Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 13 YEARS AND 2 MONTH.
ON 06/08/2024 MORE THAN 2.161.100
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
25-08-2019
Two Colossal Crystal Pyramids Found in Center of The Bermuda Triangle
Two Colossal Crystal Pyramids Found in Center of The Bermuda Triangle
With the help of today’s advanced technology, Dr. Meyer Verlag has managed to discover two huge pyramids at the bottom of the ocean.
These pyramids are extremely large. To give you an idea, they are 3 times larger than the pyramid of Cheops in Egypt.
It seems that these pyramids are constructed of a type of crystal that could not be identified.
They are about 2000 meters deep at the bottom of the ocean.
According to researcher Meyer Verlag, these crystal pyramids may be the reason why there are so many mysterious disappearances in that area.
There is also a theory that these crystal pyramids belong to the ancient city of Atlantis.
Scientists are optimistic and believe that these pyramids will be investigated very closely in the near future.
And this can give us some very important answers regarding the mysterious disappearances of the Bermuda triangle or even about the lost city of Atlantis.
Archaeologists Who Discovered Giant Skeletons Were Threatened: “You’re playing with fire”
Archaeologists Who Discovered Giant Skeletons Were Threatened: “You’re playing with fire”
Since ancient times there are stories and stories about giants. These creatures were so large that the earth shook as they walk.
There are reports about a very controversial case that took place in Romania in the 1940s.
At that time, a team of foreign archaeologists discovered a lot of precious artifacts that it seems to have belonged to the Dacian leader, Burebista.
From the accounts of that time, it seems that one of the archaeologists by the name of Ionita Florea, discovered a huge skull.
The skull was about five times larger than a human skull. Shortly after the discovery of the giant skull, Ionita Florea was removed from the team, and foreign archaeologists have managed to uncover 80 more giant skeletons.
These giant skeletons were hidden or destroyed. It is not known exactly where the skeletons are.
Another very strange case was when the inhabitants of the village of Scaieni in Romania discovered a cemetery full of giant skeletons, when they were trying to plant an apple orchard.
In 2009, a television channel began a thorough investigation of the phenomena in the Bucegi Mountains.
But the entire team of researchers and journalists were threatened by telephone by several people who did not reveal their identity.
These people wanted at all costs that this investigation be stopped immediately.
These unknown persons threatened with death the entire team investigating Bucegi Mountains. It seems that the entire operation that investigated the phenomena in the Bucegi mountains was stopped shortly.
And none of the team members ever wanted to make a statement. Watch the following video:
Researchers have made incredible advancements in the detection and study of exoplanets in recent years, spotting literally thousands of new planets and learning tantalizing details about them. Scientists can often tell how warm a planet’s surface is, what its atmosphere is made of, and whether or not it could hold liquid water on its surface.
All of this information helps in the never-ending search for extraterrestrial life, but what if an intelligent race of aliens were looking at us? Would they be able to see that Earth is habitable, or perhaps even detect the presence of life here from a distance? A new study published in Scienceattempts to answer that question, and the answer is just as complicated as you’d expect.
The idea here is that by modeling what a distant civilization would see when looking at Earth, we might get a better idea of what traits to seek out when searching for life-supporting exoplanets of our own. To build this model of a “distant Earth,” the research team collected nearly 10,000 images of Earth snapped from NASA’s Deep Space Climate Observatory satellite and used them to build a two-dimensional picture of the light reflecting off of Earth across multiple wavelengths.
This, the researchers say, offers a reasonable estimate of what an intelligent civilization might see when observing our planet at a distance of many light-years. The image might look like little more than a colorful blob, but it’s actually a rough outline of Earth’s continents and oceans.
The scientists suggest that, if we could interpret the light curves of exoplanets in the same way, we may be able to estimate an Earth-like planet’s potential to support life.
“The analysis of light curves in this work have implications for determining geological features and climate systems on exoplanet,” Siteng Fan, lead author of the work, told Universe Today. “We found that the variation of light curve of Earth is dominated by clouds and land/ocean, which are both crucial to the life on Earth. Therefore, Earth-like exoplanets which harbor this kind of features would be more likely to host life.”
Next year is going to be a pretty big deal for scientists studying Mars, with both NASA’s Mars 2020 mission and the ExoMars rover mission kicking off in the summer. NASA, the European Space Agency, and Russia’s Roscosmos are all doing their best to plan for the landing of their respective rovers, and they recently gathered in a place that looks a lot like Mars to test a few new ideas.
The international group of researchers met in Australia and set their sights on the dry and dusty conditions of the Australian Outback, which is a decent analog for the Red Planet.
The challenges of controlling a mobile robot on another planet are many, but the scientists are doing their best to plan ahead, especially when it comes to search for evidence of life on Mars.
“The Pilbara Outback is home to the oldest confirmed fossilized lifeforms on Earth, called stromatolites,” Ken Farley of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory said in a statement. “If we can better understand how these fossils came to be here – and the nearby geological signposts that help point the way to them – we’ll be that much more prepared when hunting for signs of life on Mars.”
Practicing the ability to spot areas where clues about ancient life on Mars may be hiding could come in handy for both teams during their respective missions, but there’s no guarantee that either mission will lead to the discovery of extraterrestrial life.
Both the Mars 2020 mission and the ExoMars rover mission are expected to launch in July of 2020, with NASA’s spacecraft arriving at the Red Planet in February 2021 and the ExoMars rover touching down sometime in March 2021.
Souvent on croise des personnes sceptiques, remettant en cause l’aventure spatiale. Pourtant l’ensemble de l’oeuvre est très facilement sous la main. Mais se plonger dans le travail colossal de cette entreprise demande toujours trop d’effort pour les détraqueurs. Un grand classique est le passage de le Ceinture de Van Halen par les missions Apollo. Beaucoup disent que c’est impossible. Sauf que le sujet a été traité comme jamais et qu’il est encore traité aujourd’hui : un essais complet a été fait sur la futur capsule pour Mars ( on en parle pas sur le petit écran mais des rapports et des photos sortent chaque mois et pendant qu’on se tourne les pouces les mecs on fait une mission complète dans la ceinture de Van Halen, non habité, pour mesurer la réaction et les taux de radiation de cette futur capsule ). Mais revenant à Apollo, voici toutes les références si l’on vous ressort ce sujet … Voilà je vous ai tout mis avec les liens qui vont bien comme ça ça clos le débat.
APOLLO : LA CEINTURE DE VAN ALLEN :
Voici quelques éléments pour le sujet qui nous intéresse aujourd’hui : comment les missions Apolloont résolu le passage de la ceinture de Van Allen ?
Rapport de la NASA des doses radiactive des équipages des missions Appolo lors du passage de la ceinture de Van Allen. (réf 1)
Les doses radioactives reçues lors des missions lunaires, incluant la traversée de la ceinture de Van Allen et l’exposition aux rayonnements cosmiques, furent relativement faibles. On peut noter dans ce tableau que les astronautes d’Apollo 14 furent les plus exposés avec une dose absorbée au niveau de la peau de 1,14 rads soit 11,4 milligrays.
Dosimètre personnel de Collins.
Si l’on considère un facteur de pondération pour la peau de 0,01 et un facteur de pondération pour les rayonnements de 20 (cas le plus pénalisant), les astronautes d’Apollo 14 ont reçu une dose de 2,24 millisieverts.
Si l’on se réfère à un tableau de radiation classique dans le milieu médical, Apollo 14 a reçu une radiation équivalente à une radio de la poitrine … Par comparaison, la limite annuelle pour les travailleurs du secteur nucléaire en France est de 20 millisieverts. (réf.2)
SYNTHÈSE TECHNIQUE COMPLÈTE SUR LES RADIATIONS LORS DES MISSIONS APOLLO :
Cette synthèse nous fait un point sur les radiations lors du passage de la ceinture de Van Allen, sur les radiations relevées dans le module lunaire et lors des sorties ELM.
Ce document fait également un bref descriptif des instruments utilisés pour faire les mesures. Ciquez sur l’image ci-dessous pour télécharger.
La ceinture de Van Allen : note technique de Mars 1973 de la NASA faisant la synthèse des missions Apollo vis à vis des doses de radiation des équipages d’Apollo. Cliquez sur l’image pour accéder à la note technique originale.
TRAJECTOIRE DU PASSAGE DE LA CEINTURE DE VAN ALLEN POUR APOLLO 11.
Une maquette d’ingénierie grandeur nature chez Michoud Assembly Facility pour la contruction de la futur Saturn V. Le recours à la maquette est essentiel sur ces projets R&D. Saturn avait besoin non seulement d’experts en fusées, mais également d’équipes de construction pour construire certains des plus grands bâtiments du monde.
(NASA).
Étages de la fusée Saturn V en cours d’assemblage à Michoud Assembly Facility
(NASA).
Les ingénieurs d’IBM travaillent à l’intérieur de l’unité Instrument de Saturn V, le «cerveau» responsable du guidage et de la navigation. La structure en anneau s’intègre entre le troisième étage le plus élevé du véhicule et le vaisseau spatial Apollo. (NASA).
LIENS & RÉFÉRENCES SUR APOLLO & LE PASSAGE DE LA CEINTURE DE VAN ALLEN :
For an asteroid, Ryugu has surprisingly little dust on its surface
For an asteroid, Ryugu has surprisingly little dust on its surface
The space rock may hide the fine debris inside larger rocks or eject it into space
Germany’s MASCOT probe took this photo just before landing on the asteroid Ryugu. The craft found a landscape of crumbly and jagged rocks, but not much actual dust.
Ryugu is a neat freak. The surface of the small, near-Earth asteroid is surprisingly free of dust, observations from Germany’s MASCOT lander show.
The asteroid, thought to have formed from the breakup of a larger body around 700 million years ago, has no atmosphere to protect it from interplanetary dust streaming through the solar system(SN: 4/27/19, p. 4). These miniature missiles pummel exposed space rocks at high speed, breaking down their surfaces into thin layers of dust and dirt, such as those found on the moon and the asteroid Vesta.
But when MASCOT bounced across Ryugu in October 2018 (SN Online: 9/24/18), the lander took high-resolution photos that show no sign of any dust-sized particles, down to a resolution of about 100 micrometers, about the thickness of a sheet of paper, researchers report in the Aug. 23 Science.
“After a few tens of millions of years, you should have dust on the surface,” says planetary scientist Ralf Jaumann of the German Aerospace Center in Berlin. “If it’s not there, you should have some kind of physical, geological processes which clean up these bodies.”
The MASCOT lander took many pictures as it bounced over Ryugu’s surface, and revealed a rugged terrain largely free of dust.R. JAUMANN ET AL/SCIENCE 2019
Ryugu could hide its dust in larger, porous rocks or deep in its interior, Jaumann and colleagues say. Shaking due to a meteorite impact may shuffle the particles into bigger surface rocks or down through small surface cracks to the asteroid’s center and out of sight, the way small nuts end up at the bottom of a cup of trail mix.
Or Ryugu could spray dust into space when sunlight heats patches of trapped ice and releases volatile gases. A similar asteroid, Bennu, seems to spew plumes of small rocks into space, according to NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft (SN: 4/13/19, p. 10). But Jaumann thinks that explanation is less likely for Ryugu. Observations from the Japanese Hayabusa2 craft, which has been orbiting Ryugu since June 2018 and brought MASCOT along, suggest that Ryugu has less water in its minerals than Bennu (SN: 1/19/19, p. 6).
There’s another possible explanation for Bennu’s dust sprays, says OSIRIS-REx principal investigator Dante Lauretta of the University of Arizona in Tucson. He thinks frequent temperature changes on Bennu’s surface as the different sides of the asteroid rotate in and out of sunlight could make the asteroid’s larger rocks fracture like a snapped cracker, spraying crumbs into space.
If something similar happens on Ryugu, “then Ryugu should also be ejecting particles,” he says. Hayabusa2 may just not be in the right position to see the sprays. “It would be very cool if we saw it.”
But snapping rocks might create more dust, not less, he notes. An answer to the mystery may not come until after Hayabusa2 returns to Earth with samples of Ryugu’s surface and subsurface in late 2020 (SN: 8/17/19, p. 14).
If you’re looking for something that deserves to be blamed for all of the bad news lately, scientists have for the first time ever witnessed a black hole consuming a neutron star with a satisfied belch and a lip-smacking smile. OK, they couldn’t quite see those last two and it happened 900 million years ago, but it’s definitive proof of a long-held theory and that means it could happen again … and again and again. Is this how it will all end? Did it really cause ripples in space and time? Is the grass greener on the other side of the black hole?
“This is a huge milestone—if it stands up.”
The “milestone” astrophysicist Patrick Brady, spokesperson for the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), is referring to in the announcement in Science is the discovery of gravitational waves (so the answer to the “ripples in time and space” question is ‘yes’) which have been traced to the collision of a black hole and a neutron star 900 million light-years away – a collision which left only the black hole standing. The discovery was made by LIGO – which gets credit for the first detection of gravitational waves in 2015 – and Virgo, a gravitational wave detector near Pisa, Italy, and involved close to 1700 scientists between the two organizations.
Aerial view of the LIGO Hanford Observatory.
“We’ve never detected a neutron star and a black hole together. If it turns out to be right, then we’ve confirmed a new type of star system. It’s that fundamental.”
Ryan Foley, an astronomer at UC Santa Cruz, told Vice that the discovery last week of a gravitational wave called S190814bvset off a wave of excitement and the search for its source, the so-called “optical counterpart” that is the bright light caused by a neutron star crashing into something. Those somethings are normally other neutron stars … but not this time. A small optical counterpart would confirm that the black hole swallowed the neutron star rather than shredding it to pieces — an event that Foley, Brady and other scientists are cautiously optimistic about.
“The neutron star/black hole system is particularly exciting because we haven’t seen any case of that before, and there’s a lot of interesting stuff we could learn if we did detect it.”
Artist’s depiction of the aftermath of a black hole hating a neutron star
The “interesting stuff” includes how atoms are built and other secrets of subatomic physics and the expansion rate of the universe. Proving most astronomers are big kids at heart (and well behind the rest of the world in their video games), Simon Stevenson, an astronomer with Swinburne University of Technology in Australia, described to CBS what all of this will look like.
“We will either see a neutron star being ripped apart by a black hole, or getting swallowed whole like Pac-Man swallowing a ghost. Either way, we are in for a show!”
Sounds like they will be too busy to play a game of Fortnite and pick up some new analogies.
The team behind NASA's InSight lander has informally named a rock on Mars “Rolling Stones Rock” after the band.
A little larger than a golf ball, the rock appeared to have rolled about 3 feet (1 meter) on Nov. 26, 2018, propelled by InSight's retrorockets as the spacecraft touched down to study the Red Planet's deep interior.
In images taken by InSight the next day, several divots in the orange-red soil can be seen trailing "Rolling Stones Rock." It's the farthest NASA has seen a rock roll while landing a spacecraft on another planet.
NASA will use its robotic missions to Mars to help prepare for eventual human exploration of the Red Planet. Charged with returning astronauts to the Moon, NASA's Artemis program is the next step in human exploration. It is a part of NASA's broader Moon to Mars exploration approach, which will quickly and sustainably explore the Moon and enable humanity's next giant leap to Mars.
Linda Moulton Howe: Invisible Flying Object That Sounds Like a Jet Interrupts Beam of High Power Laser Pointer
Linda Moulton Howe: Invisible Flying Object That Sounds Like a Jet Interrupts Beam of High Power Laser Pointer
Lately, many strange and unknown flying objects have been observed in the sky. Now, according to the latest reports and published by Linda Moulton Howe, people heard strange jet-like sounds but their were no planes, even according to two witnesses, the invisible craft interrupted the beam of high power laser pointers.
Image: Transparent ‘invisible’ craft photographed in the sky above Kaufman, Texas on July 19, 2016.
On August 14, 2019, a scientist in San Diego, California, who has heard loud jet noises in clear sky and two times flashed a powerful laser in direction of unexplained jet noise and saw the beam interrupted by something invisible.
Earlier this month, a Boeing employee witnessed the same phenomenon.
Boeing employee: “I took my high power laser pointer and shot it up in the direction of the unexplained loud jet sound. … On two separate occasions, I have seen the beam interrupted momentarily — It seems to me there is a real physical object moving through the air that is simply not visible.”
In both cases the laser beam was interrupted – Does that mean that there is a real physical object moving through the air that is simply not visible?
In the next video Linda Moulton Howe talks on the invisible flying object reported by the Boeing employee. (Report starts at the 9.50 mark in the video.)
Pristine wall art and delicate pots have been found inside a stunning thousand-year-old imperial tomb unearthed by Chinese builders of a school sports field.
The underground chamber - believed to be one of several rooms - was located underneath Xiaojingyu Elementary School in the city of Taiyuan.
The school field was undergoing renovations, with workers sinking new foundations when they unintentionally punched through the ceiling of the burial chambers.
They are believed to date back to the Tang Dynasty, one of the greatest empires in the medieval world that ruled from 618 to 907 AD.
Pristine wall art and delicate pots have been found inside a stunning thousand-year-old imperial tomb unearthed by Chinese builders of a school sports field
Officials said the perfectly preserved murals and pottery appeared to be from the middle of the Tang Dynasty.
A cultural relics expert told local media the work bears the style of a roughly half-century period known as 'Sheng Tang', when the dynasty flourished between 713 and 766 AD.
A tombstone inside the burial chamber suggested the individual laid to rest underground was 'not a commoner'.
Their exact identity remains shrouded in mystery, however.
The underground chamber - believed to be one of several rooms - was located underneath Xiaojingyu Elementary School in the city of Taiyuan
They are believed to date back to the first century Tang dynasty, one of the greatest empires in the medieval world
A tombstone inside the burial chamber suggested the individual laid to rest underground was 'not a commoner', but their identity remains shrouded in mystery
The Tang era is seen by many historians as an era of progress as well as the greatest period for Chinese poetry.
Chinese civilisation flourishing during the first half of the dynasty before the empire eventually collapsed under social unrest.
Construction work at Xiaojingyu Elementary School, which is in Taiyuan's Wanbailin District, has been halted since the discovery.
An official said further excavations into the tomb would not be easy due to the primary school's teaching buildings nearby.
The work will require extensive negotiations with the school, which could be asked to relocate and have its building demolished.
The school field was undergoing renovations, with workers sinking new foundations when they unintentionally punched through the ceiling of the burial chambers
The eighth century heralded the second important epoch in Tang history, which is ranked as the classical period of Chinese art and literature, as it set the high standard to which later poets, painters, and sculptors aspired
WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT THE TANG DYNASTY?
After 300 years of division and fragmentation following the collapse of the Han dynasty in 220 AD, China was once again unified under the Sui dynasty (581–618).
The political and governmental institutions established during this brief period lay the foundation for the growth and prosperity of the succeeding Tang dynasty.
Marked by strong and benevolent rule, successful diplomatic relationships, economic expansion, and a cultural efflorescence of cosmopolitan style, Tang China emerged as one of the greatest empires in the medieval world.
Merchants, clerics, and envoys from India, Persia, Arabia, Syria, Korea, and Japan thronged the streets of Chang’an, the capital, and foreign tongues were a common part of daily life.
In the beginning decades of the Tang, especially under the leadership of Emperor Taizong (r. 626–49), China subdued its nomadic neighbors from the north and northwest, securing peace and safety on overland trade routes reaching as far as Syria and Rome.
The seventh century was a time of momentous social change; the official examination system enabled educated men without family connections to serve as government officials.
This new social elite gradually replaced the old aristocracy, and the recruitment of gentlemen from the south contributed to the cultural amalgamation that had already begun in the sixth century.
The eighth century heralded the second important epoch in Tang history, achieved largely during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong (r. 712–56), called minghuang—the Brilliant Monarch.
It is rightfully ranked as the classical period of Chinese art and literature, as it set the high standard to which later poets, painters, and sculptors aspired.
Construction workers at an elementary school in school in China thought they were renovating the school’s sports field. Instead they ended up up unearthing a mysterious 1,000-year-old tomb filled with pottery and art from the Tang dynasty of imperial China.
The tomb was discovered underneath Xiaojingyu Elementary School in the city of Taiyuan. Workers were setting new foundations for structures in the sports field when they accidentally punched through the ceiling of the 1,000 year old tomb. Which probably came as a decent surprise. The tomb is believed to be one of several rooms in a larger underground complex.
Inscriptions on in the mysterious tomb indicate that it belonged to someone of influence, but the exact identity of the eternal resident is still unknown. Archaeologists who have examined the ornate underground tomb say that it most likely dates back to the rule of the Tang dynasty, a golden age and high point of imperial China, which lasted from 618 to 907 AD.
According to the Daily Mail, a “cultural expert” told local media that the artwork bears the very specific style of a roughly 50-year period known as Sheng Tang, when the Tang dynasty flourished between 713 and 766 AD.
Mural from the Tang dynasty similar to those found in the newly discovered tomb.
The Tang dynasty period was one of immense progress until it collapse.d after social unrest during. At its height, Tang China was a period of social progress and imperial expansion. During the Tang dynasty, China stretched its economic influence across the world, trading with other empires even as far as Rome and Syria and merchants, envoys, and travelers from other nations were a common sight in the capital. It was also a period of progress in education and art. The Tang period of imperial China was the first to enable educated men without family connections to serve as government officials. The Tang dynasty is also seen by historians as the high water mark for classical Chinese literature and art. The tomb found in Taiyuan was probably built during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, who was called minghuang or “brilliant monarch.”
Engraved brick from the Tang dynasty.
Since the discovery of the tomb, construction work at Xiaojingyu Elementary School has been halted. Officials say that further excavations will be difficult due to the proximity of the school’s teaching buildings. According to the officials, negotiations with the school may result in the school having to be relocated and its buildings torn down. Fairly ironic for what started as a renovation project.
But, even if the school is shut down for a little while, it might end up having a net positive impact on the children’s education. I know if, when I was a kid, a thousand-year-old tomb from Imperial China destroyed my school, I’d want to know everything there was to know about imperial China. That’s how you get kids interested in history.
According to new evidence obtained from excavations, archaeologists say that the ancient city of Troy in northwestern Turkey may have been more than six centuries older than previously thought. Rüstem Aslan, who is from the Archaeology Department of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University (ÇOMU), said that because of fires, earthquakes, and wars, the ancient city of Troy had been destroyed and re-established numerous times throughout the years.
In the last 150 years or so, ten layers of settlements had been uncovered and they were named “Troy I” to “Troy XI”. This year, however, they discovered an eleventh layer of settlement that they named “Troy o”. “We found traces of burns, pottery and wooden beams in the Troy o layer,” Aslan told the Daily Sabah.
Ancient city of Troy
The items recovered were of great significance as they prove that the city’s history dates back to approximately 5,500 years ago in around 3500 BC. Prior to this year’s significant discovery of an eleventh layer, the previous layers of the settlements were from the ancient Greek to Byzantine time periods between 3000 BC and 1300 AD.
The ancient city of Troy can be found on the mounds of Hisarlik, looking over to the Turkish Aegean coastal plain. It is known as one of the most famous and most visited archaeological sites in the entire world. Excavations of the ancient city began in 1870 by a German businessman named Heinrich Schliemann, who is very well known in the field of archaeology.
Troy was famously known in the Greek Trojan War when Spartan and Achaean warriors from Greece laid siege on the city in the 13th century BC. It was written about in the famous poem called The Iliad by the Greek poet Homer.
Trojan horse of Troy
As for more recent times, in order to celebrate the 20thanniversary o+f being declared a UNESCO World Heritage site, the Turkish government declared the year 2018 the “Year of Troy”. Hundreds of thousands of visitors have toured the famous archaeological site, which also includes a Troy Museum that opened in 2018 and houses around 2000 artifacts representing the ancient city. You can see more pictures here of the archaeological site of Troy.
APAnne McClain verbleef zes maanden in het Internationaal ruimtestation (ISS). Daar zou ze het bankaccount van haar ex gehackt hebben.
Het Amerikaanse ruimtevaartagentschap NASA heeft officieel een onderzoek opgestart naar een mogelijk misdrijf dat in de ruimte zou gepleegd zijn. Het gaat wellicht om het eerste ruimtemisdrijf ooit, zo meldt de krant New York Times.
De astronaute Anne McClain zou zich op onrechtmatige wijze toegang hebben verschaft tot de bankrekening van haar ex-vrouw. Ze zou dat gedaan hebben tijdens haar zes maanden durende missie in het internationaal ruimtestation ISS. Toen Summer Worden, de ex van McClain, dat ontdekte, diende ze een klacht in bij de Federal Trade Commission. Ook bij de algemene inspectie van NASA werd intussen een klacht neergelegd.
Volgens New York Times is er wellicht geen geld van de rekening gehaald. De astronaute wordt wel beschuldigd van identiteitsfraude. Ook wordt aangehaald dat McClain mogelijk op zoek was naar bewarend materiaal om Worden de voogdij over hun zoon te ontzeggen. McClain, die in juni naar de aarde terugkeerde, zegt via haar advocaat dat ze niets verkeerd heeft gedaan. Ze zegt dat ze in het ISS enkel de gemeenschappelijke rekening van het koppel bekeek, omdat ze wilde nagaan of alles in orde was met de - nog steeds verstrengelde - financiën van het ex-koppel. Zo wilde ze zeker weten of er nog wel genoeg geld aanwezig was voor de opvoeding van hun kind. McClain zegt dat dit tijdens de relatie ook al gebeurde en dat ze gewoon gebruik maakte van het wachtwoord dat ze toen van Worden had gekregen.
Maan
McClain is een gelauwerd militair en astronaut. In de Irakoorlog maakte ze meer dan achthonderd gevechtsvluchten. Ze staat ook op de kandidatenlijst van de NASA van astronauten die mogelijk als eerste vrouw op de maan zullen landen.
EPADe capsule van de Sojoez-MS-14 is onbemand, maar bevat wel de mensachtige robot Fiodor, die 1,80 meter groot is en bijna 160 kilogram weegt.
WETENSCHAPDe Russische Sojoez-capsule met aan boord de humanoïde robot Fiodor, is er niet in geslaagd om zich op het voorziene uur vast te hechten aan het internationaal ruimtestation ISS. Dat melden de Russische nieuwsagentschappen. Er zal wellicht maandagmorgen een nieuwe poging volgen.
De koppeling had vanmorgen om 7.30 uur (Belgische tijd) automatisch moeten gebeuren, maar voorlopig heeft die nog niet kunnen plaatsvinden. De capsule was tot op 96 meter van de aanmeerplek genaderd, maar begon daarna weg te driften. Momenteel bevindt ze zich op ongeveer 280 meter van het ISS, zo meldt een reporter van het persbureau Tass vanuit het controlecentrum. Het ruimtevaartuig heeft de manoeuvres voor het uitvoeren van de koppeling opnieuw moeten opstarten. Volgens het Amerikaanse ruimtevaartagentschap is het mislukken van de koppeling niet te wijten aan de capsule. Wel zou er een probleem zijn met Kurs, het naderings- en koppelingssysteem op het ruimtestation. Een volgende poging om aan te meren zal wellicht pas na 48 uur uitgevoerd kunnen worden, ten vroegste maandagmorgen dus. Tot die tijd zal de Sojoez-capsule, met aan boord Fiodor, op “veilige afstand” van het ISS blijven.
Skybot F-850 De capsule van de Sojoez-MS-14 is onbemand, maar bevat wel de mensachtige robot Fiodor, die 1,80 meter groot is en bijna 160 kilogram weegt. Fiodor - Skybot F-850 voor de vrienden - is een Russische voornaam, maar luidt in het Engels Fedor. Dat staat voor “Final Experimental Demonstration Object Research”.
De robot moet twee weken lang verschillende taken uitvoeren onder toezicht van de Russische kosmonaut Aleksandr Skvortsov. Hij zal de vaardigheden van Fiodor testen onder micro-zwaartekracht. Een van de belangrijkste vaardigheden van de robot is dat hij menselijke bewegingen kan imiteren, waardoor hij astronauten kan helpen of taken van hen kan overnemen. Zijn terugkeer is voorzien op 6 september om 20.13 uur Belgische tijd.
Fiodor heeft zelfs een eigen account op Instagram en Twitter, waarop hij een inkijk geeft in de dagelijkse beslommeringen van een humanoïde robot.
VIA REUTERSFiodor heeft net genoeg plaats in de Sojoez-capsule, die verder onbemand is.
Onbemande capsule
Rusland heeft sinds 2002 gebruik gemaakt van Sojoez-FG-draagraketten om mensen naar het ISS te brengen. Maar in 2020 wordt overgeschakeld op de draagraket Sojoez-2.1a, die ook al een Russische vrachtruimteschip van het type Progress gelanceerd heeft. Een lancering met een Progress mislukte, vandaar de test met een Sojoez-capsule die niet bemand is.
About 35 million years ago, an asteroidtraveling nearly 144,000 mph (231,000 km/h) smashed into the Atlantic Ocean near the modern-day town of Cape Charles, Virginia. The space rock vaporized instantly, but its impact triggered a gargantuan tsunami, cast up a monsoon of shattered rocks and molten glass that spanned hundreds of miles and carved out the single largest crater in the United States — the so-calledChesapeake Bay impact structure.
Today, that 25-mile-wide (40 kilometers) crater is buried half a mile below the rocky basement of Chesapeake Bay — the 200-mile-long (320 km) estuary linking Virginia and Maryland on the East Coast. That hasn't stopped scientists from trying to piece together the site's mysterious history since it was first discovered during a drilling project in 1990.
In a recent study of ocean sediment cores taken almost 250 miles (400 km) northeast of the impact site, researchers found traces of radioactive debris dating to the time of the strike, providing fresh evidence of the impact's age and destructive power.
When the Chesapeake Bay impactor smashed into the Atlantic, it showered the surrounding land and water with shards of molten glass (known as "tektites") for hundreds of miles in every direction. This rain of meteoric debris formed what scientists call the North American tektite strewn field, the study authors wrote, which stretches from Texas to Massachusetts to Barbados, covering about 4 million square miles (10 million square km) of terrain. By studying shards of meteoric rock buried deep within this sweeping field of impact wreckage, scientists can gather clues about the asteroid's key characteristics, including its age.
The Chesapeake Bay impactor threw molten debris over 4 million square miles (10 million square km) of land and water, from Massachusetts to Barbados.
(Image credit: GEBCO world map 2014)
In their recent study (published June 21 in the journal Meteoritics and Planetary Science), researchers from Arizona State University dated 21 microscopic shards of zircon — a durable gemstone that can survive underground for billions of years. These zircons were lodged in a sediment core taken from roughly 2,150 feet (655 meters) below the Atlantic Ocean. Not only is zircon commonly found in tektites, but it is also a choice mineral for radiometric dating, thanks to some of its radioactive elemental components.
In this case, the researchers used a dating technique called uranium–thorium–helium dating, which looks at how radioactive isotopes, or versions, of uranium and thorium decay into helium. By comparing the ratios of specific helium, thorium and uranium isotopes in each mineral sample, the researchers calculated approximately how long ago the zircon crystals solidified and started to decay.
The team found that the 21 crystals ranged widely in age, running the gamut from about 33 million to 300 million years old. The two youngest samples, which had an average age of about 35 million years old, fit in with previous studies' estimates for the time of the Chesapeake Bay impact. A closer examination showed that the zircons also bore a cloudy appearance and deformed surface, two signs the minerals were kicked through the air and water by a great impact.
The team concluded that these two young crystals were part of the Chesapeake impact's path of destruction, confirming that the impact occurred about 35 million years ago. Moreover, the researchers wrote, it showed that uranium–thorium–helium dating is a viable method for constraining the age of ancient impact events, giving scientists a fresh tool to reveal our planet's long and violent past.
We're already picking up more signals from deep space.
Danielle Futselaar
Fast radio bursts from space are a uniquely 21st-century mystery. They were first identified just 12 years ago and, up until very recently, almost nothing was known about them and where they come from.
FRBs are essentially just what they sound like -- radio signals from somewhere in deep space that last for just milliseconds.
"Fast radio bursts are exceedingly bright given their short duration and origin at great distances, and we haven't identified a possible natural source with any confidence," Avi Loeb, a Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics theorist, said in a press release back in 2017.
Since then, an "FRB Theory Wiki" hosted by the McGill Space Institute has grown to include over four dozen possible explanations ranging from "annihilating mini black holes" to "alien light sails," although most explanations at this point have something to do with pulsars or neutron stars.
An (extraterrestrial) intelligent explanation?
It should really be no surprise that, as with most space stuff that can't yet be explained without a doubt by some natural phenomenon, aliens have been proposed as a possibility, including by Loeb himself.
"An artificial origin is worth contemplating and checking," he says.
Loeb and his colleagues worked out how much power would be needed to send such signals across the universe. Turns out it would require covering two Earth-size planets with energy collectors, leading Loeb to theorize that such a massive project might be used not to communicate, but to propel starships using high-energy beams.
While aliens might be the most exciting possible explanation, that doesn't mean they're the most probable. There are, after all, natural phenomena in the cosmos that could generate such signals and are known to actually exist, which is more than we can say for extraterrestrials.
In addition to neutron stars, there's also exploding black holes, magnetars and hypothetical blitzars that could be throwing off radio emissions that eventually make it to us.
Or maybe there are different types of FRBs out there or different explanations we haven't even thought of yet.
One aspect of FRBs that has made them so hard to trace back to a source is that they rarely seem to repeat. For the first decade of FRB research, they were all just detected and never heard from again. Then, in January 2017, researchers announced they'd finally identified that FRB 121102 repeats.
This allowed them to trace the blinking signal to a surprising source: a distant dwarf galaxy 3 billion light-years beyond the Milky Way.
"That's weird isn't it? You'd expect to find FRBs where there are more stars ... more stars means more neutron stars," Shriharsh Tendulkar of McGill University and the discovery team said at the time.
But after the CHIME radio telescope in British Columbia came online in late 2017, scientists had a new and highly valuable stream of FRB observations at their disposal. As of August 2019, a total of a dozen repeating fast radio bursts have now been confirmed or are in the process of being confirmed.
Notably, one of the repeating FRBs picked up by the new Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) appears to be much closer than the first couple observed. While those came from somewhere billions of light years away on the other side of the universe, this newly heard one could come from the edge of our own galaxy.
As more new observing equipment comes online, our understanding of FRBs could begin to crystallize very soon.
Researchers have also been able to integrate artificial intelligence with one telescope in Australia to detect FRBs in real-time as they arrive at Earth. That could rapidly speed up the work of studying the odd signals, which previously required combing through past observations taken months or even years previous.
At this rate, we might soon be able to stream FRBs live as they arrive at our planet. Podcasts are fun, but I now look forward to a golden age of (tiny) bite-sized alien radio broadcasts.
NASA scientists recently discovered an enormous crater in Greenland that was likely caused by a meteorite or some other unidentified object. Bigger than Washington DC or even Paris, the crater is hiding under the deep snow of Greenland. What caused the impact is unknown. Though, it could be the very same UFO that brought us the sand that we use nowadays to make our glass.
What NASA Knows About UFO
NASA has being studying ETs for many years now. The agency managed to discover secret planets in multiple different solar systems and flying objects that could easily be alien ships. Although there were no official statements, it is no secret that aliens likely exist. And these very aliens have been helping humanity for many years.
Aliens Who Brought Us Glass
In recent discoveries, NASA outlined the idea of a star that hit our planet millions of years ago. This unidentified object could represent the resources that aliens tried to send to help sustain life on Earth. When you put together recent events, it is possible to believe that intelligent species sent ancient objects to Earth.
If Aliens Knew How to Make Artificial Stars
Chinese scientists have recently managed to create their very own mini sun, which is artificial. This artificial sun can reach a temperature of one million degrees Celsius. This makes one think that intelligent creatures might be able to harness artificial stars. If they are more intelligent than us, they could have learned how to create artificial suns millions of years ago. If they did, they might be millions of steps ahead of our innovations. They might even treat humans in a similar way to how humans treat lab rats. Meaning, there is a possibility that these outer space civilizations are keeping us alive for the purpose of running experiments on us.
There’s Data from “Star Trek: The Next Generation,” R2-D2 and C-3P0 from “Star Wars,” and of course the super-scary HAL 9000 from “2001: A Space Odyssey.”
But space bots aren’t just science fiction anymore: Russia has sent a robot to space to learn how to help cosmonauts and astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
Model Skybot F-850, nicknamed “Fyodor” — short for Final Experimental Demonstration Object Research — is shaped like a human and designed to perform tasks that humans can do, like using a screwdriver or a wrench. It blasted off from Kazakhstan late Wednesday aboard an unmanned Russian Soyuz MS-14 rocket, and will arrive at the ISS Saturday and spend five days aboard.
The spaceship that Fyodor flew on usually carries a crew of three into space. But Fyodor had the whole ship to itself. The robot might be sitting in the driver’s seat, but it’s not flying the rocket. The ship is on autopilot, using its own internal navigation system — another non-human helper — called Kurs.
Дмитрий Рогозин
@Rogozin
Робот платформы F.E.D.O.R. показал навыки стрельбы с двух рук. Идёт работа над мелкой моторикой и алгоритмами принятия решений
The Russians want to be clear: Fyodor isn’t a killer robot, though it canshoot guns. It’s designed to be used in all sorts of high-risk scenarios, including gunfights and space. It’s nimble, able to administer first aid with its metal, hinged, human-like fingers, which can also pull a gun’s trigger.
“We are not creating a terminator but artificial intelligence which will have a great practical importance in various fields,” said Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin in a tweet in 2017, referring to the sci-fi film about a time-traveling murderous android played by Arnold Schwarzenegger. Rogozin also praised the robot’s “decision-making skills.”
Video of the launch shows the robot sitting in the pilot’s seat, holding a small Russian flag. Beside Fyodor sat a small toy Russian cosmonaut, which floated into the air as the rocket left the Earth’s atmosphere and entered into low-gravity space.
Robots like Fyodor, which stands at 5-foot-11 and weighs about 350 pounds, have been around for about five years, and other models have been used to drive cars and conduct rescue work, according to Space.com.
And though Russia’s never sent a humanoid robot into space before, the primary purpose of the flight was to test the rocket Fyodor was on, NASA spokesperson Rob Navias said during the launch broadcast. This was the first time that this particular capsule-rocket combination has been used for a flight of this type, and researchers want to be sure the flight is safe for humans before sending actual people up to space on them.
Fyodor’s good for figuring that out. The android is equipped with a bunch of sensors that will help give a sense of just how comfortable — or uncomfortable — a flight on this ship will be for human astronauts.
The spacecraft is also bringing up nearly 1,500 pounds of supplies and food for the station's six-person crew.
Fyodor isn’t the first robot to visit the ISS. The U.S. sent up Robonaut 2 back in 2011, specially-equipped with (very goofy-looking) “climbing legs” for zero-gravity mobility. It was designed to help astronauts in high-risk situations, and was sent back to Earth in 2018 after experiencing some technical difficulties.
Japan also sent up Kirobo, a friendly Japanese-speaking robot modeled on manga character Astro Boy, designed to keep astronauts from getting lonely in space. The robot got lonely in space after his buddy, Japanese astronaut Koichi Wakata, went home to Earth.
"I'm a little tired, so I think I'll rest awhile, but I hope you'll look up at the sky sometimes and think of me,” Kirobo said in a video messageafter Wakata left the ISS.
Cover: Humanoid robot Fyodor prepares for the Soyuz MS-14 orbital flight to the International Space Station aboard a Soyuz-2.1a rocket carrier. Roscosmos State Corporation/TASS (Photo by TASSTASS via Getty Images)
ONDERZOEKERS TREFFEN STERRENSTOF AAN IN ANTARCTISCHE SNEEUW
ONDERZOEKERS TREFFEN STERRENSTOF AAN IN ANTARCTISCHE SNEEUW
Vivian Lammerse
De sneeuw bevat de zeldzame isotoop ijzer-60 die ontstaat bij enorme stellaire explosies.
Elk jaar dwarrelt er kosmisch stof op aarde neer. De hoeveelheden kunnen variëren van enkele duizenden tot wel tienduizend ton. Het meeste hiervan bestaat uit hele kleine deeltjes afkomstig van planetoïden of kometen in ons zonnestelsel. Maar nu zijn onderzoekers op iets heel bijzonders gestuit. De sneeuw op Antarctica blijkt namelijk de zeldzame sterrenstof ijzer-60 te bevatten die mogelijk uit de interstellaire buurt afkomstig is. De bevindingen zijn gepubliceerd in Physical Review Letters.
Meer over ijzer-60 IJzer-60 is een onstabiele radioactieve isotoop van ijzer, een overgangsmetaal. Deze isotoop komt niet van nature op aarde voor en ontstaat uitsluitend als gevolg van supernova-explosies of door reacties van kosmische straling met kosmisch stof. Vervolgens bereikt maar een hele kleine hoeveelheid de aarde.
Diepzee Het is niet voor het eerst dat wetenschappers de zeldzame isotoop op aarde aantreffen. Zo’n twintig jaar geleden vond een onderzoeksteam ijzer-60 in afzettingen afkomstig uit de diepzee. Het zette onderzoeker Gunther Korschinek, destijds deel van het onderzoeksteam, aan het denken. Want zouden er ook sporen van stellaire explosies terug te vinden kunnen zijn in pure, onaangeroerde Antarctische sneeuw?
Sneeuw Om deze hypothese te verifiëren reisde een nieuw team af naar Antarctica en verzamelde zo’n 500 kilogram sneeuw, dat vervolgens naar München werd getransporteerd. Daar werd de sneeuw gesmolten en het smeltwater van de vaste componenten gescheiden. Met behulp van verschillende chemische methoden vonden de onderzoekers uiteindelijk vijf ijzer-60-atomen. “Door onze analyses konden we uitsluiten dat de ijzer-60 afkomstig was van kosmische straling, kernproeven of reactorongevallen,” vertelt onderzoeker Dominik Koll. “Omdat de radioactieve isotoop niet van nature op aarde voorkomt, wisten we dat de ijzer-60 afkomstig moest zijn van een supernova.”
Wanneer Hoewel dit al een ontdekking op zich is, kon het onderzoeksteam ook nog eens relatief nauwkeurig bepalen wanneer de ijzer-60 op aarde is afgezet. Zo was de geanalyseerde sneeuwlaag niet ouder dan 20 jaar. Bovendien konden de onderzoekers uitsluiten dat de isotoop van een hele verre stellaire explosie afkomstig is, omdat de deeltjes in dat geval tijdens hun reis door de barre omstandigheden in de ruimte zouden zijn verzwolgen. Koll gaat er daarom vanuit dat de gevonden isotoop afkomstig is uit de interstellaire buurt, bijvoorbeeld uit de gaswolk waarin ons zonnestelsel zich momenteel bevindt.
“Ons zonnestelsel is ongeveer 40.000 jaar geleden deze wolk binnengegaan en zal deze binnen een paar duizend jaar weer verlaten,” legt Korschinek uit. “Als onze hypothese correct is, zou materiaal uit ijskernen ouder dan 40.000 jaar geen ijzer-60 bevatten.” Vervolgonderzoek kan eigenlijk niet uit blijven. “We zouden hiermee de overgang van het zonnestelsel naar de gaswolk kunnen verifiëren,” gaat Korschinek verder. “En dat zou een baanbrekende ontdekking zijn.”
India's Chandrayaan-2 mission captured this photograph of the moon on Aug. 21, 2019, days after the mission entered lunar orbit. It's Chandrayaan-2's first photo of the moon.
(Image credit: ISRO)
India'sChandrayaan-2 mission is in orbit around the moon, and its view is spectacular.
The spacecraft entered lunar orbit on Aug. 19 (Aug. 20 local time at mission control in India), about a month after its launch, on July 22. In order to make the journey more feasible with a smaller rocket, the spacecraft took a long road to the moon, with about seven weeks between launch and the scheduled touchdown of the mission's lander and orbiter.
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which runs the Chandrayaan-2 mission, has now released the spacecraft's first image of the moon taken from orbit. That image was snapped from about 1,650 miles (2,650 kilometers) above the lunar surface on Wednesday (Aug. 21). The photograph shows part of the far side of the moon, including Apollo crater and Mare Orientalis.
But that region is not Chandrayaan-2's destination. An orbiter will separate from the Indian mission, and then the lander, with a rover tucked onboard, will head toward a location much closer to the moon's south pole, with landing scheduled for Sept. 6 (Sept. 7 local time at mission control).
The ISRO chose that destination in part based on the findings from the mission's predecessor, which carried the instrument that spotted water ice frozen in permanently shadowed craters near the lunar south pole. And so India built a second mission, adding a landed component this time, to follow up on that discovery.
If the lander safely touches down, India will become the fourth country to complete that feat, after the Soviet Union, the U.S. and China. The lander and rover would operate for one lunar day but are not designed to withstand the frigid lunar nights.
Editor's note: This article has been updated to correct a description of the region shown in the photograph. Email Meghan Bartels at mbartels@space.com or follow her @meghanbartels. Follow uson Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.