A Family of Comets Reopens the Debate about the Origin of Earth’s Water

Where did the Earth’s water come from? Although comets, with their icy nuclei, seem like ideal candidates, analyses have so far shown that their water differs from that in our oceans.

 Now, however, an international team, bringing together CNRS researchers at the Laboratory for Studies of Radiation and Matter in Astrophysics and Atmospheres (Paris Observatory – PSL/CNRS/ Sorbonne University/University of Cergy-Pontoise) and the Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (Paris Observatory – PSL/CNRS/Sorbonne University/University of Paris), has found that one family of comets, the hyperactive comets, contains water similar to terrestrial water. 

 

The comet 46P/Wirtanen on January 3, 2019.

Credit:  © Nicolas Biver

The study, published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics on May 20, 2019, is based in particular on measurements of comet 46P/Wirtanen carried out by SOFIA, NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy.

According to the standard theory, the Earth is thought to have formed from the collision of small celestial bodies known as planetesimals. Since such bodies were poor in water, Earth’s water must have been delivered either by a larger planetesimal or by a shower of smaller objects such as asteroids or comets.

To trace the source of terrestrial water, researchers study isotopic ratios1, and in particular the ratio in water of deuterium to hydrogen, known as the D/H ratio (deuterium is a heavier form of hydrogen). As a comet approaches the Sun, its ice sublimes2, forming an atmosphere of water vapour that can be analysed remotely. However, the D/H ratios of comets measured so far have generally been twice to three times that of ocean water, which implies that comets only delivered around 10% of the Earth’s water.

When comet 46P/Wirtanen approached the Earth in December 2018 it was analysed using the SOFIA airborne observatory, carried aboard a Boeing aircraft. This was the third comet found to exhibit the same D/H ratio as terrestrial water. Like the two previous comets, it belongs to the category of hyperactive comets which, as they approach the Sun, release more water than the surface area of their nucleus should allow. The excess is produced by ice-rich particles present in their atmosphere.

Intrigued, the researchers determined the active fraction (i.e. the fraction of the nucleus surface area required to produce the amount of water present in their atmosphere) of all comets with a known D/H ratio. They found that there was an inverse correlation between the active fraction and the D/H ratio of the water vapour: the more a comet tends towards hyperactivity (i.e. an active fraction exceeding 1), the more its D/H ratio decreases and approaches that of the Earth.

Scientists at work aboard a Boeing 747 SOFIA 

© Credit: Nicolas Baker/IRAP/NASA/CNRS Photothèque

Hyperactive comets, whose water vapour is partially derived from icy grains expelled into their atmosphere, thus have a D/H ratio similar to that of terrestrial water, unlike comets whose gas halo is produced only by surface ice. The researchers suggest that the D/H ratios measured in the atmosphere of the latter are not necessarily indicative of the ice present in their nucleus. If this hypothesis is correct, the water in all cometary nuclei may in fact be very similar to terrestrial water, reopening the debate on the origin of Earth’s oceans.

Contacts and sources:
CNRS

Citation: Terrestrial deuterium-to-hydrogen ratio in water in hyperactive comets.
Dariusz C. Lis, Dominique Bockelée-Morvan, Rolf Güsten, Nicolas Biver, Jürgen Stutzki, Yan Delorme, Carlos Durán, Helmut Wiesemeyer, Yoko Okada. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2019; 625: L5 DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201935554

Source:

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/v3/ }

02-06-2019 om 21:38 geschreven door peter  

Our Alien Moon: The Truth They Don't Want Us to Know!

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/v3/ }

02-06-2019 om 21:30 geschreven door peter  

A video shared on Twitter shows a bright UFO passing the Popocatépetl Volcano's crater.

Over the years, there have been countless UFO sightings and mysterious light flying across the Popocatépetl volcano.

Two well known UFO events are for example a brightly lit, cigar-shaped UFO appearing to plunge right into the top of Popocatepetl captured on November 6, 2012 and an unknown luminous flying object over the erupting volcano captured on December 19, 2000.

To see the bright UFO passing the Popocatépetl Volcano click on the Twitter link below.

https://twitter.com/UFOL3TA/status/1128229006489219073

AlienBabble@UFOL3TA

Huge UFO observed over Mexican volcano, Popocatepetl #alienbabble pic.twitter.com/84O9VEbtD3

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11:22 AM - May 14, 2019

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02-06-2019 om 21:18 geschreven door peter  

Chile Navy Record Proof That UFOs Make Clouds! Nov 11, 2014, Video, UFO Sighting News.

 

Date of sighting: Nov 11, 2014

Location of sighting: Chile

Source: Chilian Navy

Camera: Infrared

Most of the public around the world still is in the dark about an important fact about UFOs. That they can create clouds fast and easily to hide within. We all have seen fighter jets and passenger jets creating these clouds called contrails behind them, but have you ever seen a UFO do a similar trick? In this video taken in 2014 by the Chilean Navy as they follow a UFO we see some very important things that give us deep insight into the tech capabilities of UFOs.

1. They can make a thick and huge chem trail instantly, just as fighter jets do.

2. They can shoot out clouds from 4 or more directions to help hide its true shape and probably to make clouds to hide within. 

3. Infrared camcorders break through any cloaks and reveal any invisible craft in the sky. (Although invisible to the naked eye).

I don't believe the UFO was aware that the Navy craft was recording in infrared, revealing the alien ship. Otherwise the UFO would not have tried to distract the Navy craft by making a chem trail, which was meant to take the attention onto the cloud, and away from the UFO. Also the three facts that I cite above help UFO researchers worldwide. They are only three things, but it gives us three more facts that we didn't have earlier about identifying UFOs.  

A few more facts...from other cases I studied.
4. UFOs make holes though clouds when they move at high speeds. (O'Hare Airport case).
5. Holes in clouds made by UFOs can remain for up to 20 minutes after the event. (O'Hare Airport Case).

There are many more, but...lets save something for later.
Scott C. Waring

 

{ https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

02-06-2019 om 20:24 geschreven door peter  

Dark UFO Crossing Over UFO Over Poland, Warsaw, May 12, 2019, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: May 12, 2019

Location of sighing: Warsaw, Poland

 

This UFO was caught flying over a neighbourhood of Warsaw, Poland this week. The UFO has an odd shape of a layered square. It has no wings, strings, or anything that would indicates its anything other than a UFO. The eyewitness was Wolfik555 of Youtube and shows a half minute of this UFO crossing overhead. I also noticed there is a distorted field around it. This is often normally seen for real UFOs, due to the alien propulsion system causing a energy build up around it.

Scott C. Waring

{ https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

02-06-2019 om 20:19 geschreven door peter  

{ https://orionsunset.com/ }

02-06-2019 om 01:29 geschreven door peter  

Luis Elizondo in Annapolis, Md., on Dec. 7, 2017. 

Photo: Justin T. Gellerson/The New York Times via Redux

THE MEDIA LOVES THIS UFO EXPERT WHO SAYS HE WORKED FOR AN OBSCURE PENTAGON PROGRAM. DID HE?

Keith Kloor

ONE OF THE first images in the opening episode of the new History Channel show “Unidentified: Inside America’s UFO Investigation” is a 2017 headline from the New York Times projected on a flickering screen: “Glowing Auras and ‘Black Money’: The Pentagon’s Mysterious UFO Program.”

It’s the story that launched Luis Elizondo into the public eye, the article that “shocked the world,” the narrator of “Unidentified” declares, before continuing, “A clandestine U.S. government program had been investigating UFOs. For eight years, the secret program was run by this man, Lue Elizondo.” The camera then pans to a visual of the former military intelligence case officer in a darkened house peering out warily through half-drawn window shades.

It’s an odd scene. Is Elizondo on the lookout for aliens or a bad guy from his old spook life? Either way, the History Channel show, which premiered on Friday and is being promoted as “groundbreaking nonfiction,” goes on to follow Elizondo as he re-investigates strange UFO incidents he says he learned of when he was at the Pentagon running the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program, known as AATIP. It’s as if Agent Mulder had handed off his X-Files to another paranoid government agent, this one with a pug face and billy-goat beard. In the screener I saw for “Unidentified,” the narrator says that Elizondo quit the Pentagon because he was “frustrated by what he says was a cover-up.”

Whatever the truth about otherworldly UFOs (cue a collective eye-roll from scientists), there is one crucial detail missing from “Unidentified,” as well as from all the many stories that have quoted Elizondo since he outed himself nearly two years ago to a wide-eyed news media: There is no discernible evidence that he ever worked for a government UFO program, much less led one.

Yes, AATIP existed, and it “did pursue research and investigation into unidentified aerial phenomena,” Pentagon spokesperson Christopher Sherwood told me. However, he added: “Mr. Elizondo had no responsibilities with regard to the AATIP program while he worked in OUSDI [the Office of Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence], up until the time he resigned effective 10/4/2017.”

That directly contradicts an email sent by a spokesperson for To The Stars Academy of Arts & Science, a UFO research and entertainment company that Elizondo joined after he left the Defense Department.

There is no discernible evidence that Luis Elizondo ever worked for a government UFO program, much less led one.

The email was sent over a year ago by Kari DeLonge, a public relations representative for To the Stars, to John Greenewald, a UFO researcher who runs an online archive of Freedom of Information Act-obtained government documents on a website called the Black Vault. At the time, Greenewald had become frustrated at the lack of tangible information about AATIP and Elizondo’s role; additionally, Elizondo had spurned Greenewald’s interview requests.

Greenewald told me that he had asked DeLonge specifically where Elizondo worked within the Department of Defense when he ran AATIP.

“Hi John – Thanks for reaching out,” DeLonge wrote. “The program was initially run out of [the Defense Intelligence Agency] but when Lue took it over in 2010 as Director, he ran it out of the Office for the Secretary of Defense (OSD) under the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence (USDI). Hope that clarifies.”

I tried contacting Elizondo multiple times via email and his cellphone. He has not responded. It’s not as if he is on retreat somewhere; I noticed that in the run-up to his star turn on the new History Channel show, he has been speaking to everyone from the New York Times to UFO media personalities and military bloggers.

Indeed, judging by all the UFO stories lighting up the internet this week, the self-described “career spy” is having another big moment in the media spotlight. The timing is either an auspicious coincidence or the “flying saucers are here” brigade’s well-oiled PR machine is working overtime.

ANOTHER IMPORTANT DETAIL being glossed over or entirely left out of the breathless coverage surrounding the release of “Unidentified” is the relationship between its executive producer, Tom DeLonge, Elizondo, and other former Pentagon officials and members of the intelligence community who appear in the show.

DeLonge, a musician of Blink-182 fame and longtime UFO enthusiast, is the co-founder and interim CEO of To the Stars, the company Elizondo joined in October 2017, several days after he resigned from the Department of Defense. Since the company’s inception, certain members of its “elite team,” including Elizondo, have appeared frequently in the news media.

This week is a prime example. Another former Pentagon official with a prominent role in “Unidentified” appeared several days ago on “Fox & Friends.”

“We know that UFOs exist,” Chris Mellon, a deputy assistant secretary of defense for intelligence in the Clinton and George W. Bush administrations, pronounced on the show. “This is no longer an issue. The issue is why are they here? Where are they coming from? And what is the technology behind these devices that we are observing?”

Mellon, like Elizondo, works for To the Stars (his title, according to the company’s website, is national security affairs adviser). “Fox & Friends” neglected to mention this connection, along with the fact that the History Channel show was made by the company Elizondo and Mellon work for.

I’m not surprised. By now, Elizondo and Mellon have come to rely on a largely passive and credulous press to generate sensational UFO headlines.

The Pentagon on April 23, 2015. 

Photo: Saul Loeb/AFP/Getty Images

AMID THE MOUNTAIN of media coverage of Elizondo in the last two years, I have found only one story that provides official confirmation that he headed the government UFO program known as AATIP.

“Pentagon spokeswoman Dana White confirmed to Politico that the program existed and was run by Elizondo,” Bryan Bender wrote in December 2017. (Earlier this year, White, a Trump administration political appointee, resigned amid an internal probe into charges of misconduct.)

But Pentagon spokesperson Christopher Sherwood told me that he “cannot confirm” White’s statement.

As it happens, Bender, who is Politico’s defense editor, had a recurring role in the first episode of “Unidentified.” He appeared on camera numerous times as a kind of authoritative character witness for Elizondo, Mellon, and their UFO investigations.

“If you were trying to come up with the A-team of former, high-level government officials who would come forward on this issue, you can’t really think of a better team,” Bender says in the screener. “Lue Elizondo, Chris Mellon — these guys still have security clearances, still have networks in Washington, still are in the business, if you will.”

“We know that UFOs exist. This is no longer an issue. The issue is why are they here? Where are they coming from? And what is the technology behind these devices that we are observing?”

That last part sounds like a cryptic reference to contract work they might be doing for a U.S. intelligence agency or some other government entity. Elizondo confirmed to me earlier this year that he is, in fact, working as a government contractor, “but it’s not what you think it is,” he said. Mellon did not respond to my request for comment.

In the feverish UFO community, in which conspiracy theories have long thrived like a mutating virus (sometimes with good reason), somesuspect that DeLonge is being played like a useful idiot — and that his To the Stars Academy is a front for some kind of black ops project.

If he is not a stooge, he is certainly an odd figure for Mellon and Elizondo to hitch their wagons to.

In fact, the whole origin story of To the Stars, which DeLonge recapped in a bizarre public rollout in October 2017 and in an even more bizarre interview with podcast host Joe Rogan, is pretty bananas. In sum, DeLonge claims that he is the military’s chosen vessel for UFO disclosure.

“Why you?” Rogan asked on his podcast. “What could you do?”

“Communication,” DeLong responded. “They don’t have a way to make a movie, a book. They don’t have a way to go on a show like this.”

It’s worth noting that, several years before DeLonge took on this momentous communications assignment, he created a website called Strange Times that was essentially a clearinghouse for UFO news and conspiracies. “Think of it as a Huffington Post for the tin-foil-helmet wearing crowd,” wrote one music blogger.

Somehow, we are to believe that this is the mindset with which staid former members of the military and intelligence community sought to join forces. But perhaps there’s a more innocent answer. To the Stars, which raised more than $2 million from investors, was originally hyped as a UFO research company that would explore the “outer edges of science,” but its Security and Exchange Commission filing identifies it as a “Motion Picture & Video Tape Production” concern.

That designation seems appropriate now with the making of “Unidentified,” which lists DeLonge as executive producer. (He is also prominently featured in the show.) He appears to be having the last laugh at everyone who called him looney tunes for having chased after Bigfoot and flying saucers in the Nevada desert.

THE ADVANCED AEROSPACE Threat Identification Program received widespread press coverage after Elizondo disclosed its existence almost two years ago. “You can laugh if you want, but a lot of people are taking this revelation seriously,” Brett Baer said on Fox News days after the New York Times broke the story with its lavish front-page Sunday spread on December 17, 2017.

Virtually overnight, Elizondo went from living “in the shadows,” in his words, to hopscotching between cable news studios, where he talked gravely about  hypersonic, gravity-defying “unidentified aerial vehicles” that, in recent years, had encroached on military training areas in restricted airspace. Many of these reports were conveniently illustrated with videos taken from cockpit cameras of F-18 fighter jets that Elizondo had arranged for the Pentagon to release just before he quit. The grainy footage of tiny, darting objects, combined with Elizondo’s earnest claims of “compelling evidence” for “phenomena” he couldn’t identify, made for great television. (Sherwood, the Pentagon spokesperson, said the videos were released “for research purposes … and not for general public release,” which seems a meaningless distinction given their widespread use by news organizations.)

Months later, after the attention from the mainstream media died down, Elizondo hit the UFO banquet circuit, where he stroked the egos of believers. “People may have associated you with being fringe or out there,” he told one rapt audience of hundreds at a UFO conference last July. “All along, you were right.” It was the first public forum in which Elizondo laid out the history and objectives of the AATIP; soundbites from his talk were sprinkled throughout the first episode of “Unidentified.”

By then, though, longtime UFO researchers were having trouble finding out what the program exactly did, as well as the scope of Elizondo’s role. FOIA requests were turning up dry.

The grainy footage of tiny, darting objects, combined with Elizondo’s earnest claims of “compelling evidence” for “phenomena” he couldn’t identify, made for great television.

Elizondo was ready for them. “In the Department of Defense, there’s always a paper trail,” he told the audience at the UFO conference. “When you establish an organization, there’s a paper trail. When you dis-establish an organization, there’s a paper trail. You won’t find one for this program.”

Some dubious, unofficial documents leaked out to George Knapp, a Las Vegas TV journalist who, for decades, has been a fixture in the UFO media orbit. Knapp has been a vocal defender of Elizondo and DeLonge for the past two years, pushing back on critics who have raised thorny questions about To the Stars. Knapp also purchased stock in the company, something he has not always revealed to readers and viewers in his reporting.

In an email to The Intercept, Knapp acknowledged buying 400 shares of the academy’s stock in 2018, “not as an investment, but as a way to support their fledgling company and their work.” He wrote that he had “made that information public” and “informed” his employer” at KLAS-TV in Las Vegas. Knapp also said that he put the shares in a trust that “would be donated to a charity.” He believes that transaction has been completed and that he now owns “zero stock” in the company, he wrote.

As it happens, Knapp also appeared in the first episode of “Unidentified,” lauding DeLonge for his “unprecedented” efforts in advancing the UFO issue.

Another fixture in the UFO orbit is John Greenewald, the FOIA researcher and a sort of antithesis to Knapp. Initially enthusiastic about To the Stars, Greenewald became increasingly skeptical when he was unable to verify many of Elizondo’s claims about the government’s UFO program through FOIA requests and conversations with Pentagon representatives. So last year, Greenewald reached out to To the Stars spokesperson Kari DeLonge (Tom’s sister) for more information about Elizondo’s involvement in AATIP.

{ https://theintercept.com/ }

02-06-2019 om 01:08 geschreven door peter  

Former US defense official: We know UFOs are real - here's why that's concerning

By Anna Hopkins | Fox News

New History Channel series explores UFO sightings by Navy pilots

'Unidentified' gives military personnel on the frontlines a voice about what they are encountering in the skies.

After a bombshell report detailing near-daily interactions with unidentified flying objects by Navy pilots in 2014 and 2015, Christopher Mellon has argued that this information is nothing new, and the government needs to do something about it.

Mellon, former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, is involved with a new History Channel series, 'Unidentified,' which will expand on topics discussed in a recent New York Times article. In numerous interviews, Navy pilots revealed that they saw UFOs moving at hypersonic speeds, performing acts “beyond the physical limits of a human crew,” and emitting "no visible engine or infrared exhaust plumes."

In a Wednesday morning interview with "Fox & Friends," Mellon, who has written extensively on the topic before, outlined the reasons the Navy is concerned about these sightings.

Video

"We know that UFOs exist. This is no longer an issue," he said. "The issue is why are they here? Where are they coming from and what is the technology behind these devices that we are observing?"

There are indications, Mellon said, that the objects reported by Navy pilots in 2014 and 2015 were doing things that aren't possible in this physical realm.

The speeds being reported (about 5,000 miles per hour, according to Mellon) were only sustainable for about an hour by an aircraft in the air, and these objects would be flying around all day long, the pilots said.

"Pilots observing these craft are absolutely mystified and that comes through clearly in their public statements," Mellon continued.

• UFO 'SIGHTINGS' EXPLODE AS SPACEX STARLINK 'TRAIN' APPEARS

Video

Fascination turned to fear one day, however, when a Super Hornet pilot said he almost collided with one of the objects — which he described as a sphere encasing a cube. An official report was filed, and the incident shattered the previous theory by Navy pilots that the objects were a part of some sort of extremely classified drone operation.

"These are reactions between intelligently controlled vehicles operating in and around U.S. military facilities, hence the concern," Mellon explained.

"One: there have been near mid-air collisions so there is a safety issue. Two, there is a vital national security issue which is that our sovereignty is being violated by vehicles of unknown origin," he continued.

Although all of this information is old news to Mellon, it's taken America by storm, and he says we're hardly the only country to have interactions with these objects. Having written extensively about UFO sightings before, Mellon said he's frustrated with the lack of action being taken by the government, as are the Navy pilots who experienced the sightings.

• NEW SATELLITES COULD SAVE AMERICANS $30B ON MONTHLY INTERNET BILLS, REPORT SAYS

He decided that the only way to make progress was to release this information to the public in the form of his new show, and television interviews.

"We are giving military personnel on the front line a voice," he said. "We are helping them get out the message of what it is they are encountering and why they are so concerned about it."

• CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP
• The New York Post contributed to the reporting of this story

{ https://www.foxnews.com/ }

01-06-2019 om 22:13 geschreven door peter  

01-06-2019 om 21:48 geschreven door peter  

NOG EVEN  EN WE WORDEN OVERAL OP AARDE LEVEND GEROOSTERD ( VIDEO )

Afgelopen week was er veel opwinding over de vermeende ufo’s in de lucht boven ons land. 

Iedereen was het erover eens dat de stroom Space X 5G satellieten een prachtig gezicht is aan de hemel

Je kunt er even van genieten, maar dan…… 



Het betrof hier de lancering van 60 5G satellieten, een klein voorproefje van wat er gaat komen. Het bedrijf SpaceX (Elon Musk) gaat in totaal 12.000 van dit soort satellieten in een omloopbaan om de aarde brengen, gevolgd door nog eens 8.000 van andere bedrijven. 

Dit feit zal er voor zorgen dat onze nachthemel er voor altijd anders uit zal zien en je straks waarschijnlijk meer satellieten aan de hemel ziet dan sterren. Een beetje vergelijkbaar met een enorm windmolenpark in zee. 

Astronomen beginnen nu al te klagen over dat dit ook straks grote gevolgen zal hebben voor hun onderzoek in de ruimte, niet alleen door de vervuiling in de lucht, maar ook door de straling die de ruimte in wordt gestuurd. Dit zal vooral onderzoek naar bijvoorbeeld zwarte gaten kunnen verstoren, omdat men ook daar gebruikmaakt van elektromagnetische golven. Elon Musk kan daar niet zo van wakker liggen en zegt: “Dan sturen ze hun telescopen maar de ruimte in”. 

Wanneer alle 5G satellieten eenmaal operationeel zijn, dan zal er geen plekje op aarde meer zijn dat vrij van straling is. Deze straling is hoog frequent en valt in het 12 tot 42 GHz gebied. 

De satellieten zijn nodig als ondersteuning van de miljoenen zendmasten die op aarde geplaatst zullen worden. Die ondersteuning is weer nodig omdat de golflengte van 5G signalen vele malen korten is dan de huidige 4G. 

Alle huidige apparaten, inclusief Wifi opereren onder 3GHz, het zogenaamde microgolf spectrum. De golflengtes in dit gebied zijn vele centimeters groot. Een smartphone die opereert op 800 MHz heeft bijvoorbeeld een golflengte van 37,5 centimeter. Wifi gebruikt de 2,4 GHz frequentie en opereert met golflengtes van ongeveer 12 centimeter. 

Wanneer we in de hogere frequenties terechtkomen worden de golflengtes aanmerkelijk korter. Bij een frequentie van bijvoorbeeld 30 GHz praten we over een golflengte in millimeters en komen we terecht in de regio van extreem hoge frequenties. Tot op heden is dit soort frequenties nog heel weinig gebruikt en met de komst van 5G komen we dan in een totaal nieuw scenario voor wat betreft de gevolgen voor mens en natuur. 

Omdat de golflengtes vele malen korter zijn is het bereik ook vele malen minder en dat betekent dat er minimaal iedere honderd meter ergens een zendmast moet staan om een voldoende krachtig signaal te krijgen. 

Dat betekent ook dat bomen bijvoorbeeld obstakels vormen. Omdat 5g straling minder krachtig is vanwege de korte golflengte zullen er ook meer obstakels zijn zoals bijvoorbeeld bomen. Dat is de reden dat overal massaal bomen worden gekapt en een goed voorbeeld hiervan ontvingen we van Bert (dank!) waar je tussen de gekapte/gekortwiekte bomen in Sneek de zendmast ziet opdoemen. 

Het volgende is wat Bert schrijft:

In Sneek zijn we er klaar voor, alle wijken hebben nu hun eigen 5G toren. We hebben al contact opgenomen met de gemeente wat en wanneer er iets staat te gebeuren echter niemand daar weet ook maar iets te vertellen over 5G. Impressie foto, twee prachtige bomen volledig gekortwiekt voor de 5G toren op de achtergrond, tussen de bomen.

Omdat de golflengtes kort zijn bij 5G, worden talloze kleine antennes/zenders gebundeld, waardoor je een heel krachtige straal krijgt. De antennes/zenders die straks bijvoorbeeld in lantaarnpalen worden gemonteerd zullen zo'n 1.000 antennes bevatten, waardoor er toch een heel krachtige straal zal ontstaan. 

En wanneer jij als mens door zo’n sterk geconcentreerde straal loopt, treedt er nog een ander effect op en dat heeft te maken met de zogenaamde Brillouin precursors. 

De bewegende lading die het lichaam binnenstroomt gaat functioneren als een aantal antennes/zenders die het elektromagnetisch veld nog eens veel dieper het organisme in stuurt. Deze opnieuw gestraalde golven worden Brillouin precursors genoemd, vernoemd naar de Franse natuurkundige Leon Brillouin die deze in 1914 ontdekte. Onderzoek wijst erop dat deze precursors een verwoestend effect hebben op levende cellen. 

Door voorstanders van 5G wordt altijd gezegd dat omdat er een hogere golflengte wordt gebruikt deze minder diep het menselijk lichaam in zouden komen dan bij 4G. Dat is dus niet waar, het omgekeerde is het geval, dankzij de Brillouin precursors. In je eigen lichaam bevindt zich dan een zender die de stralen nogmaals verstuurt, steeds dieper je lichaam in. 

Ondanks dit alles vindt onze overheid het totaal overbodig om onderzoek te doen naar de gezondheidsaspecten van 5G. 

Ter herinnering, maak misschien nog even gebruik van de Orjana aanbieding van deze week om je lichaam te helpen. Koop een fles uitstekende kwaliteit Orjana colloïdaal zilverwater met tien procent korting. Via deze link vind je een aantal artikelen die vertellen hoe colloïdaal zilverwater je kan helpen bij een scenario aan gezondheidsproblemen zoals ontstekingen.

Vul bij het afrekenen de code (zilver) in en ontvang de korting. Aanbieding is geldig tot en met maandag 3 juni 2019. Codes die niet in het daarvoor bestemde kortingsbonnenveldje worden ingevuld maken geen aanspraak op de korting.

{ http://niburu.co/ }

01-06-2019 om 21:32 geschreven door peter  

MEER DAN 500 TORNADO's IN 30 DAGEN in USA ( VIDEO )

Amerika is afgelopen week opgeschrikt door een niet aflatende stroom tornado’s. 

Niet alleen werd een record aantal tornado’s geregistreerd, maar ook hier speelt weer een sinistere agenda, die weinig met de natuur te maken heeft.

Een zwerm tornado’s, zo dicht op elkaar gepakt dat de één soms niet van de ander was te onderscheiden, heeft een enorme ravage aangericht in de Amerikaanse staten Indiana en Ohio. Eén persoon kwam om het leven en zeker 130 anderen raakten gewond. Zo’n 5 miljoen mensen zitten zonder stroom. 

Door de kracht van de tornado’s werden daken van huizen geblazen, ramen gebroken en vielen bomen en elektriciteitspalen om. Voor sommige scholieren werd het schooljaar extra vroeg beëindigd vanwege schade aan schoolgebouwen, zo meldt persbureau AP. 

De mainstream media brengen braaf de verhalen en spreken over situaties die nog niet eerder zijn voorgekomen. Zo veel tornado’s in een kort tijdsbestek zo vroeg in het jaar. 

En dat het er veel zijn is duidelijk; meer dan 500 tornado’s in de afgelopen 30 dagen in de Verenigde Staten is nu niet bepaald normaal te noemen. 

Afgelopen dinsdag was de 12e dag op rij dat er minimaal 8 tornado’s voor kwamen en dat is een absoluut record. De schade in de Midwest is dan ook enorm en veel plaatsen zien eruit alsof er een allesvernietigende oorlog heeft plaatsgevonden. 

De schade loopt in de miljarden dollars en het einde lijkt nog lang niet in zicht. 

De vraag die zich dan vervolgens aandient is of deze tornado’s natuurlijk zijn of bewust gecreëerd door de mens? Dat deze technieken er zijn is niets nieuws en wij schrijven er dan ook al jaren over. 

Het zal dan misschien ook niemand verbazen dat ook hier de sporen weer wijzen naar geo-engineering.

Zes jaar geleden schreven wij al het volgende over systemen zoals HAARP, waarmee men in staat is het weer te beïnvloeden.

De ontwikkeling van de zogenaamde “weerwapens” zoals HAARP, wordt door de meeste mensen aan de kant geschoven als een paranoïde verhaal, het werk van een scriptschrijver voor een sciencefiction film en aanhangers van samenzweringstheorieën, maar het is een feit dat ze al tientallen jaren bestaan. 

Niemand minder dan de vroeger Amerikaanse Minister van Defensie, William Cohen, heeft diverse keren gesproken over de ontwikkeling van aan weer gerelateerde wapens, of om meer specifiek te zijn, de technieken om weersituaties te creëren die offensieve militaire operaties kunnen ondersteunen. 

Het zijn wapens die nu ingezet worden tegen de eigen bevolking om hoe dan ook de klimaatagenda erdoor te rammen. Of beter gezegd, Agenda21 die later is veranderd naar de 2030 Agenda. 

oor meer achtergrondinformatie hierover verwijzen naar eerdere artikelen, waarin duidelijk wordt gemaakt hoe het beruchte Agenda21 plan is ontstaan. 

Een duivels plan dat inmiddels is vervangen door de 2030Agenda en er op is gericht om het gepeupel onder te brengen inmini appartementen in megasteden, terwijl de rest van de wereld in ongerepte staat beschikbaar zal blijven voor de elite en uiteraard is het de burger die voor dit alles betaalt. 

Het moet en zal er bij de bevolking in worden geramd dat zij verantwoordelijk zijn voor al deze rampen en dat zij daarvoor nu de prijs moeten gaan betalen in de vorm van steeds hoger wordende belastingen voor “het klimaat” en het steeds meer verliezen van vrijheden om “het milieu te beschermen”. 

De onderstaande video geeft een beeld van wat er gebeurde de afgelopen dagen en toont ook aan dat HAARP wel degelijk een systeem is waarmee dit soort tornado’s kunnen worden gemaakt. 

{ http://niburu.co/ }

01-06-2019 om 21:27 geschreven door peter  

With the sudden ubiquity of cell phones, even Boy Scouts are no longer learning semaphore in case they get lost in the woods with only a flashlight. Sure, cell phones have a flashlight too, but most lost campers and hikers will wear down the battery trying to make calls and swearing instead of sending signals. Besides, even a simple SOS signal (three short flashes, three long flashes, three short flashes) depends on someone at the other end knowing Morse code. All of this makes the mysterious light signals coming from the surface of the Moon even more mysterious.

“The so-called transient lunar phenomena have been known since the 1950s, but they have not been sufficiently observed.”

That’s about to change, according to Hakan Kayal, Professor of Space Technology at Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg in Bavaria, Germany. Kayal headed the project to build a new lunar telescope specifically designed to study these mysterious “transient lunar phenomena” which was completed when the telescope went into operation in April 2019.

Located in a remote private observatory about 100 km (63 miles) north of Seville, Spain, (“There are simply better weather conditions for observing the moon than in Germany”), Kayal and his team control the telescope from Germany. As explained in a university press release, that primarily occurs when they get a message from the two cameras also at the telescope site scanning the lunar surface 24/7 for flashes. When both pick one up simultaneously, they sound an alarm at Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg and Kayal’s team springs into action — analyzing the photos and videos automatically sent to them by the observatory via. Email? Really?

“Among other things, Kayal wants to use artificial intelligence methods: neural networks make the system gradually learn to distinguish a lunar flash of technical interference from objects like birds and planes that fly by in front of the camera. It is estimated that another year of work is needed by then.”

The lunar flash telescope is obviously a work-in-process. Right now, Kayal manually checks with the European Space Agency to see if their monitors have also observed the flash to confirm it’s legitimate before proceeding to the next step – trying to determine what the flashes might be before the next human expedition to the Moon.

“Anyone who wants to build a lunar base at some point, of course, must know the local conditions very well,” says Professor Kayal. What if such plans became concrete? At the latest then it should be clear what the mysterious flashes and luminous phenomena are about.”

Speculations on the causes of these mysterious lunar flashes range from meteors to lightning to seismic activity releasing gases that reflect sunlight (a strong possibility) to … aliens (a popular possibility).

While New Horizons leaves the solar system for more long-distance explorations, we still know very little about our closest neighbor. Professor Kayal hopes to change that with his lunar telescope and new programs at the University of Würzburg where there is a bachelor’s degree program for aerospace computer science, a master program in “Satellite Technology” and a degree in aerospace engineering in the Master’s program Computer Science.

Let’s hope we get answers on the “transient lunar phenomena” and other lunar mysteries before the Moon is closed off and exploited by those more interested in its minerals, rare metals and potential as a space military base.

Three shorts … three longs … three shorts.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

01-06-2019 om 21:09 geschreven door peter  

Tonight, the world gets its first glimpse of what To the Stars Academy of Arts and Science has been promoting for nearly two years as its new program Unidentified: Inside America’s UFO Investigation premieres on the History Channel. Ever since the 2017 disclosure of the shadowy Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program at the Pentagon, the world has learned that the U.S. Navy has encountered aerial phenomena in recent years that remain unexplained and unidentified. Some of these encounters sound far spookier than your everyday flying saucer sighting.

In the latest New York Times piece published this week, Navy pilots described encounters with cubes suspended inside spheres, giant spinning tops hovering at 30,000 feet, and incredibly fast-moving objects only visible on infrared sensors. Many of the pilots are baffled about how these objects are able to perform such incredible feats of flight while remaining in the air for over twelve hours a day. Are these visitors from afar, some sort of interdimensional entity or probe, an unknown natural phenomenon, or something stranger altogether?

The seemingly spinning-top-shaped object in the “GIMBAL” video.

Stranger doesn’t necessarily need to imply paranormal, supernatural, or extraterrestrial. As more and more descriptions about these Navy pilots’ interactions with these objects come to light, strange coincidences and curious details are starting to emerge. Could all of these sightings and the current wave of ‘disclosures’ actually be a way for the Navy to coyly admit it possess next-generation aerospace tech?

That’s all conjecture at this point, but there are a few pieces of evidence to support such a theory. Many observers have noted how curious it is that all of the sightings described in these recent disclosures took place in highly-controlled airspace in which the U.S. Armed Forces readily conduct exercises and drills or test new technologies. Many of the sightings took place in the military airspace near Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia, while the infamous “Tic Tac” incident took place in special use airspace off the coast of California. Given that the Armed Forces regularly conduct Joint Strike Group exercises in highly-controlled waters and airspace, it seems pretty coincidental that so many high-profile encounters with unidentified aerial phenomena would occur within these spaces.

Particularly given the new technology that was being tested in these areas at the time of these sightings. In the 2004 Tic Tac sightings, the USS Nimitz supercarrier and its F/A-18F Super Hornets were testing a revolutionary new sensor fusion and data-sharing system known as Cooperative Engagement Capability technology. This system lets satellites, aircraft, and ships share real-time data gleaned from dozens of sources, enabling aircraft or other vessels to track and fire upon targets their own sensors aren’t even picking up. In a way, it’s a type of ‘hive mind’ allowing an entire Joint Strike Group to share data on the fly.

USS Nimitz

The 2004 sightings occurred as the Navy was testing this technology for the first time and had just completed training for the new system. What better way to test a new data-sharing system than to send some kind of crazy next-generation prototype up into the air to see if the USS Nimitz and all of its high-tech assets could track it? The 2004 sightings weren’t unique in this regard: in the recent New York Times story detailing incidents form 2014 and 2014, the F-A/18 pilots also described conducting exercises with the same Cooperative Engagement Capability technology in preparation for deployment when they began encountering strange objects as high as 30,000 feet in the air.

It seems like a pretty big coincidence that Navy pilots would encounter these seemingly superior aircraft while conducting drills in highly-controlled airspace while using revolutionary new sensor fusion and data-sharing technology. Could these encounters have actually been the Navy’s way of conducting real-world tests of some unknown type of new aerospace technology while keeping everyone, even their own pilots, in the dark about it? Of course, we don’t know how many other Cooperative Engagement Capability drills took place without any UFO encounters, so without other information, this is all speculative.

Still, the coincidence is glaring and has some wondering if it could have been by design. According to the most recent New York Times report, even many pilots “speculated that the objects were part of some classified and extremely advanced drone program” in the wake of these encounters. As aviation watchdog Tyler Rogoway at The War Zone points out, “it’s hard to overstress just how opportune the conditions would have been for this particular [Carrier Strike Group], or elements of it, equipped with the world’s best air defense capabilities to be tested against exotic and high-performance flying craft.”

F/A-18E Super Hornet

Allegations or speculation about the U.S. military muddying the waters surrounding UFO encounters in order to conceal revolutionary, secret, or prototype technologies are nothing new and are rarely supported by evidence. In the case of the Navy’s alleged UFO encounters, there is no hard evidence surrounding these claims, but there is a deal of ‘soft’ evidence, if you will. For years, several nations and scientific institutions have claimed to have created a radical new form of propulsionusing electromagnetic radiation inside resonant vacuum chambers. If ever constructed, this theoretical “EM Drive” engine could hypothetically enable aircraft to maneuver as the UFOs in the Navy pilots describe mysterious airborne objects behaving.

While the EM Drive remains a theoretical concept as far as we know, there is the strange addition of a few curious Navy patents which surfaced on the internet recently as the Navy UFO fervor has heated up. One appears to describe a polygonal craft which can “engineer the fabric of our reality at the most fundamental level” and “greatly advance the fields of aerospace propulsion and power generation.” The patent claims the inventor of this craft is a shadowy figure named Salvatore Cezar Pais, while the patent was filed by and assigned to the US Secretary of Navy. Other patents by the same Salvatore Cezar Pais/Secretary of Navy combo include a new type of room temperature superconductor which could allow for “the design and development of novel energy generation” and a “high frequency gravitational wave generator” which sounds suspiciously like the EM Drive and looks like a cube inside a sphere – the same description of an object seen by two Navy pilots in 2014 off the coast of Virginia. All of the patents were filed within the last three years.

Are these patents related to the Navy’s now-famous UFO encounters in any way? The craft they describe sure do sound eerily familiar alongside the descriptions of these recent Navy encounters. If the Navy does possess next-gen or next-next-gen aircraft, what better way to see what they can really do than to send them up in the air to toy with your best pilots, sensors, and aircraft? Are all of these recent ‘disclosures’ and the new History Channel series merely a way to get out in front of the story concerning radical new technologies? 

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

01-06-2019 om 20:32 geschreven door peter  

Hundreds Of Alien Buildings On Dwarf Planet Ceres Southern Pole, UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: June 1, 2019
Location of discovery: South pole of Ceres
Source: 

• https://astrogeology.usgs.gov/search/map/Ceres/Dawn/DLR/FramingCamera/

Ceres_Dawn_FC_DLR_global_59ppd_Feb2016

I found not one, but hundreds of buildings on planet Ceres. The southern pole is littered with structures everywhere. I tried my best to find and report only the most clear of the structures. I will report the Northern pole tomorrow. This video I made is 18 minutes long with  new structures every half minute, so I hope you wont get board. Ceres...had life on it long before human life ever evolved on Earth. Perhaps these are our ancient descendants and they placed humanity on earth to create an experiment that would allow them to watch and learn from us...thus learning about their own early evolution. 
Scott C. Waring

{ https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

01-06-2019 om 20:14 geschreven door peter  

UFOs Are Real, But Don't Assume They're Alien Spaceships

By Mike Wall 

Aliens shouldn't be the default explanation for weird stuff in the sky.

In 2014 and 2015, pilots with the U.S. Navy reported multiple UFO sightings during training maneuvers.

(Image: © Copyright History 2019)

UFOs are very real, as we have recently seen — but that doesn't mean E.T. has been violating our airspace.

"UFO" refers to any flying object an observer cannot readily identify. And pilots with the U.S. Navy saw fast-moving UFOs repeatedly off the East Coast throughout 2014 and 2015, in one case apparently nearly colliding with one of the mysterious objects, The New York Times reported earlier this week. 

Those incidents were reported to the Pentagon's Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP), whose existence the Times and Politico revealed in December 2017. (Interestingly, those 2017 stories cited Pentagon officials as saying that AATIP had been shut down in 2012.)

Related: 7 Things Most Often Mistaken for UFOs

Former AATIP head Luis Elizondo, by the way, is involved with a new six-part series called "Unidentified: Inside America's UFO Investigation," which premieres tonight (May 31) on The History Channel. 

The Navy pilots said some UFOs reached hypersonic speeds without any detectable exhaust plumes, suggesting the possible involvement of super-advanced propulsion technology. Still, Defense Department officials aren't invoking intelligent aliens as an explanation, according to this week's Times story — and they're right to be measured in this respect, scientists say.

There are multiple possible prosaic explanations for the Navy pilots' observations, said Seth Shostak, a senior astronomer at the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute in Mountain View, California.  

He pointed out, for example, that the sightings occurred off the coast, as did a similar 2004 observation unveiled in conjunction with the December 2017 stories. (That previous sighting occurred near San Diego).

Coastal regions are where you might expect to find a rival nation's advanced reconnaissance craft, Shostak said, because incursions over the continental United States would be more obvious and easily detected.  

He also noted that, according to the recent Times story, the Navy pilots began spotting the UFOs after their jets' radar system was upgraded. That detail suggests the sightings might stem from some sort of software bug or instrument issue, he said.

"As anybody who uses Microsoft products knows, whenever you upgrade any technical product, there are always problems," Shostak said.

Such reasoning is bolstered by the current tendency of UFOs to manifest as blobs or blurs on the displays of advanced instruments rather than as crisply defined objects in cellphone photos.

"The sightings always recede to the edge of what technology allows you to do," Shostak said. "The aliens are kind of keeping pace with technology."

Common sense also argues against jumping to the E.T. conclusion. If these UFOs are indeed alien spacecraft, what exactly are they doing? Why were they sent here, across the vast gulfs of space and time?

"If the aliens are here, you gotta say they're the best houseguests ever, because they never do anything," Shostak said. "They just buzz around. They don't address climate change; they don't steal our molybdenum."

• Related: UFO Watch: 8 Times the Government Looked for Flying Saucers

But such skepticism should not be taken as a dismissal of the E.T. possibility, Shostak stressed. 

"It's not trivial to say what these things are," he said. And Shostak applauded a newly enacted classified Navy policy, as reported by the Times, instructing pilots on how to report UFOs (which the military, and many other people, now call "unexplained aerial phenomena," likely in an attempt to dodge the tinfoil-hat stigma associated with the term "UFO.")

"That's a good policy," he said. "Let them do it."

After all, we've learned over the past decade or so that our Milky Way galaxy is home to huge numbers of potentially habitable worlds. Observations by NASA's Kepler space telescope, for example, suggest that at least 20% percent of the galaxy's 200 billion or so stars likely harbor a rocky planet in the "habitable zone," that just-right range of distances where liquid surface water could exist.

So, while the odds may be long that any UFO witnessed to date was an extraterrestrial craft, it's far from crazy to suspect that intelligent aliens are out there somewhere (or at least were out there somewhere, at some point during the Milky Way's 13-billion-year history). That's why people like Shostak keep listening for signals from the sky.

• Why Is the Pentagon Interested in UFOs?
• 5 Bold Claims of Alien Life
• 10 Exoplanets That Could Host Alien Life

Mike Wall's book about the search for alien life, "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated by Karl Tate), is out now. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom or Facebook. 

{ https://www.space.com/ }

01-06-2019 om 01:47 geschreven door peter  

Former head of secretive government UFO program who claims to have seen mysterious supersonic craft that spun like a top set to reveal all in new documentary

• Luiz Elizondo will talk about helming a secretive government UFO program 
• In a documentary on the History Channel, Elizondo hopes to start a conversation 
• Included in the documentary are details on sightings of mysterious aircraft 
• The documentary moves the needle on a more frank discussion of UFOs 

By JAMES PERO FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

One of the former leaders of a covert government program meant to investigate the nature of 'unknown aerial phenomenon' is opening up about some of the strange and often unexplained accounts. 

In an upcoming History Channel documentary featuring former head of the Pentagon's Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (AATIP), Luis Elizondo details his involvement with the Pentagon's UFO research program in a blockbuster New York Times report from 2017.

In the Times' report, Elizondo revealed that he left the secretive $22 million government program after what he has termed excessive secrecy and internal opposition to the project.

Scroll down for video

Luis Elizondo, pictured above, headed a secretive government program meant to investigate the nature of UFO's and will open up about his involvement in a History Channel documentary

According to Elizondo, who spoke to Live Science ahead of the documentary's premier tonight at 10 pm ET, the goal of his participation is to kick start a frank conversation about the phenomenon witnessed by the now defunct program and other reports like it. 

Included in that discussion, are various puzzling reports of aircraft that seem to defy the laws of gravity as humans know them, traveling and maneuvering at speeds unparalleled by current technology.

In a recent New York Times report, a former Navy official described some of those sightings which he said occurred between 2014 and 2015.

The mysterious craft, which he said looked like a spinning top, had no visible signs of propulsion but were able to reach 30,000 feet at speeds well faster than sound.

'These things would be out there all day' Lt. Ryan Graves, an F/A-18 Super Hornet pilot told the Times. 

Unexplained aircraft often defy the laws of gravity, traveling at speeds well beyond the limits of human aerospace technology. In a New York Times report, a former Navy official described some of those sightings ( one shown) which he said occurred between 2014 and 2015

'Keeping an aircraft in the air requires a significant amount of energy. With the speeds we observed, 12 hours in the air is 11 hours longer than we’d expect.' 

Likewise, Elizondo said, these sightings of seemingly impossible aircraft were not uncommon. In an interview with Live Science, he said that some of the ships reported by the agency far exceeded the known limits of gravitational force.

While human technology tops out at about 16 to 18 G's, the craft seemed to ignore those rules.

'These things that we were observing were pulling 400 to 500 G's,' Elizondo told Live Science. 

'They don't have engines or even wings, and they are able to seemingly defy the natural effects of Earth's gravitational pull.'

Elizondo stops short of saying the unknown craft are the result of extraterrestrial beings, but underscores the need to investigate phenomenon, citing its implications on national security. 

Willingness to talk about unexplained phenomenon has seemed to broaden in the U.S. military with new guidelines on reporting sightings

'We trust the American people to know that North Korea has nuclear warheads pointed at Los Angeles, yet we don't trust them with the knowledge that there's something in our skies and we don't know what it is? That seems counterproductive to me,' Elizondo told Live Science. 

Elizondo's appearance in the History Channel documentary marks the latest step toward an increasing willingness on the part of the U.S. government and others to acknowledge and investigate the existence of UFO's.

Recently, the U.S. Navy also unveiled new guidelines on collecting information about UFO sightings which they said are designed to make it easier for sailors to report UFO sightings amid fears that the objects could actually be 'extremely advanced Russian aircraft.'

Earlier this month, a U.S. Department of Defense spokesperson reportedly confirmed the Pentagon's interest in UFO's to the New York Post, citing the agency's investigation of 'unidentified aerial phenomena' in an unprecedented use of UFO-like terminology. 

Read more:

• On the Trail of a Secret Pentagon U.F.O. Program - The New York Times
• Former Head of Pentagon's Secret UFO Program Has Some (Strange) Stories to Tell
• ‘Wow, What Is That?’ Navy Pilots Report Unexplained Flying Objects - The New York Times

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

01-06-2019 om 01:33 geschreven door peter  

Private Companies Are Building an Exoskeleton Around Earth

01-06-2019 om 00:32 geschreven door peter  

What happens when young stars brush past each other? A lot, according to a new study suggesting our solar system contains comets stolen from another star 4.5 billion years ago.

I love the video above. It shows what happens when two young stars – still surrounded by their disks of planetesimals, or planet-building blocks – encounter each other. It’s based on recent computer simulations, part of a newly published study by astrophysicists at the University of Zurich, describing how our solar system likely contains comets stolen from a star that swept near our sun 4.5 billion years ago. Stars like our sun are born in clusters. Our sun is thought to be about 4.5 billion years old. So we’re talking about the very young sun here, newly emerged from the cloud of gas and dust that created it and its sister stars. The new study says that, when two young stars meet, their encircling disks mix it up, literally. In particular, the outer planetesimals of the smaller star are heavily disrupted by its higher-mass sibling. Some planetesimals – chunks of rocky or icy material – switch from one star system to the other. They are “stolen,” in other words.

And some planetesimals leave both star systems behind entirely. Tom Hands, who led the new study, explained:

[The encounter] causes a bunch of planetesimals to be ejected, flying away to become things like ‘Oumuamua [the small interstellar object that recently swept near our sun]. I was surprised by the number of ‘Oumuamua-like free-floating objects that can be generated in an environment like this on a relatively short time-scale.

‘Oumuamua is a now-famous object among astronomers, who noticed it and began tracking its movement through our solar system in 2017. Though many free-floating objects are thought to exist, ‘Oumuamua is the only small interstellar object seen moving in our solar system so far. It’s not attached to our sun, or any star. That’s how it received its name, which is Hawaiian for “a messenger from afar arriving first.” Astronomers don’t know where ‘Oumuamua came from, exactly. Speaking about the new study, Tom Hands and his colleagues’ statement said:

… it is clear that free-floating planetesimals, comets and asteroids should be ubiquitous in the galaxy.

This diagram shows the path of the interstellar object ‘Oumuamua – the first known interstellar object to pass through our solar system – as it was sweeping toward our sun in late 2017, rounded the sun, and then began moving outward again. ‘Oumuamua passed the distance of Jupiter’s orbit in May 2018. It passed the distance of Saturn’s orbit in January 2019. It will reach a distance corresponding to Neptune’s orbit in 2022, according to some studies.

Image via SpaceTelescope.org.

‘Oumuamua made headlines after it was discovered in October 2017. Many theories have been suggested to explain its origin, including the possibility of its being an alien spacecraft.

Researchers at the University of Zürich used large computer simulations to show how ‘Oumuamua-style objects can be set on their solitary paths through space. They calculated what happens when multiple young stars are born together in a stellar cluster, much as our sun is thought to have been 4.5 billion years ago. Most of what astronomers call planetesimals – the building blocks of planets – ultimately do become planets, comets and asteroids while the stars are still in their infancy. But not all do. Tom Hands commented:

Coming into close contact with other stars can have a profound effect on these planetary systems.

I was also surprised by the ease with which stars can steal material from their stellar siblings at a young age.

Artist’s concept of the cigar-shaped interstellar object ‘Oumuamua.

Image via ESA/Hubble, NASA, ESO, M. Kornmesser, NCCR PlanetS.

Even now, our sun might retain alien comets stolen from another star in these early phases. Hands said:

Even if alien material is really there, there likely isn’t much of it. But we might be able to detect it based on the strange orbits this stuff could be on.

Hands said his research has relevance to the ongoing search for a ninth planet in our solar system, which is based on an odd alignment of orbits of small objects in the outer solar system. He said the results of his study suggest that a large, unseen ninth planet isn’t the only plausible explanation for this observed alignment. Hands commented:

People should keep an open mind when considering how these things might have ended up on the orbits they are on.

Finally, he commented:

This is the first time we have been able to get a feeling for how the cluster environment could affect our Kuiper belt, or similar structures in exoplanetary systems

And I don’t think he’s boasting there. It seems like novel research to me. Forty-plus years ago, when I started writing about astronomy, we’d sometimes hear astronomers say that comets in the Oort Cloud could be dislodged by “passing stars” and thereby be sent hurtling in toward our sun. I always wondered which passing stars, and when, and what went on there? To my knowledge, this study doesn’t relate specifically to Oort Cloud comets; it does talk about objects in the Kuiper Belt, though, which are also in our solar system’s outer reaches, at a lesser distance from our sun. Both Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt material would surely be affected by an encounter with another star 4.5 billion years ago. It’s great to have an actual simulation, at last, that provides concrete images of this long-discussed encounter.

And, by the way – on an entirely different subject – I found a second super cool video at Tom Hands’ website, also based on his computer simulations. You might enjoy it, too, so I posted it below. It’s an exoplanet visualization, based on data from the Open Exoplanet Catalog. He described the video below as:

… a flyby of all known exoplanets around single stars. The systems are ordered according to the largest semi-major axis (planet-star separation) within each of them, from largest to smallest. The systems that you fly past first contain planets which takes hundreds or even thousands of years to orbit their stars, while by the end they take mere hours or days. Designed to give the viewer an overview of the current distribution of exoplanets.

Amazing, right? Thanks, Tom!

You’ll find Tom Hands on Twitter as @TomHandsPhysics.

• Bottom line: A new study from Tom Hands and colleagues at the University of Zurich suggests our solar system contains comets stolen from another star 4.5 billion years ago. The interstellar visitor ‘Oumuamua might be an example of an object dislodged from its original solar system in that way. According to this study, there might be many free-floating objects like ‘Oumuamua in our galaxy.
• Source: The fate of planetesimal discs in young open clusters: implications for 1I/’Oumuamua, the Kuiper belt, the Oort cloud and more
• Via NCCR PlanetS

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

01-06-2019 om 00:00 geschreven door peter  

Still from James Cameron dir. Avatar (2009)

What do Aliens Look Like? The Clue is in Evolution

…when animals first diversified some 542m or more years ago in the Cambrian “explosion”, there may have been an even greater diversity of fundamental body plans. Consider the five-eyed and trunked Opabina in the image above, or the stalked and almost flower-like Dinomischus alongside our own distant relative, the chordate Pikaia.

Speculating about what aliens look like has kept children, film producers and scientists amused for decades. If they exist, will extra terrestrials turn out to look similar to us, or might they take a form beyond our wildest imaginings? The answer to this question really depends on how we think evolution works at the deepest level.

Hollywood has given us its fair share of humanoid aliens over the years. Initially this was through necessity, as special effects required someone to clamber into a rubber suit. Ironically, now that CGI makes anything possible, aliens sometimes look even more human in order to help the cinema goer make an emotional connection with them – such as in James Cameron’s Avatar.

At present, the only life forms we can study are here on Earth. These had a single origin around 3.5 billion years ago, but this common ancestor gave rise to perhaps 20m living species of animals alone. These have bodies organised according to about 30 different body plans in major groups called phyla.

But when animals first diversified some 542m or more years ago in the Cambrian “explosion”, there may have been an even greater diversity of fundamental body plans. Consider the five-eyed and trunked Opabina in the image above, or the stalked and almost flower-like Dinomischus alongside our own distant relative, the chordate Pikaia.

Rerunning the Tape of Life

In a famous thought experiment, biologist Stephen Jay Gould asked what might happen if we were to rewind the “tape of life” and rerun it. Gould argued for the importance of chance in evolution: change one small thing early on, and the consequences magnify through time. In the version of history we know, Pikaia(imaged below) or something very like it survived and ultimately gave rise to fishes, amphibians, reptiles, mammals and ultimately ourselves. But what if it had perished? Might some other group have given rise to intelligent beings, and might you now be reading this with five eyes rather than the customary two? If our own origins on Earth really turned on such fine hinges, why should aliens – evolving on different planets – even remotely resemble us?

The answer, according to evolutionary biologist Simon Conway Morris, lies in the phenomenon of evolutionary convergence: the process by which distantly related animals come to closely resemble each other. For example, the similar streamlined shape of dolphins, tuna fish and the extinct ichthyosaurs all evolved independently in response to the same selective pressures for moving efficiently through water at speed.

But what aspects of alien biology might we expect? Carbon-based biochemistry is likely given that carbon forms stable backbone chains, and makes stable but readily breakable bonds with other elements. Other elements, notably silicon and sulphur, make less stable bonds at Earth-like temperatures. Water or some other solvent also seems necessary. For evolution to occur there needs to be some mechanism for storing and replicating information with moderate fidelity, such as DNA, RNA or some analogue. Although the first cells appeared on Earth quite early, multicellular animals took nearly 3 billion more years to evolve. So it may well be that life on other planets could get stuck at the single-celled stage.

On an Earth-like planet it is also likely that radiation from the alien sun or suns would be used in biochemical pathways as a source of energy. For moderately large multicellular primary producers, harnessing light efficiently probably necessitates a light gathering system of leaves and branches. Similar shapes and habits have evolved convergently on Earth, so we might expect “plants” with broadly familiar forms on Earth-like planets.

With few exceptions, animals either eat the primary producers or each other, and there are only so many ways of doing this. Pursuing food often necessitates moving with the mouth first, so the animal has a head and tail end. Teeth and probably jaws evolve to hold and tackle food items. Moving against a hard surface requires specialised structures (such as cilia, a muscular foot or legs) at the interface, so that there is a back and front side. Typically, this also imparts bilateral (left/right) symmetry: indeed, most animals belong to a “super-group” called the Bilateria.

Why not Giant Intelligent “Insects”?

But what about the large brained and intelligent creatures that might be capable of crossing interstellar distances? Insects are by far the most species rich group on Earth: why shouldn’t aliens look more like them? Unfortunately, having your skeleton on the outside makes growth difficult, and entails periodic shedding and regrowth. On Earth-like planets, all but relatively small terrestrial animals with external skeletons would collapse under their own weight during moulting, and some critical size may be necessary for suitably complex brains.

Relatively large brains, some degree of tool use and problem-solving abilities appear to be correlated on Earth, and have evolved multiple times: in apes, whales, dolphins, dogs, parrots, crows and octopuses. However, the apes have developed tool use to a vastly greater degree. This is at least partly the result of walking on two legs, which frees up the front limbs, and because of the dexterity of our fingers (which may also be a key to the origins of written language).

Ultimately, the jury is out on the extent to which intelligent aliens – if they exist – would resemble us. It may or may not be significant that humans have just two eyes and ears (just enough for stereo vision and hearing), and just two legs (reduced from the initially more stable four). Many other organs also come in pairs as a consequence of our evolutionarily deep-seated – and perhaps inevitable – bilateral symmetry. Still other elements of our body plan are probably nothing more than chance. The fact that we have hands and feet with five digits is a consequence of the fixation on five in our early tetrapod ancestors – close relatives experimented with seven or eight.

Indeed, most species have been subject to an accidental “locking down” during development – making body plans become stereotyped and inflexible with evolutionary time. Untangling the functional from the accidental is one of the big outstanding challenges in evolutionary biology – and may help us better understand how alien lifeforms could differ from us.

The main way we now search for intelligent life in space is by listening for radio or gamma transmissions. These efforts are increasingly being concentrated on star systems with Earth-like planets, as these are believed to be the most likely to harbour life. After all, it is easier to search for “life as we know it” than life as we don’t.

• This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

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31-05-2019 om 23:52 geschreven door peter  

Multiple F/A-18 Pilots Reported alleged UFO sightings using new RADAR technology

Multiple Fighter jet pilots from the United States Navy have reported alleged unidentified flying objects while operating their aircraft mid-air.

Five U.S. Navy F/A-18 Super Hornet crewmen have recounted a number of incredibly strange encounters with unidentified flying objects off the East Coast of the United States. Two of the pilots went on the record.

Experienced lieutenants Ryan Graves and Danny Accoin, as well as three other anonymous squadron pilots, who fly F/A-18 Super Hornet jets,  told The New York Times they first noticed the objects in 2014.

“These things would be out there all day,” Lt Graves told The New York Times.

{ https://fighterjetsworld.com/category/air/ }

31-05-2019 om 23:36 geschreven door peter