden waarnemen op dezelfde plek als waar het landde en toen verdween het weer. 

{ http://niburu.co/ }

02-04-2019 om 22:21 geschreven door peter  

Looking for Life on Mars: Viking Experiment Team Member Reflects on Divisive Findings

Patricia Straat looks back on the Viking lander experiment that aimed to find microbes

02-04-2019 om 22:09 geschreven door peter  

As someone who uses social media a lot, I get a great deal of feedback from people wishing to share with me their experiences of the weird kind. Those experiences range from the vaguely odd to the downright sinister. The account I’m going to share with you today definitely falls into the sinister category. On April 28, 2018, I got the following communication from someone who preferred not to use their real name. It reads as follows: “I’m 55 years old and have known about MIB since the 70s. Personally, the majority of the visits are, in my opinion, demonically orchestrated. I have learned, due to my belief system, not to make these events complicated. It is exactly what it portrays itself to be! Having the gift of discernment reveals what these hybrids are, that is evil! I call the feelings and smells are all ‘symptoms’ of a demonic encounter! If you agree with this, then the obvious next conclusion is that these so-called ‘aliens’ are also demonic and what does the demonic dwell in? They dwell in shadows! They do not want to found out!

“UFO encounters out them and their hybrids and satanic agendas. After all, it is about soul collecting, is it not? I reside on the West Coast of Lake Michigan. My front door faces directly 8 miles from an active nuclear power plant that is, within months, being decommissioned. This process can take up to 20 years. I live in the ‘hot zone’ range of this very old plant. For three years, due to living on a hill with a spectacular view of the open sky, I have witnessed UFO activity coming directly from the nuclear power plant and fly slowly right over my head. With incredible lighting and maneuvers like your Father mentioned to you. Including complete ‘stand still hoovering.’ I have also felt that I have been discovered witnessing this and have had some type of acknowledgment from the crafts. It hard to explain. I just know they know that I see them! Usually I witness them around 11:00 p.m. and beyond.

“Anyhow, something different happened last August, 2017. As I stated, I live on a hill with a steep drop off approximately 30 feet from my door. This is a brand new apartment complex and a very short road runs in front of my back patio door. I should have originally said I’m witnessing these events from my back patio. The road runs to the right for about 100 feet and turns right to the front of the complex. Around 1:00 a.m. I felt compelled to go out unto my patio and look right. Now below the hill is nothing but woods. I saw 3 very tall, slender men come up the hill, unto the road, in perfect formation, walking extremely slow, dressed completely the same, all in black and suddenly stop!

“All 3 turned their heads directly towards me and just stood still! It seemed like minutes but I don’t think it was. I actually felt an electric charge go from my feet, straight up my back up to my head. Not only that, the fear I felt and also a sickness in my stomach was nothing I have felt EVER in my lifetime. I knew they were EVIL. They slowly moved their heads in complete synchronized fashion forward and slowly, and I mean slowly, continued to walk forward and disappeared from sight. I know exactly what i just witnessed! That was pure evil. Now, with that being said, I don’t know if it was a warning, a visit, or what. I have not spoken about this event until now! Summer is almost here again and I wonder what I will witness.”

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ cc}

02-04-2019 om 21:46 geschreven door peter  

Let’s get the obvious out of the way first … Spikes of Methane would make a great name for a band. However, it would have to play really well to produce the excitement that real spikes of methane are generating amongst the space exploration community over an announcement by NASA that its Curiosity rover has detected definitive proof of methane on Mars with the discovery of two distinct surges of the life-related gas and it has pinpointed their locations for future missions to sniff, study and solve. Is this the missing stink?

“Here, we report a firm detection of 15.5 ± 2.5 ppb by volume of methane in the Martian atmosphere above Gale Crater on 16 June 2013, by the Planetary Fourier Spectrometer onboard Mars Express, one day after the in situ observation of a methane spike by the Curiosity rover.”

In a report published this week in Nature Geoscience and reviewed by Space.com, lead author Marco Giuranna of Rome’s Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica in Rome announced that Curiosity found the methane in the large (96 mile (154 km) wide) Gale crater that many scientists believe was once a Martian lake. When the spike was confirmed in the atmosphere by the Mars Express orbiter a day later, this was the first ever multiple detections of a single methane presence on the planet.

But wait … there’s more! Another spike was detected in the Gale crater in late 2013 which lasted into 2014, and the researchers were able to pinpoint the location of the June 2013 spike to a region about 310 miles (500 km) east of the Gale crater. All of these discoveries are the result of a new technique developed by Giuranna for analyzing data collected by the Mars Express’ Planetary Fourier Spectrometer instrument (PFS), which has been sniffing Martian air since 2003 but whose discoveries have been doubted previously due to errors and malfunctions.

When Curiosity landed in the Gale crater in 2012, Giuranna began coordinating its sampling of Martian air with that of the Express. He and his team then divided the area in and around Gale into 250 km (155 miles) wide squares and used computer simulations to compute the probabilities of each one as the source of any methane plumes. In addition, they looked for geological features like faults that could have released the methane.

“Remarkably, we saw that the atmospheric simulation and geological assessment, performed independently of each other, suggested the same region of provenance of the methane, which is situated about 500 km east of Gale. This is very exciting and largely unexpected.”

Did cows beat humans to Mars?

But … is this a sign of life on Mars? Being a good scientist, Giuranna admits this methane isn’t the smoking gas. It could still have been the result of a chemical reaction and there’s no way to determine if it was created recently or has been trapped underground for millions of years … yet. Curiosity and Mars Express have teamed up with the ExoMars methane-sniffing Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) to collect and compare even more Martian methane data. Nothing is as easy as Elon Musk wants us to believe, says Giuranna.

“Follow-up is very important to better understand methane on Mars. We are collecting pieces of a puzzle and need more pieces to understand better what is going on.”

In the meantime, the Spikes of Methane should continue practicing their covers of Bowie songs.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

02-04-2019 om 20:42 geschreven door peter  

There can be absolutely no doubt at all that one of the most controversial of all the various whistleblowers who have come forward with startling revelations concerning Area 51 was a man named Boyd Bushman. He revealed data that was not just controversial, but arguably beyond controversial. You’ll soon see what I mean by that. Although many of Bushman’s claims stretched credibility to the absolute max, the intriguing fact is that he really was plugged into the secret world of Area 51 and advanced technologies. As we shall now see. Bushman, who died on August 7, 2014, left an amazing and controversial legacy behind him. It was a filmed statement from him on what he knew about an alien presence at Area 51, anti-gravity technology in the hands of personnel at the base, one on one contact with ETs, and much, much more. Was Bushman telling the truth? Was he nothing but an outright liar? Or, was he spreading disinformation on behalf of those who run Area 51 – and as a means to muddy the waters of what really goes on there? Or, do all three scenarios have some degree of validity attached to them? Let’s take a look at the life and work of Bushman and his incredible revelations – if that’s what they really were.

First, it’s important to note that Bushman was no fantasist. He was a respected figure in the world of aviation, having worked as a senior scientist with Lockheed Martin. He also had more than a few patents to his name. He also claimed to have worked on top secret anti-gravity-based programs for the U.S. Government. To a degree this has been confirmed, since his heavily redacted, declassified FBI file references his research in the field of anti-gravity. Magnetic drives and a thermally energized electrical power source were also patented by Bushman. Bushman made a number of claims that sounded plausible, but he also revealed to the UFO research community and to the world’s media tales that were downright bizarre. In 2007 – which was seven years before he passed away – Bushman was filmed speaking about what he knew (or what he claimed to know) about all things alien, and a great deal about Area 51.

According to Bushman, aliens were both working and living at Area 51. We’re not talking about just dead aliens recovered from crashed UFOs – such as those allegedly recovered from outside of Roswell, New Mexico in the summer of 1947. This, to a degree, you may know, echoes a brief aside made by Bob Lazar back in 1989, when he claimed to have very briefly seen a small, humanoid figure at the S-4 site. It’s important to note that Lazar himself suspected that this may have been a deliberate, fabricated, stage-managed incident, designed to make Lazar think there were aliens at Area 51. Obviously, this has a bearing on the Bushman story, too, specifically in relation to the possibility that Bushman may also have been deliberately fed faked data by disinformation specialists at Area 51. Still on the matter of Bob Lazar, it’s intriguing to note that – to a degree – Bushman backed up Lazar’s claims of having worked on the anti-gravity systems of the alleged UFOs held at S-4. According to Bushman, such research was indeed actively and secretly underway at Area 51. Interestingly, Bushman also asserted that both the Chinese and the Russians had been brought into the fold, to a certain degree, anyway. This too mirrors the words of Bob Lazar, way back in the 1980s, when he said that while working at Area 51 he heard whispers of the Russians having been invited to work on the program, but who at some point were slung off the project.

As for the aliens themselves, this is where Bushman’s story got really weird. He claimed they came from a planet called Quintumnia (on some occasions he called it Quintonia), which is said to be around sixty-eight light years away. Incredibly, Bushman maintained that the aliens were able to make the journey from their world to ours in less than an hour. Their lifespan, said Bushman, was far in excess of ours. Indeed, he said that the average Quintumnian lived on average to around 230 of our years. They were not too dissimilar to us, with hands and feet like ours. As for their height, it was around five-feet. They didn’t speak English, though. Or, in fact, any Earth-based language. They didn’t need to. They communicated solely by telepathy. Certainly, one of Bushman’s most controversial claims (and there were many of them…) was that he had interacted with the ETs personally, and to the extent that he said he gave them a camera so that the aliens could take pictures of their home planet and bring the pictures back to him! Whether Bushman preserved those priceless pictures in a dedicated photo album is anyone’s guess. He also maintained that the Quintumnians were the alien race responsible for the ongoing cattle-mutilation phenomenon on our world.

Certainly, the most outrageous aspect of the Bushman affair came when he revealed a color photo of what was said to have been one of the Quintumnians. In no time at all, the UFO research was able to offer a definitive “Gotcha!” The photo which Bushman touted as proof of alien visitations to Earth in general and to Area 51 specifically, was not evidence of anything of an extraterrestrial nature at all. It was actually a picture of a quite sophisticated alien doll sold by none other than Wal-Mart! For many people in the field of Ufology, the issue of the “Wal-Mart alien” (as it quickly and inevitably became known) was enough for them to walk away from the controversy and brand Bushman as either a liar, a joker, or someone descending into a state of senility. Maybe, one of those scenarios was indeed the correct one. On the other hand, though, one has to give some thought to the distinct possibility that Bushman was still highly astute and not suffering from the early stages of Alzheimer’s. Significant thought must be given to a theory that cannot be ruled out. In fact, we might very wise to rule it in. It goes as follows.

Let’s say that Area 51’s overlords were concerned by the ever-increasing attention paid to the secret base. After all, it had appeared in The X-Files, in Independence Day (something which senior personnel at the Pentagon were far from happy about), and in the movie, Area 51, which was released in 2015. Add to that, the growing number of people who have been detained and fined for getting too close to Area 51 and one can see that the personnel at Area 51 might have come up with an intriguing plan. Perhaps, a “plot” would be a far better term to use. It’s not at all unlikely or implausible that Bushman was groomed by personnel at Area 51 to divulge an amazing and astounding faked story of aliens at Area 51, of crashed UFOs, of cattle mutilations, and even of alien-human interaction at the installation. The staff at the secret facility would surely know how the UFO research community works. They could have made a good guess that certain elements of the more gullible and paranoid side of Ufology would be jumping up and down with excitement. More importantly, those same ufologists would likely spread the story here, there and everywhere on social-media and radio shows. Which is exactly what happened. But, then when the Wal-Mart angle surfaced, for many people in Ufology (if not the vast majority) the entire saga collapsed. The result? Ufologists were laughed at and derided by fellow ufologists. And, the mainstream media poked fun at the field of UFO research. That just may have been the desired result.

All we can say for sure is that the Boyd Bushman revelations surfaced for a reason. Whether that reason was designed to shed further light on a genuine extraterrestrial presence at Area 51, or if the plan was to give Ufology a solid punch in the face – and to make the domain of UFO research look stupid – is still open to debate. Whatever Boyd Bushman really knew about Area 51 and its UFO links went with him in 2014. Just perhaps, this was Bushman’s “last hurrah,” still secretly working for his Area 51 masters to the very end – to confuse the truth of what really goes on at Area 51.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

02-04-2019 om 19:02 geschreven door peter  

A Mysterious Cavern in Africa and its Giant Snake Guardian

Source link

{ http://esophoria.net/ }

02-04-2019 om 18:52 geschreven door peter  

Air force bosses have intervened after an unidentified flying object was filmed seemingly plunging to Earth.

In the footage, taken in Anchorage in the US state of Alaska, what looks like two plumes of black smoke are seen trailing a mysterious object.

A variety of military aircraft operate out of the nearby Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson, but spokeswoman Erin Eaton said the sighting was nothing to do with them.

“That doesn’t look like any of our planes,” she said. Officials from the Federal Aviation Administration added that the object in the video was not an aircraft, and that it hadn’t received any reports of aviation issues at the time.

But some experts still think a plane is the likeliest explanation. Peter Davidson, director of the Washington-based National UFO Reporting Center, said that the video showed “a high-altitude jet airliner, with a contrail behind it, t is in level flight, but because it is flying away from the camera, it appears to be ‘falling’ he wrote.

Adonus Baugh, who shot the video, was not convinced. The 18-year-old said the object looked like something coming into the atmosphere.

“Me and my mom were just coming in to the parking lot of our house and that’s when I noticed that something was falling from the sky,” he said.

“I thought it was a meteor or something coming into the atmosphere. “I actually never saw something like this before.”

Another witness, Bebe Kang, agreed. “It didn’t look like an airplane or one of those jets. It was big, super slow and red,” said Bebe.

Whose is the right explanation remains a mystery.

Source https://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/

02-04-2019 om 10:11 geschreven door peter  

Bright fireball that flared up in the night sky surprising northern Florida turns out to be a meteor

• A bright object falling out of the sky that surprised social media users in Florida turned out to be meteor on Saturday night per the National Weather Service
• People throughout the Sunshine State captured the blueish glowing meteor light up the night sky and posted their surprise and delight online
• The National Weather Service said it there were unconfirmed reports of the meteor landing near Perry, Florida, about 55 miles southeast of Tallahassee

By MICHAEL NAM FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

Just before midnight on Saturday night, people in northern Florida were treated to a surprising bright light in the sky that turned out to be a meteor.  

'Did you see it? A meteor was caught on GOES Lightning Mapper (GLM) around 3:52Z or 11:52 PM ET!' confirmed the National Weather Service out of Tallahassee on Twitter. 

The meteor's flash was captured on the Geostationary Lightning Mapper, a satellite taking hundreds of images per second to map lightning storms, according to CNN. 

The National Weather Service in Tallahassee, Florida, tweeted the GLM imagery tracking lightning storms that caught a quick blip of the meteor over the state pointed out by the small green arrow in the frame

Just 20 seconds into this YouTube video posted by Eve Pro Guides, a ball of light appears 

The YouTube user noted that the dashcam footage was not normally what he would post to his channel, but he thought it was 'something pretty crazy'

'Meteors coming into the Earth's atmosphere happen fairly often but we don't always get to see them,' said CNN meteorologist Haley Brink. 

'Nowadays we have so many satellites in space and cameras on the ground that these events are becoming more and more visible to the general public.' 

Social media users in Florida captured the flare-up late Saturday night with various posts that registered their surprise. 

'This isn't normally what I post on my channel, but tonight I was out on my way home, and I saw something pretty crazy,' said a user who runs EVE Pro Guides - EVE Online PVP and ISK Guides YouTube channel. 'Luckily my dashcam caught it, so I'll let you watch right here.'

Eve Pro Guides user took the time to do a slow motion portion of the meteor's fall as well as provide some closeups

 

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

02-04-2019 om 01:32 geschreven door peter  

Life on Jupiter's Moon Europa? Lander Design Team Hopes to Be the Ones to Find It

02-04-2019 om 00:50 geschreven door peter  

LASER TANKS

The Military Is Mounting Laser Weapons on Tanks

02-04-2019 om 00:38 geschreven door peter  

The Mystery of the Gods “half fish” that came from Space (Dogon tribe)

One of the most important mysteries of antiquity is the Dogon tribe, a people that has maintained for centuries a complex knowledge about the universe and especially the existence of the star Sirius, from where a highly developed civilization would come who contacted them in the past.(half fish)

The town or Tribe Dogon inhabits in the Republic of Mali, – African country located in the border of the Sahara with the savannas of Western Africa, and to about 1,500 kilometers of the Atlantic – specifically in the plateau of Bandiagara and the Mounts Homburí. According to an oral tradition, they arrived in Mali some 600 years ago and built the houses on the cliffs to protect themselves from the attacks of the tribes that already inhabited the region.(half fish

The practically uncultivable zones raise a rocky sector where almost 450,000 Dogons live, each family has a unique care with the approach of foreigners since they are generally not accepted. For them, life has a sacred nature, so that any conflict is solved peacefully.

Knowledge of the Dogon culture has been taken to pictograms that are printed on plates, but the largest archive is still cultivated orally, trying not to distort its history and worrying that this is the purest possible.

According to the tradition of the Dogon people, about a thousand years ago you reached the area of the plateau of Youga Dogurou in broad daylight a very bright star which they called “ie-pelu-tolo”: the star of the tenth moon. This object was covered by a very reddish light that they related to the blood. After this great star came a second that turned on itself, was large and emitted a deafening noise.

The curious thing is that when arriving at earth, this star no longer had a circular shape, but it looked like a large basket or pyramid with a square base, and on each of its faces a staircase with six steps was opened. Its color changed from red to bright white. The people -according to the Dogones- ran away since the landing of that “ark” had generated a lot of fear in them.

For example, eight Nommos “di-tigi” who had the body of a fish, although some traditions mention some snake characteristics, would have descended from ie-pelu-tolo. They had 40 very sharp teeth, which explains why the Dogons used to sharpen them. The contact with these beings that supposedly were sacred, generated an approach of the Dogon people, with a great amount of knowledge of the universe, which until today cannot be explained rationally.

According to the belief, the Nommos had come down to Earth to evangelize the people, helping them and teaching them techniques to cultivate the savanna, to fish, in addition to brewing beer and making the outbreak of tree fruits simpler. However there are reports that present the Nommos as murderers and not as teachers of goodwill, it is even believed that there were hundreds of Dogons who perished because of the evil of this race that supposedly came from space. However, it is important to keep in mind that oral narration is always distorted through the passage of time.(half fish)

Within the information poured by the Nommos to the Dogon tribes, is the existence of the star Sirius, from which they came. “Sigi Tolo” is the name given to the brightest body in the sky and according to these beings was the star of the foundation. The funny thing is that they did not present it alone, since they claimed it was triple, that is, they were three stars far from each other. Astronomy at that time had no notion of a second star on Sirius, and less than a third.

In 1995 the French Diventy and Benest discovered a third body in the Sirius system. According to the Dogon, the fish men told him about Sirius B as “po tolo” and said that it was a small star but of a very heavy mass called “sagala”. For the first time, in the year 1862, the American astronomer Alvan Clark managed to see in the star of Sirius, that it was not only one, but two stars. With a goal of 47 cm. in diameter he could distinguish the one that was known from that moment as Sirius B.

Today it is known that this body is a white dwarf very inferior in size to Sirius and in which a cubic meter can weigh more than seventy thousand tons. Then there is the Sirius C star which they know as “emme ya” and it would be four times lighter than Sirius B, it would have a satellite spinning around it called “nyan tolo”: the star of women. Its orbit is 50 years, which coincides with the party of “Sigui”, which is held to remember the arrival of the gods of Sirius (according to official science his calculations are estimated at present in 50,040 years).

In spite of the isolation in which this town lives and the little culture they receive from civilization, the information they handle about certain cosmic themes is really incredible, especially considering that they have dominated them for many centuries, which undoubtedly has put in check to the most orthodox science, which is not explained as this is possible, but for the actual manifestation of certain extraterrestrial beings in the past have contacted this African culture.

The Dogons knew about the spiral structure of the Milky Way, and they claim that there are more than a billion solar systems equal to ours in the universe. They also knew Jupiter and its four inner satellites, Saturn and its rings, many centuries ago. They even speak with much authority about the Moon, presenting it as a dead star unlike the Sun, which is the most important manifestation of life in our system. They propose that our system does not have nine planets, if not eleven, besides the existence of only one omnipresent God which they call “Amma”.

It is necessary to emphasize that the strange coffers and their main characteristics have a lot of relation with what we know today of the UFO phenomenon since the changes of color and the forms used are part of the continuous sightings of this striking phenomenon.(Dogon tribe)

Nowadays, important investigations are being carried out that would lead to a deeper unraveling of data related to the presence of the Nommos in the history of the Dogon people, which would confirm that in the past there was an extraterrestrial manifestation on Earth, and not only with this African tribe, if not with many other cultures of the world.

{ https://infinityexplorers.com/ }

02-04-2019 om 00:17 geschreven door peter  

By Harry Pettit, Senior Digital Technology and Science Reporter

NASA is planning a mission to the coldest known object in our solar system in its hunt for alien life.

The legendary space agency wants to send a high tech probe to Neptune's icy moon Triton, which some believe holds an ocean hidden under its surface.

Water is one of the key ingredients for life, meaning if Triton has an ocean it could harbour tiny extraterrestrial microbes.

Scientists from Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory put forward plans to explore the moon at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas.

The mission would involve developing a new kind of spacecraft known as Trident.

It would fly to Triton and take photographs of the icy object, while also studying its atmosphere and chemical makeup for signs of an underground ocean.

NASA

If water is found, then Nasa would mark Triton – the largest of Neptune's 13 moons – as a key target for future alien hunting missions.

Trident would also give scientists a chance to visit Neptune and its moons for the first time since the 1980s, as well as explore an object from the Kuiper belt.

The belt is a ring of icy lumps that sits well beyond Neptune, and scientists believe Triton is a Kuiper object that got knocked into Neptune's gravitational pull billion of years ago.

"Triton shows tantalising hints at being active and having an ocean," Nasa scientist Dr Amanda Hendrix told the New York Times.

"It is a three-for-one target, because you can visit the Neptune system, visit this interesting ocean world, and also visit a Kuiper belt object without having to go all the way out there."

Little is known about Triton, and the only images we have of the moon were captured by the Voyager 2 probe in 1989.

During that flyby, space boffins spotted geysers on Triton that spewed out nitrogen gas. Nasa earmarked it for further research.

The moon is thought to be similar to Pluto in many ways, and is the coldest known object in the solar system, with surface temperatures plummeting to a frigid -235°C.

That makes it two and a half times colder than the coolest temperature ever recorded on Earth – a frosty -89.2°C logged at a Soviet weather station in Antarctica in 1983.

The proposed mission to Triton hinges on its pricetag.

NASA

Launching Trident would cost less than £380million – about the same as a small mission to the moon.

That could make the difference as the team push for funding from Nasa's highly competitive Discovery program.

Nasa's goal is to deploy these missions once every two years, and Trident is up against three other potential missions for the next free slot.

They include trip's Earth's moon, as well as Jupiter's moon Io and a return to Venus.

NASA

According to Louise Prockter, chief investigator for Trident, now is the time to launch a Triton mission as it's vital to find out if the moon hosts alien life.

Dr Hendrix added that objects like Triton could help us gain fresh insights into how ocean worlds form and hold water.

For example, Triton's temperatures are way below freezing, but could contain ammonia that keeps its ocean in a liquid form.

Clues like this could help us find and explore other ocean worlds in future as we explore whether or not we're alone in the universe.

GETTY - CONTRIBUTOR

{ https://www.thesun.co.uk/ }

01-04-2019 om 23:15 geschreven door peter  

Next Stop, Triton? Here's Two Wild Ideas to Explore Neptune's Weirdest Moon

By Meghan Bartels

Voyager 2 imaged less than half of the surface of Neptune's moon Triton in 1989.

(Image: © NASA/JPL/USGS)

Neptune's moon Triton is one of the strangest worlds in the solar system — and that's why scientists are exploring mission concepts that could give them a detailed look at it.

It's a large moon, the seventh largest in our solar system, and scientists think it was born in the Kuiper Belt before falling into its current location in orbit around the most distant planet. But that journey took its toll on Triton: Neptune's gravity pulls on it so strongly that the moon's icy surface may hide a subsurface liquid ocean. And the glimpse Voyager 2 offered of its surface suggests that Triton was geologically active as recently as 10 million years ago.

"They said the magic word, Triton, and I said, where do I sign up?" Louise Procktor, a planetary geologist and director of the Lunar and Planetary Institute in Texas and a scientist working on a mission concept called Trident, told Space.com. "We know enough [about Triton] to be dangerous. We know a little bit about it, but there's so much we don't know."

• Related: Voyager at 40: 40 Photos from NASA's Epic 'Grand Tour' Mission

And of course, the best way to learn more about any object in the solar system is to visit it. Within the constraints of just a flyby mission launching in 2025 and arriving in 2038, Procktor and her colleagues believe they can photograph the moon's entire surface in a single pass.

That would happen through a careful trick. On its way past Triton, the spacecraft's flight would be timed in order to see in sunlight the 60 percent or so of its surface that Voyager 2 couldn't see. After the initial approach, the spacecraft would turn its camera back to recapture the 40 percent of the surface Voyager already imaged, this time in the faint light reflected off the planet, called Neptune-shine.

"People are so captivated by the idea of going to Triton, and I think one of the really big draws is the public seeing a body for the first time," Procktor said. "Just the sheer excitement of exploration is also what this mission is going to do."

The feat would also mean that scientists could make real progress understanding one of the oddest worlds out there. "It's just such a weird, alien landscape," Procktor said. "It's so strange and exotic. We just think of it as this exotic, ocean world — it's a real outlier compared to the others."

Triton is an outlier in a multitude of ways. It orbits the wrong way and at an unusually steep angle. Then, there's the apparently very young surface, which seems to have formed about 10 million years ago in a way scientists can't really explain to date. And much of that surface is covered in what geologists have dubbed the "cantaloupe terrain" — a phrase inspired by the melon's rough texture. Voyager 2 also spotted large plumes rising off the moon's surface and dark marks that could have been the remains of old plumes.

That weirdness in part reflects Triton's complicated history in the solar system. Scientists believe that the moon was first formed in the Kuiper Belt, the ring of planetary debris orbiting in the outer solar system, before migrating to the Neptunian neighborhood.

Related: NASA Unveils Best Map Ever of Neptune's Moon Triton (Images, Video)

That's where it became such an active, dramatic world, on account of its interaction with Neptune's gravity. "This is definitely not yet another Kuiper Belt object; we're not doing New Horizons again," Procktor said. Instead, they'd be able to study its geology, pin down what compounds make up its surface, confirm whether a suspected ocean lurks inside and more.

If Trident becomes a real mission, it also won't be doing New Horizons again in terms of cost. That mission cost NASA about $720 million; Trident is proposed to fall below the level of a $450 million, cost-capped program. "What's beautiful about this mission and the reason it fits in [that budget tier] is we're almost not doing anything fancy except the science," Procktor said. "We don't need to do anything mind boggling to get this off the ground."

Not so for another mission concept being explored for Triton, which would build a spacecraft that launches in 2029 and touches down on the icy moon in the early 2040s. Then, it would hop across Triton's surface, sampling both its ice and atmosphere.

(Image: © NASA Glenn Research Center)

To be fair, the Triton Hopper concept is still firmly within the purview of NASA's Innovative Advanced Concepts program, which specializes in mind-boggling ideas. "Their charter is changing the possible, so they are looking for kind of the crazy, wacky, just far-out-type concepts to invest small amounts of money," Hartwig said. Far out like, you know, a hopper designed to traverse territory humans have never even seen.

Hartwig and his colleagues are about a quarter of the way through a two-year grant from the program, working to design a robot that could get to Triton, then feed itself on the moon's nitrogen stores and hop across its surface, looking both up and down as it does. "Because the mission was driven to do both surface and atmosphere [sampling], that really kind of pushed us toward this hopper design," Hartwig said.

Using fuel found at Triton keeps costs down and extends the mission's life. But it also complicates matters. The hopper needs to take in gaseous or solid nitrogen, convert it to a pressurized gas, then expel it like a balloon to lift itself into a hop. But planning for solid nitrogen in particular is challenging for the team to design from afar. "Snow is a solid as much as ice is," Hartwig said. "Something like snow, piece of cake: We can just scoop it up in the tank. Something like solid ice — how is the system going to behave?"

Although the two Triton mission concepts are independent of each other, there's a chance they may not remain that way, thanks to the vagaries of scientific conferences. When three posters from the two mission concepts were arranged next to each other at last week's Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas, the would-be Triton explorers got to chatting with each other.

Coincidentally, the hopper design is currently just heavy enough to fit on board the current Trident design, Hartwig said. The pairing would pose as many challenges as it addresses, and adding the hopper would certainly push the price tag dramatically higher. But, still. "I love that they're thinking big," Procktor said of the hopper idea, "because one day we will be hopping around on the surface of Triton."

• What It Would Be Like to Live on Neptune's Moon Triton
• Hop, Don't Roll: How the Tiny Japanese Rovers on Asteroid Ryugu Move
• Photos of Neptune, The Mysterious Blue Planet

Email Meghan Bartels at mbartels@space.com or follow her @meghanbartels.

Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.

{ https://www.space.com/ }

01-04-2019 om 23:00 geschreven door peter  

Astronomers spy self-destructing asteroid with a twin comet-like tail

BY JORDAN STRICKLER

Almost 214 million miles (344 million km) from the sun, an asteroid is doing its best comet-like impression. Astronomers at the University of Hawaii have discovered an asteroid that is spinning itself into pieces, generating two debris tails of dust in the process.

First discovered in 1988, the first signs that the asteroid was self-destructing came on January 5. Using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, along with a variety of ground-based instruments in Hawaii, Spain, and India, astronomers found two debris tails trailing 6478 Gault in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

“This self-destruction event is rare,” Olivier Hainaut, of the European Southern Observatory in Garching, Germany, and co-author of the report said. “Active and unstable asteroids such as Gault are just now being detected because of new survey telescopes that scan the entire sky, which means asteroids that are misbehaving such as Gault cannot escape detection anymore.”

The observations are the first pieces of evidence of Gault’s misbehavior and suggest that asteroids are dynamic and can ultimately disintegrate due to the long-term subtle effect of sunlight, which can slowly spin them up until they begin to shed material. In Gault’s case, the asteroid is doing a speedy rotation every two hours, so fast that Gault is flinging material off its surface and into the void.

“Gault is the best ‘smoking-gun’ example of a fast rotator right at the two-hour limit,” said the University of Hawaii’s Jan Kleyna. “It could have been on the brink of instability for 10 million years. Even a tiny disturbance, like a small impact from a pebble, might have triggered the recent outbursts.”

Hubble revealed the tails to be narrow streamers, indicating that the dust was released in short bursts, lasting anywhere from a few hours to a few days. These sudden events puffed away enough debris to make a “dirt ball” approximately 500 feet (150 meters) across if compacted together. One tail was found to be approximately 500,000 miles (800,000 km) long by 3,000 miles (4,800 km) wide. The smaller tail spans about 125,000 (200,000 km) long.

Watching an asteroid come unglued like Gault gives astronomers the opportunity to study the makeup of asteroids without sending a spacecraft for samples. Analyzing an asteroid’s ingredients as they are spread out into space can offer astronomers a glimpse into planet formation in the early solar system.

“We didn’t have to visit Gault,” explained Hainaut. “We just had to look at the image of the streamers, and we can see all of the dust grains sorted neatly by size. All the large grains (about the size of sand particles) are close to the object and the smallest grains (about the size of flour) are the farthest away, because they are being pushed fastest by pressure from sunlight.”

{ https://www.zmescience.com/ }

01-04-2019 om 22:41 geschreven door peter  

Why Does Enceladus Have an Underground Ocean? New Research Probes Differences Between Saturn's Moons

By Charles Q. Choi 

Enceladus' hidden ocean sets it apart from the pack — but why?

A view of Saturn's moon Enceladus taken by NASA's Cassini spacecraft. New models help explain why this moon ended up with a subsurface ocean while others nearby didn't.

(Image: © NASA/JPL-Caltech)

New answers for mysteries concerning Saturn's moons could shed light on whether one, Enceladus, could support life, researchers say. For example, researchers may now know why Enceladus harbors a hidden ocean while many of its siblings do not.

Saturn not only has extraordinary rings, but it also boasts more than 60 moons. These natural satellites range in size from tiny moonlets less than 1000 feet (300 meters) wide to the enormous Titan, which is larger in diameter than the planet Mercury. Many of these moons orbit far from the ringed planet, but others are embedded within the rings.

Much has remained a mystery about the origins and evolution of Saturn's larger innermost moons: Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione and Rhea (listed in order of increasing diameter, mass and distance from the planet). Scientists had expected the densities and structures of these moons to depend on their mass or distance from Saturn, but spacecraft analyzing them have unexpectedly proven that this is not the case.

• Related: Saturn Moon Enceladus Is First Alien 'Water World' with Complex Organics

Previous research suggested that these moons coalesced from rings of debris around Saturn. According to this idea, the gravitational pull from the planet would cause powerful tides on these moons that would result in churning and melting, forces that would lead heavier rock to sink into the moons' cores and lighter ice to dominate their shells. Such tidal effects would prove stronger when the moons were closer to the planet and weaker as they moved farther away over time. 

Mimas shows no geological activity, even though it is the innermost of these five moons and thus subject to the strongest tides from Saturn. In contrast, Enceladus is farther from Saturn and experiences 30 times weaker tides than Mimas. However, somehow tidal forces melt ice within this moon's interior, leading to a giant underground ocean and "cryovolcanoes" that spew water.

Furthermore, Rhea is the largest moon and thus the one most likely to retain heat that would help melt its rock and ice and separate its interior into layers, but prior work suggested that this moon may be a mixed jumble of rock and ice. In contrast, Mimas, Enceladus and Dione, which are smaller than Rhea, do have structures of rocky cores and icy shells.

Understanding more about the origins of the geological activity of these moons could help answer questions such as whether Enceladus' hidden ocean could support life. "Fundamentally, what excites me is the search for life beyond Earth," study lead author Marc Neveu, a planetary scientist at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center at Greenbelt, Maryland, told Space.com.

To solve the puzzles these moons pose, scientists would like to model the effects of tides on the moons' geology. However, simulations of the orbits that cause tides operate on daily scales, whereas simulations of geology typically operate on scales of millions of years. So, prior work generally chose one approach or the other, modeling tides or modeling geology.

In the new study, however, researchers designed computer models that simulated both the geological changes and simplified orbital effects these moons might have experienced over Saturn's roughly 4.5-billion-year life.

The scientists found that tidal forces would lead to enough geological activity for past or present oceans to exist in the interiors of Enceladus, Tethys and Dione. Enceladus likely still has an underground ocean, because its gravitational interactions with other moons such as Tethys and Dione keep its orbit relatively oblong. And the resulting continual variation in the strength of the gravitational pull from Saturn regularly alters the level of distortion of Enceladus' shape, flexing and heating the moon's interior.

"This is the first explanation consistent with data returned from NASA's Cassini spacecraft for how a tiny moon such as Enceladus, which is only about as big as Washington state or the British Isles, has a subsurface ocean when other sibling moons that are bigger or closer to Saturn, and therefore more likely to have such oceans, do not," Neveu said.

The researchers also found that Mimas likely formed only 100 million to 1 billion years ago; if it were older, interactions between Mimas and Saturn's rings would have led that moon to a higher orbit than it currently occupies. Mimas' young age means that the moon would have formed after all the radioactive material present at the formation of the solar system about 4.6 billion years ago had already decayed. As such, its innards would have started off too cold and hard for tidal forces to heat much. 

"When ice is warmer and squishier, it becomes more responsive to tidal forces that deform it," Neveu said. "Mimas lacked the minimum amount of heat to start with to get tidal forces to trigger runaway heating."

As to why Rhea's innards might not be separated into layers, "the measurements from the Cassini spacecraft of the interior of Rhea have a degree of uncertainty in them, so it's possible the deeper layers of its interior are rockier and the near-surface layers are icier," Neveu said.

All in all, these findings suggest that Enceladus' hidden ocean is about 1 billion years old. "One billion years is enough for life to emerge — 1 billion years after Earth was born, there was life," Neveu said. At the same time, "1 billion years means there may still be enough chemical activity between Enceladus' rocky core and its ocean to provide energy for any potential microbial life, similar to the chemical energy in Earth's seafloor that helps sustain ecosystems there. Enceladus' ocean is not too young and not too old. It may be just the right age for life."

Neveu cautioned that a key limitation of this research was that it made simplifications that could have affected its accuracy. "We didn't compute the high tides and low tides that each of the five moons experienced at the same time every few hours for 4.5 billion years — to do that right, it would take about 20 years on a desktop computer," he said. 

In the future, the scientists want to simulate more-complex scenarios, incorporating more features about Saturn and its satellites, such as how the planet may have gained moons that got hurled away or that collided with other moons, Neveu said.

The scientists detailed their findings online April 1 in the journal Nature Astronomy.

• Weirdly Colored Saturn Moons Linked to Ring Features, NASA's Cassini Revealed
• Cassini's 13 Greatest Discoveries During Its 13 Years at Saturn
• Enceladus: Saturn's Tiny, Shiny Moon

Follow Charles Q. Choi on Twitter @cqchoi.

Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcomand on Facebook.

{ https://www.space.com/ }

01-04-2019 om 22:33 geschreven door peter  

01-04-2019 om 17:57 geschreven door peter  

“The first heart transplant, hand transplant, facial transplant: all were met with serious reservations. There are also regulatory concerns. China does not have the same ethical standards and requirements that the United States and Europe have.”

Any guesses where this story originates from? The South China Morning Post reports that this observation by Howard University biomedical ethicist Assya Pascalev is true with the news that the world’s two top head transplant doctors working in China have fully repaired severed spinal cords in animals and are looking for a suitable head and headless body to connect. Have they found the missing ‘link’ to connect two complex bundles of nerve endings in humans? Will it happen soon in China as they predict? Is either one named Frankenstein?

“Our study shows that a membrane sealant/fiber fusogen polyethylene glycol (PEG) applied immediately on a sharp section of the spinal cord can mend the cord and lead to exceptional levels of motor recovery, with some animals almost normal.”

“We show that dogs whose dorsal cord has been fully transected recover locomotion after immediate treatment with a fusogen (PEG). No pain syndrome ensued over the long term.”

“This study proves that a form of irreversible spinal cord injury (SCI) can effectively be treated and points out a way to treat SCI patients.”

In two new papers published in Surgical Neurology International, Xiaoping Ren of China and Turin’s Sergio Canavero, the world’s most well-known and most controversial proponent and experimenter of head transplants, revealed that they have successfully tested their unique glue (membrane sealant/fiber fusogen polyethylene glycol) on the “fully transected” (completely severed) spinal cords of monkeys and dogs and the animals were able to walk again without long-term pain. The tests were done at China’s Harbin Medical University, which is known for pushing both the medical and ethical envelopes.

“(Neurological surgeons have) stuck to the view that a severed spinal cord cannot be mended in any way, a mantra uncritically repeated over and over.”

Sergio Canavero believes he and Xiaoping Ren have proven the rest of the neurological world wrong by allegedly reconnecting fully severed spinal cords in monkeys and dogs – animals with complex spinal cords. Is this enough to connect the dots associated with connecting a human head to a human body? This latest test appears to have joined the heads to their original bodies and fairly quickly after they were separated – still a complex task but nowhere near as challenging as attaching a human head to someone else’s body.

“This study shows that a membrane sealant/fiber fusogen (PEG) applied immediately on a sharp section of the spinal cord can re-establish anatomical continuity (and lead to behavioral recovery).”

Canavero and Ren tout the benefits of their PEG glue for repairing spinal cords but point out that the severing must be sharp for the fusing to be successful, which eliminated the most common spinal cord cuts caused by accidents. It still seems far too early to abandon perfecting that obviously needed process and skipping way ahead to putting the head of someone with a failing body on the healthy body of someone who had no brain activity. Their previous volunteer on the head side backed out after his wife gave birth to a child conceived from his sperm.

Is this technique ready for human head transplant trials?

Are we?

HOW HE PLANS TO TRANSPLANT A HUMAN HEAD

Dr Sergio Canavero has previously explained how the transplant procedure would work.

The 36-hour operation involves decapitating both donor and patient.

The Italian neurosurgeon will then use a glue like substance named polyethylene gylcol to fuse the head to the donor body.

After the spinal cords are fused the muscles and circulatory systems will be stitched up before the body is placed into month long coma to recover (when it is done on a live person).

Canavero believes the procedure could revolutionise medicine, giving paralysed people the ability to walk again and people to transport their ever older heads onto younger bodies.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

01-04-2019 om 17:28 geschreven door peter