Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 13 YEARS AND 2 MONTH.
ON 06/08/2024 MORE THAN 2.161.100
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
23-08-2019
Nasa geeft steen op Mars de naam ‘Rolling Stones’ - HLN.be
Nasa geeft steen op Mars de naam ‘Rolling Stones’ - HLN.be
YoutubeDe steen 'Rolling Stones'
WETENSCHAP & PLANEETDe Amerikaanse ruimtevaartorganisatie Nasa heeft een steen op Mars naar de rockband Rolling Stones genoemd.
De “Rolling Stones Rock” is iets groter dan een golfbal, zo liet de Nasa donderdag weten op een persconferentie in het Californische Pasadena.
De steen was in beweging gezet door de turbulentie die door de motor van het landingstuig Insight werd veroorzaakt bij de landing in november 2018. Daardoor was de steen enkele meters verderop gerold. De sporen daarvan zijn op oranjerode foto’s van het Marsoppervlak te zien. Het is de eerste keer dat een Nasa-ruimtevaarttuig op een vreemde planeet een steen op die manier in beweging heeft gezet, aldus de Nasa.
“Dit is een mijlpaal in onze lange en bewogen geschiedenis”, lieten de Stones donderdagavond weten op hun concert in Pasadena.
Chris Pizzello/Invision/APDe logo’s van The Rolling Stones en van Nasa werden gisteren voor de start van het concert van The Rolling Stones op grote schermen afgebeeld.
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Archeologen ontdekken drie ‘buitenaardse’ schedels in Kroatië - HLN.be
Archeologen ontdekken drie ‘buitenaardse’ schedels in Kroatië - HLN.be
PLOS OneDe drie schedels waren afkomstig van 'gewone' jongens die 12 tot 16 jaar oud waren toen ze stierven. De rare vorm van hun schedel is het resultaat van opzettelijke schedelvervorming.
WETENSCHAPIn Kroatië zijn drie menselijke schedels opgediept, al twijfelden de archeologen een fractie van een seconde of het niet over de restanten van buitenaardse wezens ging. Tenslotte hadden de schedels een puntige, onaardse vorm. In werkelijkheid ging het om kunstmatig vervormde schedels.
De schedels werden in 2013 reeds teruggevonden op een archeologische site in Osijek. De jaren daarop werden de merkwaardige schedels geanalyseerd en die analyse werd nu gepubliceerd in het tijdschrift PLOS One.
Doodsoorzaak Uit de resultaten van de archeologen blijkt dat de schedels wel degelijk afkomstig waren van drie ‘gewone’ jongens die zo’n 1.550 jaar geleden stierven. Op dat moment waren de tieners vermoedelijk 12 tot 16 jaar oud. Daarbij waren ze duidelijk ondervoed, maar onduidelijk is nog of ze daaraan ook gestorven zijn.
Hun geschatte sterfdatum (415 tot 560 na Christus) komt immers overeen met de val van het Romeinse Rijk. Daarop kwamen nieuwe bevolkingsgroepen en culturen aan in Europa, alsook strubbelingen en nieuwe ziektes.
En wat dan met die vreemd gevormde schedels? Het klinkt misschien gek, maar het fenomeen waarbij de schedel opzettelijk vervormd werd, kwam in verschillende werelddelen voor. Mensen met zo’n vreemd hoofd vervulden doorgaans een hogere positie in de samenleving, wilden hun intelligentie in de kijker zetten, en/of dichter bij de geesten staan.
Het vervormen van de schedel gebeurde voornamelijk bij kinderen, omdat een kinderhoofd nog tamelijk ‘plooibaar’ is. Bij de kinderen werd het hoofd dan tussen twee houten planken gewikkeld waardoor een geforceerde en onnatuurlijke groei werd opgedrongen. Het resultaat? Langwerpige en puntige schedels die een onaardse indruk nalaten.
Natuurlijk liepen de praktijken waarbij het hoofd werd vervormd, niet altijd succesvol af. Zo zijn er reeds talrijke restanten ontdekt van kinderen die hoogstwaarschijnlijk stierven na het uitvoeren van een zogenaamde schedelbinding.
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Earth is an Exoplanet to Aliens. This is What They’d See
Earth is an Exoplanet to Aliens. This is What They’d See
The study of exoplanets has matured considerably in the last ten years. During this time, the majority of the over 4000 exoplanets that are currently known to us were discovered. It was also during this time that the process has started to shift from the process of discovery to characterization. What’s more, next-generation instruments will allow for studies that will reveal a great deal about the surfaces and atmospheres of exoplanets.
This naturally raises the question: what would a sufficiently-advanced species see if they were studying our planet? Using multi-wavelength data of Earth, a team of Caltech scientists was able to construct a map of what Earth would look like to distant alien observers. Aside from addressing the itch of curiosity, this study could also help astronomers reconstruct the surface features of “Earth-like” exoplanets in the future.
The study that describes the team’s findings, titled “Earth as an Exoplanet: A Two-dimensional Alien Map“, recently appeared in the journal Science Mag and is scheduled for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. The study was led by Siteng Fan and included multiple researchers from the California Institute of Technology’s Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences (GPS) and the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Artist’s impression of an exoplanet atmosphere reacting from interaction with its star. Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STSci)
When looking for potentially habitable planets beyond our Solar System, scientists are forced to take the indirect approach. Given that most exoplanets cannot be observed directly to learn of their atmospheric composition or surface features (aka. Direct Imaging), scientists must be satisfied with indications that show how “Earth-like” a planet is.
As Fan told Universe Today via email, this reflects the limitations that astronomers and exoplanet studies are currently forced to contend with:
“Firstly, current exoplanet studies have not figured out what the least requirements are for habitability. There are some proposed criterions, but we are not sure if they are either sufficient or necessary. Secondly, even with these criterions, current observation techniques are not good enough to confirm the habitability, especially on Earth-like exoplanets due to the difficulty of detecting and constraining them.”
Given that Earth is the only planet we know of that is capable of supporting life, the team theorized that remote observations of Earth could act as a proxy for a habitable exoplanet as observed by a distant civilization. “Earth is the only planet we know that contains life,” said Fan. “Studying what the Earth looks like to distant observers would give us the direction of how to find potential habitable exoplanets.”
Direct image of exoplanets around the star HR8799 using a Vortex coronagraph on a 1.5m portion of the Hale telescope. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Palomar Observatory
One of the most important elements of Earth’s climate (and which is critical to all life on its surface) is the water cycle, which has three distinct phases. These include the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere, clouds of condensed water and ice particles, and the presence of bodies of water on the surface.
Therefore, the presence of these could be considered potential indications of habitability and even indications of life (aka. biosignatures) that could be observed from a distance. Ergo, being able to identify surface features and clouds on exoplanets would be essential in order to place constraints on their habitability.
To determine what Earth would look like to distant observers, the team compiled 9740 images of Earth that were taken by NASA’s Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) satellite. The images were taken every 68 to 110 minutes over a two year period (2016 and 2017) and managed to capture light reflected from Earth’s atmosphere at multiple wavelengths.
Fan and his colleagues then combined the images to form a 10-point reflection spectrum plotted over time, which were then integrated over the Earth’s disk. This effectively reproduced what Earth might look like to an observer many light-years away if they were to observe Earth over a two year period.
Surface features could be more discernible using a new method developed at Caltech. Credit: IAU/L. Calçada
“We found that the second principal component of Earth’s light curve is strongly correlated to the land fraction of the illuminated hemisphere (r^2=0.91),” Fan said. “Combining with the viewing geometry, reconstructing the map becomes a linear regression problem.”
After analyzing the resulting curves and comparing them with the original images, the research team discovered which parameters of the curves corresponded to land and cloud cover. They then picked out the parameters that most closely related to land area and adjusted it to the 24-hour rotation of the Earth, which gave them a contoured map (shown above) that represented what Earth’s light curve would look like from light years away.
The black lines represent the surface feature parameter and correspond roughly to the coastlines of the major continents. These are further colored in green to provide a rough representation of Africa (center), Asia (top right), North and South America (left), and Antarctica (bottom). What lies in between represents the Earth’s oceans, with the shallower sections denoted in red and the deeper ones in blue.
These kinds of representations, when applied to the light curves of distant exoplanets, could allow astronomers to assess whether an exoplanet has the oceans, clouds, and icecaps – all necessary elements of an “Earth-like” (aka. habitable) exoplanet. As Fan concluded:
“The analysis of light curves in this work have implications for determining geological features and climate systems on exoplanet. We found that the variation of light curve of Earth is dominated by clouds and land/ocean, which are both crucial to the life on Earth. Therefore, Earth-like exoplanets which harbor this kind of features would be more likely to host life.”
The horror flick “Alien” hit the screen 40 years ago, in the summer of 1979. The film is one of Hollywood’s best-known sci-fi blockbusters.
In the decades since “Alien” came out, depictions of aliens in movies have changed dramatically.
Instead of showing extraterrestrial life as humanoid, directors have instead depicted aliens as bacteria, as in the movie “Life,” or as amorphous lifeforms, as in the movie “Arrival.”
According to one scientist, these depictions are more scientifically realistic and align more with what researchers think aliens might look like.
The 1979 blockbuster “Alien” opens with a tension-filled scene: A spider-like creature attacks an astronaut named Thomas Kane on an unknown planet.
The crew of Kane’s ship brings him back on board with the mysterious critter still attached to his spacesuit. Under the fluorescent lights, the creature seems to die, detaching from Kane’s face. When the astronaut eventually wakes up, he seems unharmed by the encounter.
But a miniature alien later bursts out of his chest in a shower of blood as his shocked crewmates scream.
The xenomorph, as it’s called, grows to be larger than any human, with glossy black skin, razor-sharp teeth, claws, and a tail.
Foto: An alien attached itself to the astronaut Thomas Kane’s face in the 1979 movie “Alien.”
source20th Century Fox via YouTube
In the four decades since “Alien” came out – the film’s 40th anniversary was in May – that creature’s image has influenced moviegoers’ mental pictures of alien life.
But as NASA has embraced the objective of searching for extraterrestrial life in our galaxy, the scientific understanding of what extraterrestrials might look like has converged around a type of lifeform far different from the director Ridley Scott’s brainchild.
Today, astrobiologists suspect that extraterrestrial lifeforms are likely to be microscopic in nature, akin to the bacteria scientists find in extreme environments on Earth.
Hollywood filmmakers have started to embrace this idea and depict aliens as less humanoid, according to the physicist and author Sidney Perkowitz. In other words, the days of little green men and giant scaly monsters in alien movies are over.
“In the old science-fiction flicks of the 1950s and ’60s, if you did an alien, monster, or robot, it was a guy dressed up and stomping around a sound stage,” Perkowitz, who cofounded the National Academy of Sciences’ Science and Entertainment Exchange group, which connects directors with science advisers, told Business Insider. “In the last few decades, CGI has changed that, allowing for the potential of really life-like, imaginative creatures.”
No more little green men
The chance that alien life looks humanoid is infinitesimal.
“We don’t have any reason to believe that they would look anything like us,” Andrew Siemion, the director of the Berkeley SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Research Center,told Vox. “The form of a human being is the result of several billion years of evolution.”
Perkowitz said that Scott and other directors’ decisions to make extraterrestrials appear human-like could simply boil down to cost.
“Humanoid aliens are cheap to portray,” he said.
He added that the problem with “Alien” wasn’t just that the movie portrayed the alien as humanoid – it was that the extraterrestrial was depicted as unintelligent and beast-like. The xenomorph doesn’t try to communicate with the astronaut crew; instead, it eats the crew members one by one until Sigourney Weaver’s character blasts it into space.
“It’s hard to imagine a different lifeform would have such a negative reaction to another lifeform – nothing lives for pure evil,” Perkowitz said, adding: “If we always decide that ‘the other’ is hostile or contemptible, how does that encourage our efforts to relate to them?”
But the examples of nonhostile aliens in Hollywood are few and far between (Steven Spielberg’s E.T. notwithstanding). That’s because, according to Perkowitz, society uses film to explore what it’s afraid of.
Sci-fi films are reflections of what society is worried about
Hollywood blockbusters’ references to science don’t arise in a vacuum – they mirror trends in scientific discovery and their effects on culture. In the 1950s and 1960s, for example, movies like “Dr. Strangelove” featured nuclear scientists because people had memories of the atomic bomb and a fear of nuclear war, Perkowitz said.
“Even if the sci-fi film doesn’t know it’s doing it, a closer watch shows that the movies reflect society’s current anxieties,” he said.
Alien movies are no different. These days, Perkowitz said, humanity isn’t afraid of carnivorous xenomorphs. Instead, he continued, we worry about “something viral – a biological entity that spreads quickly and causes harm.”
At a time when mosquitoes that carry viruses like Zika and dengue fever are spreading farther thanks to warmer temperatures, “nuclear radiation isn’t the concern anymore,” Perkowitz said. So some alien movies now depict a contagion that comes from outer space.
In the 2017 movie “Life,” for example, Jake Gyllenhaal’s character and his crewmates aboard the International Space Station discover a life form that supposedly caused extinction on Mars and threatens life on Earth.
Foto: Jake Gyllenhaal in a scene from the 2017 science-fiction movie “Life.”
sourceSony Pictures Entertainment, Inc.
Film studios primarily choose to present aliens as malevolent microbes in this way to get people to the box office, Perkowitz said, adding that “on the whole, Hollywood isn’t concerned with the social responsibility of getting the science right.”
But in this case, he added, the depiction could help establish more appropriate expectations for any discovery of life that NASA might make. The agency is preparing to look for extraterrestrial life on Jupiter’s moon Europa with its planned Clipper mission in 2025. Scientists think any life there “may look like microbes, or maybe something more complex,” a NASA report said.
The best portrayal of aliens in film?
Perkowitz pointed to the creatures called heptapods in the 2016 movie “Arrival” as an exemplary depiction of non-humanoid aliens that attempt intelligent contact. That’s because they don’t remotely resemble humans, are not hostile, and try to communicate rather than attack.
In the movie, Amy Adams plays a linguistics professor who works to communicate with the heptapods, which sport long muscular torsos and seven legs. Eventually, she discovers that the aliens speak using logograms – inkblot-like symbols that can stand for a word, an entire sentence, or even a feeling.
The humans and the aliens, through extensive trial and error, establish a mutual language without destroying each other.
Foto: Amy Adams’ character tries to communicate with alien lifeforms in the 2016 movie “Arrival.”
sourceParamount Pictures
“That movie is a great example of, perhaps, how would we really go about meeting aliens if we do ever meet intelligent life out there,” Perkowitz said
Stargazers in northern Norway enjoyed an unexpected light show when a new NASAtest showered the skies with brushstrokes of blue and orange-colored gases.
The lights, which looked like an 'alien attack' attack to some, were actually a part of an ongoing NASA experiment dubbed The Auroral Zone Upwelling Rocket Experiment (AZURE).
As a part of the mission, NASA says it has launched the AZURE test rocket -- the first of eight such planed launches -- that aim to study the patterns of solar winds.
The eye-catching lights were created by releasing two harmless gases into the atmosphere — trimethylaluminum as well as a mixture of barium and strontium — so researchers can study the paths of particles in the Earth's ionosphere, NASA says.
Scroll down for video
Captures of the show were grabbed via a webcam run by Lights Over Lapland, which helps sightseers get a glimpse of Aurora's through guided tours.
According to scientists, the experiment will also help unlock the forces behind one of nature's most capturing phenomenon, the Aurora Borealis.
Auroras — the shows of green, blue, and purple light observed in the skies of regions close to the Earth's poles — are created by solar winds interacting with the planet's magnetic field.
When the particles of the two atmospheric regions collide and their respective particles are charged, the trajectories are changed, which forces electrons and protons down into the atmosphere at which point humans are able to observe them as streaks of colorful light.
Gases released by NASA in their vapor test were subject to a similar process.
While scientists have inferred the cause of Auroras, they have yet to actually observe the pattern and behavior of solar winds and the ionosphere that drive them beyond computer-generated models.
No need to run for cover yet. Alien-like lights in skies over Norway were the result of a test by NASA to study solar winds and Earth's upper atmosphere.
Projects like the one witness by stargazers this month will help scientists gain exact measurements of both horizontal and vertical pathways of particles in the ionosphere over a range of altitudes and help increase understanding of the Auroras they create.
Solar winds have not yet been concretely tracked by scientists who rely mostly on computer-generated models.
In addition to creating beautiful displays of light, the interaction between solar winds and the Earth's magnetic field are also crucial to creating the conditions for much of our planet's life.
Solar winds, waves of particles released from the sun, are rife with radiation, which if beamed to the Earth's surface, would severely damage all of our planet's inhabitants.
Instead, however, the sun's particles are deflected away from the planet by the Earth's magnetic field, known as the magnetosphere.
NASA says its experiments will also help to glean a fuller picture of what happens when particles from the solar winds are forced into our atmosphere and exactly where they go.
HOW IS THE SOLAR WIND FORMED?
The sun and its atmosphere are made of plasma – a mix of positively and negatively charged particles which have separated at extremely high temperatures, that both carries and travels along magnetic field lines.
Material from the corona streams out into space, filling the solar system with the solar wind.
But scientists found that as the plasma travels further away from the sun, things change.
Views of the solar wind from NASA's STEREO spacecraft (left) and after computer processing (right). Scientists used an algorithm to dim the appearance of bright stars and dust in images of the faint solar wind
The sun begins to lose magnetic control, forming the boundary that defines the outer corona – the very edge of the sun.
The breakup of the rays is similar to the way water shoots out from a squirt gun.
First, the water is a smooth and unified stream, but it eventually breaks up into droplets, then smaller drops and eventually a fine, misty spray.
A recent Nasa study captured the plasma at the same stage where a stream of water gradually disintegrates into droplets.
If charged particles from solar winds hit Earth's magnectic field, this can cause problems for satellite and communication equipment.
WETENSCHAPRusland heeft bij een test met een gemoderniseerde Sojoez-draagraket en een onbemande Sojoez-capsule de humanoïde robot Fiodor naar het Internationaal Ruimtestation ISS gelanceerd. Het ding zal daar meerdere testen uitvoeren.
Van op de basis Bajkonoer in Kazachstan vertrok om 05.38 uur Belgische tijd een Sojoez-2.1a draagraket. Die slingerde de onbemande capsule Sojoez-MS-14 naar het ISS.
Deze gemoderniseerde Sojoez-draagraket moet voor bemande vluchten de sinds 2002 ingezette Sojoez-FG vervangen die ook Frank De Winne in de ruimte heeft gebracht. Het model 2.1a heeft ook al een Russische vrachtruimteschip van het type Progress gelanceerd, na sinds 2004 voor satellietlanceringen te zijn ingezet.
Eén lancering met een Progress mislukte, vandaar de test met een Sojoez-capsule die voor het eerst niet bemand is.
AFP
De capsule moet zaterdag om 07.30 uur Belgische tijd koppelen aan de Russische Pojsk-module van het ISS en vertrekt op 6 september om 20.13 uur Belgische tijd.
De capsule vervoerde alleen vracht, waaronder een humanoïde robot, die 1,80 meter groot is en bijna 160 kilogram weegt. Fiodor, alias Skybot F850, is een Russische voornaam, maar luidt in het Engels Fedor. Dat staat voor “Final Experimental Demonstration Object Research”.
EPA
Fiodor heeft een eigen Instagram- en Twitterprofiel, waarop volgers een blik krijgen in het dagelijkse leven van de robot. Zo is te zien hoe Fiodor leert om een fles water te openen.
Aan boord van de ISS zal de robot verschillende taken uitvoeren onder toezicht van de Russische kosmonaut Aleksandr Skvortsov. Hij kwam een maand geleden in de spacemeccano aan. Hij zal de vaardigheden van Fiodor testen onder micro-zwaartekracht. Een van de belangrijkste vaardigheden van de robot is dat hij menselijke bewegingen kan imiteren, waardoor hij astronauten kan helpen of taken van hen kan overnemen.
“Hij moet vijf of zes taken uitvoeren die een geheim blijven”, zei Jevgeni Doedorov, de verantwoordelijke van het bedrijf dat Fiodor ontwikkelde.
WETENSCHAP Het Roopkundmeer in de Indiase Himalaya is een mysterieuze plek. Het ondiepe bevroren gletsjermeer te midden van de besneeuwde bergtoppen ligt vol met honderden menselijke skeletten. Daaraan dankt het meer dan ook zijn lugubere bijnaam: Skeleton Lake. Niemand weet echter hoe al die menselijke botten daar beland zijn. Nieuw DNA-onderzoek maakt het mysterie nu nog groter.
Onderzoekers schatten dat er zo’n 500 menselijke skeletten op de bodem van het meer liggen. Het Roopkundmeer ligt langs de route van de Nanda Devi Raj Jat, een beroemd festival en pelgrimstocht. De botten liggen verspreid over de bodem, geen enkel skelet is intact. Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog ontdekte een boswachter bij toeval de spookachtige locatie.
De aanvankelijke hypothese was dat een grote groep mensen getroffen was door een of andere catastrofe, zoals een heel zware storm. DNA-onderzoek van 38 skeletten maakte nu echter komaf met dat idee. Uit de genetische analyse blijkt immers dat de stoffelijke resten afkomstig zijn van afzonderlijke bevolkingsgroepen die op verschillende tijdstippen gedurende een tijdsspanne van ongeveer 1000 jaar aan het meer toekwamen. Dat blijkt uit een studie die werd gepubliceerd in het wetenschappelijk tijdschrift Nature Communications.
“We ontdekten dat de geschiedenis van het Roopkundmeer complexer is dan we ooit hadden gedacht”, zegt geneticus David Reich van de Harvard Medical School.
ShutterstockHet meer ligt vol met menselijke beenderen.
Verschillende origine
Tien jaar geleden onderzocht Kumarasamy Thangaraj, een geneticus van het CSIR Centrum voor Cellulaire en Moleculaire Biologie in India, het DNA van 72 skeletten uit het meer. Hij stelde vast dat sommige beenderen een lokale Indiase origine hadden, maar andere niet. Zo bleken sommige botten van Zuidoost-Aziatische afkomst te zijn.
Een internationaal team van een 25-tal archeologen, genetici en andere specialisten vergeleek nu het DNA van 38 skeletten uit het meer. Zij stelden vast dat de botten afkomstig waren van drie verschillende groepen: de grootste groep bestond uit 23 individuen met DNA dat vergelijkbaar is met dat van leden van de huidige Indiase bevolking.
Middellandse Zee
Het DNA van de tweede grootste groep, 14 individuen, bleek tot hun verbazing vergelijkbaar te zijn met dat van mensen die vandaag leven in Kreta en Griekenland. Het laatste individu had DNA dat wees op een Zuidoost-Aziatische afkomst.
“We waren bijzonder verrast door de genetica van de Roopkundskeletten”, zegt evolutiebioloog Éadaoin Harney van de Universiteit van Harvard. “De aanwezigheid van individuen met een afkomst die typisch in verband gebracht wordt met het oosten van het Middellandse Zeegebied suggereert dat Roopkund Lake niet alleen lokaal een belangrijke plek was, maar bezoekers aantrok uit de hele wereld.”
Tijdspanne van 1000 jaar
Nog verrassender was de aankomst van de groepen. Uit koolstofdatering blijkt dat de botten van Indiase afkomst dateren van de zevende tot de tiende eeuw. De twee andere groepen, uit het Middellandse Zeegebied en Zuidoost-Azië, dateren van tussen de 17de en 20ste eeuw.
De kans bestaat dat er in het meer nog niet nader onderzochte botten liggen die afkomstig zijn uit andere tijden en regio’s. De wetenschappers hopen nu dat verder onderzoek zal uitwijzen wat deze individuen naar het meer bracht en hoe ze aan hun einde kwamen.
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'Storm Area 51' event pushes rural Nevada county to declare emergency
'Storm Area 51' event pushes rural Nevada county to declare emergency
Ed Komenda Reno Gazette Journal
LAS VEGAS, Nev. – Commissioners in Nevada's rural Lincoln County have voted to pre-sign an emergency declaration ahead of the "Storm Area 51" raid event that's so far drawn more than 2 million RSVPs on Facebook.
On Monday, the county board unanimously voted, 4-0, to approve the declaration in preparation for a mysterious affair that could draw thousands of curious visitors to the desert.
"We passed this with the caveat that this may or may not happen," said District D Commissioner Kevin Phillips. "We're just trying to do the best we can to prepare for something we know not of. We have no pickin' idea what we're going to face – if anything."
California resident Matty Roberts created the event – called "Storm Area 51, They Can't Stop All of Us" – in June after listening to an episode of the Joe Rogan Experience podcast. The tongue-in-cheek event scheduled for Sept. 20 quickly generated millions of accepted invitations.
Lincoln County is home to the town of Rachel, the self-proclaimed "UFO Capital of the World," located on State Route 375 – dubbed in 1996 the "Extraterrestrial Highway."
The actual Area 51 site is a classified military facility set inside a test and training range roughly the size of Connecticut. Intrigue surrounding the impenetrable desert compound for decades has fueled conspiracy theories and local lore about what exactly goes on there.
'See them aliens': Nearly 400K people have signed up for Facebook event to 'storm' Area 51
'Unified curiosity': After 'Storm Area 51' gets 2 million RSVPs, its creator announces alien-themed music fest
But it’s a mystery that’s now driving an unknown number of unknown people from unknown corners of the country to the Nevada hinterlands. Lincoln County leaders are using this preemptive emergency declaration as a beacon to state officials that there’s a chance more people will show up than local authorities can handle.
An emergency declaration allows the state to supply resources in the event the outpost of 5,200 people needs help.
"It's a smart chess play," Phillips said.
Air Force spokeswoman Laura McAndrews said in a statement to USA TODAY that military officials were aware of the event that aims to uncover what many people believe are conspiratorial secrets of the military installation in Nevada.
McAndrews didn't specify any security plans at the base, but she did warn those thinking of entering the area.
"The Nevada Test and Training Range is an area where the Air Force tests and trains combat aircraft," McAndrews said. "Any attempt to illegally access military installations or military training areas is dangerous."
Noodtoestand afgekondigd om bestorming Area 51. Hoe Nevada zich voorbereidt op een menigte waarheidszoekers
Noodtoestand afgekondigd om bestorming Area 51. Hoe Nevada zich voorbereidt op een menigte waarheidszoekers
In Lincoln County in Nevada is uit voorzorg de noodtoestand afgekondigd in verband met de verwachte bestorming van Area 51.
Al meer dan twee miljoen mensen hebben zich aangemeld voor het Facebookevenement ‘Bestorm Area 51’ in september. Nog eens 1,5 miljoen mensen zijn geïnteresseerd.
Het is goed mogelijk dat duizenden nieuwsgierigen zullen afreizen naar de woestijn. Veel motels zijn al volgeboekt.
UFO-hoofdstad van de wereld
“We proberen ons zo goed mogelijk voor te bereiden op iets waar we niets over weten,” zei bestuurslid Kevin Phillips.
Matty Roberts uit Californië maakte het evenement in juni aan nadat hij een aflevering van de podcast van Joe Rogan had bekeken.
Het begon in eerste instantie als grap, maar de aanmeldingen bleven maar binnenstromen.
In Lincoln County bevindt zich Rachel, de zelfverklaarde ‘UFO-hoofdstad van de wereld’.
Niet zonder gevaar
De nabijgelegen militaire basis Area 51 wordt al decennia met complottheorieën omgeven. Zo zouden er onder meer UFO’s en lichamen van aliens worden bewaard.
Woordvoerster van de Amerikaanse luchtmacht Laura McAndrews zei tegen USA Today dat legerfunctionarissen op de hoogte zijn van het evenement.
Ze waarschuwde mensen om het gebied niet te betreden.
“De Nevada Test and Training Range is een gebied waar de luchtmacht gevechtstoestellen test,” zei McAndrews.
“Het betreden van militaire installaties of militaire trainingsgebieden is niet zonder gevaar,” voegde ze toe.
‘Biofluorescent World’ may not have the same cachet as Jurassic World, but it may be closer to reality … and it just might be the place where we finally find extraterrestrial life forms. A new study proposes that the exoplanets with the highest probability of hosting life forms are often hit with heavy doses of ultraviolet radiation and life there may develop the same protective mechanism that some undersea coral use on Earth to protect themselves – biofluorescence. The end result would be that these life forms would glow in soft blues, greens and other colors that could easily be picked up by telescopes trained to look for them. Will the catchphrase of the inevitable remake of everyone’s favorite extraterrestrial movie be “ET, put on a shade!”?
“Our first targets in the search for signs of life are orbiting nearby M stars, such as the planets in the Proxima Centauri, Ross-128, LHS-1140, and TRAPPIST-1 systems.”
In the latest edition of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Jack O’Malley-James, a research associate at the Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, describes how he and co-author Lisa Kaltenegger from the Cornell astronomy department decided where to look for glowing aliens. Those four M-stars are spot. Especially when they’re already peering at M-type stars. Also known as red dwarfs, those are the most common stars in our universe, and they happen to host a lot of planets in their Goldilocks zone.
Unfortunately for any planets orbiting them, they also emit solar flares that can engulf these planets with ultraviolet radiation, especially if they’re in the Goldilocks zone where life is most likely to develop. As the saying goes – if the radiation doesn’t kill it, it will make it stronger … or at least adaptable to it. That’s what some forms of coral do in shallow waters – absorb blue and ultraviolet photons and re-emitting them at longer wavelengths which just happen to be fluorescent. That’s bioflorescence — the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light of a shorter wavelength. (FYI: bioluminescence is a chemical reaction that generates light and is independent of radiation.)
“If you and I would have evolved on such a world, we would probably glow too, as that would have had advantages in survival.”
Kaltenegger’s point in LiveScience is logical, but would there be enough of us glowing brightly so that we could be seen by telescopes in other solar systems? Possibly, if enough of us and all of the other life forms on Earth were biofluorescent. Of course, that’s not the case since we have an atmosphere that blocks most of the rays from us (and sunblock for the rest). O’Malley-James and Kaltenegger are hoping that planets orbiting nearby red dwarfs in their Goldilock zones will have enough bioflourcent beings to light up the planet, even briefly, so that one of our telescopes can pick it up. One of our future telescopes, that is. Our current models can’t pick it up – or they would have already.
What about when life forms from these glowing planets send their ships to Earth? Will we be able to spot them at night? Will they look at our pitiful non-glowing bodies with disdain?
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
Incoming: Is Earth About to GetStruck by the Big One?
Incoming: Is Earth About to Get Struck by the Big One?
How many headlines have we seen lately talking about space rocks, you know asteroids or meteors the size of something fierce? Well, today is no exception for those of you paying attention.
CHILLING footage has emerged of the European Space Agency (ESA) dealing with the hypothetical imminent threat of an asteroid hurtling towards Earth.!
Asteroids capable of destroying cities on Earth have the potential to slip through NASA satellites, giving humans just days to prepare. As a result, scientists at the ESA concerned about the threat to Europe are launching a new £915,000 telescope in the next week. Flyeye will be able to scan space and identify any possible objects heading to Earth, giving enough time to plan accordingly.
Planet X Nibiru Is Heading Towards Earth And Will End All Life ( NASA Warning: After 7 Days, North America will Shake Strongly When Pole Shift Takes Place )
Planet X Nibiru Is Heading Towards Earth And Will End All Life ( NASA Warning: After 7 Days, North America will Shake Strongly When Pole Shift Takes Place )
A NASA paper suggests that Planet Nibiru exist and it could have deadly consequences for the planet.
A NASA paper which was originally published in 1988 is said to reveal that there is a mysterious unnamed planet beyond the tiny ice planet of Pluto. It is believed by many that the Planet X referred to by NASA could be the fabled Planet Nibiru which many thinks could be the initiator of a major, imminent apocalyptic event for the people of Earth.
The cataclysmic event will be caused by the sheer force of gravitational strength
The study in question concerned observations on gravitational influences on a group of celestial objects which were referred to as “extreme trans-Neptunian objects” (ETNOs). Planet X or Planet Nibiru was said to be much larger than Earth and has a considerably longer orbital period. Best estimates by NASA suggested that the orbital period of the planet spanned a remarkable three thousand six hundred years.
Planet “X” Nibiru also was known as Planet Nine
This previously concealed study has suggested to many people that NASA and the United States government have been aware of the presence of Planet Nibiru for many years and that they are also away from the catastrophic effects its gravitational power could have for life on planet Earth. The secret NASA files apparently reveal that Planet Nine has disrupted the orbits of other planets in its orbital period and that it is imminently about to enter a disruptive passage into the inner solar system.
Currently, it is thought that the planet is emitting waves of ‘plasmatic energy particles’ which will eventually come to disrupt the core flows of Earth. This disruption is likely to trigger huge and catastrophic changes in the Earth’s climate. It is thought that the effects of the Planet Nibiru can already be felt on Earth in the form of increased seismic and volcanic activity, bizarre weather patterns and an uptick in natural disasters. Disturbingly, it is believed that this freak meteorological activity will become much worse before coming to a head at the end of the year.
Planet Niribu which will cause a pole shift
It is thought that this cataclysmic event will be caused by the sheer force of gravitational strength by Planet Niribu which will cause a pole shift on the planet Earth. This will lead to approximately two-thirds of the human population being wiped out. It is also estimated that a further two-thirds of those who survive will perish over the next six months due to starvation and exposure to the elements. It is said that this has been common knowledge among NASA personnel and officers within the Pentagon and the CIA for quite some time. However, these government agencies have elected to keep this information concealed from the public in a bid to subdue the panic that this event will undoubtedly cause.
Confused birds changing direction in the sky, asteroids falling to the earth, compasses flipping direction.It all sounds like doomsday –or at the very least random chaos, which may all be caused by the imminent shifting of the North and South Pole – so scientists say.According to research and data sets collated by European Space Agency satellites called Swarm, the Earth’s magnetic field has been weakening. This has meant big weak spots over the Western Hemisphere while the field has been strengthened over the Indian Ocean. One explanation given for this was that the poles were getting ready to flip. Hence compasses that once pointed north, would now point south.
Scientists understand that Earth’s magnetic field has flipped its polarity many times over the millennia. In other words, if you were alive about 800,000 years ago, and facing what we call north with a magnetic compass in your hand, the needle would point to ‘south.’ This is because a magnetic compass is calibrated based on Earth’s poles. The N-S markings of a compass would be 180 degrees wrong if the polarity of today’s magnetic field were reversed. Many doomsday theorists have tried to take this natural geological occurrence and suggest it could lead to Earth’s destruction. But would there be any dramatic effects? The answer, from the geologic and fossil records we have from hundreds of past magnetic polarity reversals, seems to be ‘no.’
Reversals are the rule, not the exception. Earth has settled in the last 20 million years into a pattern of a pole reversal about every 200,000 to 300,000 years, although it has been more than twice that long since the last reversal. A reversal happens over hundreds or thousands of years, and it is not exactly a clean back flip. Magnetic fields morph and push and pull at one another, with multiple poles emerging at odd latitudes throughout the process. Scientists estimate reversals have happened at least hundreds of times over the past three billion years. And while reversals have happened more frequently in “recent” years, when dinosaurs walked Earth a reversal was more likely to happen only about every one million years.
Sediment cores taken from deep ocean floors can tell scientists about magnetic polarity shifts, providing a direct link between magnetic field activity and the fossil record. The Earth’s magnetic field determines the magnetization of lava as it is laid down on the ocean floor on either side of the Mid-Atlantic Rift where the North American and European continental plates are spreading apart. As the lava solidifies, it creates a record of the orientation of past magnetic fields much like a tape recorder records sound. The last time that Earth’s poles flipped in a major reversal was about 780,000 years ago, in what scientists call the Brunhes-Matuyama reversal. The fossil record shows no drastic changes in plant or animal life. Deep ocean sediment cores from this period also indicate no changes in glacial activity, based on the amount of oxygen isotopes in the cores. This is also proof that a polarity reversal would not affect the rotation axis of Earth, as the planet’s rotation axis tilt has a significant effect on climate and glaciation and any change would be evident in the glacial record.
Earth’s polarity is not a constant. Unlike a classic bar magnet, or the decorative magnets on your refrigerator, the matter governing Earth’s magnetic field moves around. Geophysicists are pretty sure that the reason Earth has a magnetic field is because its solid iron core is surrounded by a fluid ocean of hot, liquid metal. This process can also be modeled with supercomputers. Ours is, without hyperbole, a dynamic planet. The flow of liquid iron in Earth’s core creates electric currents, which in turn create the magnetic field. So while parts of Earth’s outer core are too deep for scientists to measure directly, we can infer movement in the core by observing changes in the magnetic field. The magnetic north pole has been creeping northward – by more than 600 miles (1,100 km) – since the early 19th century, when explorers first located it precisely. It is moving faster now, actually, as scientists estimate the pole is migrating northward about 40 miles per year, as opposed to about 10 miles per year in the early 20th century.
Another doomsday hypothesis about a geomagnetic flip plays up fears about incoming solar activity. This suggestion mistakenly assumes that a pole reversal would momentarily leave Earth without the magnetic field that protects us from solar flares and coronal mass ejections from the sun. But, while Earth’s magnetic field can indeed weaken and strengthen over time, there is no indication that it has ever disappeared completely. A weaker field would certainly lead to a small increase in solar radiation on Earth – as well as a beautiful display of aurora at lower latitudes – but nothing deadly. Moreover, even with a weakened magnetic field, Earth’s thick atmosphere also offers protection against the sun’s incoming particles.
The science shows that magnetic pole reversal is – in terms of geologic time scales – a common occurrence that happens gradually over millennia. While the conditions that cause polarity reversals are not entirely predictable – the north pole’s movement could subtly change direction, for instance – there is nothing in the millions of years of geologic record to suggest that any of the 2020 doomsday scenarios connected to a pole reversal should be taken seriously.
An alternative computer model, a Hyderabad computer model, predicted the polar shifts and also that it may cause serious problems making the earth unsustainable or unsuitable to live in with the increased tectonic activity, the weakening of immune systems of animals and increased cosmic radiation. Because when the polar shift happens, there is a point at which the Earth’s magnetic field reaches zero Gauss i.e. zero magnetism. Coinciding with the sun’s polar reversal, which happens on an eleven-year cycle, is likely to cause huge problems. Beyond all the doomsday talk, there is a serious consequence that every time polar shift does happen, the magnetic field depletes, the only thing protecting us from harmful solar rays. It has been depleting at an alarming rate over the last couple of centuries, every time there is a move in the current of the iron core. This may lead to massive ozone holes, which apparently was responsible for the extinction of the dinosaurs.What can we do to prepare apart from increased sun block?
The rule has also been that with every pole reversal, catastrophe hits the earth – whole species go into extinction, earthquakes and other natural disasters ensue – what’s to say that another major shift in the poles will not trigger cataclysm or is not in fact already happening. The pole shift will cause major shifts in the tectonic plates and in the current climate and onslaught of incidents – all signs point north . . or south now.
So whether we face a future of increasing blackouts or declining consumption, the climbing costs of keeping the lights on means more of us might be switching off. But clearly that doesn’t need to be the final verdict: increasing investments in installing smart grids now could prepare us for increased electricity demand in the future.
Hopefully before another major solar event happens, we might at least have the ability to anticipate it. To, at least, mitigate damages, people could be informed of the exact time and nature of the event, lessening panic and chaos. They could also be instructed to stay off the roads, airlines could be entirely shut down, and protective structures could be created/used (or there might be ways for people to maximize safety at home). While these actions wouldn’t ensure safety, being informed would be the key to recovering from the event. NASA is also aware of the potential problems, and is actively researching solutions. The agency says:
[Space weather] is a problem the same way hurricanes are a problem. One can protect oneself with advance information and proper precautions. During a hurricane watch, a homeowner can stay put … or he can seal up the house, turn off the electronics and get out of the way. Similarly, scientists at NASA and NOAA give warnings to electric companies, spacecraft operators and airline pilots before a CME comes to Earth so that these groups can take proper precautions.
Ring-shaped UFO flying over Adirondack Mountains, New York
Ring-shaped UFO flying over Adirondack Mountains, New York
On August 1, 2019 I was fishing with two friends at the Hudson River in the Adirondacks. We thought we were alone, but suddenly there was a large crowd of people in rafts coming down the river as well as a pedal-driven train tour along the railroad tracks.
My friend took a picture of the crowd. We did not see anything unusual at the time, but on looking at one of the pictures later, there is a very strange image in the upper right hand corner. It appears to show a possible ring-shaped object flying over the bridge, with a jet trail or something behind it.
I am a paranormal investigator with the TAPS Family, so my friend sent it to me for my opinion. I was there when it was taken, and I know that it has not been modified in any way.
The only thing I can come up with for a natural explanation is that it could possibly be a water droplet on the lens, just causing a very strange light reflection.
But I thought you guys would have more experience looking at such photos than I so I would be interested in your opinion.
We checked all the other photos taken at the time and there are no other such anomalies. There is no photo taken directly after this one, but one taken right before has nothing on the lens. Mufon case 102827.
Glowing Fireball UFO Shoots Out Mysterious Orb Over Egyptian Pyramid
Glowing Fireball UFO Shoots Out Mysterious Orb Over Egyptian Pyramid
The aerial object in the video is not something that can be generally seen across the sky, but opinions differ over whether it is the product of intelligent aliens or a natural phenomenon.
The footage of the UFO sighting was reportedly recorded over the pyramids of Egypt. It has caused bizarre claims, including from people who believe that the real builder of the pyramid had returned to check out their creation.
It shows a glowing white fireball streaking across the sky reportedly above an Egyptian pyramid when a white orb appears to suddenly shoot off and move in the opposite direction from the space rock.
A tourist reportedly recorded the video and uploaded it to the Chinese YouTube channel Bizarre World back in June.
Most commenters suggest that it is a flying saucer, but there are others who believe that it’s a fragment of a meteor.
The UFO streaks across the sky and part of it shoots out another white orb, which seemingly travels in the opposite direction. It looks to some UFO enthusiasts that intelligent beings who built the pyramids were doing a flyby to check on them.
Russia's Skybot F-850: "Not a Terminator" but a space robot, and will launch to the International Space Station on a Soyuz space capsule in August 2019.
When a Russian Soyuz spacecraftlaunches from Kazakhstan for the International Space Station tomorrow night, it will carry a single, if strange, passenger — a humanoid robot, sitting in the commander's chair of the crew capsule.
The robot, dubbed Skybot F-850, is one of the latest versions of Russia's FEDOR robots, which have been developed as an all-purpose stand-in for humans in everything from rescue work to driving cars — and now, flying into space.
It's the first time that a robot will take the commander's place in a Soyuz — the Skybot will monitor and report on conditions during the otherwise uncrewed flight, including the forces on the spacecraft as it enters orbit and the start of zero gravity.
Russia's humanoid The Skybot F-850 can act autonomously, or mimic the actions of a human controller.
(Image credit: Androidnaya Technika)
Russia has been developing the FEDOR robots since 2014. Bloshenko said the Skybot version that will fly to the ISS is made from robust materials designed to withstand vibrations during the launch and the demands of operating in space.
Special movement algorithms have also been installed and the actions of the Skybot will be purposefully limited to ensure that it doesn't cause any damage to the ISS by accident, he said.
Artificial intelligence allows the Skybot to move and act autonomously, or it can work in "avatar" mode under the control of an operator wearing a full-body "control suit," Bloshenko said.
The robot's humanoid design, and in particular its advanced robot hands, allow it to work with standard "human" tools: Videos show it walking, turning a valve, unlocking a door, and working a fire extinguisher, an electric drill and a gas torch for welding.
Videos of the robot have shown it driving a car and a quad bike — and even, on one notable occasion in 2017, firing two automatic pistols at targets on a gun range.
That prompted then Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin to insist Russia was not developing robots as weapons: "We are not creating a Terminator, but artificial intelligence that will be of great practical significance in various fields," he wrote on Twitter.
Russia's space agency Roscosmos says the Skybot F-850 will serve as a "social companion" for human crew on the International Space Station.
(Image credit: Androidnaya Technika)
The Skybot F-850 may be the first Russian robot on the ISS, but NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) have been working with robots on the space station for several years already.
NASA's Robonaut 2, a humanoid without legs designed to work alongside astronauts, flew to the ISS in 2011 and performed well until 2014 — but it started having problems after that and was brought back to earth in 2018. It's now being updated, and is expected to return to the ISS next year.
Meanwhile, ESA's roughly spherical "social robot," CIMON — which stands for Crew Interactive Mobile Companion — has flown on the ISS since 2018.
CIMON is designed to recognize faces, take photographs and video, and help astronauts communicate with IBM's natural-language processing computer, Watson, here on Earth.
The most advanced robots on the ISS arrived earlier this year, with NASA's Astrobee project.
Two of the cube-like, free-flying robots were flown to the ISS in April, with a third due next month. They are designed to take over from the venerable SPHERES satellites, which have flown on the ISS for over 10 years as an experimental hardware platform.
But the replacement Astrobees are a lot smarter than SPHERES, and they will serve as payload carriers for experiments. In due course they may take over some routine tasks on the ISS, such as instrument surveys and carrying out inventories of equipment.
"Crew time will always be a precious resource during crewed spaceflight," Maria Bualat, the Astrobee project manager,told Space.com. "Assistant robots like Astrobee or Robonaut or the new Russian humanoid are going to help free up astronaut time by taking over some of the repetitive or even dangerous tasks that the crew must currently do."
While the current generation of ISS robots, including the Astrobees and Skybot, were designed to work only inside the ISS, development work was being carried out on robots that could work on the outside, in space itself, she said.
"If you have, like, an external robot, then you can maybe do some repair work, like repairing an external leak without having astronauts suit up and perform an EVA [extravehicular activity]," Bualat said. "So it can also make it safer for astronauts."
Viruses, ET and the octopus from space: the return of panspermia
Viruses, ET and the octopus from space: the return of panspermia
A major paper revives the oft-mocked theory that life on Earth began in a rain of cosmic microbes. Stephen Fleischfresser reports.
The search for ET, say researchers, could start and end with the octopus.
VIZERSKAYA/GETTY IMAGES
The peer-reviewed journal Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology recently published a most remarkable scientific paper. With 33 authors from a wide range of reputable universities and research institutes, the paper makes a seemingly incredible claim. A claim that if true, would have the most profound consequences for our understanding of the universe. Life, the paper argues, did not originate on the planet Earth.
The response?
Near silence.
The reasons for this are as fascinating as the evidence and claims advanced by the paper itself. Entitled Cause of the Cambrian Explosion – Terrestrial or Cosmic?, the publication revives a controversial idea concerning the origin of life, an idea stretching back to Ancient Greece, known as panspermia.
The scientific orthodoxy concerning the origin of life is called abiogenesis. This suggests that at some point in the earth’s early history, conditions were favourable for the creation of complex organic chemistry that, in turn, led to the self-organisation of the first primitive life forms.
Much is understood about the process, but exactly how information came to be coded in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) to form the system of genetic inheritance and expression, and how this transformed into life itself, remains unknown. The other slightly uncomfortable aspect of the abiogenic account is that it seems to take place in a surprisingly short amount of time. The theory requires that the "primordial soup" from which self-replicating RNA emerged formed within an 800 million year period following the stabilisation of the Earth's crust, a timeframe some researchers think is too narrow.
Despite its drawbacks and lack of detail, abiogenesis is the consensus, the only plausible hypothesis for the origin of life.
The panspermia hypothesis, however, disputes nearly every aspect of this story.
Of the 33 authors, Edward Steele and Chandra Wickramasinghe are the most well-known.
Steele, an Australian immunologist, has a history as something of a maverick. He has long championed the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics, a theory first aired by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, the French evolutionist prior to Darwin.
Although the latter much admired Lamarck’s work, most scientists have since discarded it. In 1979, Steele took a contrary position, advocating a neo-Lamarckian idea known as “somatic selection hypothesis", published in 1979. The later advent of epigenetics, and the discovery of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in numerous microbial organisms have somewhat restored Lamarck’s tarnished reputation, with some biologists suggesting HGT represents "a form of (quasi)Lamarkian inheritance".
Wickramasinghe is a famed astronomer and astrobiologist with an illustrious career. He has held a string of professorships at Universities in both England and Sri Lanka, and has more than 70 publications in Nature.
One of his more notable contributions, along with his long-time collaborator, the late Sir Fred Hoyle, was the hypothesis that interstellar dust was partly made up of organic molecules, which Wickramasinghe went on to confirm experimentally. This finding prompted him to become a lifelong advocate of the panspermia hypothesis, publishing numerous papers on the topic.
Hoyle thus exerts a posthumous influence over the new paper. Originally Wickramasinghe’s PhD supervisor, he was an odd mix of genius and far-out ideas: he formulated the notion of stellar nucleosynthesis, the now well-established theory that says all elements heavier than helium are created through fusion in the hearts of stars. He also thought that the famous Archaeopteryx fossil, transitional between dinosaurs and birds, was a manufactured fake.
Astronauts working on the exterior of the International Space Station, which research has found to be covered in bacteria.
NASA/SCIENCE SOURCE
Hoyle and Wickramasinghe developed the model of panspermia at the centre of the recent study. The new paper is a review of “the key experimental and observational data gathered over the past 60 years”, write the authors, “consistent with or predicted by the Hoyle-Wickramasinghe (H-W) thesis of Cometary (Cosmic) Biology”.
The H-W model holds, the authors state, “that life was seeded here on Earth by life-bearing comets as soon as conditions on Earth allowed it to flourish (at or just before 4.1 billion years ago); and living organisms such as space-resistant and space-hardy bacteria, viruses, more complex eukaryotic cells and organisms, … perhaps even fertilised ova and plant seeds, may have been continuously delivered ever since to Earth helping to drive further the progress of terrestrial biological evolution.”
In other words, the researchers suggest that abiogenesis did not happen on Earth and the main source of genetic novelty is not caused by the selection of naturally occurring advantageous mutations, but rather comes from a rain of extra-terrestrial living matter that integrates itself, via neo-Lamarckian mechanisms such as horizontal gene transfer, into the genomes of terrestrial life.
Beyond this, the model also postulates that various epidemics are caused by the arrival of viruses from space and that extra-terrestrial retroviruses drove the Cambrian explosion.
Not to mention that the octopus might well be an alien.
One might be tempted to laugh, if it weren’t for the volume of titillating evidence they present, and the nagging worry that the naysayers have been wrong before. For decades everyone knew, for example, that continents didn’t just go drifting about the place. Until they did.
But just because theories seen as crackpot by the scientific establishment have later been vindicated does not necessarily mean that is the case here.
The proof advanced “would support an extra-terrestrial origin of life,” writes commentator and evolutionary scientist Keith Baverstock from the University of Eastern Finland, puts it in the same issue of the journal, but is “not evidence that could not be explained in any other terms." In other words, the argument advanced by Steel and colleagues in plausible, but not convincing.
Nonetheless, the paper has withstood a year of intense peer review. As Steele points out to Cosmos, “It has thus passed some severe and tortuous tests already.” The tension between the evidence and the claims based on it make for uneasy reading.
Just as the field of Alzheimer’s research ponders if its main theory of many decades is wrong, perhaps it is worth entertaining a quaint notion: what if panspermia is right?
The paper is remarkable in tone. Far from the cautious claims of normal scientific literature, it is almost triumphant. “The consistency with panspermia of a vast swathe of new data,” Wickramasinghe tells Cosmos, “often entailing new and unexpected developments of technology, over the past four decades have given us the confidence to adopt this tone.”
The evidence is enough to back their confidence, fascinating and detailed. Central to their paper, and indeed their model of panspermia, is the action of viruses, retroviruses, in particular, and much of the evidence presented revolves around them.
Retroviruses are fiendishly clever. They are the foremost practitioners of horizontal gene transfer, integrating their own genetic material into the genome of the infected host to produce more viruses.
Intriguingly, if they infect germline cells, sperm or ova, for example, then the organism will transmit the integrated retrovirus, known as a provirus, to their descendants. In other words, the acquired genetic material becomes part of the offspring’s inheritance. It’s a solidly Lamarckian mechanism and Steele’s own somatic selection hypothesis is based on such viral capacities.
This ability to affect the genetic makeup of their hosts makes viruses a force to be reckoned with. As a group of researchers, led by microbiologist Matthew B Sullivan, wrote in 2016, “viruses modulate the function and evolution of all living things, but to what extent remains a mystery.”
And the truth is there are a lot of viruses around.
Virologist Curtis Suttle from the University of British Columbia in Canada and his colleagues last year published the first research into the number of viruses being deposited from the atmosphere. The amount is staggering, possibly billions a day for every square metre of the earth. Viruses are puissant and ubiquitous.
Steele and colleagues seem to have been finally spurred to action by new virological data connecting viruses and evolution.
In 2017 Pakorn Aiewsakun and Aris Katzourakis from the University of Oxford in the UK published a paper in Nature Communications that concluded that “retroviruses emerged together with their vertebrate hosts in the ocean” at least 460 million years ago. They also established that the two entities demonstrate patterns of co-speciation: as the host organisms transform into new species, their viral counterparts similarly transform. This, claim Steele and colleagues, is a key prediction of the H-W panspermia hypothesis.
Steele and colleagues derive two points from Aiewsakun and Katzourakis’ findings.
The first is that viruses are successful only because they have evolved to make use of the host’s cellular machinery and genetic regulatory make-up – that is, they are “in touch with the whole of the cell’s very ability to grow and divide to produce progeny cells and to evolve”. Given this, evidence that retroviruses emerged at the same time as, and co-speciated with, their hosts, simply doesn’t add up. Retroviruses are carefully adapted to the stable make-up of their target hosts and such co-variance just shouldn’t happen.
The second point is that the emergence of these retroviruses barely predates the Cambrian Explosion, a period in which sudden and unparalleled biological diversity and complexity appeared on Earth. They also emerge not long after a mass extinction event at the end of the Ediacaran period, 542 million years ago.
Panspermia accounts for all this, the authors explain, thus: the Ediacaran extinction was most likely brought about by comets that brought with them complex retroviruses. The retroviruses were the main driver of the Cambrian explosion. They integrated themselves into the genomes of countless terrestrial species, introducing novel genetic material which resulted in an explosion of diversification of living forms.
They integrated so quickly and easily, without the need or time to evolve to the target host’s genetic make-up, because they arrived already primed to do so. This is because the H-W panspermia hypothesis posits a cosmic biology, in which, write the researchers, “the entire galaxy (and perhaps a local group of galaxies) constitutes a single connected biosphere”. All life, both terrestrial and extra-terrestrial, is related, according to this view, as all life comes from the greater biosphere in which genetic material in the “cosmic gene pool” is readily shared. There is an underlying biochemical unity of all life, differing only in which isotopes of essential elements life from different parts of the universe might use.
One of the loudest champions of panspermia theory, the late astronomer, Fred Hoyle.
DAVID LEVENSON/GETTY IMAGES
As Wickramasinghe puts it, “Our point of view is that in the context of an interconnected cosmic biosphere involving at least 100 billion habitable exoplanets in our galaxy alone, and with continuing exchanges of biomaterial, large scale HGT including exchanges of complex genetic packages in the form of viruses, seeds, bacteria is unavoidable.”
One of the reasons for adopting panspermia, he explains, is the “superastronomically improbable transition from non-life to life”.
The idea that abiogenesis occurred on the cosmically insignificant earth in an awkwardly short amount of time strikes him as improbable, at best.
“The choice between life originating on Earth against manifestly insuperable odds,” he says, “and an origin in the connected volume of a large part of the almost infinite universe is a simple binary choice. We chose the most probable.”
Steele and colleagues argue that abiogenesis is deeply unlikely here on earth and that “it is many orders of magnitude more likely that it emerged in one of the trillions of comet-like incubators or water-bearing planets (cosmic-wide versions of Darwin's 'warm little ponds') at a very early time in the growth of this universe”.
Despite this, Wickramasinghe, Hoyle and Steele have all entertained the notion that there is no need for such a creation story. When asked if there must be abiogenesis at some point, somewhere in the universe, Steele replies, “Actually no. If the universe is steady state infinite there is no formal abiogenesis! I am not saying I agree with that. But Big Bang or steady state are so mind-boggling I find both incredible!”
The reason for this, and a common factor amongst the three scientists, is a commitment to, or interest in, the steady state theory of cosmology.
The idea, first put forward by Hoyle and two colleagues in 1948, holds that the universe has no beginning or end and remains the same size. As matter at the outer reaches of the universe loses energy and goes dark, new matter is created.
In this view, biology is as timeless and without origin as the universe itself. Hoyle famously lost the fight over cosmological models to George Gamow and the advocates for the Big Bang. Despite the discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964, something predicted by Big Bang theory, Hoyle never recanted his beliefs, and the steady state universe seems an underlying presence in the H-W model of panspermia.
The background theories and characters may be unsettling, but they don’t detract from the evidence upon which the paper rests, which must be taken on its own terms. Much of it is peer reviewed, but it is not always as persuasive as billed. Nonetheless, there is a good deal that gives one pause for thought.
For example, when asked why we haven’t found obvious signs of microbial life elsewhere in the solar system, both Steele and Wickramasinghe seem adamant that such evidence has, in fact, been found. Both point to the work of Gilbert Levin, the principal investigator of the 1976 Viking mission to Mars and his colleague Patricia Straat. Viking’s results pointed to something with a metabolism in the Martian soils, but then couldn’t detect any organic material. The result is interesting, but inconclusive.
The authors also insist fossil microbes have already been found in various meteorites, including the famous Murchison meteorite that fell in Victoria, Australia, in 1969. While they point to refereed journal articles for support, it seems the jury is still out. Once again, the evidence is tantalising but not conclusive.
More recently, traces of seemingly biological carbon deposits have been found in rocks predating the emergence of life, during a period of heavy comet and asteroid bombardment. The authors see this as evidence of life carried to earth, but, as Baverstock suggests, there are other reasons such carbon might be there.
More intriguing is the discovery of bacteria and microbes in unlikely places, such as the stratosphere, 30 to 40 kilometres above the surface of the planet, and more excitingly on the outside of the International Space Station. In the case of the ISS, contamination has been ruled out and the physics suggests that it is not possible for the microbes to have been lofted up from the earth’s surface.
Just as fascinating are suggestive astronomical findings, such as the Rosetta mission’s discovery of organic compounds on and around the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. This finding coincides nicely with Hoyle and Wickramasinghe’s demonstration that interstellar dust is partly made of organic molecules.
Perhaps the most intriguing astronomical evidence of all is that which converted Steele to the panspermia hypothesis.
A development from the research into organic interstellar dust, the spectrum of light produced as infra-red radiation passes through cosmic dust turns out to have the exact same spectral signature as freeze-dried E. coli bacteria. Steele’s frustration with the scientific community’s indifference to this staggering result is palpable.
“All our knowledge of the universe,” he says, “has been built this way – get the spectrum (emission, absorption) in the laboratory on Earth, then focus the telescope on a cosmic source/object and ask, What is the spectrum or signature? Does it match that found in the Earth-based laboratory?”
The answer? “It is an exact match – you cannot get better than that in science.”
So why has the result largely been passed over as a curiosity? Steele muses, “The situation is reminiscent to the problem Galileo had with the Catholic priests of his time – most refused to look through his telescope to observe the moons of Jupiter.”
Perhaps the most controversial aspect of the new paper concerns the origins of the octopus. The discussion begins, as it so often does in the paper, with some intriguing evidence.
Cephalopods (the group comprising squid, cuttlefish, nautilus and octopus) have a somewhat confusing evolutionary tree, first appearing in the late Cambrian period and seemingly descending from an ancestral primitive nautiloid.
Of these, the octopus is the most striking, with features, such as a complex nervous system, sophisticated eyes and a capacity for camouflage, that appear quite suddenly in its evolution. The genes necessary for this transformation, the authors suggest, are not present in its ancestry. Thus, they hold that “it is plausible then to suggest they seem to be borrowed from a far distant ‘future’ in terms of terrestrial evolution, or more realistically from the cosmos at large.”
Interestingly, the octopus has some real and pervasive biochemical differences from the nautilus, presumably the closest living relative of the former’s ancestor. In particular, there is evidence of extensive changes in the RNA, and thus proteins, found in the neural structures of cephalopods.
These changes have been evolutionarily preserved and are not found to this extent elsewhere in nature, not even in the nautilus. This indicates that a qualitative evolutionary transformation occurred relatively recently and abruptly in behaviourally complex cephalopods. The sheer scale of these changes leads the authors to conclude that it cannot be explained by normal neo-Darwinian processes. Or even Lamarckian processes. And they may have a point.
But here things get weird. “One plausible explanation, in our view, is that the new genes are likely new extraterrestrial imports to Earth – most plausibly as an already coherent group of functioning genes within (say) cryopreserved and matrix protected fertilised octopus eggs,” write the authors. This would “be a parsimonious cosmic explanation for the octopus' sudden emergence on Earth [about] 270 million years ago.”
It’s moments like this that point to the source of the paper’s unease. It lies not with the evidence it presents, but rather the larger conclusions drawn.
The evidence is nonetheless provocative. Taken together it indicates, if nothing else, that there is much we don’t know and that our prevailing scientific orthodoxies will undergo transformations, as all scientific theories do.
The orthodox scientific response is encapsulated in the commentary from the decorated virologist Karin Moelling of the Max Planck Institute Molecular Genetics, in Berlin, and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Zürich, published in the same journal issue.
“So this article is useful, calling for attention, and it is worth thinking about,” she says, “yet the main statement about viruses, microbes and even animals coming to us from space, cannot be taken seriously.”
These kinds of pronouncements have led to the near-radio silence from the media, except for the occasional piece riffing on the theme of space octopuses. Scientific commentary is muted, confused by the tension between the outlandish claims and the peer-reviewed status of the paper.
Maybe we should side with sage advice of the journal’s editor, the renowned British biologist Denis Noble. “The usual mantra ‘further research is needed’ applies even more than usual,” he writes. “In the future, the ideas will surely become testable.”
The authors, too, think this the best course of action. “The whole issue is on the verge of being decided by decisive evidence of extra-terrestrial life being found elsewhere in our solar system,” they conclude.
Instead of dismissing panspermia out of hand, perhaps then, we should just wait for the discoveries that future space probes might bring. Evidence, as always, will be the ultimate decider.
In de studie, uitgevoerd door 33 gerenommeerde wetenschappers, wordt geclaimd dat leven niet op aarde is ontstaan.
En toen bleef het oorverdovend stil.
Heel groot vraagteken
De wetenschappers hebben onderzoek gedaan naar de Cambriaanse explosie, waarin in ongeveer vijf miljoen jaar de evolutie op hol geslagen leek, iets wat tot nu toe wetenschappelijk gezien een heel groot vraagteken was.
Volgens de onderzoekers komt het leven dat indertijd ontstond uit de ruimte.
Ze wijzen erop dat er steeds meer exoplaneten worden ontdekt in de bewoonbare zone rond dwergsterren.
Kometen
De kans is dan ook groot dat er genetische uitwisseling plaatsvindt via aardachtige planeten, klinkt het.
De meeste wetenschappers gaan ervan uit dat het leven op aarde is ontstaan uit niet-levende materie, zoals eenvoudige organische verbindingen. We spreken in dit geval ook wel van abiogenese.
De auteurs van de studie zeggen dat leven via kometen naar de aarde is gebracht. Denk daarbij aan bacteriën, virussen en meer complexe organismen.
Fossielen
De onderzoekers baseren zich op gegevens die in de afgelopen 60 jaar zijn verzameld.
Ze dragen bewijzen aan in de vorm van fossielen van micro-organismen die zijn gevonden in meteorieten en bacteriën die in de bovenste lagen van de atmosfeer zijn ontdekt en die uit de ruimte lijken te komen.
Are Near-Death Experiences Just Comforting Illusions?
Are Near-Death Experiences Just Comforting Illusions?
Verified perception during NDEs suggests they may have some basis in reality.
We all know the classic features of the near-death experience: floating above one’s body, moving through a tunnel toward a bright light, seeing a review of the events of one’s life, meeting the souls of deceased loved ones and possibly even a divine figure, and, in the end, suddenly being thrust back into one’s body.
Surveys indicate that from 4 to 15% of people have had a near-death experience or “NDE” (Gallup and Proctor 1982; Knoblauch et al. 2001; Perera et al. 2005), and most of these people find their lives profoundly changed by the experience (Noyes et al. 2009). Afterward, they are left with the conviction that life does not end with the death of the body, that our souls live on in a realm that transcends the physical reality of daily life.
But is this true? Are NDEs really evidence for the immortality of consciousness, or are they just illusions created by the chemistry of a dying brain, which many people happen to interpret in a comforting way?
As you might expect, this is not an easy question for science to answer, because the realm that NDErs claim to experience—if it does exist—is likely not the sort of thing whose presence we can directly confirm with the aid of a telescope or other physical device. Nevertheless, there are certain aspects of some NDEs that are verifiable.
It has been reported that some NDErs have correctly perceived physical events that they could not have normally seen or heard even if their brains and bodies had been fully functional. A number of such cases have been investigated by various researchers and collected by Titus Rivas, Anny Dirven, and Rudolf H. Smit in their 2016 book The Self Does Not Die.
For instance, in a case reported on by hospice physician John Lerma (2007, 10-12), an 82-year-old man had an NDE in which he floated out of his body in the hospital trauma room. From a position up above the goings-on there, he saw a quarter sitting on the right-hand corner of the eight-foot-high cardiac monitor, a quarter dating from the year 1985. After he was resuscitated, he asked Lerma to go and check whether the quarter was really there, so he could know whether his very affecting spiritual experience was real. Lerma took a ladder and climbed up to look, and there indeed was the 1985 quarter, just as the patient had seen it.
In another case, this one originally recorded by Kenneth Ring and Madelaine Lawrence (1993), a patient described having an NDE in which she was pulled upward through the floors of the hospital until she came up out of the roof. From there, she noticed a red shoe lying on the roof. A skeptical physician later went onto the roof to check and indeed discovered the red shoe she’d described.
Other NDErs have received verification for their perceptions of distant events as diverse as their grandmothers both suddenly taking up smoking(Rivas et al. 2016, 44), their wife and daughter discussing taking cuttings from a unique tree in a hospital courtyard (45), and a leg amputation in a nearby operating theater, which the NDEr described in some detail (59).
In other cases, it has been verified that an NDEr accurately perceived an event that occurred precisely during the period when the NDEr’s heart was stopped and normal brain function had ceased. In fact, Rivas, Dirven, and Smit devote an entire chapter of their book to cases of awareness and perception during cardiac arrest.
One example is the case of a man who saw his dentures being removed and put on a tray on the crash cart. While this event did not happen at any great distance from his body, it occurred while the patient was “ashen gray, with livor mortis (in which blue-black discoloration occurs where blood pools in the lowest areas of the corpse) and blue lips and nails. He exhibited no blood circulation…[and] had no heart rhythm” (Rivas et al. 2016, 63).
As Rivas, Dirven, and Smit make clear, “[d]uring cardiac arrest, the brain activity of the cortex is shut down within an average of about 15 seconds to such an extent that, according to materialists, no complex conscious experiencing can occur after this point” (55). By the time the man who saw his dentures removed was brought into the hospital, he had been in cardiac arrest for a great deal longer than 15 seconds. He had been found “unconscious, stone cold, and apparently clinically dead out in a meadow…. In the ambulance, they tried to resuscitate him, but failed…” (63).
This explains the man's blue appearance when he arrived at the hospital, where his dentures were removed before the renewal of resuscitation efforts. Those resuscitation efforts then took over an hour to be effective enough for the patient to be transmitted to the ICU. And yet, about a week later, the patient spoke to the nurse who had removed his dentures and said that he had seen the nurse place them on the pull-out shelf of a cart with lots of bottles on it, which is exactly what the nurse had done.
Now, do these NDE perceptions prove that all of the other aspects of NDErs’ experiences are accurate—for instance, that they really did meet their deceased loved ones, or that they truly met God? No, they don’t prove this. But they do suggest that NDEs might include contact with reality, even without normal heart or brain function, and that this contact may actually stretch beyond what we are capable of when our bodies are operating normally.
References
Gallup, G., & Proctor, W. (1982). Adventures in immortality: A look beyond the threshold of death. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Knoblauch, H., Schmied, I., & Schnettler, B. (2001). Different kinds of near-death experience: A report on a survey of near-death experiences in Germany. Journal of Near-Death Studies 20(1): 15-29.
Lerma, J. (2007). Into the light: Real life stories about angelic visits, visions of the afterlife, and other pre-death experiences. Pompton Plains, NJ: New Page Books.
Noyes, R., Fenwick, P., Holden, J. M., & Christian, S. R. (2009). Aftereffects of pleasurable Western adult near-death experiences. In J. M. Holden, B. Greyson, and D. James (Eds.), The handbook of near-death experiences: Thirty years of investigation (pp. 41-62). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Publishers.
Perera, M., Padmasekara, G., & Belanti, J. (2005). Prevalence of near-death experiences in Australia. Journal of Near-Death Studies 24(2): 109-16.
Ring, K., & Lawrence, M. (1993). Further evidence for veridical perception during near-death experiences. Journal of Near-Death Studies 11(4): 223-9.
Rivas, T., Dirven, A., & Smit, R. H. (2016). The self does not die: Verified paranormal phenomena from near-death experiences (W. Boeke, Trans., J. M. Holden, Ed.). Durham, NC: IANDS Publications.
Zijn bijna-doodervaringen echt of een illusie? Dit zet je ongetwijfeld aan het denken
Zijn bijna-doodervaringen echt of een illusie? Dit zet je ongetwijfeld aan het denken
Bewijzen bijna-doodervaringen dat bewustzijn onsterfelijk is of zijn het illusies die worden voortgebracht door het brein?
Sommige mensen die een bijna-doodervaring hebben gehad, waren getuige van gebeurtenissen die ze normaal gesproken niet konden zien of horen, zelfs als hun brein en lichaam zouden werken.
Zo had een 82-jarige Amerikaanse man een bijna-doodervaring waarbij hij in het ziekenhuis uit zijn lichaam trad.
Kwartje
Zijn aandacht werd getrokken door een kwartje uit 1985 dat hij op de hartbewakingsmachine zag liggen.
Toen hij weer bij kennis kwam, bleek er op de machine inderdaad een kwartje te liggen.
Een andere patiënt werd tijdens een bijna-doodervaring door de verdiepingen van het ziekenhuis getrokken tot ze uitkwam bij het dak.
Schoen
Daar zag ze een schoen liggen.
Een sceptische arts besloot later naar het dak te gaan en trof daar tot zijn verbazing een rode schoen aan.
In een ander geval zag een man van bovenaf hoe zijn kunstgebit werd verwijderd, terwijl hij vlak daarvoor een hartstilstand had gekregen.
De man werd bewusteloos, ijskoud en klinisch dood gevonden in een weiland. In de ambulance werd tevergeefs geprobeerd om hem te reanimeren.
Precies
Pas een uur later slaagden artsen erin om hem bij kennis te brengen.
Een week later zei hij tegen de zuster dat hij had gezien hoe ze zijn kunstgebit had uitgedaan en in een karretje met flessen erop had gelegd. Dat was precies wat de zuster had gedaan.
After Watching This You Will Wonder What Is Going on Underground!
After Watching This You Will Wonder What Is Going on Underground!
Are they living down there, deep under the surface?
With all of these stories of subterranean creatures from all around the world, and missing people in National Parks, ( Missing 411), and all around the world, I believe that there may be some truth behind these stories.
I Have Been A Believer In The ” Hollow Earth” Theory Since The Summer Of 1966!!!!!!! The Christian Bible Even Stated That ” There Were Giants In The Earth In Those Day”s Before The Fallen Angels Matted With The Daughters Of Men And Begat More GIANTS!!!!!!! Is The Earth Full Of Caverns, Portals To Other Dimensions, Hollowed Etc……. Whatever The Truth Is There Is Something To The ” Hollow Earth Theory”!!!!!!!🌬😮🙄😱🤔😱👊🏾L.E.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.