Futuristic Sci-Fi Weapons That Actually Exist!

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/v3/ }

01-05-2019 om 16:05 geschreven door peter  

{ https://futurism.com/the-byte }

01-05-2019 om 02:00 geschreven door peter  

“We were gobsmacked by what we saw in this system. It was completely unexpected … It tells us a little more about that big question: ‘How did we get here?'”

V404 Cygni Black Hole Animation from ICRAR on Vimeo.

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) said on April 29, 2019, that astronomers have spied a relatively modest black hole, which nonetheless features jets of fast-moving material that are wobbling or precessing so fast their change in direction can be seen in only minutes. This sort of wobble – witnessed before among black hole jets, but not on such short timescales – happens in a way that requires an effect of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. It happens because, as the black hole spins, its powerful gravity is dragging along nearby space itself.

James Miller-Jones of Australia’s International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research led researchers in this study. He and his team employed the Very Long Baseline Array, a system of 10 radio telescopes located in various U.S. states and remotely operated from Socorro, New Mexico. They studied a black hole known as V404 Cygni, which isn’t a supermassive black hole lodged in the center of a galaxy, but just an ordinary nine-solar-mass black hole, located only 8,000 light-years from Earth in our Milky Way galaxy. NRAO said in a statement:

The black hole is drawing in material from a companion star with a mass about 70 percent that of our sun. As the material streams toward the black hole, it forms a rotating disk, called an accretion disk, surrounding the black hole.

In such systems, the disk becomes denser and hotter with decreasing distance from the black hole. Either the innermost portion of the disk or the black hole itself launches jets of material outward away from the disk. The astronomers said V404 Cygni’s jet material moves as fast as 60 percent of the speed of light.

These jets are precessing or wobbling so fast, the scientists said, that Einstein’s general theory of relativity is needed to explain them. According to Einstein, massive objects like black holes distort space and time. Further, when such a massive object is spinning, its gravitational influence pulls space and time around with it, an effect called frame-dragging. NRAO said:

In V404 Cygni, the black hole’s spin axis is misaligned from the plane of its orbit with the companion star. That causes the frame-dragging effect to warp the inner part of the disk, then pull the warped portion around with it. Since the jets originate from either the inner disk or the black hole, this changes the jet orientation, producing the wobbling observed with the Very Long Baseline Array.

Miller-Jones said:

This is the only mechanism we can think of that can explain the rapid precession we see in V404 Cygni. You can think of it like the wobble of a spinning top as it slows down, only in this case, the wobble is caused by Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

Artist’s concept of the inner accretion disk of black hole V404 Cygni. The entire accretion disk is about 10 million km (6.2 million miles) wide. The inner few thousand km are warped. That inner part also is puffed up by strong radiation pressure into a doughnut shape that wobbles, or precesses, like a rigid body.

Image via NRAO.

Normally, astronomers will produce a single image of a system of this sort, using data collected over as much as several hours, like a long time-exposure photograph. The rapid direction changes of the jets of V404 Cygni meant these astronomers had to change their observation strategy. Team member Alex Tetarenko said:

These jets were changing so fast that in a four-hour image we saw just a blur.

To capture the jets’ rapid motion, the researchers made 103 individual images, each about 70 seconds long, then combined them to make a movie.

Team member Greg Sivakoff commented:

We were gobsmacked by what we saw in this system. It was completely unexpected. Finding this astronomical first has deepened our understanding of how black holes and galaxy formation can work. It tells us a little more about that big question: ‘How did we get here?’

He said the finding indicates that similar behavior might be found in other objects.

• Read more about V404 Cygni, which came to astronomers’ attention via a 2015 outburst.

Artist’s concept of black hole V404 Cygni, on right. At left you see the normal star in orbit with the hole. Material from the star falls towards the black hole and spirals inwards in an accretion disk, with powerful jets being launched from the inner regions close to the black hole.

Image via ICRAR/NRAO.

Bottom line: Jets of fast-moving material shot from the area surrounding a black hole are wobbling so fast that their change in direction can be seen in periods as short as minutes, and astronomers say it’s happening because the rotating black hole’s powerful gravitational pull is dragging nearby space itself along with it.

• Source: Miller-Jones, Tetarenko, and Sivakoff, along with colleagues from around the world, are reporting their results in the scientific journal Nature.
• Via NRAO

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

01-05-2019 om 01:46 geschreven door peter  

We viewed the first six episodes from the standpoint of writers who have long worked on the serious side of U.F.O.s. We broke the December 2017 New York Times exclusive on a secret Pentagon program investigating the phenomenon, with our colleague Helene Cooper. Leslie Kean wrote the Times 2010 best-seller “U.F.O.s: Generals, Pilots and Government Officials Go On the Record.” Ralph Blumenthal has written about U.F.O.s for Vanity Fair as well as The Times.

So, despite the embellishments, we were interested to discover parallels between the TV version and the historical and current reality.

• [Read the 2017 Times report on the Pentagon’s secret U.F.O. program.]

The History series predictably sensationalizes and overdramatizes case investigations and the historical figures involved, adding many story elements that simply never happened. It’s already hard enough for those trying to understand the truth about government involvement with U.F.O.s without mixing fact and fiction.

Nonetheless, melodrama aside, the real story is there:

Project Blue Book was the code name for an Air Force program set up in 1952, after numerous U.F.O. sightings during the Cold War era, to explain away or debunk as many reports as possible in order to mitigate possible panic and shield the public from a genuine national security problem: an apparently technological phenomenon that was beyond human control and was not Russian, yet represented an unfathomable potential threat.

The central character of the TV series, the prominent astronomer J. Allen Hynek, played by Aidan Gillen, was recruited as Blue Book’s scientific consultant and was indeed initially committed to explaining away flying saucers as natural phenomena or mistaken identifications. But he gradually realized that the bizarre objects were real and needed further scientific attention. (Though he never saw a supposed alien creature floating in a tank or crashed in a plane while recreating a reported U.F.O. dogfight, as depicted in the series.)

While Hynek was involved, Blue Book compiled reports of 12,618 sightings of unidentified flying objects, of which 701 remain unexplained to this day.

But what’s most important to study during that era is what occurred outside Project Blue Book, to the extent that it has been revealed. When we reported on the Pentagon’s Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program, which began in 2007, we offered a glimpse into a similar scenario today: military cases being investigated and filmed without the public knowing. This time, however, there was no public agency to accommodate reports of incidents, even when hundreds of witnesses were involved.

We learned through documents from the Pentagon program, and from interviews with participants, that the mystery of the elusive flying objects is still far from solved, and that not enough was being done to address that problem almost 50 years since the close of Blue Book.

The real Hynek, the Blue Book’s scientific consultant, at one of his observatories in the 1960s. Once a U.F.O. skeptic, he became a believer.

CreditNorthwestern University

It all began in 1947. Lt. General Nathan Twining, the commander of Air Materiel Command, sent a secret memo on “Flying Discs” to the commanding general of the Army Air Forces at the Pentagon. Twining stated that “the phenomenon reported is something real and not visionary or fictitious.” The silent, disc-like objects demonstrated “extreme rates of climb, maneuverability (particularly in roll), and motion which must be considered evasive when sighted or contacted by friendly aircraft and radar.”

A new project, code-named “Sign,” based at Wright Field (now Wright-Patterson Air Force Base) outside Dayton, Ohio, was given the mandate to collect U.F.O. reports and assess whether the phenomenon was a threat to national security. With Russia ruled out as the source, the staff wrote a top secret “Estimate of the Situation,” concluding that, based on the evidence, U.F.O.s most likely had an interplanetary origin.

According to government officials at the time, the estimate was rejected by General Hoyt Vandenberg, the Air Force chief of staff. From then on, the proponents of the off-planet hypothesis lost ground, with Vandenberg and others insisting that conventional explanations be found.

Project Sign eventually evolved into Project Blue Book, with the aim of convincing the public that flying saucers could be explained.

Yet behind the scenes, authorities grappled with something sobering: well-documented U.F.O. encounters involved multiple trained observers, radar data, photographs, marks on the ground and physical effects on airplanes.

In 1952, the office of Maj. Gen. John Samford, the Air Force director of intelligence, briefed the F.B.I., saying it was “not entirely impossible that the objects sighted may possibly be ships from another planet such as Mars,” according to government documents. Air Intelligence had largely ruled out an earthly source, the F.B.I. memo reported.

National defense concerns were mounting as well. After Air Force planes scrambled to intercept brilliant objects seen and picked up on radar over Washington in 1952, Samford called a news conference to calm the country.

He announced that between 1,000 and 2,000 reports had been analyzed and that most had been explained. “However,” he conceded, a certain percentage “have been made by credible observers of relatively incredible things. It is this group of observations that we now are attempting to resolve.”

He said no conclusions had been drawn, but played down any “conceivable threat” to the United States.

Later that year, however, H. Marshall Chadwell, the assistant director of scientific intelligence for the C.I.A., concluded in a memo to the C.I.A. director, Walter Bedell Smith, that “sightings of unexplained objects at great altitudes and traveling at high speeds in the vicinity of major U.S. defense installations are of such nature that they are not attributable to natural phenomena or known types of aerial vehicles.”

By 1953, authorities were concerned that communication channels were becoming dangerously clogged by hundreds of U.F.O. reports. Even false alarms could be perilous, defense agencies worried, since the Soviets might take advantage of the situation by simulating or staging a U.F.O. wave and then attack.

Documents show the C.I.A. then devised a plan for a “national policy,” as to “what should be told the public regarding the phenomenon, in order to minimize risk of panic.”

After a closed-door session with a scientific advisory panel chaired by H.P. Robertson from the California Institute of Technology, the C.I.A. issued a secret report recommending a broad educational program for all intelligence agencies, with the aim of “training and debunking.”

Training meant more public education on how to identify known objects in the sky. “The use of true cases showing first the ‘mystery’ and then the ‘explanation’ would be forceful,” the report said. Debunking “would be accomplished by mass media such as television, motion pictures, and popular articles.”

That plan involved using psychologists, advertising experts, amateur astronomers and even Disney cartoons to create propaganda to reduce public interest. And civilian U.F.O. groups should be “watched,” the report stated, because of their “great influence on mass thinking if widespread sightings should occur.”

The Robertson Panel Report was classified until 1975, five years after Blue Book was shut down. But its legacy endures in the aura of ridicule surrounding U.F.O. reports, inhibiting scientific progress.

“The implication in the Panel Report was that U.F.O.s were a nonsense (nonscience) matter, to be debunked at all costs,” Hynek wrote. “It made the subject of U.F.O.s scientifically unrespectable.”

Hynek, the former U.F.O. skeptic, eventually concluded that they were a real phenomenon in dire need of scientific attention, with hundreds of cases in the Blue Book files still unexplained. Even many of the “closed” cases were resolved with ridiculous, often infuriating explanations, sometimes by Hynek himself.

“The entire Blue Book operation was a foul-up based on the categorical premise that the incredible things reported could not possibly have any basis in fact,” he wrote in the 1970s, when he was finally free to speak the truth.

When Blue Book closed in late 1969, the Air Force flatly lied to the American people, issuing a fact sheet claiming that no U.F.O. had ever been a threat to national security; that U.F.O.s did not represent “technological developments or principles beyond the range of present day scientific knowledge”; and that there was no evidence that they were “extraterrestrial vehicles.”

(Just a few years earlier, in 1967, a glowing red oval-shaped object hovered over Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana, and all 10 of the facility’s underground nuclear missiles became disabled almost simultaneously while the U.F.O. was present, according to interviews with witnesses and official government reports. Technicians could find no conventional explanation.)

But whatever the Air Force told the public, it didn’t actually stop investigating U.F.O.s. A once-classified memo, issued secretly in October 1969, a few months before the termination of Blue Book, revealed that regulations were already in place to investigate U.F.O. reports that were “not part of the Blue Book system.” The memo, written by Carroll H. Bolender, an Air Force brigadier general, went on to say that “reports of U.F.O.s which could affect national security would continue to be handled through the standard Air Force procedures designed for this purpose.”

Clearly, government agencies continued to have some level of involvement in U.F.O. investigations in the decades following — and to the present. Despite government statements to the contrary, once-secret official documents include detailed reports of dramatic U.F.O. events abroad. Many cases at home were not investigated, including a 2006 event in which a disc-shaped object hovered over O’Hare Airport for more than five minutes and shot straight up through the clouds at an incredible speed.

Our reporting in 2017, which led to briefings for members of Congressional committees, showed that not much has changed since the close of Project Blue Book.

Scientists may know more about the behavior and characteristics of U.F.O.s and are closer to understanding the physics of how the technology operates, according to A.A.T.I.P. documents and interviews. But the government still makes every attempt to keep investigations and conclusions secret, while denying any involvement to American citizens.

{ https://www.nytimes.com/ }

01-05-2019 om 01:32 geschreven door peter  

It's Time to Get Serious About Asteroid Threats, NASA Chief Says

30-04-2019 om 23:46 geschreven door peter  

There's Basically 'No Chance' for Earth-Like Planets to Form an Atmosphere Around Hot Young Stars

30-04-2019 om 23:29 geschreven door peter  

Because, following a string of remarkable discoveries over the past two decades, the idea of alien life is not as far-fetched as it used to seem.

Discovery now seems inevitable and possibly imminent.

It's just chemistry

While life is a special kind of complex chemistry, the elements involved are nothing special: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and so on are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Complex organic chemistry is surprisingly common.

Amino acids, just like those that make up every protein in our bodies, have been found in the tails of comets. There are other organic compounds in Martian soil.

And 6,500 light years away a giant cloud of space alcohol floats among the stars.

Habitable planets seem to be common too. The first planet beyond our Solar System was discovered in 1995. Since then astronomers have catalogued thousands.

Based on this catalogue, astronomers from the University of California, Berkeley worked out there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized exoplanets in the so-called "habitable zone" around their star, where temperatures are mild enough for liquid water to exist on the surface.

There's even a potentially Earth-like world orbiting our nearest neighbouring star, Proxima Centauri. At just four light years away, that system might be close enough for us to reach using current technology. With the Breakthrough Starshot project launched by Stephen Hawking in 2016, plans for this are already afoot.

Life is robust

It seems inevitable other life is out there, especially considering that life appeared on Earth so soon after the planet was formed.

The oldest fossils ever found here are 3.5 billion years old, while clues in our DNA suggest life could have started as far back as 4 billion years ago, just when giant asteroids stopped crashing into the surface.

Our planet was inhabited as soon as it was habitable – and the definition of "habitable" has proven to be a rather flexible concept too.

Life survives in all manner of environments that seem hellish to us:

• floating on a lake of sulphuric acid
• inside barrels of nuclear waste
• in water superheated to 122 degrees
• in the wastelands of Antarctica
• in rocks five kilometres below ground.

Tantalisingly, some of these conditions seem to be duplicated elsewhere in the Solar System.

Snippets of promise

Mars was once warm and wet, and was probably a fertile ground for life before the Earth.

Today, Mars still has liquid water underground. One gas strongly associated with life on Earth, methane, has already been found in the Martian atmosphere, and at levels that mysteriously rise and fall with the seasons. (However, the methane result is under debate, with one Mars orbiter recently confirming the methane detection and another detecting nothing.)

Martian bugs might turn up as soon as 2021 when the ExoMars rover Rosalind Franklin will hunt for them with a two-metre drill.

Besides Earth and Mars, at least two other places in our Solar System might be inhabited. Jupiter's moon Europa and Saturn's moon Enceladus are both frozen ice worlds, but the gravity of their colossal planets is enough to churn up their insides, melting water to create vast subglacial seas.

In 2017, specialists in sea ice from the University of Tasmania concluded that some Antarctic microbes could feasibly survive on these worlds. Both Europa and Enceladus have undersea hydrothermal vents, just like those on Earth where life may have originated.

When a NASA probe tasted the material geysered into space out of Enceladus last June it found large organic molecules. Possibly there was something living among the spray; the probe just didn't have the right tools to detect it.

Russian billionaire Yuri Milner has been so enthused by this prospect, he wants to help fund a return mission.

A second genesis?

A discovery, if it came, could turn the world of biology upside down.

All life on Earth is related, descended ultimately from the first living cell to emerge some 4 billion years ago.

Bacteria, fungus, cacti and cockroaches are all our cousins and we all share the same basic molecular machinery: DNA that makes RNA, and RNA that makes protein.

A second sample of life, though, might represent a "second genesis" – totally unrelated to us. Perhaps it would use a different coding system in its DNA. Or it might not have DNA at all, but some other method of passing on genetic information.

By studying a second example of life, we could begin to figure out which parts of the machinery of life are universal, and which are just the particular accidents of our primordial soup.

Perhaps amino acids are always used as essential building blocks, perhaps not.

We might even be able to work out some universal laws of biology, the same way we have for physics – not to mention new angles on the question of the origin of life itself.

A second independent "tree of life" would mean that the rapid appearance of life on Earth was no fluke; life must abound in the universe.

It would greatly increase the chances that, somewhere among those billions of habitable planets in our galaxy, there could be something we could talk to.

Perhaps life is infectious

If, on the other hand, the discovered microbes were indeed related to us that would be a bombshell of a different kind: it would mean life is infectious.

When a large meteorite hits a planet, the impact can splash pulverised rock right out into space, and this rock can then fall onto other planets as meteorites.

Life from Earth has probably already been taken to other planets – perhaps even to the moons of Saturn and Jupiter. Microbes might well survive the trip.

In 1969, Apollo 12 astronauts retrieved an old probe that had sat on the Moon for three years in extreme cold and vacuum – there were viable bacteria still inside.

As Mars was probably habitable before Earth, it's possible life originated there before hitchhiking on a space rock to here. Perhaps we're all Martians.

Even if we never find other life in our Solar System, we might still detect it on any one of thousands of known exoplanets.

It is already possible to look at starlight filtered through an exoplanet and tell something about the composition of its atmosphere; an abundance of oxygen could be a telltale sign of life.

A testable hypothesis

The James Webb Space Telescope, planned for a 2021 launch, will be able to take these measurements for some of the Earth-like worlds already discovered.

Just a few years later will come space-based telescopes that will take pictures of these planets directly.

Using a trick a bit like the sun visor in your car, planet-snapping telescopes will be paired with giant parasols called starshades that will fly in tandem 50,000 kilometres away in just the right spot to block the blinding light of the star, allowing the faint speck of a planet to be captured.

The colour and the variability of that point of light could tell us the length of the planet's day, whether it has seasons, whether it has clouds, whether it has oceans, possibly even the colour of its plants.

The ancient question "Are we alone?" has graduated from being a philosophical musing to a testable hypothesis. We should be prepared for an answer.

• This article is an edited extract from an essay, "The search for ET", in The New Disruptors, the 64th edition of Griffith Review.
• Cathal D. O'Connell, Researcher and Centre Manager, BioFab3D (St Vincent's Hospital), University of Melbourne.
• This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

{ https://www.sciencealert.com/ }

30-04-2019 om 22:45 geschreven door peter  

Everything really is bigger in Texas! Incredible time lapse video shows HUGE 'mothership' supercell thunderstorm cloud hovering over Amarillo

• Video footage shot on Saturday in Texas shows supercell cloud looming over Amarillo
• The time lapse video shows what appears to be a large cloud formed in the shape of a disc slowly glide across the sky like a spaceship 
• Supercell storms violent thunderstorms which can produce hail stones that are bigger than baseballs in addition to damaging winds and even tornadoes
• Supercells form thanks to updrafts of warm and moist air which rises and condenses as well as strong downdrafts 

By DAILYMAIL.COM REPORTER

Incredible video footage from Saturday shows a ‘mothership’ supercell cloud over Amarillo, Texas.

The time lapse video shows what appears to be a large cloud formed in the shape of a disc slowly glide across the sky like a spaceship.

‘This high-based, beauty of a storm was long tracked, making its way across the Panhandle for several hours,’ the person who filmed the cloud told Newsflare.

‘It created hype among the cities & towns it passed near, flooding social media with its majestic form.

Incredible video footage shows a ‘mothership’ supercell cloud over Amarillo, Texas, on Saturday

The slow-moving cloud hovered over the surface of the earth like a spaceship

‘This high-based, beauty of a storm was long tracked, making its way across the Panhandle for several hours,’ the person who filmed the cloud told Newsflare

‘I decided to get a quick time lapse of the cell as it approached, making sure the quality was as crisp as possible.’

Supercell storms are thunderstorms that are not that common, yet they are potentially the most violent.

These storms can produce hail stones that are bigger than baseballs in addition to damaging winds and even tornadoes.

Supercells form thanks to updrafts of warm and moist air which rises and condenses as well as strong downdrafts.

Warm, most air pushes upward and is rotated by strong winds.

There are three simplified thunderstorm types: the single-cell, the multicell and the supercell.

Of these, the multicell is the most common.

A supercell thunderstorm is a special storm type which maintains an intense steady-state for many hours.

Supercell storms are thunderstorms that are the least common, yet are potentially the most violent

Social media users also posted images of the supercell cloud over the weekend

This image filmed from a distance shows the cloud from another angle. Massive storm systems like this center on mesocyclones - rotating updrafts that deliver torrential rain and high winds

They are a fascinating but dangerous cloud complex.

Massive storm systems like this center on mesocyclones - rotating updrafts that deliver torrential rain and high winds.

Known as the 'mother of tornadoes', a mesocyclone can be up to six miles wide and can produce as many as 60 tornadoes.

These severe thunderstorms form where cold dry air meets warm moist tropical air.

The wind coming into the storm starts to swirl and forms a funnel.

The air in the funnel spins faster and faster and creates a very low pressure area which sucks more air - and objects - into it.

If the cyclone runs out of wet, warm surface air, it dies out.

If it does not run out of this fuel, however, the rotating cloud stretches toward the ground and may become a giant tornado. 

ALREADY IN 2013 :

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

30-04-2019 om 22:19 geschreven door peter  

Ocean of magma blasted into space may explain how the moon formed

BY TIBI PUIU 

A snapshot from a recent lunar formation model. The red points indicate material from the ocean of magma while blue dots represent material from the impactor.

Credit: Hosono, Karato, Makino, and Saitoh.

For decades, physicists have been trying to solve the mystery of the moon’s formation. Although several plausible models have been proposed, none stood out as particularly satisfying — until now. In a new study, researchers claim that our planet’s only natural satellite formed following the impact with a Mars-sized planet that ejected liquid magma from the surface of the early Earth into space. This magma solidified, along with a small proportion of the impactor’s material, to form the moon as we know it today.

Magma may be key to the moon’s formation

Most modern lunar formation models can at least agree on one thing — that the Earth formed around 4.5 billion years with the moon joining the system shortly after two protoplanets collided violently. The “Giant Impact Hypothesis” explains many features that we see today in the Earth and moon, such as their relative sizes and rotation rates. But it has a big shortcoming that flaws the whole model — the moon’s chemical composition.

We now know that most bodies in the solar system have unique chemical compositions, and so should the moon. However, lunar rocks brought home during the Apollo missions show that their isotopic fingerprint is almost identical to that of minerals from Earth.

In order to account for this major inconsistency, researchers have devised all sorts of alternative models. One of the most extravagant models proposed by physicists at the University of California, Davis and Harvard University claims that the ancestral collision turned early Earth into a giant planetary-sized donut made of vaporized rock called a “Synestia” (from “syn-,” “together” and “Hestia,” Greek goddess of architecture and structures). According to this theory, chunks of molten rock which were ejected into orbit following the impact formed the seed for the moon. Synestias likely don’t last long — not more than a couple hundred years — because they can’t sustain their heat, shrinking rapidly and finally collapsing into a molten planet. And while the Earth-synestia gradually shrank, vaporized silicate rock rained into the proto-moon, which explains how the moon inherited its composition from Earth. Another model suggests that the planet that collided into proto-Earth was rapidly spinning. Both models are plausible but unlikely. They simply involved too many “ifs”.

By comparison, the new model proposed by scientists at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology in Yokohama and Yale University sounds closer to reality.

The researchers claim that shortly after the Earth formed, it was covered by a sea of hot magma, while the impacting object was likely made of solid material. The team performed a computer simulation showing that the impact would have heated the magma much more than solids from the impacting object. According to this simulation, the magma expands in volume and shoots into orbit to form the moon, explaining why there is much more Earth material in the lunar makeup. Even a glancing blow from the impactor would have been enough to knock more than 70% of the moon-forming debris from the magma ocean.

“In our model, about 80% of the moon is made of proto-Earth materials,” said co-author, Shun-ichiro Karato, a Yale geophysicist. “In most of the previous models, about 80% of the moon is made of the impactor. This is a big difference.”

This new model confirms previous theories about how the moon formed, without the need to propose unconventional collision conditions — but it’s not the final word on the matter either. The Japanese researchers found that the amount of debris from the impact was comparable to the current mass of the moon. Previous work, however, suggests that debris should equal about three to four times the moon’s mass. In the future, the researchers will tweak other variables such as the mass of the impactor and its rotation to see if the amount of generated debris is a better fit.

• The findings appeared in the journal Nature Geoscience. 

{ https://www.zmescience.com/ }

30-04-2019 om 22:03 geschreven door peter  

Pluto de (dwerg)planeet: astronomen en IAU debatteren over lot van het hemellichaam - HLN.be

Pluto was tot het jaar 2006 de negende planeet van ons zonnestelsel. De planeet is - sinds de ontdekking ervan in 1930 - wel altijd een buitenbeentje geweest omdat Pluto veel kleiner was dan de acht andere planeten. Mercurius, Venus, de Aarde, Mars, Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus en Neptunus vervolledigden het lijstje van planeten die rondjes rond de zon draaien.
Al bleef Pluto gewoon rondjes rond de zon draaien, de Internationale Astronomische Unie besliste dertien jaar geleden dat de planeet niet langer voldeed aan alle drie de voorwaarden.

Lees ook

“Pluto misschien toch een volwaardige planeet”

(Lees verder onder de foto)

Wat is een planeet?

Over welke voorwaarden het dan gaat? De eerste voorwaarde werd hierboven reeds vermeld: een planeet draait in een baan rond de zon. Ten tweede is een planeet een object dat door zijn eigen zwaartekracht bolvormig is: een vinkje voor Pluto.

De derde voorwaarde was echter het breekpunt voor Pluto als planeet. Een planeet moet zich immers in een baan rond een ster bevinden waar het de omgeving van zijn eigen baan heeft schoongeveegd van andere objecten. Daar is Pluto jammer genoeg niet groot genoeg voor.

Nieuwe definitie

“Maar”, zegt planetair wetenschapper Alan Stern die NASA’s onbemande New Horizons-missie naar Pluto leidde, “er moet een nieuwe definitie gehanteerd worden om planeten te omschrijven.” De oppervlakte van Pluto bestaat immers uit valleien en andere complexe structuren zoals waterijs: stuk voor stuk geologische eigenschappen die meer lijken op die van een planeet dan die van een dwergplaneet.

Dwergplaneten

Bijna, maar net niet: dat is een dwergplaneet. De objecten die aan twee van de drie voorwaarden van een planeet voldoen, worden dwergplaneten genoemd. Dat zijn er voorlopig vijf in ons eigen zonnestelsel: Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Makemake en Haumea. Daarnaast zijn er nog twaalf kandidaat-dwergplaneten.

En Pluto wil zijn plaats maar wat graag afstaan, althans de astronomen die Pluto negen jaar lang bestudeerden tijdens de New Horizons-ruimtemissie. Aan de hand van wetenschappelijke gegevens afkomstig van die ruimtemissie hopen wetenschappers dat de discussie over de classificatie van Pluto vanavond voor eens en altijd zal stoppen.

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

30-04-2019 om 19:02 geschreven door peter  

“Nooit eerder vertoond”: wetenschappers ontdekken zwart gat dat plasmagas sproeit - HLN.be

Bron: anp

V404 Cygni werd voor het eerst waargenomen als een zwart gat in 1989. Net als veel zwarte gaten voedt deze zich ook met een ster in de buurt door er gas van te onttrekken. Daardoor vormt zich een schijf van materiaal rond het gat. Ook worden er zogenoemde jets, straalstromen van energie en materie, gelanceerd vanuit een gebied vlakbij het zwarte gat.

Lees ook

Historisch: dit is de eerste foto van een zwart gat

De onderzoekers vermoeden dat bij dit zwarte gat de schijf en het zwarte gat niet goed zijn uitgelijnd. Daardoor wiebelt het binnenste gedeelte van de schijf als een “goedkope speelgoedtol”. Het gevolg is dat de jets verschillende kanten opschieten. “En de jets veranderden in minder dan een paar uur van richting. Zoiets is nog nooit vertoond”, aldus hoofdonderzoeker James Miller-Jones.

Observatie

De onderzoekers observeerden het zwarte gat twee weken lang in juni 2015. Ze gebruikten daarvoor de Very Long Baseline Array, tien radiotelescopen in de Verenigde Staten, op de Maagdeneilanden en op Hawaï. Normaal gesproken maken die telescopen één samengestelde afbeelding in vier uur. Maar omdat de jets binnen een paar uur van richting veranderden, was op de samengestelde beelden alleen een waas te zien. Daarop besloten de onderzoekers om 103 losse beelden met een korte sluitertijd in een filmpje te zetten. Daardoor zagen ze het zwarte gat wiebelen en de jets alle kanten op schieten. 

De onderzoekers vermoeden dat er meer wiebelende zwarte gaten zijn.

Het International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) maakte een video waarin het opmerkelijke fenomeen te zien is:

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30-04-2019 om 18:55 geschreven door peter  

Noorse vissers aangevallen door witte dolfijn met harnas: “Mogelijk getraind door Russische marine” -- HLN.be

Bron: NRK

De vissers merkten de witte dolfijn of beloega voor het eerst op in de buurt van het dorp Inga in het uiterste noorden van Noorwegen, niet ver van de Russische grens. “We wilden onze netten uitgooien toen we de dolfijn tussen onze boten zagen zwemmen”, vertelt visser Joar Hesten aan de Noorse zender NRK. “Hij kwam op ons af, en het was pas toen dat we zagen dat hij een soort harnas aan had.”

Lees ook

“Russen trainen witte dolfijnen voor militaire doeleinden”: Deze dieren deden het hen al voor

Het dier bleef de hele tijd de boot volgen en toonde duidelijk weinig angst voor de marinebiologen die ter plaatse kwamen om poolshoogte te nemen. De dolfijn bleef de boten benaderen en hapte naar touwen en kabels om er aan te trekken. 

Noorse experts denken nu dat het harnas bedoeld was om er een camera of mogelijk zelfs wapens op te bevestigen en vermoeden dat het dier militair getraind is. De Russische marinebasis van Moermansk ligt niet ver van de andere kant van de grens. De inscriptie ‘Eigendom van Sint-Petersburg’ lijkt de Noorse theorie alleen maar te bevestigen. “Als de dolfijn uit Rusland komt - en we hebben alle redenen om dat aan te nemen - is hij wellicht niet voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek getraind, maar voor het leger”, zei ook Martin Biuw van het Noorse Instituut voor Marineonderzoek aan NRK.

Samuli Haapala@SamuHaa

Tromsø läheltä norjalaiset kalastajat vapauttivat maitovalaan valjaista joissa teksti: "Equipment of St. Petersburg". Epäily että karannut Murmanskin laivastotukikohdasta #sotavalas #turpo

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3:45 PM - Apr 27, 2019

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Onderwatermijnen

Dolfijnen en zeehonden worden al langer militair ingezet, onderzoek daarnaar startte al tijdens de Koude Oorlog. De Verenigde Staten gebruiken bijvoorbeeld dolfijnen bij zoekacties op zee of bij het lokaliseren van onderwatermijnen. De dieren hebben een bijzonder goed zicht, zijn snel en wendbaar en hebben een goed geheugen. Rusland zou zijn onderzoeksprogramma in de jaren 90 stopgezet hebben, maar zette er de laatste jaren opnieuw op in.

In een reportage uit 2017 legde het Russische ministerie van Defensie zelf uit dat het opnieuw testen aan het doen was met beloega’s, dolfijnen en zeehonden. Tegelijkertijd liet president Poetin drie oude Sovjet-bases aan de Arctische kust heropenen. Volgens de documentaire werden de dieren getraind om de toegangen tot de marinebases te bewaken, maar konden ze ook mijnen zoeken, objecten optillen van de zeebodem en voorwerpen vervoeren. 

De testen wezen overigens uit dat de witte dolfijnen niet bijster geschikt waren voor alle trainingsopdrachten. “Velen van hen werden ziek na de lange opdrachten in de koude polaire wateren”, aldus de Russische documentaire. Zeehonden bleken uiteindelijk effectiever te zijn, en de dieren waren ook beter in het uitvoeren van mondelinge commando’s. “Zeehonden kunnen actief samenwerken met duikers: ze kunnen voorwerpen aangeven of wegbrengen en ze herkennen ‘hun’ duiker in een groep anderen. Met een speciaal commando kunnen ze de toegang blokkeren voor andere duikers en hen zelfs proberen te doden.”

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

30-04-2019 om 18:50 geschreven door peter  

30-04-2019 om 18:33 geschreven door peter  

Residents of several small U.S. cities throughout America’s west and Midwest were stunned this week when a state-of-the-art Russian spy plane appeared overhead. “Did you spot the Russian ‘spy’ plane yesterday?” asked the Sandhills Express before answering its own question with “don’t worry, because it wasn’t really spying at all!” It turns out it was spying, though – just the legal, agreed-upon kind.

In March 2019, another Russian spy plane flew over some of America’s most secretive and mysterious research installations including the infamous Area 51. While foreign surveillance missions flying through the nation’s most sensitive airspace may sound suspicious, it turns out the flights are part of what’s known as the Open Skies Treaty, an international agreement which allows nations to routinely observe one another’s military activities and facilities from directly overhead.

A Russian Tu-154M

This latest aircraft was a new, specially outfitted Tupolev Tu-214 designed specifically for these types of Open Skies flights. The Russian reconnaissance craft flew over West Texas, New Mexico, and Colorado, flying over Fort Bliss, Fort Riley, McConnell Air Force Base, Vance Air Force Base, Sheppard Air Force Base, and Dyess Air Force Base. Fort Bliss, in particular, is home to the U.S. Army’s Terminal High Altitude Air Defense (THAAD) ballistic missile defense batteries.

Aside from military bases, the aircraft’s flight took it over White Sands Missile Range, Sandia and Los Alamos National Laboratories, and the Pueblo Chemical Depot in the process. These sites are home of some of the U.S. military industrial complex’s most secretive and advanced research into fields such as directed energy weapons, aircraft countermeasures, and radar signature research. What were they looking for up there?

While these types of flights are sure to raise alarms, we can all be sure of one thing: the really good stuff isn’t being kept out in the open in hangars marked with the insignia of the U.S. armed Forces. That stuff is kept in salt mines, deep subterranean bunkers, or Las Vegas hangars owned by private aerospace firms. Furthermore, according to a press release issued by the Russian Ministry of Defense, American observers were aboard these Open Skies flight to ensure the Russians saw only what we wanted them to.

Which makes you wonder: with how advanced and ubiquitous surveillance satellites are these days, what not just spy from space? What is the real need for these Open Skies Treaty flights in the space age?

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

30-04-2019 om 16:02 geschreven door peter  

Everyone’s favorite 60-sided balls have been found in the interstellar space between stars. While the finding may not be Nobel Prize-worthy like the discovery of the original 60-atom molecules also known as Buckminsterfullerene, it’s significant in helping to identify what’s in the mysterious medium between stars and what else it might hold. Does this mean extraterrestrials play soccer (OK, football)?

“Combined with prior, ground-based observations … our Hubble Space Telescope spectra place the detection of interstellar [buckminsterfullerene] beyond reasonable doubt.”

It wasn’t as easy as it sounds in that simple explanation from the article announcing the discovery in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. Physicist Martin Cordiner of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center led the research, which began with using the Hubble Telescope’s Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) to examine the interstellar medium (ISM) between them. ISM is made of diverse absorption bands of extremely diffuse and relatively unknown matter (also called diffuse interstellar bands or DIB) that are visible in spectra ranging from visible light to near infra-red. Scientists have previously been able to determine they’re not made of stellar matter but they’ve only been able to detect molecule composed of three atoms. However, a two-year observation (2016 to 2018) of the ionization of light as it passed through the ISM led to an unexpected HUGE discovery.

A buckyball or Buckminsterfullerene is a fullerene (a form or carbon) composed of 60 carbon atoms in a round structure made of twenty hexagons and twelve pentagons (causing it to resemble a soccer ball) with a carbon atom at each vertex of each polygon. That shape also resembles a geodesic dome, which is why its discovers in 1985 named it after architect and futurist Buckminster Fuller, who popularized it in many of his architectural designs. In case you missed it, a buckyball is composed of 60 atoms – that’s 57 more than the biggest atoms found in interstellar matter to date.

“Currently, the leading theory is that they form as a result of carbon chemistry in the warm envelopes of dying stars, such as Red giants.”

When asked by Forbes how the buckyballs got there, Cordiner waxed poetic about the “warm envelopes of dying stars” – the residue left after a Red giant star exhausts its supply of hydrogen and carbon atoms are pushed to its surface in a process called a dredge-up, allowing them to appear in its spectrum. It seems natural rather than accidental that at least some of these carbon molecules would be the complex Buckminsterfullerenes – and now there’s proof.

“The confirmation of interstellar [buckminsterfullerene] represents a breakthrough in our understanding of chemical complexity in the diffuse interstellar medium [..] bringing a new understanding of the types of molecules that may be responsible for the remaining (unidentified) diffuse interstellar bands.”

What does all of this mean? For now, it confirms that what looks like a void between stars is actually teeming with large molecules in diffuse interstellar bands. While not as entertaining as diffuse heavy metal bands, finding buckyballs in-between stars is still a big deal.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

30-04-2019 om 15:52 geschreven door peter  

Since the dawn of warfare as we know it today, humans have been using animals as tools of war. Elephants, horses, and other pack animals have been used to carry loads for thousands of years, while fiercer predators like dogs and lions have at times been used to inflict damage on enemies. Later, as human communication media shrank in the early 20th century, we began using animals like pigeons or dogs to carry messages for us through areas where human soldiers could not travel. Given that animals have always been an integral part of human existence, it’s natural they would be a part of warfare, too

More recently, there have been allegations that some nations have previously used or are still using animals as spies. Dolphins, in particular, have indeed been used for bomb detection and marine reconnaissance thanks to their high degree of intelligence and cooperation with humans.

Soviet Navy training a dolphin in the port of Sevastopol.

While this particular use of dolphins has stayed relatively obscure, a new report published by The Guardian this week highlights the military use of aquatic mammals – this time whales – and may suggest that some of them may have gotten loose of their training grounds or were turned loose into the ocean years ago. What would happen if these highly-trained animals did indeed escape back into the wild? Isn’t this how the Planet of the Apes reboot started?

According to The Guardian, fisherman in the small Norwegian fishing village of Inga have in recent weeks been harassed by a mysterious white beluga whale wearing an unidentified harness or apparatus of some kind. The whale reportedly attacks the fishermen’s boats, rubbing itself against their boats in an attempt to remove the strange harness attached to it. The fishermen claim the whale appears to deliberately seek out their boats before engaging in the anomalous behavior. 

Beluga whale

The harness the whale wears appears to have been made to carry a camera or some other type of equipment – or maybe a weapon. Pictures posted by Norwegian news site NRK show a strange metal object recovered with the harness, which was eventually cut off by fishermen. To make things stranger, some fishermen have even gotten close enough to inspect the harness device the whale is wearing and say it bears the words “Equipment” and “St. Petersburg.” Norwegian biologists have contacted marine biology laboratories in Russia for answers, but all of them seem to want to point the finger at the Russian Navy and deny all knowledge.

As it turns out, Russia’s Navy along with the Murmansk Sea Biology Research Institute carried out a research program during the height of the Cold War which attempted to train beluga whales to guard entrances to ports or underwater bases and attack any intruders who came close. Could this be one of those long-lost whales?

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

30-04-2019 om 15:44 geschreven door peter  

David Bowie may have inspired many dreams and plans to search for life on Mars, but it appears Russia has been listening to a Lady Gaga songs and are preparing to build a Rocket #9 to take off to the planet Venus where a cosmonaut or robotic equivalent will ask the Goddess of love or some other life form to please take me to your leader. Lady Gaga can do that? Well, yes, plus a new look at old television photos from Russia’s past Venus missions which have convinced scientists that they’re looking at evidence of life on the cloudy planet. Is it wearing a seashell bikini?

“This conclusion follows from the results of the processing of archival data of a television (TV) experiment performed on the surface of Venus during the Soviet missions “Venus” in 1975-1982. One of the main was a TV experiment to study the surface of the planet. In situ tv study the surface of Venus remains an experiment, still not repeated. Unique archival data were processed using new methods, which significantly improved their detail. As a result of a new analysis of TV images obtained in the Venus missions, up to 18 hypothetically living objects were discovered.”

Model of a Venera lander

The Soviet Union’s Venera (Venus) space program sent eight missions to its namesake, each orbiting the planet and dropping a lander, most of which made it to the surface intact and sent back data and black-and-white “television” pictures before the intense heat destroyed them. Analysis of those pictures was limited to the technology and knowledge of the time, which seems to be why they were set aside for decades until researchers from the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences like Leonid Ksanfomaliti picked them up again and took a more modern look. What they saw in those photos, according to their study published in the journal “Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk,” has them excited about new missions.

“The contours of these objects resemble those of earthly creatures, such as those of a lizard, a scorpion and a mushroom. The supposed life forms changed their location in the different images, had remarkable sizes and differed from the surrounding geological formations.”

“Pareidolia!”, not “Aliens!”, is the obvious response to this from those who have seen images from the Moon, Mars and other planets that look like animals and vegetables but turn out to be minerals. However, the study’s authors propose an alternative hypothesis based on the drastic differences between these objects and their immediate surroundings.

“Objects have a noticeable size and may indicate the existence of life on Venus in physical conditions that are radically different from those on earth. Earth life is based on the aquatic environment. At temperatures of 460 degrees C water cannot exist in liquid form at the landing sites of the landing vehicles.”

Depiction of a Venera lander on Venus

In other words, Venus is one of those places where life won’t look like life on Earth because of its chemical mix and lack of water. Despite the fact that the objects in the photos resemble Earth creatures and plants, they say the next missions should throw out all preconceived notions (and pareidolian assumptions) and look for something completely different (perhaps they can get Monty Python to consult).

So, it’s not the shape so much as the movements which have these scientists excited about the possibility of life on Venus. Future missions (Russia is planning one as soon as 2025) should look for a large plain to drop the lander in, test for non-carbon (nitrogen perhaps) forms of life and watch for movement.

Sounds exciting, although giant mushroom-eating scorpions would make a better song or movie.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

30-04-2019 om 15:31 geschreven door peter  

What If A Mega-Tsunami Hit The East Coast Of The United States?

• Michael Snyder is the publisher of The Economic Collapse Blog, The American Dream Blog and The Truth. You can follow him on Twitter right here

Someday a giant meteor will slam into the Atlantic Ocean, and the colossal tsunami that is produced will wipe out most of the people that are living along the east coast.  In 1998, a big Hollywood movie entitled “Deep Impact” imagined what such an event would look like, and scientists assure us that it is just a matter of time before it takes place.  And since 39 percent of all Americans live in a county that directly borders a shoreline, we are in an extremely vulnerable position.  Let’s just hope that what I am talking about in this article does not happen any time soon.

Earlier today I was scrolling through my Facebook feed, and I came across a video entitled “What If A Mega-Tsunami Hit The United States”.

If you know me well, then you probably know that this is a hot button issue for me, and so it definitely got my attention.

And it must be a hot button issue for a lot of other people as well, because it has already been viewed more than 3.5 million times.

I did some digging around, and I found an accompanying article for the video.  According to that article, someday a wall of water 3000 feet high could come racing toward us at 620 miles per hour…

In six hours, you, your government, and 124 million other people across 14 states will be tested by the greatest disaster to ever hit the U.S. East Coast. A great wave, 1000 meters tall (3280 ft.), moving towards you at 1000 km/h (620 mph), and that’s only the beginning.

Boston, New York, Philly, D.C., Miami. All underwater. And you?

Of course the size of the tsunami would all depend upon the size of the event that caused it.

According to scientists at the University of California at Santa Cruz, if a giant meteor suddenly slammed into the Atlantic Ocean it could potentially create a tsunami with a wall of water as high as 400 feet…

If an asteroid crashes into the Earth, it is likely to splash down somewhere in the oceans that cover 70 percent of the planet’s surface. Huge tsunami waves, spreading out from the impact site like the ripples from a rock tossed into a pond, would inundate heavily populated coastal areas. A computer simulation of an asteroid impact tsunami developed by scientists at the University of California, Santa Cruz, shows waves as high as 400 feet sweeping onto the Atlantic Coast of the United States.

Either way, we are talking about death and destruction on a scale that is hard to imagine.

Once a meteor hit, there would be a race against time to get away from the massive wall of water rapidly approaching the east coast.  The creators of the Facebook video that I just mentioned envision that everyone would have “6 hours of advance notice”…

The death toll would be staggering; the economic impact, easily costing billions, if not trillions of dollars. It will take decades to rebuild, and yet, is it wrong to suggest that we might’ve gotten off easy?

How much worse would it have been without the 6 hours of advance notice? That’s right, you owe a big thank you to these supersmart buoys monitoring the coast, keeping you safe and dry, so that you can rest easy, and keep watching ‘What If.’

Sadly, the truth is that we would probably get very little warning.  For example, if a giant meteor were to splash down near Puerto Rico, the amount of time before impact would be extremely limited.  You could try to get in your car and outrace the wall of water coming at you at 620 miles per hour, but of course the highways would be jammed with other people trying to get out as well.

In a worst case scenario, tens of millions of people would die, and all of our east coast cities would essentially be destroyed.

You may not spend much time thinking about such a thing, but I find it very interesting that NASA is currently simulating a similar scenario…

NASA is going to be using a simulation of an “asteroid apocalypse” in order to help the space agency prepare for the cataclysmic event. And they are taking it seriously, as disaster planners from FEMA will join NASA for a dress rehearsal of doomsday.

International partners, including the European Space Agency (ESA), will also be a part of the simulation. The drill is said to be a “tabletop exercise” that will simulate just how a planetary asteroid emergency would play out in real time.

And NASA has good reason to be concerned, because our planet is apparently “in the midst of an epic asteroid surge”…

NASA’s been running these simulations for years, and with good reason: Earth, as it happens, is in the midst of an epic asteroid surge compared to the relative peace and quiet the planet experienced many millions of years ago.

When unexpected space rocks do appear on our scopes, sometimes we only get hours’ notice of their existence before they streak past. While the chances of a catastrophic impact are exceedingly slim, we’re nonetheless unprepared for surprise asteroid strikes, which is why NASA is continually working on plans to help improve our NEO detection and mitigation capabilities.

We truly do live in very strange times, and they are going to get a whole lot stranger.

A single moment in time can change everything.  Most people assume that NASA knows about all of the big rocks that could potentially slam into our planet, but that is not true at all.  According to one estimate, approximately 17,000 large near-Earth objects remain undetected.  But since they are “undetected”, the truth is that nobody knows the real number.

Meteors go whizzing by us all the time, and NASA doesn’t discover a lot of them until they are already past us.

In reality, we are sitting ducks, and someday our luck will finally run out.

• About the author: Michael Snyder is a nationally-syndicated writer, media personality and political activist. He is the author of four books including Get Prepared Now, The Beginning Of The End and Living A Life That Really Matters. His articles are originally published on The Economic Collapse Blog, End Of The American Dream and The Most Important News. From there, his articles are republished on dozens of other prominent websites. If you would like to republish his articles, please feel free to do so. The more people that see this information the better, and we need to wake more people up while there is still time.

Michael Snyder is the publisher of The Economic Collapse Blog, The American Dream Blog and The Truth. You can follow him on Twitter right here

Source: 

• http://endoftheamericandream.com/archives/what-if-a-mega-tsunami-hit-the-east-coast-of-the-united-states

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30-04-2019 om 15:03 geschreven door peter  

High Level Security Officers Overheard Discussing Alien Presence, They're Here

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/v3/ }

30-04-2019 om 14:33 geschreven door peter  

Star Made from a Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy

Stars retain the materials of their birthplace. Some stars are made of the residue of material from dwarf galaxies passing larger galaxies.

Small stellar systems like dwarf galaxies are suggested to be the main building blocks of our Galaxy. However, it is unclear how many and what kind of stars in our Galaxy are originated from satellite dwarf galaxies.

This is a star accreted from a disrupted dwarf galaxy.

Credit: Chinese National Astronomy

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/v3/ }

30-04-2019 om 14:28 geschreven door peter