The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
03-04-2019
Astronomers Found a Black Hole Rotating So Fast, It Could Be Spinning Space Itself
Astronomers Found a Black Hole Rotating So Fast, It Could Be Spinning Space Itself
PRABHJOTE GILL, BUSINESS INSIDER
Black holes, while fascinating, are hardly a new discovery - but ablack holespinning at one of the highest speeds ever, according to the Hindustan Times, is a completely different story - especially when there have only ever been four others like it.
A spin rate can be anywhere between 0 and 1 — this black hole was spinning at a rate of 0.9.
Alain Riazuelo of the French National Research Agency, via Wikipedia
India's AstroSat and NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory have confirmed the discovery of a black hole spinning very close to the limit set by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
According to the theory, a black hole spinning that fast can make space itself rotate.
This black hole is only one of five to have an accurately measured high spin rate.
Researchers hypothesise that this could be the key to understanding how galaxies are formed.
In 2016, India's first dedicated astronomy satellite, the AstroSat, spotted a black hole in the binary star system called 4U 1630-47, which is bursting out X-rays that astronomers found unusual.
NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory later confirmed the outburst.
Those X-rays were caused by gas and dust falling into the black hole, which is about 10 times the mass of the Sun, and they revealed to researchers that the object is spinning very, very rapidly.
In fact, according to NASA this particular black hole is spinning very close to the limit set by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, according to Rodrigo Nemmen, the lead author on the research paper. That means it is spinning close to the speed of light.
Currently, scientists only have two ways of measuring black holes - either by their mass or by their spin rate. A spin rate can be anywhere between 0 and 1: this black hole was spinning at the rate of 0.9.
Einstein's theory further implies that if a black hole is spinning that fast, then it is capable of making space itself rotate.
In fact, if the conditions around black holes are hypothesised to be correct, then the high spin rate coupled with the gaseous elements entering the black hole and high temperatures, could be the key to understanding how galaxies are formed.
Including the black hole discovered by the AstroSat, there are only five black holes that have accurately measured high spin rates. Even if you're not taking spin rates into account, this black hole is one of only 20 others that have been spotted in the Milky Way galaxy.
The Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) AstroSat along with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Chandra X-Ray Observatory have confirmed the speed of the spinning black hole.
The study was conducted by researchers from multiple institutions led by the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and has been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal.
How the pyramids in ancient Egypt were built thousands of years ago has always been a question for many scientists. However, an American author revealed a compelling theory that could cast light on why the Egyptians were motivated to embark on one of the most ambitious building projects in human history. In Amazon Prime’s 2007 documentary, “Egypt: Quest for the Lord of the Nile”, presenter Richard Bangs said: “One of the reasons may be the crocodiles."
During the annual floods, the River Nile would tear down the Egyptian valley bringing “fertile soil and lots of crocodiles”.
According to historical reports, the Nile flooded every year between June and September, in a season the Egyptians called Akhet– the inundation.
Melting snow and heavy summer rain in the Ethiopian mountains sent a torrent of water causing the banks of the Nile in Egypt to overflow on the flat desert land
The documentary explains that many of the Egyptians “equated the presence of the crocodiles with the rebirth of the dead soil”.
Is this the REAL reason ancient society built the pyramids?
(Image: Getty)
Mr Bangs suggests the pyramids were built as a place to keep precious objects in the hope that they could "carry them to the afterlife".
He said: “It gave them faith that there may, in fact, be an afterlife.
"They would build these monuments and fill then with precious objects and everyday items in hope that they could carry them alongside them to the afterlife."
The Egyptians both respected and feared the power of the crocodile as they were a real danger to them.
From the Byzantine period, the men and crocodile depict the blessing of the overflowing Nile
(Image: Getty)
The Nile, which was full of crocodiles, was important to the livelihood of the ancient society.
Crocodiles were represented by the god Sobek.
Possessing the strength and nature of a crocodile, he was a symbol of the Pharaoh's power.
Mummified crocodiles were placed in tombs to protect the dead and bring power and fertility to the hereafter.
UFO Sighting: Two spaceships seen entering source of Mount Asama volcano - shock claim
UFO Sighting: Two spaceships seen entering source of Mount Asama volcano - shock claim
TWO UFOs were seen entering a volcano in Japan and the sighting is proof aliens are visiting Earth – this is at least the shock claim of one conspiracy theorist.
On April 1, meteorologists reported the meteors zooming past Mount Asama, a Japanese volcano. A subsequent video appeared two show the fire balls flying past the source of the volcano, almost appearing as if they had entered. However, one UFO hunter claims that the burning objects were not meteors, but in fact UFOs controlled by aliens who are using Mt Asama as a base.
Prominent alien hunter Scott C Waring made the claims, and even goes as far to say the supposed ETs in control of the ‘meteors’ are millions of years more advanced than we are.
Mr Waring wrote on his blog UFO Sightings Daily: “This was reported on Twitter by a person that believed it to be a meteor strike into the mouth of a volcano.
“However I have found proof that this is 100 percent two alien craft entering an underground base. How you ask? Easy. I focused the smaller UFO to the left.
UFO Sighting: Two spaceships seen entering source of Mount Asama volcano - shock claim
(Image: GETTY)
“The smaller UFO has outlines to it, as I added contrast I saw that the object was a cube UFO (as seen below photos).
“I also added contrast to the round meteor and guess what? I found that within its centre is a cubic UFO craft disgusting as a meteor.
“Why pretend to be something you are not? They have rules, and to come to earth and enter an underground base they must follow those rules.
“When they break those rules, there are always consequences that they must pay. Basically, they fear those consequences more than they fear humans seeing them.”
"I have found proof that this is 100 percent two alien craft entering an underground base"
(Image: UFO SIGHTINGS DAILY)
This is not the first supposed alien base which has been discovered.
Alien hunters also believe Mexico’s Popocatepetl volcano is home to extraterrestrials.
Mr Waring said after an apparent UFO sighting last year: “Even the locals have reported seeing UFOs and even alien creatures on the volcano, so this video is not a surprise, but is excellent evidence that an alien base does exit there.”
A space perspective on India's recent anti-satellite weapon launch.
To piece together what happened during the anti-satellite (ASAT) weapontest-fired by India's military defense organization last week(March 27), a software company combed through information from Indian officials, radar data, existing knowledge on how past satellites have broken up — intentionally or not — and more.
Analytical Graphics Inc. (AGI) created two simulations — one published hours after Wednesday's launch and another the following day (March 28) — that aim to show the event, known as "Mission Shakti," as it might have looked from space. AGI specializes in the aerospace and defense field.
Their recent videos include information Indian officials released, such as the launch site on Abdul Kalam Island and the Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) filed that day indicating an area over the Indian Ocean blocked out for flight-safety reasons.
The likely target of the ASAT was the Indian satellite MICROSAT-R, which was at an altitude of about 186 miles (300 kilometers) and passing over the NOTAM region.
"One of the other things we considered was that the target spacecraft was likely to be another Indian object to avoid any kind of international problems," Tom Johnson, vice president of engineering at AGI, said as the narrator of the March 27 "First Look" video. A day later, more information confirmed that was still the case, he said in AGI's March 28 video updated to include debris data.
AGI representatives told Space.com in an email that existing information on the missile, target and debris field so far supports AGI's theoretical models.
AGI used U.S. Air Force data to determine the satellite indeed had a change in velocity of 21 meters per second. "This is a fairly significant change to velocity, which indicates something happened to this particular object," Johnson told Space.com. He added that subsequent orbital information seemed to confirm this change.
For the most recent video, AGI created representative debris fields based on past anti-satellite tests and natural spacecraft breakups.
"What we see from those studies is that the debris is primarily constrained to the orbit of the original object MICROSAT-R," Johnson said. "And then because of its relatively low altitude, a lot of that debris, we suspect, is going to re-enter fairly quickly within days and weeks."
India's Defence Research and Development Organisation launched MICROSAT-R in January 2019, and it subsequently entered into a low Earth orbit. This military imaging satellite weighed 1,631 lbs. (740 kilograms).
To figure out how fast the debris might be re-entering Earth's atmosphere, the team at AGI is working on getting updated orbital information to cross-check their current models. The first step is determining how much debris the radar technology actually detects.
"There are always objects that are too small to see, so what we're trying to do, what everybody is trying to do, is track the larger pieces because that's what the sensors can see," Johnson said.
Then his team has to sort out which tracks go with which pieces of debris.
"In the early stages of the game, it could be quite challenging, and it's a combination of the mathematical algorithms and the people involved," he said. Johnson added that using past ASAT tests as a reference, for instance, can take days, weeks or even months.
Mission Shakti makes India the fourth country, after Russia, China and the United States, to demonstrate ASAT capability.
As two supermassive black holes spiral around one another and merge, they create gravitational waves. With enough energy, they can "kick" themselves out of their starting spot, or even completely out of their home galaxy.
When galaxies collide, the supermassive black holes at their centers are thrown together. Sometimes the pair merge together gracefully. But if the two black holes come together with enough energy, the new black hole can be pushed away from the center of that galaxy, or even kicked out completely. Hunting for these off-center black holes can help scientists better understand how often galaxies merge as well as determine the frequency of the gravitational waves they generate.
Like all black holes, supermassive black holes absorb all light and cannot be directly seen. Instead, scientists identify them by hunting down their gravitational effects on stars, gas and dust around them. But unlike the smaller black holes generated by single stars, supermassive black holes have somewhere around 100 times the mass of the sun. Because of their huge mass, their mergers should produce gravitational waves that the European Space Agency's Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) spacecraft will be able to detect after its launch.
Intrigued by the connection to gravitational waves, Yashashree Jadhav, a graduate student at Rochester Institute of Technology in New York, began to search for supermassive black holes that were offset from the center of their galaxy. Jadhav is combing through a hundred galaxies imaged by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to determine how many host off-center black holes. Jadhav presented her work in January at the annual winter meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Seattle, Washington.
Most galaxies show some signs of having consumed another galaxy in their past. Even the Milky Way will one day merge with its neighbor, the Andromeda Galaxy, though not for billions of years. The two galaxies don't always blend smoothly, and infalling gas and dust can collide to spark new star formation.
If both galaxies carry supermassive black holes at their hearts, there is a good chance that the pair will be brought together. But the two objects can put up a fight as they draw closer together. As the pair merge, they create gravitational waves. In order to conserve momentum, they also produce a kick that can knock the newly formed, merged supermassive black hole out of position.
"Imagine the recoil of a gun," Jadhav told Space.com. "It's basically the same, just on a much, much larger scale."
According to Jadhav’s research, the newly merged body can travel anywhere from a few hundred to several thousand kilometers per second away from where it formed, depending on how much mass the original pair started out with. That means that scientists tracing a set of gravitational waves back to their source wouldn't see the newborn supermassive black hole; they would have to look off to the side to find it.
The most powerful kicks can even hurl the young supermassive black hole completely out of the new galaxy, Jadhav said, a result that she calls "quite rare." The ejections only happen when one of the merging black holes is significantly larger than the other.
Milder kicks can push the newly merged object more than 300 light-years away from the heart of the galaxy. Over the course of about a billion years, gravity will slowly tug the merged object back to the galactic center.
Before Jadhav could determine if a black hole is off-center, she first needed to calculate the center of each galaxy. By comparing multiple archived Hubble images of the same galaxy, Jadhav was able to trace how much light was produced by all of the stars, then use that to estimate the collection's center of mass. Then, using near-infrared images, the researcher determined where the supermassive black holes actually lay and compared that location to the galactic centers.
Of the 100 objects that Jadhav and her colleagues examined, they found that roughly 20 percent lie off-center, suggesting that they had been displaced by the merger that formed them.
The next step is to use the results to help understand how often galaxies merge, a factor that Jadhav calls "arguably one of the more uncertain rates." She also hopes to use her results to better calculate how often black hole mergers should produce gravitational waves.
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) has detected multiple gravitational-wave signals. Most of them were produced by merging black holes, although at least one came from the collision of a pair of neutron stars, the densest type of star in the universe. According to Jadhav, LIGO isn't able to detect the type of supermassive black holes that are heavy enough to generate a kick. That's because more massive objects, as well as those in wider orbits, release a longer wavelength than those LIGO is hunting.
Enter LISA, a space-based mission set to launch by 2034. LISA will operate in a lower frequency range than LIGO, allowing the spacecraft to probe a wider range of gravitational-wave sources. With her results, Jadhav hopes to estimate how many supermassive black holes LISA will be able to spot once it has been launched.
It has the potential for water and intriguing science.
NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft revealed that as much as 22 percent of the material found in Shackleton crater, at the lunar south pole, may be made up of ice. This split image shows an elevation map (left) and a shaded-relief map (right) of Shackleton.
When Vice President Pence challenged NASA toput humans on the moon by 2024during an announcement last week, he targeted the southern lunar pole, an area rich in water as well as science.
Landing at that site might help astronauts' long-term survival on the moon and could possibly lay the groundwork for boosting future teams farther out into the solar system.
"We have known that the poles of the moon were unique environments for some time," Noah Petro, a NASA lunar astronomer in Greenbelt, Maryland, told Space.com by email. Petro is a project scientist for NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission currently orbiting Earth's nearest neighbor. Observations from LRO and other spacecraft have confirmed that there's water ice hidden in craters at the lunar south pole. Polar water or ice could provide both air and fuel as well as water for astronauts to drink.
Exploring "the south pole, with the possibility of water and/or ice, has the added benefit of finding a resource for future use," Petro said.
Why south pole?
When Apollo astronauts visited the moon 50 years ago, it was considered dry and barren. But the samples they returned eventually told a different story. In recent years, scientists have found "significant amounts" of hydroxyl — a chemical that includes both components of water — in the moon rocks brought home by Apollo 15, 16 and 17 astronauts.
While water may be widespread beneath the lunar surface, the last decade or so has revealed that the permanently shadowed regions of the poles hide hydrogen-rich deposits, in some cases confirmed to be water ice, beneath the upper three feet (one meter) of the lunar regolith.
While water is a requirement for humans to survive, a cool drink of lunar water isn't the only reason ice could be valuable. Once processed, the oxygen could produce vapor that could be used to supply a needed part of astronauts' breathable atmosphere. It could also be separated into hydrogen and oxygen components to be used as rocket fuel.
"These resources mined from the moon could potentially reduce the need for launching resources from Earth, which can significantly reduce the cost of deep space exploration," Debra Needham, a planetary scientist at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, told Space.com.
There is already an ongoing discussion about using the moon as a jumping-off point for Mars. By processing lunar ice into fuel, mission planners could help reduce the amount of material lifted into space from Earth, helping drive down costs. That, in turn, could help further human exploration beyond our planet.
"The farther humans venture into space, the more important it becomes to manufacture materials and products with local resources," Petro said.
Before you visit
There are still a number of things that need to be done before humans put boots on the moon again. While water-rich material has been identified at the lunar poles, scientists still want to nail down how much of it might be water and how much is ice.
"LRO has done an amazing job of telling us that there is something interesting going on there, but we should know more before sending humans," Petro said.
Needham agrees, adding that a lot of uncertainty remains about the distribution and purity of the water-rich material — information that could affect how it is extracted and used.
The technology to turn water into fuel is still in its infant stages. One of the cubesats selected to join NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) on its first flight will rely on a water-electrolysis propulsion system. Zapping the water with electricity breaks the bonds between hydrogen and water, creating a readily combustible fuel for the satellite. Once in space, the tiny satellite will test the process in microgravity.
Another problem for human explorers is dealing with the lunar day, which is 14 Earth days long. Additionally, the sun will sit extremely low in the sky at the poles, casting deep shadows over the course of the day. Needham said that such shadows would cause wide temperature swings, block communication pathways and complicate the operation of some instruments that astronauts might carry with them.
"These challenges require creative solutions that, while achievable, require additional help from orbiting assets," Needham said, adding that they could drive up the costs and complexities involved in planning a mission to the lunar poles. But that doesn't mean that such missions wouldn't be worth it.
"The knowledge and resources we stand to gain by surmounting these challenges is vast," Needham said.
Before setting up a permanent lunar outpost, engineers must also develop sustainable exploration setups that would safely allow astronauts to escape Earth, travel to the moon, move from orbit down to the surface and return home safely. NASA would also have to establish long-term assets for lodging and mobility as well as sample collection and storage. Needham said that NASA is working its way through many of these challenges, in part through its work with the SLS as well as working with international partners on other components. The results will help astronauts not only explore the moon but also move out farther into the solar system.
"There is certainly still work to be done, but we are on our way to exploring new parts of the moon and proving our capability of exploring other deep-space destinations as we push on to Mars," Needham said.
The Sahara desert has been slowly expanding southwards for decades through a region as the Sahel. Heavy grazing, deforestation, and numerous droughts have degraded the once lush Sahel, making it easy pickings for the Sahara’s expansion. In order to stave off an ecological disaster across the continent, 20 different African countries have embarked on an ambitious tree-planting programme called the ‘Great Green Wall’.The 10-mile(16-km) deep wall of green aims to stretch across 5,000 miles (8,000 kilometers) of terrain at the southern edge of the Sahara desert, arresting the desert’s spread. With so much hate surrounding the walls built to divide us, both physical and psychological, it’s refreshing to finally hear about a wall that we can all stand behind.
The green border
The Great Green Wall was first launched in 2007 at the initiative of 12 African countries — the other 9 joining later The plan is to plant trees that can resist tough droughts — such as acacias — across a narrow region stretching from Senegal in the east of Africa to Djibouti in the west of Africa.
Once complete, the wall will run through 11 countries in total. The wall is currently only about 15% complete, but the results are already showing. In Senegal alone, over 11 million trees have been planted since the project rolled out. Nigeria has seen the restoration of 12 million acres of degraded land and Ethiopia has claimed back 37 million acres of land.
Aerial photos showing the same area around Galma, a town in Niger. Left: 1975, Right: 2003 after reforestation.
Credit: USGS.
Tree planting in the Sahel has improved the area’s resilience against desertification. The green wall slows down the drying and scouring effects of the wind, restores micro-climates, and allows food crops to grow around trees which fertilize the soil. The ultimate goal of $8-billion project is to restore 100 million hectares of degraded land by 2030, which would create 350,000 rural jobs and absorb 250 million tons of CO2 from the atmosphere.
“There are many world wonders, but the Great Green Wall will be unique and everyone can be a part of its history,” said Dr. Dlamini Zuma, chairperson of the African Union Commission. “Together, we can change the future of African communities in the Sahel.”
However, since the project’s inception, some changes to the plan have been made. The idea of the Great Green Wall morphed into a program centered around indigenous land use techniques, not literally planting a forest on the edge of a desert — that would be highly impractical. “It is not necessarily a physical wall, but rather a mosaic of land use practices that ultimately will meet the expectations of a wall. It has been transformed into a metaphorical thing,” saidMohamed Bakarr, the lead environmental specialist for Global Environment Facility.
The Great Green Wall is a symbol of hope in an area where, until not too long ago, everyone was panicking over the prospect of the Sahara expanding. There is still much work ahead, though. Some are arguing that the project is moving too slowly. Seeing how the Sahel’s population is expected to double in 20 years, researchers say that regreening needs to be finished within 10 to 15 years.
It might not occur to us surface dwellers very often, but rocks can flow—more like the way exceedingly lethargic toothpaste would rather than water. Exposed to the extreme temperatures and pressures that reign in the hellish realms far below our feet, rocks can practically swim—slowly diving down and bobbing up through much of Earth’s subsurface.
For some rocky worlds around other stars, what is true for Earth’s innards may extend right up to the surface. Super Earths—sometimes rocky exoplanets that are bigger than our pale blue dot but smaller than massive ice giants such as Neptune—have comparatively strong gravitational fields. Thanks to this extreme gravity, some scientists suspect, rocks on such worlds would flow far closer to the surface.
This arrangement would mean rocks that snap, fracture and break might only be found in thin veneers on these exoplanets’ crust. If these rocky super Earths have thick, Venus-like atmospheres or are especially close to their parent star, they might exhibit no familiarly brittle geology at their surface at all. Instead, says Paul Byrne, a planetary scientist at North Carolina State University and lead author of a study on the Super Earths, their surface rocks would be strangely malleable over long timescales, flowing a bit like the stretchy, sugary confections on offer in any earthly candy shop.
Understandably, Byrne has dubbed such worlds “toffee planets.”
The research, presented at the 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in the Woodlands, Tex., has yet to be peer-reviewed. That has not stopped Byrne’steam speculating on what its findings might mean for the myriad super Earths already discovered beyond our solar system. The most striking possibility is that super Earths might not be able to sustain plate tectonics—the drifting of continents and cycling of crustal rock that intimately shapes Earth. Without that process, you can say goodbye to the building of mountains, the creation of oceans and plenty of a planet’s volcanoes, and, just maybe, the evolution of complex life itself.
The science is already starting to stick in experts’ mind. “It’s a fascinating concept,” says Sara Seager, a professor of astrophysics and planetary science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In exoplanetary science, “you rarely see anything new like this. The fact that they came up with something new, that, in itself, is impressive.”
EXTRASOLAR EXTRAPOLATIONS
Byrne and his colleagues’ work hinges on defining the point at which rocks deep below a planet’s surface no longer break in a mechanical way and instead begin to move like hot plastic. This point, known as the brittle-ductile transition (BDT), depends on how the pressure and temperature change with depth. For our own world’s crust, the BDT lies about 15.5 miles below the surface, although it varies quite a bit. But what about on super Earths, where greater gravitational forces would correspondingly increase pressures on rock? At what depths would BDTs emerge on such alien planets?
Taking inspiration from their own 2017 precursor paper, the researchers compiled data from 200 preexisting studies examining the lab-based deformation of basalt and other common rock types over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. They first used these data to calculate the BDT depth for Earth, calibrating their equations until sensible numbers emerged. Then they plugged in the estimated gravitational forces prevailing on five sizable, potentially rocky exoplanets found by NASA’s late, great Kepler space telescope, from the hefty Kepler-36b to the smaller Kepler-406c.
The calculations revealed the BDT depths for those super Earths to be shockingly shallow, with some scarcely more than a mile beneath the surface. A nearby star, a suffocating atmosphere or an abundance of internal, radioactivity-generated heat could further bake the top of such a world, perhaps raising the BDT all the way to the surface, creating a full-blown toffee world.
It is always risky to make planet-scale extrapolations from a figurative handful of data points, and the researchers acknowledge their calculations make assumptions aplenty. One of them, notes Kayla Iacovino, a volcanologist and experimental petrologist at NASA’s Johnson Space Center, who was not involved in the work, is that real exoplanets most likely have complicated internal structures—a reality not taken into account in the study’s simplified approach.
Although approving of Byrne’s team’s first-order calculations and the principles behind them, Brad Foley, a geodynamicist at Pennsylvania State University, who was also not involved in the research, is skeptical of another key assumption: that the lithosphere, the uppermost mechanical layer of a planet, would be extremely thin on these rocky super Earths. A planet with ductile rocks right up to its surface could still have a thick lithosphere, he says, because lithospheric thickness is determined by how vigorously a world’s underlying mantle is churning. Because this churning is not something that the BDT significantly influences,one cannot use the BDT to gauge how thick the lithosphere is.
Although the model remains a work in progress, Iacovino says that it already demonstrates a “really cool way to take a very small data set and make inferences about what the lithospheres of extrasolar worlds might look like. It’s extremely simplified,” but because of a huge dearth of exoplanetary data, “it’s what we have to work with.”
PAINT BY NUMBERS
Byrne acknowledges that the only way to test the validity of the model is to obtain direct observational data of candidate rocky super Earths. Although there is some hope that colossal, next-generation exoplanet-spying telescopes will be able to get some vague sense of their topography, for now, such feats remain well beyond our capabilities.
With that in mind, Robert Stern, a geoscientist at the University of Texas at Dallas, who was not involved in the research, says that this ambitious work deserves credit, because these sorts of numerical models will help paint a picture of what exoplanetary geology may be like. “In my lifetime, I’ve seen the solar system turn from something that belonged to astronomers to something that belonged to geologists,” he says. “We’re not there yet with exoplanets, but you can see this is a step in that direction.”
Although incremental and provisional, the toffee worlds hypothesis could represent a sizable step indeed, as it directly addresses a question foremost in many an exoplanet-pondering geologist’s mind: Are worlds with plate tectonics common as dirt or vanishingly rare? Either way, the answer has game-changing implications.
In order for plate tectonics to exist, a planet needs a few ingredients. Water is probably vital, because it weakens the mantle and permits chunks of the planet to slip and slide that otherwise would remain immobile. A world’s plates also must be sufficiently thick and dense to sink into the mantle—a crucial step for initiating and stabilizing the tectonic cycle over eons. Water or no, toffee worlds’ wafer-thin, brittle layers would not be able to dive deep, short-circuiting the “engine” of plate tectonics before it could even start.
This concept reinforces the notion that plate tectonics is a rare feature in the cosmos, Stern says. After all, as far as we can presently see, Earth is the only planet where it operates.
Aside from making toffee planets geologically dull, the absence of plate tectonics could also significantly reduce continental erosion and runoff into any oceans. This, Stern explains, would rob toffee worlds of a nutrient pump than may have given life a huge boost on ancient Earth. Plate tectonics also acts as Earth’s thermostat, keeping the planet’s temperature stable on geological timescales by buffering the levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases. Both of these tectonic side effects may be essential for the development of complex life.
Plate tectonics certainly gives Earth’s long-term biogeochemical cycles a constant refresh, Seager says, but she speculates that having a mantle far closer to the surface could create an entirely different refreshing mechanism. Although currently unknown to science, there is nothing to say that this situation could not prop up toffee worlds’ very own biogeochemical cycles, too.
In any case, “we don’t know that plate tectonics is a requisite for habitable planets,” Byrne says, “so we certainly can’t say that toffee planets are uninhabitable.”
CONTROVERSIAL CONFECTIONARY
The most contentious aspect of this thought-provoking study is not actually about any of the science. It is about the name for these possible exoplanets.
The team is composed of researchers hailing from the U.K. and Ireland. “To us,” Byrne says, “‘toffee’ means something soft and chewy.” Scientists from North America tend not to see the word that way, considering toffee to be a hard, crunchy treat. Byrne suggests “taffy” or “fudge” might be better, and a Twitter poll he ran put “squidgy” on par with “toffee” as participants’ preferred nomenclature.
Things have become even more complicated with the discovery by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) of a brand-new confirmed rocky super Earth, HD 213885b. Byrne’s calculations suggest that this newfound world might be a toffee planet, with a brittle layer just more than two miles thick. The problem is that the radiation from HD 213885b’s parent star is akin to that of 55 Cancri e, another known rocky super Earth whose dayside is entirely molten.
“If HD 213885b is similarly hot, then any lack of rigidity at the surface won’t be from relatively higher surface gravity so much as the floor being lava,” Byrne says. It’s not quite a toffee planet, then, but something very close.
Maybe, he suggests, “fondue planets” are a thing, too.
The hit Netflix seriesStranger Thingswas clearly influenced by Steven Spielberg and Stephen King, with a heaping helping of The X-Files and Twin Peaks thrown in for good measure. But some of its creepiest source material comes from the real world. Past the plot points about the Upside-Down and the slime monsters among us are references to government mind-control programs and covert experiments in telepathy that actually took place in the U.S. throughout the 20th century – like MKUltra and Stargate Project.
In an interview with Rolling Stone, Matt and Ross Duffer, the brothers behind the show, mentioned some of this inspiration: “We wanted the supernatural element to be grounded in science in some way,” Matt says. “As ridiculous as it is, the monster [in the alternate dimension] doesn’t come from a spiritual domain and it’s not connected to any religion. It made it scarier. I don’t believe in ghosts, but I believe in aliens and alternate dimensions.”
But which elements are more fact than fiction? Here are five examples from the show that had real-life equivalents – some of them freaky enough to make monsters look like an appealing alternative. Obviously spoilers abound, so come back later if you’re not done with the show yet.
Government-Funded Drug Experiments When Chief Hopper tracks down Terry Ives, the woman who attempted to sue the government for abuse after what happened to her at Hawkins, he and Ives’ sister talk about “Project MKUltra.” Though it sounds like what conspiracy theorists’ wet dreams are made of, MKUltra was a real government program funded by the CIA that went on from the 1950s to the early 1970s. It tested countless subjects at over 80 institutions, many of which were fronts funded by the government and filtered to schools, private hospitals and even a couple jails.
Most of the documents relating to the project were destroyed by the CIA in 1973 because of course they were, but what we know comes from witness testimony, a couple congressional investigations and a cache of 20,000 incorrectly-filed budgetary documents found during a Freedom of Information Act request in 1977. It’s enough to paint a terrifying picture of a wide-ranging government project that sought to capitalize on mind-control techniques that could, theoretically, be used against enemies during the Cold War.
Of particular interest to the government were the drugs that could be used to extract sensitive information, especially LSD. Researchers tried to see if hallucinogens had the power to control minds, erase memories and even work as truth serum. It’s hard to know exactly how far-reaching the experiments were or who knew about them (even some of the researchers involved had no idea they were participating in a government-funded project), but the transcript of the 1977 Select Committee on Intelligence is a fascinating read – and not only for the reference to the MKUltra subproject that studied “magicians’ arts as applied to covert operations.”
Were any of these experiments performed on women who didn’t know they were pregnant? Did those pregnancies then yield psychokinetic children that could be used as secret government weapons? For some reason, that doesn’t appear in the transcript, so let’s rule it a solid “maybe.”
Sensory Deprivation When not being used to coerce testimony out of suspected terrorists at government black sites, sensory deprivation can be a relaxing and meditative experience probably happening at a spa near you. In Stranger Things, sensory deprivation tanks are used to trigger Eleven’s powers to help her listen in on far-away conversations and sneak up on the monster from the Upside Down. In real life, they mostly trigger hallucinations.
First invented in the 1950s by neuroscientist and dolphin enthusiast John C. Lilly, the isolation tank (like the saltwater kiddie pool seen on the show) was developed as a means of sensory deprivation. Lilly was nice enough to test it on himself first, but sensory deprivation didn’t stay nice for long. While working on a subproject of MKUltra, psychiatrist Dr. Donald Ewen Cameron used a combination of hallucinatory drugs like LSD, electroshock therapy and sensory deprivation on unwitting patients, many of whom came in for things as innocuous as anxiety treatment. Though it’s not clear whether he was using a tank or some other form of sensory deprivation – like earplugs and blindfolds – some of the patients who underwent his experiments ended up permanently comatose. That hasn’t stopped sensory deprivation’s proliferation or use by the government, nor has the long-standing debate over whether it constitutes torture.
Child Test Subjects There’s no evidence to suggest MKUltra experiments were actually performed on kids, but Cathy O’Brien sure thinks they were. O’Brien has written twobooks about her experiences in a government-funded program called Project Monarch, which involved testing mind-control techniques on children. According to the project’s truthers (of which there are quite a few), the government’s goal in recruiting children for mind-control experiments was to hopefully create the perfect super-soldier – which sounds a lot like Stranger Things, actually. There are also claims that it involved child sexual abuse and experiments based on the work of Heinrich Himmler during the Third Reich. Again, there is absolutely no evidence that Project Monarch existed but the conspiracy-minded among us still want to believe.
Telepathy Experiments Sure, Project MKUltra gets the shout-out in Stranger Things, but the tests on Eleven’s abilities actually seem to hearken back to something called Stargate Project. After all, MKUltra was supposedly over by the 1983 setting of the show, but Stargate was just getting warmed up. Funded by the U.S. Army, the project aimed to research paranormal phenomena that could be of use to the military, including but not limited to psychokinesis, mind-reading, and “remote viewings” of events and conversations – like when Eleven listens in on a Russian man’s conversation. The government even hired a psychic headhunter to recruit candidates. The 2004 book-turned-movie The Men Who Stare at Goats is about the Stargate experiments that tested telekinetic ability by having men do just what the title suggests in an attempt to kill the animals with their mind. Eleven is part of a similar experiment at Hawkins Lab when she’s asked to kill a cat by staring it, though that’s much less funny than goats for some reason.
Death Cover-Ups The government researchers of Hawkins rack up quite a body count in Stranger Things(#JusticeForBarb), but there was a death toll in real-life too. The most famous case of an MKUltra-related death is that of Frank Olson. In 1953, Olson was a biochemist at a lab that was conducting LSD experiments for the government. The government’s account that he knowingly ingested the drug is contest by his family, but either way, a short time after he partook in one experiment, he quit his job in the government, checked into a thirteenth-floor New York City hotel room and fell to his death from the window. The official government report suggests that Olson knew he was taking the LSD and it exacerbated his nascent suicidal tendencies, but his family maintained that he was murdered for knowing too much. They received a $750,000 settlement from the government in 1975. Then, in 1994, his body was exhumed and a coroner noticed head injuries that suggested Olson had been knocked unconscious before his death. The medical examiner thought his injuries were consistent with a homicide and the family sued for wrongful death in 2012, but a judge later dismissed it.
Archaeologists have discovered stunning evidence of an ancient society in Bolivia that worshiped religious deities and made ritual offerings hundreds of years before the Incas arrived.
A dive near the Island of the Sun in Lake Titicaca unearthed a trove of artifacts dating as far back as the year 500 A.D., including puma-shaped incense burners, gold, shell, and stone ornaments, and sacrificed juvenile llamas.
The discovery indicates the Tiwanaku people who lived in the region practiced an organized religion that long-predates the Incas, and may have been the first in the area to do so.
Archaeologists have discovered stunning evidence of an ancient society in Bolivia that worshiped religious deities and made ritual offerings hundreds of years before the Incas arrived
WHO WERE THE TIWANAKU PEOPLE?
The Tiwanaku people lived in western Bolivia near Lake Titicaca between 500 and 1,100 AD.
New research indicates they had an organized religion and made offerings to the deities well before the Incas arrived to the area.
Experts estimate they reached their peak around 800 A.D, with a population that blossomed to as many as 20,000 people.
The puma was an important symbol of their religion, and is often found with Tiwanaku artifacts.
In a new paper published in proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers conducted underwater excavations in the Khoa Reef using 3D photogrammetry to map the site.
Despite its Inca associations, the researchers say it was the Tiwanaku who first chose this location as a place of worship.
‘People often associate the Island of the Sun with the Incas because it was an important pilgrimage location for them and because they left behind numerous ceremonial buildings and offerings on and around this island,’ said Jose Capriles, assistant professor of anthropology, Penn State.
‘Our research shows that the Tiwanaku people, who developed in Lake Titicaca between 500 and 1,100 AD, were the first people to offer items of value to religious deities in the area.’
Using a water-dredge, they recovered a slew of Tiwanaku offerings, including ceramic incense burners modeled after pumas, sacrificed juvenile llamas, and ornaments.
According to the researchers, the puma was an important religious symbol.
‘The findings, and especially the ceramic puma-shaped incense burners, are significant because they help us gain a broader understanding of the ritual behavior and religion of the Tiwanaku state – a society that preceded the Incas by several hundred years,’ said Christophe Delaere, postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology and research associate at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
It’s also likely that the items were sunk on purpose, the team says.
A dive near the Island of the Sun in Lake Titicaca unearthed a trove of artifacts dating as far back as the year 500 A.D., including puma-shaped incense burners, gold, shell, and stone ornaments, and sacrificed juvenile llamas
In a new paper published in proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers conducted underwater excavations in the Khoa Reef using 3D photogrammetry to map the site. Using a water-dredge, they recovered a slew of Tiwanaku offerings
‘The presence of anchor near the offerings suggests that officiating authorities may have deposited the offerings during rituals held from boats,’ Capriles said.
And, the location at the center of the Andes Mountains would have been key in the ceremonies.
‘It was a strategic and ritually charged place,’ Capriles said.
‘At the Island of the Sun and the Khoa Reef, religious specialists could come together for sacred ceremonies.
‘The ritual offerings they made here demonstrate the transitioning of societies from more local-based religious systems to something that had a more ambitious geopolitical and spiritual appeal.’
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Archaeologists discover ancient religious offerings at Lake Titicaca
An ancient group of people made ritual offerings to supernatural deities near the Island of the Sun in Lake Titicaca, Bolivia, about 500 years earlier than the Incas, according to an international team of researchers. The team's findings suggest that organized religion emerged much earlier in the region than previously thought.
"People often associate the Island of the Sun with the Incas because it was an important pilgrimage location for them and because they left behind numerous ceremonial buildings and offerings on and around this island," said Jose Capriles, assistant professor of anthropology, Penn State. "Our research shows that the Tiwanaku people, who developed in Lake Titicaca between 500 and 1,100 AD, were the first people to offer items of value to religious deities in the area."
The Incas, Capriles noted, did not arrive in the Lake Titicaca region until around the 15th century AD.
A team lead by Christophe Delaere, postdoctoral fellow at the University of Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology and research associate at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles, conducted underwater archaeological excavations in the Khoa Reef near the Island of the Sun. The archaeologists used sonar and underwater three-dimensional photogrammetry to scan and map the reef. They used a water-dredge to excavate the sediment and measured and weighed all the archaeological materials they uncovered. Their results appear today (April 1) in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
In particular, the team found ritual offerings consisting of ceramic feline incense burners; sacrificed juvenile llamas; and gold, shell and stone ornaments.
"The findings, and especially the ceramic puma-shaped incense burners, are significant because they help us gain a broader understanding of the ritual behavior and religion of the Tiwanaku state—a society that preceded the Incas by several hundred years," said Delaere.
The puma was an important religious symbol to the Tiwanaku, Delaere added.
Another observation made by the team was that the religious offerings appear to have been made intentionally to be submerged underwater.
"The presence of anchors near the offerings suggests that officiating authorities may have deposited the offerings during rituals held from boats," said Capriles.
According to Capriles, the Island of the Sun was likely important to the Tiwanaku people because of its natural beauty, but also because of its location at the center of the Andes Mountains.
"It was a strategic and ritually charged place," said Capriles. "At the Island of the Sun and the Khoa Reef, religious specialists could come together for sacred ceremonies. The ritual offerings they made here demonstrate the transitioning of societies from more local-based religious systems to something that had a more ambitious geopolitical and spiritual appeal."
In turn, he added, this emergence of organized religion likely led to consolidation of the groups of people living around the lake and the emergence of the Tiwanaku state, characterized by political hierarchy.
A reef in the middle of Lake Titicaca in Bolivia was the location where many people’s valuable items were placed approximately 1,200 years ago. Underwater archaeologists discovered the ancient items in 2013 and now they believe that they finally know what they represented many years ago – a mysterious religion that is believed to have aided the Tiwanaku state grow into a powerful force in that part of the world.
The Tiwanaku state was in existence between 500 A.D. and 1000 A.D. and at its height it was extended all the way to Chile and Peru. The state was also thought to have had a lot of influence because of trade and religion. While a lot of evidence has been recovered in regards to their religious beliefs, archaeologists are still trying to figure out the deeper meaning behind their religion as well as how it may have helped the expansion of the state.
Lake Titicaca
Khoa reef, which is located close to the Island of the Sun, is believed to have been used as a ritualistic site as gold objects, semiprecious stones, metal ornaments, and incense burners have been found there. Other artifacts include two gold medallions that show Tiwanaku’s ray-faced deity, as well as metal plaques that have a mythical puma-llama hybrid on them. The divers even found the remains of several animals, including the bones of at least three young llamas that appear to have been sacrificed.
Five of the items that were discovered were made from Spondylus shells (and one complete shell) which surprised the team, as they’re only found in the Pacific Ocean – more than 1,200 miles away from Lake Titicaca. The discovery indicates that the shells were quite valuable and that the Tiwanaku people had a prominent trading relationship with others.
There’s still the question of why such valuable items were placed into the lake. José M. Capriles, who is an anthropologist and assistant professor of anthropology at Penn State University, believes that the sacrifices are proof of a religious tradition that helped the Tiwanaku state. Since the worshipers sacrificed their valuable objects, it showed how committed they were to the new religion. “These deities that people are creating are becoming institutions that govern behavior,” Capriles stated.
Lake Titicaca
Behaviours and morality were very important with this new religion. “If you behave well, you are immortal,” explained Capriles, “But if you’re bad, you are going to get punished by the chief’s deity.” And with the religious followers moving to different places, they could share their beliefs with others and that’s what helped expand the Tiwanaku state.
The society once had political, economic and cultural power before collapsing in 1000 A.D. Paul Goldstein, who is an archaeologist in the Department of Anthropology at UC San Diego, said, “The Tiwanaku is the greatest Native American empire that many Americans have never heard of.” He continued on by stating, “Every time we find something that reflects the complexity of the society, it adds to our deeper knowledge of the origins of complex societies worldwide.”
Although the Tiwanaku state no longer exists, the discovery of these ancient artifacts allows us to learn more about them and their religious beliefs. Capriles said it best by stating, “They were grateful, they made offerings. They were just people like you and me.”
The Trindade Island’s UFO sighting refers to an occurrence which took place on January 16, 1958. Island itself is a part of the archipelago located in the Atlantic Ocean, 1000 km from the east coast of Brazil. Photographic evidence, along with people witnessing the sighting, makes it one of the most debated accidents involving UFO. So much so that the topic has been garnering attention even in 2010. When it became a subject of a major Brazilian TV show.
It was claimed that the sighting was a hoax and photographer had a history of manipulating photos. However, it should be noted, that investigation which followed the event did not reach the same conclusion. In fact, Brazilian officials and navy were heavily involved in the case and according to the photographer, were afraid of the consequences and panic that would ensue if the general public became aware of them.
The person of interest in Trindade Island’s UFO sighting was a well-known photographer, AlmiroBarauna. He was on a ship belonging to Brazilian navy – Almirante Saldahna. The expedition was part of an international scientific project, known as IGY (International Geophysical Year), whose purpose was to study phenomena associated with earth sciences (e.g. gravity, solar activity, and meteorology). The occurrence took place at 11 a.m. and was witnessed by a ship’s captain and team of scientists. After informing AlmiroBarauna about it, he was able to take several pictures, before the object disappeared.
After ship returned to the mainland, pictures were heavily analyzed by Brazilian Navy’s Aerial Reconnaissance Laboratory, which deemed them genuine. Even though there was an attempt to keep Trindade Island’s UFO sighting a secret, it received worldwide publicity when then President of Brazil, JuscelinoKubitschek decided to go public with it.
Allegations about the inauthenticity of the photos surfaced in 2010. On a TV show Fantastico, friend of AlmiroBarauna accused him of faking the pictures by photographing two spoons combined with his refrigerator on the background. This, however, gave rise to a new questions. Firstly, before the sighting, Barauna published an article in a newspaper, about how UFO sighting could be faked. The method described in the article was the same he allegedly used for this hoax. However, this does not make sense because of two reasons.
First, it seems unlikely that Barauna would himself publish an incriminating article and then proceed to use the same method to lie to the public. He was a well-known photographer and a highly skilled one. It is hard to imagine that, if he indeed planned to commit a hoax, he would not foresee how his article would work against him. Secondly, the statement about him using his refrigerator as a background does not make much sense. Photos were taken on a ship. This was confirmed by the ship’s captain and scientist present on board. Why highly respected people would commit to this hoax, remains an unanswered question.
Finally here is what naval report of this accident had to say about Trindade Island’s UFO sighting: “Finally the existence of personal testimonies and of a photographer, of some value given the circumstances, permit the admission that there are indications of the existence of UFO. Brazilian naval report.”
USS Nimitz UFO incident took place during November of 2004 when U.S. fighter pilots encountered an unidentified flying object, which later become known as “tic-tac”. In 2017 the footage of the occurrence was released to the public and became one of the most hotly discussed topics among ufologists.
The video itself does not offer a clear image, due to the nature of radar systems. However, there are several factors that make this case one of the most fascinating studies in the field. Firstly, the existence of an audio recording of pilots experiencing the visual contact the object. Secondly, Interview given by one of the pilots. Thirdly, a report was done by Washington post about Department of Defense’s operations to analyze the sighting and was later confirmed by the Pentagon itself, giving the sighting more legitimacy.
David Fravor, a Navy Pilot with decades of experience, is the centerpiece of USS Nimitz UFO incident. His skepticism in the subject quickly evaporated, when the training mission encountered something that could not be explained. Skeptics often explain such events by a secretive technology being tested, weather balloons, or unreliability of the witnesses. None of them applies to this eye witness.
Not only would he be aware of something that could be explained by our current technologic capabilities, but also the routine nature of their training operations would make the area unsuitable for any testing by different military branches. This also makes him immune to the claims of him not being able to differentiate something as mundane as a weather balloon, natural occurrence or mechanical dysfunction from UFO.
One of the main reasons that cause the USS Nimitz UFO incident to be a fascinating study is its continuous nature. The encounter with “tic-tac” was not a one-off incident. US Navy was following the unknown object for almost two weeks. At one point over 8 objects were seen on the radar. This was not some sort of the glitch on a radar system of the single ship. This was an organized operation by a fleet of ships to track down an unknown intruder.
The occurrence, in which David Fravor took part in when he and several other pilots directly encountered the UFO was a culmination of the chase. However, even after that event, several anomalies on the ocean surface where seen. Some point looked disturbed as if something has been hovering over them, however, no further visual contact was made. What truly transpired during USS Nimitz UFO incident is debated till this day. Several things are known for certain, the U.S. Navy fleet deemed the occurrence noteworthy enough to initiate the chase, which lasted for two weeks. No one who took the part in it can give an explanation of what happened.
David Fravor, a veteran Navy pilot was shaken by the incident and after 2 years retired from the navy. He said that after his jet returned to the carrier, his description of the events were ridiculed by his colleagues. What showed up on U.S. fleets radars for two weeks and what managed to evade most sophisticated military in the world, remains a mystery till this day.
Today, there are literally dozens of cases on file concerning the Black Eyed Children; however, the most important one of all, is, of course, the first case. Or, at least, the first reported case. It comes from a mannamed Brian Bethel, a respected journalist, whose story first began to circulate in the late 1990s. As fate would have it, and on the night in question, Bethel – of Abilene, Texas – realized he had forgotten to pay a bill, and so he got in his vehicle, with the intent of depositing a check in an after-hours drop-box. It was coming up to 10:00 p.m. when Bethel arrived at the location, which was situated at a shopping mall. As Bethel sat in his vehicle, writing out the check, he was interrupted in terrifying style by a loud tapping on the driver’s window.
As he quickly looked up, Bethel was confronted by a pair of young boys who, at first glance, in the darkness and the shadows, appeared normal. Matters very quickly became deeply strange, however. In no time at all, Bethel developed a disturbing sense that all was not well. It was as if a malignant atmosphere had suddenly descended and blanketed his vehicle, and as if out of nowhere. Bethel was careful to only wind the window down to a small degree, and asked the boys what they wanted. They came up with a story that sounded most unlikely and left Bethel feeling very uneasy; frightened, even. They claimed to need a ride back home, so that they could get some money and then go and see a movie. “C’mon mister, let us in. We can’t get in your car until you do, you know,” said one. It was at this point that Bethel finally saw the eyes of the pair: they were completely black, with no iris or pupil anywhere in sight. Bethel knew exactly what he had to do: he hit the accelerator and was gone. And so were the BECs: as Bethel looked back, they had seemingly vanished, and impossibly quickly, too.
Experiences like that of Brian Bethel abound. In 2011, I investigated the case of a woman named Alison who had a very similar experience in the previous year, 2010, at an Orange County, California motel. It was around 11:00 p.m. when a loud knock at the door made Alison practically jump out of her skin – as, at the time, she was laid out on the bed, engrossed in a movie. Rather weirdly, the movie was Roman Polanski’s 1967 movie, Rosemary’s Baby, which tells the story of a woman who gives birth to a demonic baby. Alison tentatively got up and tiptoed to the door, peering through the spy-hole. She could see two young boys, both in black hoodies, stood right in front of the door.
As if realizing that Alison was silently, and worriedly, watching them, one of the boys leaned into the spyhole and said, “Please let us in, we need to use the telephone.” Not only did the request send shivers throughout Alison’s, but the fact that the boy deliberately kept his face pointed downwards, while looming into view, and his eyes in shadow, only added to the menace.
Then, something very disturbing happened: Alison felt as if an evil force was taking over her own self-will and was trying to make her to open the door to her late night callers of the sinister kind. It took a supreme effort on Alison’s part not to unlock and open the door. Fortunately, she was able to fight off what became, she said, a “need” to let the children in. Having regained her wits and sense of self-preservation, Alison looked again through the spyhole, only to see the boy staring right at her…through a pair of solid black eyes. She screamed, jump back, and called the night-manager, who was on the scene in no time at all. The BECs were nowhere in sight.
It’s worth noting another UFO connection in the uncanny saga of the Black Eyed Children: they have deep parallels to the notorious Men in Black, who have, since 1947, terrorized and intimidated into silence numerous witnesses to UFOs. Just like the BECs, the Men in Black have a propensity for knocking on doors late at night. The two mirror each other in other fashions, too: like their child counterparts, the MIB will not enter a home until they are specifically invited to do so (shades of ancient vampire lore). Both the MIB and the BEC wear black. Both wear head-gear: hoodies for the Black-Eyed Children, and 1950s-era fedoras for the MIB. And there is another intriguing issue: very often the Men in Black wear thick, wraparound, black sunglasses. One has to wonder if this is done not just to provoke a menacing atmosphere, but to mask a pair of emotion-free, solid, black eyes. In that sense, and just perhaps, the Men in Black and the Black Eyed Children are one and the same: one in adult form and the other in child form, but both following the same secret agenda – whatever that may really be. So, where does that all leave us? Well, it admittedly leaves us with a lot of questions. But they are questions that a certain, acclaimed and dedicated researcher of the Black Eyed has done his very best to resolve.
Undoubtedly the leading investigator in this field, and the author of the book, The Black Eyed Children, David Weatherly has collected and studied dozens of such cases, demonstrating the sheer scale of these weird and unsettling events. David’s work has addressed a variety of theories for the presence of the BECs: that they might be demonic in nature, or predatory spirits, or possibly even products of the human mind, given some semblance of physical life in the real world. We will leave the final words on this issue to David: “An even more sinister theory that has followers, postulates that the grays are actually attempting to take over our world by slowly breeding us out and phasing in beings with alien DNA. Over time the human race will fade away to be replaced by the ‘superior’ DNA of the gray aliens, adherents say”
Spiraling Giants: Astronomers Witness the Birth of a Massive Binary Star System
Spiraling Giants: Astronomers Witness the Birth of a Massive Binary Star System
ALMA image of the IRAS-07299 star-forming region and the massive binary system at its center. The background image shows dense, dusty streams of gas (shown in green) that appear to be flowing toward the center of the system. Gas that is moving toward us — as traced by the methanol molecule — is shown in blue; motions away from us in red. The inset image shows a zoom-in view of the massive forming binary, with the brighter, primary protostar moving toward us shown in blue and the fainter, secondary protostar moving away from us shown in red. The blue and red dotted lines show an example of orbits of the primary and secondary spiraling around their center of mass (marked by the cross).
Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO); RIKEN, Zhang et al
Scientists from the RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research in Japan,the Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden,and the University of Virginia in the USA and collaborators used the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) to observe a molecular cloud that is collapsing to form two massive protostars that will eventually become a binary star system.
While it is known that most massive stars possess orbiting stellar companions it has been unclear how this comes about – for example, are the stars born together from a common spiraling gas disk at the center of a collapsing cloud, or do they pair up later by chance encounters in a crowded star cluster.
Understanding the dynamics of forming binaries has been difficult because the protostars in these systems are still enveloped in a thick cloud of gas and dust that prevents most light from escaping. Fortunately, it is possible to see them using radio waves, as long as they can be imaged with sufficiently high spatial resolution.
In the current research, published in Nature Astronomy, the researchers led by Yichen Zhang of the RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research and Jonathan C. Tan at the Chalmers University,and the University of Virginia, used ALMAto observe, at high spatial resolution, a star-forming region known as IRAS07299-1651, which is located 1.68 kiloparsecs, or about 5,500 light years, away.
Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO); RIKEN, Zhang et al’
The observations showed that already at this early stage, the cloud contains two objects, a massive “primary” central star and another “secondary” forming star, also of high mass. For the first time, the research team was able to use these observations to deduce the dynamics of the system. The observations showed that the two forming stars are separated by a distance of about 180 astronomical units—a unit approximately the distance from the earth to the sun. Hence, they are quite far apart. They are currently orbiting each other with a period of at most 600 years and have a total mass at least 18 times that of our Sun.
According to Zhang, “This is an exciting finding because we have long been perplexed by the question of whether stars form into binaries during the initial collapse of the star-forming cloud or whether they are created during later stages. Our observations clearly show that the division into binary stars takes place early on, while they are still in their infancy.”
Movie composed of images taken by ALMA showing the gas streams, as traced by the methanol molecule, with different line-of-sight color-coded velocities, around the massive binary protostar system. The grey background image shows the overall distribution, from all velocities, of dust emission from the dense gas streams.
Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO); RIKEN, Zhang et al’
Another finding of the study was that the binary stars are being nurtured from a common disk fed by the collapsing cloud and favoring a scenario in which the secondary star of the binary formed as a result of fragmentation of the disk originally around the primary. This allows the initially smaller secondary protostar to “steal” infalling matter from its sibling and eventually they should emerge as quite similar “twins”.
Tan adds, “This is an important result for understanding the birth of massive stars. Such stars are important throughout the universe, not least for producing, at the ends of their lives, the heavy elements that make up our Earth and are in our bodies.”
Zhang concludes, “What is important now is to look at other examples to see whether this is a unique situation or something that is common for the birth of all massive stars.”
Contacts and sources:
Charles E. Blue, The National Radio Astronomy Observatory Nicolás Lira ALMA Observatory
Jens Wilkinson, RIKEN
Citation:
Yichen Zhang, Jonathan C. Tan, Kei E. I. Tanaka, James M. De Buizer, Mengyao Liu, Maria T. Beltrán, Kaitlin Kratter, Diego Mardones and Guido Garay, Dynamics of a massive binary at birth, Nature Astronomy (2019), doi: 10.1038/s41550-019-0718-y
.@CarnegieAstro's Tony Piro was part of a @Caltech-led team of astronomers who observed the peculiar death of a massive star that exploded in a surprisingly faint and rapidly fading supernova, possibly creating a compact neutron star binary system.
Scientists may not know what or where dark matter is but they are pretty sure they know one thing it isn’t.
An international team of researchers has put a theory speculated by the late Stephen Hawking to its most rigorous test to date, and their results have ruled out the possibility that primordial black holes smaller than a tenth of a millimeter make up most of dark matter. Details of their study have been published in this week’s Nature Astronomy.
Scientists know that 85 per cent of the matter in the Universe is made up of dark matter. Its gravitational force prevents stars in our Milky Way from flying apart. However, attempts to detect such dark matter particles using underground experiments, or accelerator experiments including the world’s largest accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider, have failed so far.
The Milky Way galaxy (left) and the Andromeda galaxy (right) are separated by 2.6 million light years. Compared with the areas where stars are clustered together, dark matter is believed to be distributed over a much larger volume.
Credit: Kavli IPMU
This has led scientists to consider Hawking’s 1974 theory of the existence of primordial black holes, born shortly after the Big Bang, and his speculation that they could make up a large fraction of the elusive dark matter scientists are trying to discover today.
An international team of researchers, led by Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe Principal Investigator Masahiro Takada, PhD candidate student Hiroko Niikura, Professor Naoki Yasuda, and including researchers from Japan, India and the US, have used the gravitational lensing effect to look for primordial black holes between Earth and the Andromeda galaxy. Gravitational lensing, an effect first suggested by Albert Einstein, manifests itself as the bending of light rays coming from a distant object such as a star due to the gravitational effect of an intervening massive object such as a primordial black hole. In extreme cases, such light bending causes the background star to appear much brighter than it originally is.
As the Subaru Telescope on Earth looks at the Andromeda galaxy, a star in Andromeda will become significantly brighter if a primordial black hole passes in front of the star. As the primordial black hole continues to move out of alignment, the star will also turn dimmer (go back to its original brightness).
Credit: Kavli IPMU
However, gravitational lensing effects are very rare events because it requires a star in the Andromeda galaxy, a primordial black hole acting as the gravitational lens, and an observer on Earth to be exactly in line with one another. So to maximize the chances of capturing an event, the researchers used the Hyper Suprime-Cam digital camera on the Subaru telescope in Hawaii, which can capture the whole image of the Andromeda galaxy in one shot. Taking into account how fast primordial black holes are expected to move in interstellar space, the team took multiple images to be able to catch the flicker of a star as it brightens for a period of a few minutes to hours due to gravitational lensing.
From 190 consecutive images of the Andromeda galaxy taken over seven hours during one clear night, the team scoured the data for potential gravitational lensing events. If dark matter consists of primordial black holes of a given mass, in this case masses lighter than the moon, the researchers expected to find about 1000 events. But after careful analyses, they could only identify one case. The team’s results showed primordial black holes can contribute no more than 0.1 per cent of all dark matter mass. Therefore, it is unlikely the theory is true.
Data from the star which showed characteristics of being magnified by a potential gravitational lens, possibly by a primordial black hole. About 4 hours after data taking on the Subaru Telescope began, one star began to shine brighter. Less than an hour later, the star reached peak brightness before becoming dimmer.
Credit: Niikura et al.
The researchers are now planning to further develop their analysis of the Andromeda galaxy. One new theory they will investigate is to find whether binary black holes discovered by gravitational wave detector LIGO are in fact primordial black holes.
Contacts and sources:
Motoko Kakubayashi Kavli Institute For The Physics And Mathematics Of The Universeµ
Citation: Microlensing constraints on primordial black holes with Subaru/HSC Andromeda observations Hiroko Niikura, Masahiro Takada, Naoki Yasuda, Robert H. Lupton, Takahiro Sumi, Surhud More, Toshiki Kurita, Sunao Sugiyama, Anupreeta More, Masamune Oguri & Masashi Chiba Nature Astronomy (2019) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-019-0723-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0723-1
This was reported on Twitter by a person that believed it to be a meteor strike into the mouth of a volcano. However I have found proof that this is 100% two alien craft entering an underground base. How you ask? Easy. I focused the smaller UFO to the left. The smaller UFO has outlines to it...as I added contrast I saw that the object was a cube UFO (as seen below photos). I also added contrast to the round meteor...and guess what? I found that within its center is a cubic UFO craft disgusting as a meteor. Look at the bottom of this post to see the actual craft within the fake meteor.
Why pretend to be something you are not? They have rules, and to come to earth and enter an underground base they must follow those rules. When they break those rules, there are always consequences that they must pay. Basically, they fear those consequences more than they fear humans seeing them. Kinda like the Star Trek Prime Directive, but these species are millions of years more advanced than the Star Trek crew.
Scott C. Waring-Taiwan
The above 3 photos show the smaller UFO close up, entering the UFO. The bottom 3 photos shows the larger UFO close up.
The actual UFO within the large meteor light is clearly a intelligently built craft.
Cube UFO Over Glenrowan, Australia Caught On Video During Day Sighting, April 2, 2019, UFO Sighting News.
Cube UFO Over Glenrowan, Australia Caught On Video During Day Sighting, April 2, 2019, UFO Sighting News.
Did you notice that the above photo is a cube shape with a wing on each side?
Date of sighting: April 2, 2019
Location of sighting: Glenrowan, Australia
This amazingly beautiful UFO was seen over Australia yesterday. The UFO is not changing shape, but only fading in and out of our visual field. It has an electical field around it which is causing a blur every few moments. The UFO has a cube shape with two wings. We were lucky to have this eyewitness watching the skies for us in Glenrowan, otherwise this amazing evidence never would have come to light.
UFOs are everywhere, over every city, every country, every body of water in the world. So keep an eye out and post any catch to Youtube so I and others can find it.
UFO Fleet Hovering Over LAX Airport Area March 27, 2019, Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Fleet Hovering Over LAX Airport Area March 27, 2019, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: March 27, 2019
Location of sighting: Los Angeles, California, USA
These UFOs were seen over Los Angeles near the LAX airport last week. The eyewitness is an experience person who often sees aircraft since they work for a company called Menzies Aviation...as seen on the side of the fuel truck in the video. The objects in the sky are dark black and hovering in place. They do strange fade in and out of focus. I don't believe its the cameras focus problem, but I do think its the UFO which is equipped with a camouflage shield that reflects the nearby colors of the sky and cloud. That shield is working off and on for some odd reason. I would guess that aliens accounted for our atmosphere when adjusting their shields, however probably did not take into account the depth of the air pollution in Los Angeles...which by the way, East Los Angeles is my place of birth, so yeah, I know its history with UFOs. My mom was there during the Battle of Los Angeles UFO sighting in the 1940s.
Scott C. Waring-Taiwan
Eyewitness states:
I constantly look up and try to record what i see out of context subscribe to stay updated cause i only post raw stuff not trying to feed false information.
Beste bezoeker, Heb je zelf al ooit een vreemde waarneming gedaan, laat dit dan even weten via email aan Frederick Delaere opwww.ufomeldpunt.be. Deze onderzoekers behandelen jouw melding in volledige anonimiteit en met alle respect voor jouw privacy. Ze zijn kritisch, objectief maar open minded aangelegd en zullen jou steeds een verklaring geven voor jouw waarneming! DUS AARZEL NIET, ALS JE EEN ANTWOORD OP JOUW VRAGEN WENST, CONTACTEER FREDERICK. BIJ VOORBAAT DANK...
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.