Machu Picchu was built by the Inca civilisation on tectonic fault lines 'because it provided vast amounts of rocks ideal for construction'

• A geologist studied the faults and fractures that underlie the famous Inca site
• The citadel was built at the intersection of crisscrossing tectonic features
• Rocks here would have been easier to work and turn into building materials
• The fracture network may also have provided freshwater and storm drainage

By IAN RANDALL FOR MAILONLINE

The Incan civilisation built their mountain-topping citadel of Machu Picchu on the intersections of tectonic fault lines deliberately, a researcher has argued.

The setting of the 569-year-old city would have provided an abundance of easy-to-work building stone that was predisposed to fracturing in the direction of the faults.

Additionally, the fault network likely provided a source of water, channelling both fresh- and meltwater to the site and draining away rain during storms.

The finding helps to explain why the Incan city was built in such an inaccessible location — atop a ridge above a river canyon high in the Peruvian Andes.

A number of other Incan settlements are also built atop of the intersection of tectonic faults on the Earth's surface, the researcher added.

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The Incan civilisation built their mountain-topping citadel of Machu Picchu on the intersections of tectonic fault lines deliberately, a researcher has argued 

He found that these tectonic features come in various sizes at the site — ranging from tiny fractures visible in individual blocks of rock to massive-scale faults.

The latter reach up to 109 miles (175 kilometres) in length and have determined the layout of some of the river valleys that cross the region around the Incan citadel.

Some of the faults were created by the tectonic activity which lifted up the Central Andes Mountains across the last eight million years.

Dr Menegat found that these features appear in several sets — with some running in a northeast–southwest direction and others northwest–southeast.  

Together, these lines intersect beneath Machu Picchu, creating an 'X' shape. 

Dr Menegat also found that the citadel's urban sectors, individuals buildings, stair and surrounding agricultural fields were also all aligned with these major faults. 

'The layout clearly reflects the fracture matrix underlying the site,' said Dr Menegat, who added that other Incan cities are also built on the intersection of faults.

These include Cusco, Ollantaytambo and Pisac.

'Each is precisely the expression of the main directions of the site's geological faults,' he added.

Furthermore, Dr Menegat believes that the underlying network of faults and fractures were integral to the construction of Machu Picchu itself.

'The intense fracturing there predisposed the rocks to breaking along these same planes of weakness, which greatly reduced the energy needed to carve them.'

Dr Menegat found that these features appear in several sets — with some running in a northeast–southwest direction and others northwest–southeast. Together, these lines intersect beneath Machu Picchu, creating an 'X' shape

'The layout clearly reflects the fracture matrix underlying the site,' said Dr Menegat, who added that other Incan cities are also built on the intersection of faults

Incan stonework is legendary — the blocks were put together without mortar so perfectly that it is impossible to even slide a credit card between them. Pictured, a wall in Ollantaytambo

The Incas would have taken advantage of this abundance of easily workable building materials, Menegat said.

Machu Picchu's stonework is legendary — the blocks were put together without mortar so perfectly that it is impossible to even slide a credit card between them.

'Machu Picchu's location is not a coincidence,' said Dr Menegat.

'It would be impossible to build such a site in the high mountains if the substrate was not fractured.'

The web of faults beneath Machu Picchu likely furnished the Incan people with other benefits as well, Dr Menegat said — with a water supply being the most beneficial.

'The area's tectonic faults channelled meltwater and rainwater straight to the site,' he added.

Furthermore, Dr Menegat believes that the underlying network of faults and fractures were integral to the construction of Machu Picchu itself

The setting of the 569-year-old city would have provided an abundance of easy-to-work building stone that was predisposed to fracturing in the direction of the faults

Another advantage in building at the Machu Picchu site would have come from how the citadel's high perch effectively isolated it from avalanches and landslides.

These, Dr Menegat explained, are common hazards in this alpine setting.

Alongside this, the fractures beneath the citadel would have helped to drain the settlement during the intense rainstorms which frequently hit the region.

'About two-thirds of the effort to build the sanctuary involved constructing subsurface drainage,' said Dr Menegat. 

'The preexisting fractures aided this process and help account for its remarkable preservation.' 

'Machu Picchu clearly shows us that the Incan civilisation was an empire of fractured rocks.'

The full findings of the study were presented on September 23 during the 2019 annual meeting of the Geological Society of America held in Phoenix, Arizona.

The finding helps to explain why the Incan city was built in such an inaccessible location — atop a ridge above a river canyon high in the Peruvian Andes

Read more:

• Abstract: HOW INCAS USED GEOLOGICAL FAULTS TO THEIR SETTLEMENTS (GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019)

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

01-10-2019 om 01:16 geschreven door peter  

LINDA MOULTON HOWE : 34 MILLION YEAR OLD STRUCTURE DISCOVERED 2 MILES UNDER ANTARCTICA

Linda Moulton Howe has been working for two years with an eyewitness who saw something incredible in Antarctica, namely huge structures deep under Antarctic ice.

Only part of the structure has been uncovered so far by archeological teams, with the rest buried under the ice and extending far below.

Ground penetrating radar had shown the structure to be an Octagon in shape, and covering an area of 62 acres.

Source: UAMN TV

{ https://www.sightings.info/ }

01-10-2019 om 00:47 geschreven door peter  

Archaeologists claim 'Swiss Stonehenge' discovered under Lake Constance is a man-made Neolithic monument built 5,500 years ago

• The stones — or cairns — have been discovered as part of an ongoing research project at lake Constance  
• It involved a boat equipped with a digger designed to shift sediment around the vast rocks 
• Now researchers have preliminary claimed that they are up to 100 inches wide and 5,500 years old 
• Further analysis is needed in order to understand how the allegedly man-made rocks made it to their location

By JOE PINKSTONE FOR MAILONLINE 

Archaeologists claim that a range of mysterious man-made stones submerged beneath the surface of an European lake are 5,000 years old.

Local media reports that the so-called 'Swiss Stonehenge' sits 15feet down at the bottom of Lake Constance and is a Neolithic relic, with stones ranging in size up to around 100 inches wide.  

The man-made piles of stones were found on the Swiss side of the lake, a 207-square-mile body of water on the borders of Switzerland, Germany and Austria.

Each stone was located at regular intervals running completely parallel to the Swiss shoreline.

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Archaeologists claim that a range of mysterious man-made stones submerged beneath the surface of an European lake are 5,000 years old (pictured)

Local media reports that the so-called 'Swiss Stonehenge' (pictured) sits 15feet down at the bottom of Lake Constance and is a Neolithic relic, with stones ranging in size up to around 100 inches wide

A ship equipped with a digger with a 15-metre-long arm removed material alongside the stones to reveal them for study.  

Analysis of how they were placed shows they were put down by humans and not by nature, archaeologists claim.  

Using underwater georadar developed by the Technical University of Darmstadt in Germany, the team of scientists managed to study the lake's sediment and stone deposits in search of the origin and purpose of the formations.

The Archaeology Office wrote: 'With high-frequency electromagnetic pulses, the hidden layer of the lake bed in the vicinity of the stone structures was recorded.'

'It is obvious that the stones of up to 40 centimetres in size rest on the post-glacial, banded lake deposits and clearly above the underlying upper edge of the moraine [a glacially formed accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris].

'Thus, it is now scientifically proven that the cairns did not originate naturally from the glacier, but were piled up by human hands.'

The man-made piles of stones were found on the Swiss side of Lake Constance, a 207-square-mile lake on the borders of Switzerland, Germany and Austria and work is ongoing to learn more about them 

Each stone was located at regular intervals running completely parallel to the Swiss shoreline at a depth of about 15 feet

Analysis of how the rocks (pictured) were placed shows they were placed there by humans and not by nature, archaeologists claim

A spokesman at the Archaeology Office of the Swiss Canton of Thurgau described the findings as 'sensational' after carrying out extensive excavations on the lake bed

The spokesman added: 'The first results produced using carbon dating show that the stones in area 5 were placed there around 5,500 years ago in the Neolithic period.'

In the following months, further investigations will be carried out with the hope of discovering more about the artefacts, which will be analysed by an international team of researchers.

Initially, it was unclear whether the stones were natural formations from the remnants of a glacier which was located in the area 18,000 years ago.

The researchers had originally suspected that the formations were from the Bronze Age dating back to around 1000 BC.

Pictured@ : A piece of Poplar wood retrieved by the divers which may have been used as part of the construction or excavation of the rocks. Experts have confirmed these mysterious piles of stones - compared to an underwater Stonehenge - found at the bottom of Lake Constance are much older than previously thought

Using underwater georadar tech (pictured) developed by the Technical University of Darmstadt in Germany, the team of scientists managed to study the lake's sediment and stone deposits in search of the origin and purpose of the formations

Pictured: The research team on Lake Constance where the Neolithic rocks have been discovered. Experts have confirmed these mysterious piles of stones on the bottom of Lake Constance which have been compared to an 'underwater Stonehenge' were man-made

Currently, there are various theories about the purpose of the stones, such as that they served as weirs, burial mounds or signposted transportation routes.

Urs Leuzinger, a researcher on the project, estimates that at the time of construction, the cairns were located along the shoreline or even in shallow water.

He said: 'I've never really experienced anything like this. Whenever we dig something up, we usually know what it's all about.'

He said that his team 'has no intention to compete with the original Stonehenge', saying that the moniker had been 'chosen by German media' and not by archaeologists. 

However, he said that there are some similarities with the Wiltshire monument as it required an equally impressive feat by prehistoric humans to transport such stones.

Dr Leuzinger said: 'After all, our 170 cairns of 500 cubic metres of stones each does bring quite a decent amount to the shores of Lake Constance.'

The cairns were first discovered in 2015 by the Institute for Lake Research in the town of Langenargen in the south-western German state of Baden-Wuerttemberg.

It is thought they would have been near to a settlement of lake dwellings which are much deeper under water perhaps close to what was once a prehistoric shoreline and are yet to be discovered, according to the Thurgau Office for Archaeology.

But they added: 'It may also be the case that the lake dwellings have already eroded away due to the erosion over the years.'

Divers investigating the site have been finding out more about the rocks, including their age.Currently, there are various theories about the purpose of the stones, such as that they served as weirs, burial mounds or signposted transportation routes

A ship equipped with a digger with a 15-metre-long arm removed material alongside the stones and revealed the stones (pictured)

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

01-10-2019 om 00:00 geschreven door peter  

{ https://futurism.com/the-byte }

30-09-2019 om 23:43 geschreven door peter  

Snake-like UFO returns to California as YouTuber films strange object on horizon

EXCLUSIVE: The man claims to have never seen anything like the object before, but similar UFOs have been spotted across the US in recent months

By Simon Green Video News Editor

A snake-like UFO that has been seen across the US appears to have finally returned to the spot of its first sighting.

The mysterious object was first spotted way back in June when a YouTuber discovered a bright light above the Mojave Desert in California.

Since then, footage of the UFOs have emerged in Wyoming, New York and Washington.

The videos have become so regular, in fact, that a former police detective told Daily Star Online the US government could be silently monitoring them.

And now, a clip has surfaced seemingly showing the snake-like UFO reappearing over the Mojave Desert.

The footage, taken by a YouTuber who wants to remain anonymous, shows a long black object slowly moving along the horizon.

He notes in the clip that it is “slowly moving from left to right while tilting occasionally”.

“It’s elongated and cigar-shaped,” he continues.

“It is not a blimp, or big and fat and round.

The cameraman has since spoken to Daily Star Online about the bizarre sight.

“I have no idea what it could be,” he said.

“One follower suggested it could be an unmanned drone, but I couldn't verify that.

“I was amazed that it was happening in broad daylight. I couldn't identify it so I recorded it.”

He told this site he had “never witnessed anything like that” before but added that there was an incident three years ago where a strange bright light appeared in the sky.

“One night without a camera in hand I watched a jet chasing a silent light object,” he added.

“The lighted object was toying with the jet and the jet was on afterburners trying to keep up.

“Since that time I never go outside without my smartphone and camera handy.”

{ https://www.dailystar.co.uk/ }

30-09-2019 om 23:28 geschreven door peter  

Forget Area 51

There are way more important planetary concerns to direct your attention to

30-09-2019 om 23:10 geschreven door peter  

They Discovered Something on Mars and Phobos that Cannot Be Explained ...

The now dubbed “Phobos monolith” is a large object on the surface of Mars's moon “Phobos”. The giant structure stands 90 meters tall. Only 3 meters less than that of the Statue of Liberty Monument in New York.

First discovered by “Efrain Palermo” who noticed the distinct shadow of the anomaly while analysing images taken from the “Mars Global Surveyor orbiter” lanched in November 1996. This peculiar and solitary large rock was also confirmed by “Lan Fleming”, an imaging sub-contractor at NASA Johnson Space Center. Also Noting the possibility that the monolith is artificial in nature.

Along with the mysterious Monolith photographed on the Martian moon “Phobos”.. A similar looking structure can also be seen upon the surface of Mars...

Featuring David Childress, Billy Carson, Mike Bara and Michael Salla

[The 5th Kind]

30-09-2019 om 20:45 geschreven door peter  

30-09-2019 om 20:37 geschreven door peter  

30-09-2019 om 20:31 geschreven door peter  

January 1950 Was A Peak Month For Ufo Sightings

One of the first officially recorded sightings of the 1950 UFO wave occurred on the afternoon of 6^th January at a little after 2 pm over the town of Howard in Kansas. Three United States Air Force crew were piloting a C-47 on their way to Offut Air Force Base in Omaha, Nebraska.

They would describe the object as between 30 and 60 feet long and “shaped like a football”. They would also note how it was a “bright silver color” which would shine in the afternoon sun. It was in their sights for around two minutes, moving between 300 to 500 miles per hour at an altitude of approximately 2,000 feet.

Whether there is a connection or not, later that day at 9:45 pm over Mundy Point in Virginia, two witnesses would report seeing a strange object moving through the sky, remaining visible for around 30 seconds.

Strange Sightings Over Air Bases Across America

The following evening, at around 10:15 pm at Holloman Air Force Base in Corona, New Mexico, another bizarre sighting occurred.

 This time, several strange balls of light were seen traveling through the sky, changing color as they did so from yellow-white to a distinct orange. Bizarrely, as it approached the mountain ranges in the area it would “level off” and change color once again to a blue-green color.

Of course, this last detail would dismiss the notion that the objects were merely “falling” and were in fact under some kind of control. The lights would return on the evening of the 12^th January, once more changing direction before disappearing out of sight.

Less than 24 hours after the initial sighting over Holloman Air Force Base, on the morning of the 10^th January at a little after 10 am in Las Vegas, two civilian pilots at the Las Vegas Air Force Base – a father and son – would observe two F-80 fighter jets approaching the base as they came in to land.

However, at an altitude of around 2,000 feet, each of the witnesses would also observe a strange round balloon-like object of “pure silver” and seemingly of solid metal. They would further estimate that the object was between 25 and 30 feet across and made no noise whatsoever. Furthermore, they could see no antennas or any other external fittings of any kind. It would move calmly through the skies, seemingly uninterested in the two fighter jets, and then began to accelerate somewhat before disappearing over a nearby mountain range.

On the evening of the 11^th January at the Ohio Air National Guard at Norwood in Ohio, several members would happen to point their searchlight at a “space platform” in the night sky above the city.

The Gulf of Mexico Incident

On the evening of 12^th January, at 11:25 pm, the crew of a B-29 aircraft would notice three strange objects on their onboard radar while flying over the Gulf of Mexico.

As an example as to the speed with which these strange objects were moving, the radar screen onboard covered a 100-mile radius. The objects would clear the screen from one side to the other in no more than 20 seconds. The overall estimated speed of these bizarre, metallic and most definitely solid objects was between 2,500 and 3,000 miles per hour.

While two of the objects would eventually disappear from sight, the other would continue to follow the B-29. Even more concerning were the two near approaches from the craft before it halted and hovered only 20 miles away. It would then move back into a pursuing position.

The object would disappear after around half-an-hour. However, the plane’s radar systems would remain jammed for around ten minutes after.

Interestingly, despite the wealth of radar information, no visual sightings of the object were made by any of the crew. This, of course, leaves open the possibility, however, remote it might be, that the incident was down to radar malfunction. A chink that many skeptics will point out.

Sightings Spreading Out Into Urban Areas

Sightings would continue throughout the United States following the incident, however. For example, in Peoria in Illinois on the evening of the 14^th January, an aerial object was witnessed overhead. And while it didn’t move in a manner that would suggest it wasn’t a normal aircraft, residents would report “electromagnetic effects” as it passed.

Earlier the same day, just before 5 pm in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, several workers at the town’s nuclear facility witnessed a “fiery ball of light” hover for several moments over restricted military airspace.

Although further afield than the United States, the 15^th January brought three more reports. A saucer-shaped object was witnessed hovering and rotating just off the coast of Newfoundland in Canada. On the same afternoon at Sierra de Comechingones in Argentina, a silver cigar-shaped object emerged from nearby mountains and remained visible for several minutes.

Later that evening, back in the United States, multiple witnesses would report “several strange objects” hovering over Tacoma, Washington. The following evening in Portland, Oregon, a husband, and wife would watch a similar object for almost two hours.

During the early evening of 17^th January, just off the coast of Kauai Island in Hawaii, another silver disc-shaped object was reported hovering over the water. Then, it would shoot “straight-up” and vanish into the early evening sky. The following evening, on the other side of the United States in Summit, New Jersey, several witnesses observed a “spherical UFO” glowing a “reddish-orange” color moving slowly over the region.

On the same evening six military pilots, including Lieutenant Webb, would witness a “round reddish-white” object moving slowly through the evening sky over Denver, Colorado.

The Kodiak, Alaska Incident

In the early hours of 23^rd January 1950 at around 2:40 am, Navy Patrol pilot, Lt. Smith was guiding his plane near the Bering Sea at Kodiak, Alaska in what was a routine security flight. He would pick up an unidentified object on his radar on two separate occasions.

When he radioed the control tower at Kodiak to enquire if there were other aircraft in the area, he was informed by the operator not only wasn’t there any other craft, but the interference on the communication line was some of the worst he had witnessed.

Around 20 minutes later, on board the USS Tillamock slight to the south of Kodiak, came the first visual confirmations of the incident. One of the on-duty personnel on the deck of the vessel would report seeing a “very fast-moving red glow light”. What’s more, the object appeared to circle the Kodiak region. Another member of the crew then came to the deck and also witnessed the bizarre object for around 30 seconds. Bizarrely, no sound whatsoever came from the glowing craft.

At 4:40 am – two hours after first noticing the strange activity – Lt. Smith was still experiencing problems with his onboard systems. However, he would notice another read on the radar. One that moved so fast that it “left a trail on the screen”. When Smith notified his crew, they would witness the object visually.

It made some bizarre maneuvers in the sky and appeared to be moving somewhere in the region of 2,000 miles per hour. General descriptions of the craft were of “two orange lights rotating around a common center”.

After heading toward his plane following a sudden sharp turn, the object disappeared from sight.

NOTE: The above image is CGI.

KEN PFEIFER WORLD UFO PHOTOS AND NEWS

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THANKS TO https://www.ufoinsight.com

Source:

•  http://worldufophotosandnews.org/?p=24964

see also - The 1952 UFO Wave – A Case Study - ufoinsight.com

>> https://www.ufoinsight.com/the-1952-ufo-wave-a-case-study

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

30-09-2019 om 20:24 geschreven door peter  

On September 28, 2019 the photographer captured from an unknown location a long bright object in the sky when suddenly a flash of light illuminates the sky.

Directly after the flash the cigar-shaped object seems to have changed into a ring-shaped object.

Immediately after the flash on which the cigar-shaped object turns into a ring-shaped UFO object starts at the 1.47 mark in the video.

  

30-09-2019 om 18:01 geschreven door peter  

NASA Probes a Video Showing a UFO Rapidly Moving in a Spanish City

An interesting video that shows a UFO moving fast over the Spanish city of Alicante has reportedly attracted the attention of the primary state-run American space agency.

The footage was reportedly shot during an electrical storm that engulfed the city recently. Alejandro Molla, a local computer scientist, was the one who captured the video.

Molla reportedly suffered the bad weather, which resulted in his sleepless night. He decided to record the incredible lightning show in the sky instead. After creating some video files, he noticed he had recorded on video something mysterious rapidly moving behind the clouds.

The clip shows an apparent silver disc looping through the clouds. Spanish news outlet Agencia 6 broadcasted the controversial video and Molla claimed that NASA filed an official request for the original copies of the video to the Spanish news outlet.

NASA is now reportedly investigating the incident through the video.

Meanwhile, some UFO enthusiasts have suggested that this specific sighting is evidence of an extraterrestrial spacecraft approaching the Earth for regular recharging, using the storm’s electric energy.

{ http://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

30-09-2019 om 01:22 geschreven door peter  

According to numerous writings and oral legends of Native American tribes, a race of ‘White Giants’ existed in the distant past. Interestingly, similar accounts of Giants existing on Earth in the distant past can be found all around the world.

Image Credit

There are numerous legends among various Native American tribes, from the Comanches in the north to other tribes in the south, which speak of a mysterious race of white-skinned giants who inhabited North America thousands of years ago, before mysteriously vanishing from the face of the planet.

In his book “History of the Choctaw Indians, Chickasaw and Natchez” (1899), Horatio Bardwell Cushman writes: “The tradition of the Choctaws . . Told of a race of giants that once inhabited the now State of Tennessee, and with whom their ancestors fought when they arrived in Mississippi in their migration from the west. … Their tradition states the Nahullo ( a race of giants) was of wonderful stature.”

Cushman stated that, over time, the term “Nahullo” became common to refer to all white people, but originally, the term was used to designate a race of white giants with which the Choctaws fought after crossing the Mississippi River.

There is plenty of evidence today which suggests that Giant beings did, in fact, walk on Earth.

Interestingly, according to an account in 1857, Chief Rolling Thunder of the Comanche said:

“Innumerable moons ago, a race of white men, 10 feet high, and far more rich and powerful than any white people now living, here inhabited a large range of country, extending from the rising to the setting sun. Their fortifications crowned the summits of the mountains, protecting their populous cities situated in the intervening valleys. “They excelled every other nation which was flourished, either before or since, in all manner of cunning handicraft—were brave and warlike—ruling over the land they had wrested from its ancient owners with a high and haughty hand. Compared with them the palefaces of the present day were pygmies, in both art and arms. …” (source)

According to the Comanche chief, a Great Spirit wiped out the White Giants when they forgot all about justice and mercy, becoming too proud.

The Navajo are another ancient tribe that offers evidence of Giants walking the Earth. The Navajo speak of a rave of ‘white giants’ called the Starnake people, describing them as a “regal race of white giants endowed with mining technology who dominated the West, enslaved lesser tribes, and had strongholds all through the Americas. They were either extinguished or ‘went back to the heavens.’”

The mysterious Starnake were either extinguished or “went back to the heavens.” The name may be a corruption of the Biblical race known as Anakim (Num. 13:33, Deut. 1:28). The name Og (Hebrew “chief”) appears to be characteristic (see Zimmerman, pp. 188-91). The ogham alphabet is attributed to this cultural founder. (Source)

However, more stories of White Giants can be found in numerous other accounts of ancient North-American tribes. The Choctaw also happen to mention the mystery giants. According to the Choctaw tribe, in that, is now known as Tennesee, a race of giants dominated the land in the distant past. It is said that their ancestors fought against them when they arrived in Mississippi during their westward migration.

Interestingly the Paiutes have oral legends that speak of red-haired giants, white cannibals that stood above 10 feet in height inhabiting the Lovelock Cave, in Nevada.  Interestingly, in the past, archaeologists have discovered remains of people with red hair in the region.

In what is now modern-day Mexico, Ancient Aztec legends also happen to mention the existence of a race of giants.

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In Aztec mythology, these giants are referred to as the Quinametzin.

The ruler of the Giants was, according to some versions of the myth, the god Tlaloc. Interestingly, the Quinametzin were believed to be the builders of the city of Teotihuacan and Tlachihualtepetl. The ‘Tlaxcaltecas’ recounted that, near the time of the Spanish Conquest, they themselves had fought the last Quinametzin on Earth.

If we travel to South America, we will find that the ancient Manta people of Peru, speak of a race of giants that in the distant past, coexisted with them.

Their legend says that: “There arrived on the coast, in boats made of reeds, as big as large ships, a party of men of such size that, from the knee downwards, their height was as great as the entire height of an ordinary man, though he might be of good stature.

• Their limbs were all in proportion to the deformed size of their bodies, and it was a monstrous thing to see their heads, with hair reaching to the shoulders. Their eyes were as large as small plates.” (Source)

{ https://www.firsttoknowledge.com/ }

30-09-2019 om 00:49 geschreven door peter  

Mars rovers being launched next summer WILL find life on the red planet, Nasa's chief scientist predicts - but he warns Earth is not prepared for the 'revolutionary' discovery

• Europe's ExoMars Rover and NASA's Mars 2020 rover will be launched in March
• The vehicles will drill down in to rock formations to search for organic matter 
• Dr Jim Green, a scientist working on both rovers, says Earth is not prepared 

By EMER SCULLY FOR MAILONLINE

Alien life could be discovered in less than two years but the world is 'not prepared for the results', NASA's chief scientist says.

Europe's ExoMars Rover, which has been named Rosalind in memory of British chemist Rosalind Franklin, will be launched with NASA's rover Mars 2020 in March.

They will search for extraterrestrial life and organic matter by targeting rock formations, with the ExoMars drilling 6.5ft in to Mars' core to extract samples.

Signs of life could be found within months of their arrival on Mars in March 2021, Dr Jim Green, a scientist working with both missions told the Sunday Telegraph.

Europe's ExoMars Rover, which has been named Rosalind in memory of British chemist Rosalind Franklin, will be launched with NASA's rover Mars 2020 in March. Pictured, an artist's impression of the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter and its entry, landing and descent module

But the 'revolutionary' discovery will 'start a whole new line of thinking' and Dr Green says: 'I don't think we're prepared for the results.'

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Questions about whether humans can move between planets and what other life is like will be sparked by the breakthrough.

When Europe's ExoMars rover lands on Mars the core samples it extracts will be broken up and examined for organic matter.

NASA's rover will drill in to rock formations on the surface of the planet before sending test tubes filled with these samples back to earth.

Signs of life could be found within months of their arrival on Mars in March 2021, Dr Jim Green, a scientist working with both missions told the Sunday Telegraph

It will be the first time Martian matter is brought onto this planet.

Scientists will be specifically looking for the 300 minerals that can only be created by life and will focus the search around the site of the ancient Martian ocean.

'When environments get extreme, life moves into the rocks,' Dr Green added.

Earlier this year scientists detected the first geological evidence of a system of water reservoirs deep beneath the surface of Mars.

The study on data from the Mars Express satellite revealed the extent of the former underground lakes based on features at the bottom of deep craters.

‘Early Mars was a watery world, but as the planet’s climate changed this water retreated below the surface to form pools and “groundwater,”’ said lead author Francesco Salese of Utrecht University, in the Netherlands.

‘We traced this water in our study, as its scale and role is a matter of debate, and we found the first geological evidence of a planet-wide groundwater system.’

In the study published to the Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, researchers investigated 24 deep, enclosed craters in Mars’ northern hemisphere.

Each of these craters dip down to roughly 4,000 meters below Martian ‘sea level’ – which scientists have defined based on elevation and atmospheric pressure.

Numerous features seen on the crater floors at depths of 4,000-4,500 meters are suggestive of water, with evidence of pools and flows that changed over time.

This includes channels, valleys, curved deltas, ridged terraces, and fan-shaped deposits of sediments.

According to the researchers, the levels indicated by the crater features line up with predictions for the shorelines of a Martian ocean that’s thought to have existed three to four billion years ago. 

The European Space Agency's ExoMars rover being prepared to leave Airbus in Stevenage. The ExoMars 2020 rover Rosalind Franklin is Europe's first planetary rover and will search for signs of past or present life on Mars

'The bottom line is where there is water there is life', says Dr Green. Scientists believe if there used to be water on Mars then there could also have been life. 

It comes just a week after never-seen-before bursts of magnetic energy on Mars puzzled astronomers.

The magnetometer fixed to the cutting-edge NASA InSight spacecraft detected a bizarre jump in pulsations on the surface of the planet at nighttime.

Since November 2018, the InSight capsule has been harvesting information from the Red Planet - including recording the ferocity of so-called 'Marsquakes' and taking the temperature of its upper crust.

And scientists have not yet determined the causes behind the sudden magnetic pulses, which were 20 times stronger than previous observations, according to National Geographic.

A working prototype of the newly named Rosalind Franklin ExoMars rover at the Airbus Defence and Space facility in Stevenage, north of London

However the baffling aspect of these most recent findings was the clockwork-like frequency of the midnight pulses.

The InSight lander is currently placed on Mars's equator. On Earth's equator, no such pulses have ever been recorded. 

A team from California University presented their paper at the European Planetary Science Congress annual meeting.

They wrote: 'The nighttime continuous pulsations found by InSight FluxGate are unexpected because they are distinct from what are typically observed on the Earth's surface at the same local time.'

The lander expedition also revealed there is a two-mile thick layer deep below Mars's surface capable of conducting electricity.

It is thought this could be a body of water, but that has not been confirmed.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/index.html }

30-09-2019 om 00:26 geschreven door peter  

Boeing's planned hypersonic airliner could fly from NYC to London in two hours

The ultra-fast plane would be capable of flying five times the speed of sound.

By Denise Chow

Boeing has unveiled plans for what could be the world’s first hypersonic airliner, a sleek, futuristic-looking craft that the Seattle-based company said would be capable of flying five times the speed of sound, or about 3,800 miles per hour.

At that speed — Mach 5 in aviation parlance — it would be possible to travel from New York City to London in about two hours instead of the eight hours the trip takes on a conventional airliner.

That means someone could conceivably fly overseas for a meeting and return home in a single day.

“Humankind has always wanted to go faster — always wanted to do things faster,” said Kevin Bowcutt, chief scientist of hypersonics at Boeing. “People cannot make time, so there’s an inherent value in time.”

The as-yet-unnamed plane would be much faster not only than conventional airliners, which cruise at about 550 miles an hour, but also the supersonic Concorde aircraft that flew routes across the North Atlantic Ocean from 1976 to 2003. Concorde, produced by a British-French consortium, could reach Mach 2.04, meaning the New York City-London trip took just under four hours.

Boeing’s proposed plane, described in broad strokes at an industry conference in Atlanta this week, could be used for military applications as well as commercial aviation. But it might take 20 to 30 years to take to the skies, Bowcutt said.

Related

THE FUTURE OF TRAVEL

These planes could jet you around the world at hypersonic speed

Supersonic and hypersonic (meaning five times the speed of sound or faster) have been hyped as the next era of commercial aviation since at least the 1950s. But with the exception of the Concorde, which was permanently grounded three years after a deadly crash in France, building such airplanes has proven to be an elusive goal.

“It’s been a dream for a while now,” said Stuart Craig, an assistant professor of aerospace and mechanical engineering at the University of Arizona, who is not affiliated with Boeing. “We’ve been striving for this hypersonic technology for the better part of half a century, but in recent years, advances in computational technology and materials technology have made it much more in grasp.”

One key question for Boeing and other aircraft manufacturers will be whether airline passengers would be willing to pay the higher ticket prices that hypersonic air travel would command.

High prices, along with limited routes, played a role in the demise of the Concorde, said Mike Sinnett, Boeing’s vice president of future airplane development. “We can do all kinds of cool things, but those cool things have to lead to something that creates value, or at the end of the day it’s not going to be all that successful,” he said. “In general, people flew on [the Concorde] as a novelty — it didn’t change the world, and the economics weren’t right.”

But Craig said new technologies and designs for supersonic and hypersonic aircraft are making high-speed air travel more attractive to travelers.

The Concorde’s routes were limited in part because regulators barred supersonic travel over populated areas to protect people on the ground from hearing the loud sonic booms that the plane created. But in the years since the Concorde’s retirement, Craig said researchers at NASA and elsewhere have made significant strides in mitigating sonic booms caused by supersonic and hypersonic craft.

As for what it would be like to experience a hypersonic flight, Bowcutt said it would be a lot like flying in a conventional jet — but with a few key differences.

Rather than cruising at 30,000 to 40,000 feet, as is typical for conventional airliners, a hypersonic craft like the one proposed by Boeing would cruise at 90,000 to 95,000 feet.

“At that altitude, you’re going to see the curvature of the Earth below you,” Bowcutt said. “You won’t see the entire Earth, but you will see the curvature — and above you, you’ll have the blackness of space. It’s also a very smooth ride because there isn’t atmospheric turbulence at that altitude.”

But while there would be less turbulence, more time would be needed to accelerate to Mach 5. On a conventional airline flight, passengers feel the sensation of being pushed back in their seats for about a minute or so during and shortly after takeoff. On a hypersonic flight, Bowcutt said, that sensation would last for about 12 minutes.

WANT MORE STORIES ABOUT THE FUTURE OF AVIATION?

• These planes could jet you around the world at hypersonic speed
• Electric planes promise big benefits for air passengers and the planet
• Battery-powered planes could become Ubers of the air

29-09-2019 om 23:58 geschreven door peter  

NASA proof of aliens? Did NASA photograph a flying bird on Mars? UFO expert stunned

NASA’S Curiosity Mars Rover has photographed an unexpected anomaly amid the Red Planet’s rocky surface – an terrestrial bird seemingly in flight, which a UFO expert claims could be proof Curiosity is not on Mars at all.

29-09-2019 om 22:56 geschreven door peter  

Elon Musk presenteert zijn ruimteschip voor trip naar Mars - HLN.be

Bron: AD.nl, AP, Belga

Starship ziet eruit als een roestvrijstalen kogel met twee vinnen aan de onderkant en drie motoren. Het ruimteschip is bijna 50 meter hoog, 9 meter breed en zou voorlopig tot zo’n 20 kilometer hoogte kunnen vliegen. Binnen een half jaar moet een hoogte van 200 kilometer kunnen worden gehaald, waardoor officieel sprake is van een ruimtevlucht. En op termijn moet het tuig mensen en vracht naar pakweg overal in ons zonnestelsel kunnen brengen.

De bedoeling is dat Starship ook weer veilig terugkeert op aarde en hergebruikt wordt. Volgens Musk is dat de enige manier om ruimtevaart rendabel te krijgen.

Lees ook

‘Starman’ in Tesla Roadster heeft eerste rit rond de zon afgerond

Tot honderd passagiers

Starship zal tot honderd - jawel, honderd - mensen naar de maan, Mars of andere bestemmingen kunnen brengen. En terugbrengen. Ook vrachtvervoer is mogelijk, wat de bouw van een basis op de natuurlijke satelliet van de aarde, of Mars, al wat dichterbij brengt.

Het ruimteschip kan niet zelf de ruimte in gaan. Het heeft daarvoor een enorme eerste trap nodig die de naam Super Heavy kreeg (eveneens herbruikbaar), en die uiteindelijk zelf ook de bekende commerciële ruimteraket Falcon naar de geschiedenisboeken kan verwijzen. Naargelang de aard van de missie is het aantal Raptor-motoren van het gevaarte aan te passen, tot 37 stuks als het nodig is, en minimaal wellicht 24. Met als nieuwigheid ook dat die op methaan draaien.

 AFP

AFP

 Vanaf 2025 al naar Mars?

SpaceX maakt zich sterk al vanaf 2025 mensen naar de rode planeet te kunnen brengen, terwijl het Amerikaanse ruimtevaartbureau NASA pas ten vroegste in de jaren dertig een bemande missie naar Mars voor mogelijk acht. 

Nog veel dichterbij hoopt het bedrijf volgens de gezaghebbende website space.com al binnen een half jaar een prototype van Starship in een baan rondom onze planeet brengen. Indien het testprogramma naar wens verloopt, kunnen al volgend jaar of zo mensen ermee reizen.

AFP

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

29-09-2019 om 22:17 geschreven door peter  

Why does Venus’ upper atmosphere circle the planet in just 4 Earth-days, while the planet itself takes 243 Earth-days to spin once? Japan’s Akatsuki spacecraft probed the mysterious “super-rotation” of Venus’ clouds.

Venus dayside in false color via PLANET-C Project Team/ EuroPlanet.

Japan’s Akatsuki spacecraft – aka the Venus Climate Orbiter – got off a rocky start but has been sending back useful data from Venus for several years now. Akatsuki launched in May, 2010, but failed to enter orbit around Venus in December of that year. Space engineers saved the day with a 20-minute firing of the craft’s attitude control thrusters, placing the craft into an alternative orbit around Venus – albeit a highly elliptical one – five years later, in 2015. This month, at the EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland, Kiichi Fukuya of the University of Tokyo reported on new insights into the mysterious super-rotation of Venus’ atmosphere, made possible by Akatsuki’s data. That is, the upper atmosphere of Venus rotates around the planet much faster than the planet spins; the atmosphere rotates around the planet in just 4 Earth-days, while the planet itself takes 243 Earth-days to spin once.

Fukuuya said:

The most exciting discovery is the frequent occurrence of equator-ward motions [of the atmosphere] on the nightside. This is in contrast to the strong poleward circulation on the dayside we have observed previously at other wavelengths.

Overall, these scientists reported that data from Akatsuki show:

… striking variety in wind speeds year-on-year and between the planet’s northern and southern hemispheres.

Takeshi Horinouchi of Hokkaido University, Japan, and Yeon Joo Lee of JAXA/ISAS and TU Berlin also detected planetary-scale atmospheric waves at the cloud tops, which may interact with the super-rotation. For these studies they used:

… advanced cloud-tracking and quality control techniques to analyze with high accuracy the direction and speed of cloud top winds using data collected by [Akatsuki’s] Ultraviolet Imager instrument over three years.

Equator-wards motion of clouds on night side.

Image via University of Tokyo.

Pole-wards motion of clouds on day side.

Image via University of Tokyo.

And they said the difference they observed in Venus winds between the planet’s hemispheres might be linked to a second mystery at Venus: an as-yet unidentified chemical in the atmosphere that strongly absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun. You might know that Venus is considered Earth’s “twin” in size and desnity. It’s a world very similar to Earth in many ways, but its atmosphere sets it apart. The atmosphere of Venus – which is mostly carbon dioxide – is extremely dense and hot; atmospheric pressure on Venus’ surface is some 90 times that of Earth. This as-yet-unknown ultraviolet absorber in the atmosphere is interesting to these scientists because its variability in Venus’ atmosphere might cause the asymmetry in wind speeds between the planet’s northern and southern hemispheres. Thus the scientists commented:

Our results provide new questions about the atmosphere of Venus, as well as revealing the richness of variety of the Venus atmosphere over space and time.

Artist’s concept of Akatsuki in orbit around Venus.

Image via ISAS/JAXA.

• Bottom line: Japan’s Akatsuki spacecraft has provided new insights on the mysterious super-rotation of Venus’ dense atmosphere.
• Via Europlanet Society

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

29-09-2019 om 21:09 geschreven door peter  

New insights on Venus’ cloud-tops and super-rotation 

The article here notes that: ‘The atmosphere of Venus – which is mostly carbon dioxide – is extremely dense and hot; atmospheric pressure on Venus’ surface is some 90 times that of Earth.’ An extremely dense atmosphere with enormous atmospheric pressure is always going to be hot, regardless of its composition. Just a thought, but maybe it needs a lot of convection (wind) to offset the heat.

Why does Venus’ upper atmosphere circle the planet in just 4 Earth-days, while the planet itself takes 243 Earth-days to spin once?

Japan’s Akatsuki spacecraft probed the mysterious “super-rotation” of Venus’ clouds, reports EarthSky.org.

The spacecraft – aka the Venus Climate Orbiter – got off a rocky start but has been sending back useful data from Venus for several years now.

Akatsuki launched in May, 2010, but failed to enter orbit around Venus in December of that year. Space engineers saved the day with a 20-minute firing of the craft’s attitude control thrusters, placing the craft into an alternative orbit around Venus – albeit a highly elliptical one – five years later, in 2015.

This month, at the EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland, Kiichi Fukuya of the University of Tokyo reported on new insights into the mysterious super-rotation of Venus’ atmosphere, made possible by Akatsuki’s data.

That is, the upper atmosphere of Venus rotates around the planet much faster than the planet spins; the atmosphere rotates around the planet in just 4 Earth-days, while the planet itself takes 243 Earth-days to spin once. Fukuuya said:

The most exciting discovery is the frequent occurrence of equator-ward motions [of the atmosphere] on the nightside. This is in contrast to the strong poleward circulation on the dayside we have observed previously at other wavelengths.

Overall, these scientists reported that data from Akatsuki show:

… striking variety in wind speeds year-on-year and between the planet’s northern and southern hemispheres.

Takeshi Horinouchi of Hokkaido University, Japan, and Yeon Joo Lee of JAXA/ISAS and TU Berlin also detected planetary-scale atmospheric waves at the cloud tops, which may interact with the super-rotation. For these studies they used:

… advanced cloud-tracking and quality control techniques to analyze with high accuracy the direction and speed of cloud top winds using data collected by [Akatsuki’s] Ultraviolet Imager instrument over three years.

And they said the difference they observed in Venus winds between the planet’s hemispheres might be linked to a second mystery at Venus: an as-yet unidentified chemical in the atmosphere that strongly absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

You might know that Venus is considered Earth’s “twin” in size and density. It’s a world very similar to Earth in many ways, but its atmosphere sets it apart. The atmosphere of Venus – which is mostly carbon dioxide – is extremely dense and hot; atmospheric pressure on Venus’ surface is some 90 times that of Earth.

This as-yet-unknown ultraviolet absorber in the atmosphere is interesting to these scientists because its variability in Venus’ atmosphere might cause the asymmetry in wind speeds between the planet’s northern and southern hemispheres.

Full report here.

Source: 

• https://tallbloke.wordpress.com/2019/09/29/new-insights-on-venus-cloud-tops-and-super-rotation/

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

29-09-2019 om 20:41 geschreven door peter  

On September 25, 2019 a resident of Louveciennes in France noticed unidentified blue lights moving through the sky on which she started to film the weird phenomenon.

Like many other people who have been witnessed a similar phenomenon, also the resident of Louveciennes wonders what it might have been.

This sky phenomenon has been going on for a while and nobody knows where it comes from or what it could be.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

29-09-2019 om 19:46 geschreven door peter