The drones that flock like BIRDS: Robots fly in formation and navigate without being remotely controlled

• Scientists in Budapest created the first 'flock' of flying robots
  
• The collection of 10 copters can fly in formation, follow a leader and change flight patterns without human input
• They navigate using signals from GPS receivers and let each other know their positions via radio
• Experts predict that swarms of surveillance drones could be used soon

By SARAH GRIFFITHS

Flying robots that can ‘think’ for themselves are already being developed, which some people fear will be able to snoop on and attack people living below.

And now a team of Hungarian scientists have managed to engineer the first ‘flock’ of drones that can fly as a coordinated group.

The collection of 10 copters can fly in formation, follow a leader and change flight patterns without human input, to act a little like migratory birds.

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High flyers: A team of Hungarian scientists have managed to engineer the first 'flock' of drones that can fly as a coordinated group (pictured). The collection of 10 copters can fly in formation, follow a leader and change flight patterns without human input

The drones are commercially available quadcopters – with four rotor blades – but have specially designed hardware on board that allow them to act as a swarm.

Created by scientists at Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, the drones navigate using signals from GPS receivers and let each other know their positions via radio, Nature reported.

The researchers' breakthrough could mean that flocks of autonomous flying robots could take to the skies sooner than previously thought.

Experts created their own computer simulation after fitting tiny GPS trackers to pigeons (stock image pictured) to see how the birds fly as a flock and used the knowledge to inform the behaviour of their drones

Tamás Vicsek, a physics professor at the university, explained that the group of 10 drones can coordinate their movements to form circles or lines, which could be useful if one day the technology is used to create swarms of surveillance drones.

He and his team was inspired to create the robots after seeing a 1986 computer game called Boids that simulated flying objects according to three rules – alignment, attraction and repulsion - so that robots could fly in formation without crashing into each other.

The scientists created their own computer simulation (pictured) after fitting tiny GPS trackers to pigeons. While some people might fear that swarms of thinking drones could prove a surveillance menace, the scientists said they could be used for many peaceful applications, such as delivering food

‘We fed flocking algorithms to them so the copters can fly autonomously – totally eliminating the need for manual control,’ Professor Vicsek said.

‘Each has a little brain in the form of an on-board computer and is completely autonomous. All decisions, directions, flight positions are decided by them,’ he explained.

The drones can be instructed to form a circle and they each find a position along it and rotate slowly in the same direction. Their autonomous decisions avoid collisions in the air.

The group of 10 drones can coordinate their movements to form circles (pictured) or lines, which could be useful if one day the technology is used to create swarms of surveillance drones

The researchers had to overcome the challenges of noise and delay, which it hard for copters to ‘see’ each other’s positions and sped up their reaction times. They plan on replacing radio signals with cameras to help the drones ‘see’ one another more easily in the future.

They will present their research at the International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, to be held in Chicago, Illinois in September.

Commenting on the study, Iain Couzin, an expert on collective animal behaviour at Princeton University in New Jersey, told Nature: ‘This is remarkable work. It is the first outdoor demonstration of how biologically inspired rules can be used to create resilient yet dynamic flocks.’

The research suggests that ‘we will be able to achieve large, coordinated robot flocks much sooner than many would have anticipated,’ he added.

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06-06-2020 om 23:39 geschreven door peter  

Does This Image Show The Colorado Mystery Drone Swarm? (UPDATE: It Doesn't)

The image, obtained from the FAA, supposedly shows a formation of craft above Nebraska, but it actually does not. 

06-06-2020 om 23:15 geschreven door peter  

Visit the Milky Way's supermassive black hole with 'Galactic Center VR' visualization (video)

06-06-2020 om 22:41 geschreven door peter  

The 'mole' on Mars is finally underground after a push from NASA's InSight lander

By Meghan Bartels 

But can it still dig?

An image taken on June 3, 2020, shows the arm of the InSight lander gently pushing the heat probe into Mars.

(Image: © NASA/JPL-Caltech)

There's a light at the end of the tunnel for the first mole to burrow into the surface of Mars, scientists hope.

Not a furry mole, of course; the term is the nickname for the instrument formally known as the Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package on board NASA's InSight lander mission. The lander, which touched down on Mars in November 2018, is designed to give scientists a look inside the Red Planet and gather data to help them understand its geology and internal structure. The mole is one of the lander's three key tools to accomplish that — but for more than a year, mission personnel have struggled to deploy it.

But after serious challenges, the mole has finally reached a new milestone. "After several assists from my robotic arm, the mole appears to be underground," the official Twitter account for the mission wrote yesterday (June 3). "It's been a real challenge troubleshooting from millions of miles away. We still need to see if the mole can dig on its own."

• Related: NASA's InSight Mars lander 'hears' Martian wind, a cosmic first

The mole consists of a drillbit-like assembly full of heat sensors that are attached to the main body of the lander by a taillike tether. The instrument is designed to hammer itself up to 16 feet (5 meters) into the Martian surface near InSight's home in a region called Elysium Planitia. The idea is that as it burrows down, the mole's temperature sensors will study the rock it digs through and evaluate how energy moves out from the planet's core.

It's a completely new type of instrument for Mars but, although the team tested it extensively in chambers of dirt on Earth, such analogs can never precisely match circumstances on the Red Planet. And so, just about as soon as the mole set out on its Martian dig, it struggled, getting stuck or backing out. Since then, InSight personnel have tried a range of tactics to get the mole digging successfully, running into obstacles every time.

The most recent technique involved using an arm on the lander to gently push the end of the mole as it dug to keep the probe from bouncing out. That's a delicate proposition since the InSight team needed to be careful to not damage the tether connecting the mole to the lander.

NASA InSight

✔@NASAInSight

After several assists from my robotic arm, the mole appears to be underground. It’s been a real challenge troubleshooting from millions of miles away. We still need to see if the mole can dig on its own. More from our @DLR_en partners: http://bit.ly/3gSvB38  #SaveTheMole

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But according to a new blog post from Tilman Spohn, the German space agency scientist leading the mole team, this technique finally yielded some progress. The mole is now nearly entirely buried in the Martian soil, he wrote, with the scoop at the end of the lander arm near the surface. All told, that means the mole has moved about 2.8 inches (7 centimeters) into the rock between March 11 and May 30.

(Because the mission's instruments were supposed to be fully deployed by now and project personnel have other work to complete, the lander can only work on the mole problem once a week, slowing progress further, Spohn wrote.)

Next will come what the team calls the "free-mole" test, as the instrument progresses deeper than the lander's arm can assist. From now on, the mole will have to make its own way; whether it can likely depends on how much traction it can find in the column of dust and rock surrounding it.

However, external forces may soon interfere with the mole campaign, according to the blog post. "Winter is approaching on Mars' northern hemisphere and dust storm season will begin soon," Spohn wrote. "The atmosphere is already getting dustier and the power generated by the solar panels is decreasing. This may affect our ability to performing energy consuming operations with the arm in the near future. Stay tuned and keep your fingers crossed."

•  Mars InSight in photos: NASA's mission to probe core of the Red Planet 
•  Journey to the center of the Red Planet: NASA's InSight lander to reveal the secrets inside Mars 
•  Robot 'mole' on Mars begins digging into Red Planet this week 

Email Meghan Bartels at mbartels@space.com or follow her @meghanbartels.

Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook. 

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Die Bewegungen des Maulwurfs zwischen Sol 308 und Sol 318

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06-06-2020 om 22:13 geschreven door peter  

Diligence, technological progress and a little luck have together solved a 20 year mystery of the cosmos.

Image via CSIRO/ Alex Cherney/ The Conversation.

By J. Xavier Prochaska, University of California, Santa Cruz and Jean-Pierre Macquart, Curtin University

In the late 1990s, cosmologists made a prediction about how much ordinary matter there should be in the universe. About 5%, they estimated, should be regular stuff with the rest a mixture of dark matter and dark energy. But when cosmologists counted up everything they could see or measure at the time, they came up short. By a lot.

The sum of all the ordinary matter that cosmologists measured only added up to about half of the 5% what was supposed to be in the universe.

This is known as the “missing baryon problem” and for over 20 years, cosmologists (like us) looked hard for this matter without success.

It took the discovery of a new celestial phenomenon and entirely new telescope technology, but earlier this year, our team finally found the missing matter.

Origin of the problem

Baryon is a classification for types of particles – sort of an umbrella term – that encompasses protons and neutrons, the building blocks of all the ordinary matter in the universe. Everything on the periodic table and pretty much anything that you think of as “stuff” is made of baryons.

Since the late 1970s, cosmologists have suspected that dark matter – an as of yet unknown type of matter that must exist to explain the gravitational patterns in space – makes up most of the matter of the universe with the rest being baryonic matter, but they didn’t know the exact ratios. In 1997, three scientists from the University of California, San Diego, used the ratio of heavy hydrogen nuclei – hydrogen with an extra neutron – to normal hydrogen to estimate that baryons should make up about 5% of the mass-energy budget of the universe.

Yet while the ink was still drying on the publication, another trio of cosmologists raised a bright red flag. They reported that a direct measure of baryons in our present universe – determined through a census of stars, galaxies, and the gas within and around them – added up to only half of the predicted 5%.

This sparked the missing baryon problem. Provided the law of nature held that matter can be neither created nor destroyed, there were two possible explanations: Either the matter didn’t exist and the math was wrong, or, the matter was out there hiding somewhere.

Remnants of the conditions in the early universe, like cosmic microwave background radiation, gave scientists a precise measure of the unverse’s mass in baryons.

Image via NASA.

Unsuccessful search

Astronomers across the globe took up the search and the first clue came a year later from theoretical cosmologists. Their computer simulations predicted that the majority of the missing matter was hiding in a low-density, million-degree hot plasma that permeated the universe. This was termed the “warm-hot intergalactic medium” and nicknamed “the WHIM.” The WHIM, if it existed, would solve the missing baryon problem but at the time there was no way to confirm its existence.

In 2001, another piece of evidence in favor of the WHIM emerged. A second team confirmed the initial prediction of baryons making up 5% of the universe by looking at tiny temperature fluctuations in the universe’s cosmic microwave background – essentially the leftover radiation from the Big Bang. With two separate confirmations of this number, the math had to be right and the WHIM seemed to be the answer. Now cosmologists just had to find this invisible plasma.

Over the past 20 years, we and many other teams of cosmologists and astronomers have brought nearly all of the Earth’s greatest observatories to the hunt. There were some false alarms and tentative detections of warm-hot gas, but one of our teams eventually linked those to gas around galaxies. If the WHIM existed, it was too faint and diffuse to detect.

The red circle marks the exact spot that produced a fast radio burst in a galaxy billions of light-years away.

Image via J. Xavier Prochaska (UC Santa Cruz)/ Jay Chittidi (Maria Mitchell Observatory)/ Alexandra Mannings (UC Santa Cruz).

An unexpected solution in fast radio bursts

In 2007, an entirely unanticipated opportunity appeared. Duncan Lorimer, an astronomer at the University of West Virginia, reported the serendipitous discovery of a cosmological phenomenon known as a fast radio burst (FRB). FRBs are extremely brief, highly energetic pulses of radio emissions. Cosmologists and astronomers still don’t know what creates them, but they seem to come from galaxies far, far away.

As these bursts of radiation traverse the universe and pass through gases and the theorized WHIM, they undergo something called dispersion.

The initial mysterious cause of these FRBs lasts for less a thousandth of a second and all the wavelengths start out in a tight clump. If someone was lucky enough – or unlucky enough – to be near the spot where an FRB was produced, all the wavelengths would hit them simultaneously.

But when radio waves pass through matter, they are briefly slowed down. The longer the wavelength, the more a radio wave “feels” the matter. Think of it like wind resistance. A bigger car feels more wind resistance than a smaller car.

The “wind resistance” effect on radio waves is incredibly small, but space is big. By the time an FRB has traveled millions or billions of light-years to reach Earth, dispersion has slowed the longer wavelengths so much that they arrive nearly a second later than the shorter wavelengths.

Fast radio bursts originate from galaxies millions and billions of light-years away and that distance is one of the reasons we can use them to find the missing baryons.

Image via ICRAR.

Therein lay the potential of FRBs to weigh the universe’s baryons, an opportunity we recognized on the spot. By measuring the spread of different wavelengths within one FRB, we could calculate exactly how much matter – how many baryons – the radio waves passed through on their way to Earth.

At this point we were so close, but there was one final piece of information we needed. To precisely measure the baryon density, we needed to know where in the sky an FRB came from. If we knew the source galaxy, we would know how far the radio waves traveled. With that and the amount of dispersion they experienced, perhaps we could calculate how much matter they passed through on the way to Earth?

Unfortunately, the telescopes in 2007 weren’t good enough to pinpoint exactly which galaxy – and therefore how far away – an FRB came from.

We knew what information would allow us to solve the problem, now we just had to wait for technology to develop enough to give us that data.

Technical innovation

It was 11 years until we were able to place – or localize – our first FRB. In August 2018, our collaborative project called CRAFT began using the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) radio telescope in the outback of Western Australia to look for FRBs. This new telescope – which is run by Australia’s national science agency, CSIRO – can watch huge portions of the sky, about 60 times the size of a full moon, and it can simultaneously detect FRBs and pinpoint where in the sky they come from.

ASKAP captured its first FRB one month later. Once we knew the precise part of the sky the radio waves came from, we quickly used the Keck telescope in Hawaii to identify which galaxy the FRB came from and how far away that galaxy was. The first FRB we detected came from a galaxy named DES J214425.25–405400.81 that is about 4 billion light-years away from Earth, in case you were wondering.

The technology and technique worked. We had measured the dispersion from an FRB and knew where it came from. But we needed to catch a few more of them in order to attain a statistically significant count of the baryons. So we waited and hoped space would send us some more FRBs.

By mid-July 2019, we had detected five more events, enough to perform the first search for the missing matter. Using the dispersion measures of these six FRBs, we were able to make a rough calculation of how much matter the radio waves passed through before reaching Earth.

We were overcome by both amazement and reassurance the moment we saw the data fall right on the curve predicted by the 5% estimate. We had detected the missing baryons in full, solving this cosmological riddle and putting to rest two decades of searching.

Sketch of the dispersion measure relation measured from FRBs (points) compared to the prediction from cosmology (black curve). The excellent correspondence confirms the detection of all the missing matter.

Image via Hannah Bish (University of Washington).

This result, however, is only the first step. We were able to estimate the amount of baryons, but with only six data points, we can’t yet build a comprehensive map of the missing baryons. We have proof the WHIM likely exists and have confirmed how much there is, but we don’t know exactly how it is distributed. It is believed to be part of a vast filamentary network of gas that connects galaxies termed “the cosmic web,” but with about 100 fast radio bursts cosmologists could start building an accurate map of this web.

J. Xavier Prochaska, Professor of Astronomy & Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz and Jean-Pierre Macquart, Associate Professor of Astrophysics, Curtin University

• This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
• Bottom line: Half the matter in the universe was missing. Researchers say they have found it hiding in the cosmos.

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

06-06-2020 om 20:59 geschreven door peter  

Artist’s concept of the fiery meteor that struck Earth 66 million years ago, bringing the age of dinosaurs to an end.

Image via Imperial College London.

New computer simulations by an international team of researchers suggest the asteroid that doomed the dinosaurs, 66 million years ago, struck Earth at the “deadliest possible” angle. That is, these researchers say, it struck at an angle of about 60 degrees, thereby maximizing the amount of climate-changing gases thrust into the upper atmosphere. Such a strike would have unleashed billions of tons of sulphur into the air, blocking the sun, and triggering a nuclear winter that killed the dinosaurs and 75 percent of life on Earth at the time.

• All of this is according to a study published May 26, 2020 in the peer-reviewed journal Nature Communications,

The – from Imperial College London, the University of Freiburg, and the University of Texas at Austin – examined the shape and subsurface structure of the Chicxulub meteorite crater in what’s now Mexico. Afterwards, they used that geophysical data to create computer models of the event. Their computer simulations helped them diagnose the impact angle and direction of the incoming meteor. They said in a statement that the new models are:

… the first ever fully 3D simulations to reproduce the whole event, from the initial impact to the moment the final crater.

Gareth Collins, of Imperial College London is the new work’s lead author. Collins said:

For the dinosaurs, the worst-case scenario is exactly what happened. The asteroid strike unleashed an incredible amount of climate-changing gases into the atmosphere, triggering a chain of events that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs. This was likely worsened by the fact that it struck at one of the deadliest possible angles.

Our simulations provide compelling evidence that the asteroid struck at a steep angle, perhaps 60 degrees above the horizon, and approached its target from the north-east. We know that this was among the worst-case scenarios for the lethality on impact, because it put more hazardous debris into the upper atmosphere and scattered it everywhere – the very thing that led to a nuclear winter.

Gravity map showing asymmetries in the Chicxulub crater reflect the asteroid’s impact angle. 

Read more about this map.

Image via University College London.

The upper layers of earth around the Chicxulub crater contain high amounts of water as well as porous carbonate and evaporite rocks. When heated and disturbed by the impact, these rocks would have decomposed, says the study, flinging vast amounts of carbon dioxide, sulphur and water vapor into the atmosphere. According to the research:

The sulphur would have been particularly hazardous as it rapidly forms aerosols – tiny particles that would have blocked the sun’s rays, halting photosynthesis in plants and rapidly cooling the climate. This eventually contributed to the mass extinction event that killed 75 per cent of life on Earth.

It turns out that an impact angle of about 60 degrees is ideal for hurling as much vapour into the air as possible, Collins told New Scientist. If the asteroid ha came in from straight overhead, he said, the asteroid would have smashed up more rock but not sent as much into the atmosphere, and if it was more of a glancing blow, less rock would have been vaporized.

The analysis by these researchers was also informed by recent results from drilling into the 125 mile (200 km) wide crater, which brought up rocks containing evidence of the extreme forces generated by the impact. Read about how the scientists conducted the study here.

• Bottom line: A new study suggests that the asteroid that doomed the dinosaurs struck Earth at an angle of about 60 degrees, which maximized the amount of climate-changing gases thrust into the upper atmosphere.
• Source: A steeply-inclined trajectory for the Chicxulub impact
• Via Imperial College London

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06-06-2020 om 20:18 geschreven door peter  

Researchers at the University of Geneva have confirmed the existence of an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting in the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our sun.

View larger. | Artist’s concept of what Proxima Centauri b could look like on the surface.

Image via ESO/ M. Kornmesser/ UNIGE.

Four years ago, scientists made one of the most exciting exoplanet discoveries so far, a rocky planet similar in size to Earth orbiting the nearest star to the sun, Proxima Centauri. While the detection seemed solid, more confirmation is always good, and now the ESPRESSO  spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile has provided that extra and more detailed confirmation. The news was announced by the University of Geneva (UNIGE) on May 28, 2020.

The new planet is called Proxima Centauri b.

A new paper about it was submitted to the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics on May 25, 2020.

In the past several years, astronomers have found a large and growing number of Earth-sized exoplanets orbiting distant stars. Some are in the habitable zones of their stars, where temperatures might allow liquid water to exist on their surfaces. That is exciting in itself, but Proxima Centauri b is of particular interest since it’s orbiting the closest star to our sun, only 4.2 light-years away.

Its confirmation underscores current findings that such worlds are common in our galaxy.

Proxima Centauri b is very similar in size to Earth, with a mass of 1.17 Earth masses. It orbits its star in only 11.2 days, in contrast to our Earth’s year-long orbit around our sun. That means Proxima Centauri b is a lot closer to its star than Earth is to the sun. But, because the star is a red dwarf – much smaller and cooler than our sun – its orbit is indeed within the habitable zone of Proxima Centauri. Interestingly, Proxima Centauri b receives about the same amount of solar energy from its star that Earth does from our sun.

Relative star sizes and photospheric temperatures. Any planet around a red dwarf, such as the one shown here (Gliese 229A), would have to huddle close – as Proxima Centauri b does – to achieve Earth-like temperatures.

Image via MPIA/ V. Joergens/ Wikimedia Commons.

So, theoretically, Proxima Centauri b could have water on its surface. It could be habitable, but, of course, we don’t yet know all the details about habitability for exoworlds. We do know that many factors affect a planet’s habitability, such as temperature, composition of the planet and atmosphere, water (or lack of) and radiation from its sun. Red dwarfs like Proxima Centauri are known to emit flares, and these flares make habitability for red dwarf exoplanets even more complex and interesting.

Astronomers first found Proxima Centauri b in 2016, using an older spectrograph called HARPS. The newer spectrograph, ESPRESSO – said to be “the most accurate in the world” – was able to conduct radial velocity measurements on Proxima Centauri that are the most precise to date. A total of 63 spectroscopic observations of Proxima Centauri were acquired by ESPRESSO in 2019. Francesco Pepe at UNIGE, the scientist in charge of ESPRESSO, said in a statement:

We were already very happy with the performance of HARPS, which has been responsible for discovering hundreds of exoplanets over the last 17 years. We’re really pleased that ESPRESSO can produce even better measurements, and it’s gratifying and just reward for the teamwork lasting nearly 10 years.

Depiction of the orbital phase of Proxima Centauri b in days.

Image via UNIGE.

The lead author of the new study, Alejandro Suarez Mascareño,  added:

Confirming the existence of Proxima b was an important task, and it’s one of the most interesting planets known in the solar neighborhood.

The mass of Proxima b was previously estimated to be 1.3 Earth masses. The accuracy of the new measurement of 1.17 Earth masses is unprecedented, according to Michel Mayor, the “architect” of all ESPRESSO-type instruments:

ESPRESSO has made it possible to measure the mass of the planet with a precision of over one-tenth of the mass of Earth. It’s completely unheard of.

The new confirmation of Proxima Centauri b is exciting, but there may be more surprises in store … there is also possible evidence of another and smaller planet in the newest data. A secondary detection was also made, although it isn’t certain whether it is actually a planet. If it is, it is even smaller than Proxima Centauri b.

The ESPRESSO spectrograph on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) in Chile. Image via UNIGE.

Pepe said:

If the signal was planetary in origin, this potential other planet accompanying Proxima Centauri b would have a mass less than one third of the mass of the Earth. It would then be the smallest planet ever measured using the radial velocity method.

If it is a planet, it would be more akin to Mars or Mercury in size and mass – estimated at a minimum Earth mass of 0.29 ± 0.08 – and orbits the star in only 5.15 days. It wouldn’t be too surprising, though, in that low-mass stars like red dwarfs tend to have multiple planets in their systems. More observations will be required to either confirm or refute this possible second planet.

But wait, there’s more! Last January, another research team announced their finding of another possible planet orbiting Proxima Centauri, called Proxima Centauri c. This one is also still just a candidate at this point, but if real, is about six time as massive as Earth. This would make it a super-Earth, planets that are significantly larger and more massive than Earth but smaller and less massive than Neptune. It is estimated to orbit the star every 5.2 years. If both of the new candidates were to be confirmed, that would mean Proxima Centauri would have at least three planets orbiting it!

Proxima Centauri is the nearest star to our sun, although it is actually part of a three-star system including the two stars of Alpha Centauri. They may be the closest stars, but the planets don’t transit in front of Proxima Centauri as seen from Earth, as most exoplanets are found, so astronomers have had to use the radial velocity method to find them, where the planets’ gravity causes a slight wobble in the star’s motion.

While little is known so far about what Proxima Centauri b is actually like, just the fact that it exists around the nearest star to our solar system supports previous research showing that Earth-sized and super-Earth-sized exoplanets are common in our galaxy. That is exciting, and bodes well for the search for life elsewhere.

Alejandro Suarez Mascareño, lead author of the new study.

Image via LinkedIn.

One potential problem though is that red dwarf stars are very energetic and emit dangerous radiation that could strip the atmospheres off of planets that are too close. Whether this is the case for Proxima Centauri b is not known yet. If it does still have a substantial atmosphere, it would be an ideal target for other telescopes to look for possible biomarkers, chemical signatures of life. According to Christophe Lovis at UNIGE:

Is there an atmosphere that protects the planet from these deadly rays? And if this atmosphere exists, does it contain the chemical elements that promote the development of life (oxygen, for example)? How long have these favorable conditions existed? We’re going to tackle all these questions, especially with the help of future instruments like the RISTRETTO spectrometer, which we’re going to build specially to detect the light emitted by Proxima b, and HIRES, which will be installed on the future ELT 39 m giant telescope that the European Southern Observatory (ESO) is building in Chile.

The confirmation of Proxima Centauri b – now the nearest confirmed exoworld – is exciting. Its potential habitability and close proximity to our own solar system give us something to think about. It’s another big step towards finding an inhabited world beyond Earth.

Artist’s concept of Proxima Centauri b, an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting the nearest star to our sun, Proxima Centauri.

Image via ESO/ M. Kornmesser/ Wikipedia.

• Bottom line: Researchers have confirmed the existence of an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting the nearest star to our sun, Proxima Centauri.
• Source: Revisiting Proxima with ESPRESSO
• Via University of Geneva

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

06-06-2020 om 19:33 geschreven door peter  

Phantom Boats Drawing 'GPS Crop Circles' Keep Appearing Off the Coast of San Francisco

06-06-2020 om 18:48 geschreven door peter  

VIDEOS of GLOWING SPHERES hovering over Brazil light up UFO theories online

© Twitter/ courtesy of @andredimauro

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06-06-2020 om 18:34 geschreven door peter  

Three UFOs Near Space Station, Official European Space Agency Photo! UFO Sighting News.

Location of sighting: Earth orbit at space station
Source photo: 

• http://www.esa.int/images/s119e010500,5.jpg
  

Check out this incredible photo from the ESA (European Space Agency). The photo shows the space station with the horizon of the earth beginning to light up. However there are also three glowing spacecraft to the far left of the space staton. One of the craft appears in high detail to be  golden disk. The other two craft are golden orbs that are accompanying the disk. Often alien spacecraft have small orbs making orbits around the main craft in order to monitor and more safely travel. Thus they avoid any unexpected problems...like flying into something by accident. This is 100% proof that the ESA is aware of aliens near our space station and that they record them in their archives. However this photo seems to have been released to the public by accident. 
Scott C. Waring 

{ https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

06-06-2020 om 16:46 geschreven door peter  

Alien Ship Caught In Aurora Borealis Taking Scientific Readings, NASA Photo, UFO Sighting News.

Location of discovery: Aurora borealis, by NASA
Source NASA photo: 

• https://spaceflight.nasa.gov/gallery/images/station/crew-13/hires/iss013e69634.jpg
  

Here is a cool photo from the NASA Spaceflight site. The photo supposedly shows the Aurora borealis in all its glory, however it accidentally caught a large UFO in it. The UFO was clearly inside the green area and was taking samples and taking readings from the Aurora. Aliens are interested in everything about Earth, not just the humans, not just the life forms, but all area of our planet. It wouldn't surprise me if several aliens species terraformed earth long ago as an experiment so they could record the entire planet evolving and growing through time. Why? Because those alien species are billions of years old, and have long since forgotten or lost their own history that far back. Even us humans have lost a lot of our own history of what happened just a few hundred years ago, and lost most of our history of what happened two thousand years ago. So yes, we can assume the same has happened to the alien species, but for them, they lost it many times over.
Scott C. Waring

{ https://www.etdatabase.com/ }

06-06-2020 om 16:40 geschreven door peter  

Witness Believes They Observe Air Battle Between Two UFOs

Phil Tindale explains how he and his twin brother Rob, as 10-year-olds, saw what he called hostile chase between two extremely advanced craft with one of those crashing into a tree in the South Australian town of Aldgate over 40 years ago.

A third witness reported the crash who claimed to have managed to get a close look at the craft, which looked like an eight-metre-long yellow speed boat from its underside.

However, the object had vanished by the time police arrived, leaving only strange broken branches.

Phil believes that around 95 percent of UFO sightings can be explained, but the 5% that fall into the unexplained category is quite an interesting number.

Four decades have passed, and Phil says he’s fully convinced that he saw extra-terrestrial and not military.

According to Phil, he had no real perspective on the UFO phenomenon in terms of significance and scale until the internet came.

After making contact with other witnesses and researching other people’s reports, he realised these visitations are very relevant and significant to us. The realisation prompted him to start talking about it.

Phil shared how the incident unfolded at 9:30 evening on Thursday, February 7, 1980.

His brother Rob noticed the first UFO down the valley to the south-east of Adelaide from his bedroom. Rob then called out Phil, and the then boys observed a bright yellow object just above the tree line, approximately 1km away.

After a few minutes, the second UFO, slightly larger than the first one, appeared emitting a red light. Phil described its movement as cartoon-like as it zoomed up to the yellow object, hovered and reversed, then did the same series of action again as if to prompt a reaction.

Check out this amazing book about the top 10 UFO cases in the history.

Get your’s on Amazon: Top 10 UFO Sightings: Best Cases: Aliens are visiting us

Then the yellow craft took off with the red one in pursuit before zigzagging like two blowflies in the sky. The twin watched for about 15 minutes.

On that the same night, a 21-year-old local farmhand Daryl Browne reported witnessing a speedboat-shaped yellow object like a half-moon crashed into some trees close to the horse farm where he worked, the same area where the brothers last observed the object.

Phil added that he has no doubt that we’re being visited by something beyond our own intelligence, both from his experience and speaking with others.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

06-06-2020 om 16:16 geschreven door peter  

On June 2, 2020 a photographer was taken a video of a lightning storm passing over Mississauga, Ontario, Canada when suddenly an unknown bright object flies into the storm. Then the object stops midair, reverses and disappears at high speed.

There are some strange things that happen in a lightning storm. There is the possibility that what we are seeing is a so-called ball lightning.

Ball lightning is an unexplained atmospheric electrical phenomenon described as luminescent, spherical objects usually associated with thunderstorms, but in this case it is not likely, since the object is not spherical.

Maybe a shooting star? But have you ever seen a shooting star that stops midair and reverses its direction?

Although it remains a mystery what the object may have been, it does appear to be under some type of intelligent control.

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

06-06-2020 om 12:12 geschreven door peter  

AIR FORCE PILOTS ARE ABOUT TO DO BATTLE WITH AUTONOMOUS DRONES

KRATOS DEFENSE

{  https://futurism.com/the-byte }

06-06-2020 om 01:11 geschreven door peter  

Astronomers may have found a twin solar system thousands of light-years away

Observations suggest that the exoplanet and its parent star are strikingly similar to Earth and the Sun.

 by Tibi Puiu

In the last 14 years, astronomers have identified more than 4,000 planets orbiting far-away solar systems, but none seems to come close to KOI-467.04. Don’t be fooled by its unceremonious designation, for this is a rare astronomical gem.

According to a new study led by researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Göttingen, Germany, KOI-467.04 is less than twice the size of Earth and orbits a star that is almost like a twin to our Sun. What’s more, the exoplanet orbits its star at a distance similar to that between Earth and the Sun, suggesting that its surface temperature is conducive to life.

In other words, the scientists may have found a twin solar system — all that astronomers have been wishing for since the first exoplanet was discovered in 1992.

Billions of planets, but there’s only one place like home… or is there?

There are billions — perhaps trillions — of stars in the Milky Way galaxy alone and, on average, each of those stars has at least one planet orbiting them

“We are seeing just how diverse planets are. Planets are more common than they were thought to be before the first exoplanets were found. The number of planets in our galaxy is at least as large as the number of stars. But while planets and planetary systems are so diverse, planets like Earth may be very, very rare,” Dr. Jack Lissauer, a scientist at the NASA Ames Research Center and co-investigator of the Kepler mission, told me last year at a conference in Budapest.

The vast majority of exoplanets identified by astronomers in the past are the size of gas giants like Neptune or Jupiter and orbit their parent stars much too close for life to stand a chance.

Occasionally, astronomers will come across exoplanets that are Earth-sized and potentially rocky, but these planets either orbit too close or too far away from the star. On the extremely rare occasion that scientists discover an Earth-sized rocky exoplanet orbiting in the Goldilocks Zone — or habitable zone, where the distance from the parent star is just right for liquid water to form.

But even then, things are typically far from perfect. Almost all exoplanets less than twice the size of Earth found thus far orbit around a red dwarf, which present their own set of limitations.

Red dwarfs are by far the most common types of stars in the Universe. They’re small, dim, and relatively cool, and also have a long lifetime.

Yet, although life on an exoplanet orbiting a red dwarf would have twice as much time than that on Earth to evolve, it would have to overcome other important challenges.

One has to do with radiation. While the surface temperature might be just right for liquid water to form, exoplanets orbiting red dwarfs are mostly hit by infrared rather than visible light.

If that wasn’t enough, red dwarfs also regularly spew powerful solar flares that can fry nearby planets. What’s more, because red dwarfs are so faint, exoplanets hoping to harbor life need to orbit so close to the parent stars that they get deformed by the stellar gravity. This can result in tidal heating that can trigger global volcanism and turn the promising exoplanet into a hellish world.

So, it’s not just a question of exoplanet quality, stellar quality is vital too. Now, an international team of researchers think they’ve found one that checks all the boxes.

Mirror Earth and Sun

The Earth-like planet candidate that orbits a sun-like star is located over 3,000 light-years away, in the Kepler-170 system.

It was first identified in 2009 and since 2014, astronomers have found that it hosts two exoplanets, known as Kepler-160b and Kepler-160c, which are both much bigger than Earth and in relatively close orbits around their stars. Nothing to warrant particular attention so far.

But then the researchers combed the archival Kepler data of Kepler-160 hoping to perhaps find other planets using a novel method developed by Michael Hippke and René Heller, both from Max Planck. Their investigation was prompted by evidence that Kepler-160c’s orbit was perturbed — something was out there.

This is when they found another two planets, among them the exciting KOI-456.04.

“Our analysis suggests that Kepler-160 is orbited not by two but by a total of four planets,” Heller said in a statement.

 “The planetary signal is so faint that it’s almost entirely hidden in the noise of the data. Our new search mask is slightly better in separating a true exoplanetary signal from the noise in the critical cases,” Heller adds.

According to Heller and colleagues, KOI-456.04 has a radius of 1.9 Earth radii (almost twice as large as Earth) and orbits its parent star every 378 days — that’s mighty close to Earth’s 365 days (or 366 days during a leap year).

As for the star, the astronomers estimate that its radius is 1.1 that of the Sun, with a surface temperature of around 5,200 degrees Celsius, just 300 degrees shy of that of the sun. Its luminosity is also sun-like.

Given this information, the researchers believe that KOI-456.04 might have an average surface temperature of around 5 degrees Celsius, as long as it has an atmosphere that can support at least a mild Earth-like greenhouse gas effect.

“KOI-456.01 is relatively large compared to many other planets that are considered potentially habitable. But it’s the combination of this less-than-double the size of the Earth planet and its solar type host star that make it so special and familiar,” Heller 

Don’t get too excited, though. As a caveat, the researchers claim that they cannot entirely rule out KOI-456.01 as a statistical fluke. According to the study published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, the odds of KOI-456.04 being a real planet and not some statistical aberration is 85%. Formal planetary status requires a 99% degree of confidence.

All hope is not lost, though. Astronomers will have a good chance to confirm their findings once ESA’s PLATO space mission launches in 2026. Plato will specialize in the examination of rocky exoplanets orbiting in habitable zones around Sun-like stars, particularly focusing on the potential for these planets to hold liquid water. Fingers crossed.

{ https://www.zmescience.com/ }

06-06-2020 om 00:33 geschreven door peter  

World's 'oldest Mayan monument' unearthed in Mexico contains NO tributes to the 'elite' suggesting the ancient civilisation was more egalitarian than previously thought

• The Mayan site is 4,600ft long, 50ft tall and built between 800 BC and 1,000 BC
• It was found by University of Arizona archaeologists using aerial lidar images
• They say it is both the largest and the oldest known Mayan site ever discovered

By RYAN MORRISON FOR MAILONLINE 

A 3,000-years-old Mayan temple has been discovered in Mexico, making it the ancient civilisation's oldest and largest monument.

The temple site in Tabasco, Mexico, was discovered by international team archaeologists led by the University of Arizona during an expedition in 2017.

The site, called Aquada Fénix, is 4,600ft long and up to 50ft high, making it larger than the Mayan pyramids and palaces of later periods.

It was built between 800 BC and 1,000 BC, according to the team behind the discovery.  

One of the most remarkable revelations from the find was the complete lack of stone sculptures related to rulers and elites, such as colossal heads and thrones, that are commonly seen in other Mayan temples.

This suggests that the people who built it were more egalitarian than later generations of Mayans.

The site, called Aquada Fénix, is 4,600ft long, up to 50ft high and was built between 800 BC and 1,000 BC, according to the team behind the discovery

Researchers excavated parts of the massive site and were able to radiocarbon date charcoal and rocks to determine it was up to 3,000 years old

From the ground, it's impossible to tell that the plateau where this site was discovered hides something extraordinary, the research team said.

However, from the sky, with laser eyes, and beneath the surface, with radiocarbon dating, it became clear just how historically important the location was.

Located in Tabasco, Mexico, near the northwestern border of Guatemala, the newly discovered site of Aguada Fénix lurked beneath the surface.

It had been hidden by its size and low profile until 2017 when Takeshi Inomata and Daniela Triadan from the University of Arizona made their remarkable discovery. 

Located in Tabasco, Mexico, near the northwestern border of Guatemala, the newly discovered site of Aguada Fénix lurked beneath the surface

They used lidar (light detection and ranging) technology, which uses laser-emitting equipment from an aerorplane to find the site under a tree canopy.

The team then excavated the site and radiocarbon-dated 69 samples of charcoal to determine that it was constructed sometime between 1,000 to 800 B.C. 

Until now, the Mayan site of Ceibal, built in 950 BC, was the oldest confirmed ceremonial centre dating back to the Mayan period in South America.  

'This area is developed - it's not the jungle; people live there - but this site was not known because it is so flat and huge. It just looks like a natural landscape. But with lidar, it pops up as a very well-planned shape,' the team said.

The discovery marks a time of major change in Mesoamerica and has several implications for what we know about the period, Inomata said.

First, archaeologists traditionally thought Maya civilisation developed gradually. 

Until now, it was thought that small Maya villages began to appear between 1,000 and 350 BC, what's known as the Middle Preclassic period.

This coincided with the use of pottery and some maize cultivation.

Second, the site looks similar to the older Olmec civilisation centre of San Lorenzo to the west in the Mexican state of Veracruz - but without the statues dedicated to rulers and the elite found at the Olmec site.

The fact that monumental buildings existed earlier than thought and when Maya society had less social inequality makes archaeologists rethink the construction process those sites went through

This suggests less social inequality than San Lorenzo and highlights the importance of communal work in the earliest days of the Maya.

'There has always been debate over whether Olmec civilisation led to the development of the Maya civilisation or if the Maya developed independently,' Inomata said. 'So, our study focuses on a key area between the two.'

The period in which Aguada Fénix was constructed marked a gap in power - after the decline of San Lorenzo and before the rise of another Olmec center, La Venta. 

During this time, there was an exchange of new ideas, such as construction and architectural styles, among various regions of southern Mesoamerica. 

'During later periods, there were powerful rulers and administrative systems in which the people were ordered to do the work,' said Inomata.

'But this site is much earlier, and we don't see the evidence of the presence of powerful elites. We think that it's more the result of communal work,' he said.

The fact that monumental buildings existed earlier than thought and when Maya society had less social inequality makes archaeologists rethink the construction process those sites went through.

'It's not just hierarchical social organisation with the elite that makes monuments like this possible,' Inomata said. 

This is a map of Mesoamerica - the new site can be seen in the middle towards the top of the map.  The period in which Aguada Fénix was constructed marked a gap in power - after the decline of San Lorenzo and before the rise of another Olmec center, La Venta

'This kind of understanding gives us important implications about human capability, and the potential of human groups. 

'You may not necessarily need a well-organised government to carry out these kinds of huge projects. People can work together to achieve amazing results.'

Inomata and his team will continue to work at Aguada Fénix and do a broader lidar analysis of the area to find out more about the ancient site.

They want to gather information about surrounding sites to understand how they interacted with the Olmec and the Maya.

They also wants to focus on the residential areas around Aguada Fénix.

'We have substantial information about ceremonial construction,' Inomata said, 'but we want to see how people lived during this period and what kind of changes in lifestyle were happening around this time.' 

The team's findings have been published in the journal Nature 

WHO WERE THE MAYANS? A POPULATION NOTED FOR ITS WRITTEN LANGUAGE, AGRICULTURAL AND CALENDARS

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

05-06-2020 om 23:56 geschreven door peter  

A 3D image of the Aguada Fénix site, reconstructed from data gathered during an aerial laser survey.

(Image: © Takeshi Inomata)

The Maya civilization has thrived for almost 3,000 years in Central America. They were known for having the only full written language during the pre-Columbian Americas as well as creating exceptionally advanced architecture and art. They were able to build structures that helped greatly with their agriculture. Additionally, they are well known for their incredible understanding of math and astronomy that went into building some structures like the pyramid at Chichen Itza. During the spring and fall equinoxes, the setting sun makes the pyramid cast a shadow on itself which makes the serpent appear as though it’s slithering towards the ground.

Chichen Itza

The newly discovered structure is quite unique because most other Mayan temples contain stone sculptures that depict ancient rulers and elite members of society, however, Aquada Fénix doesn’t have those. This suggests that those who constructed the temple were firm believers that everyone was equal and they didn’t have to create sculptures of those in a higher social standard.

The team used lidar technology to find the temple back in 2017 but their findings were only recently published in the journal Nature and can be read here. When the laser-emitting equipment mapped out the temple, the team began excavating the area. After radiocarbon-dating 69 samples of charcoal, they were able to confirm that the structure was built between 1,000 BC and 800 BC. Prior to this discovery, the Mayan site of Ceibal was the oldest ceremonial center which was constructed in 950 BC.

As for the newest discovery, the team said, “This area is developed – it’s not the jungle; people live there – but this site was not known because it is so flat and huge. It just looks like a natural landscape. But with lidar, it pops up as a very well-planned shape.”

One of the study’s authors, Takeshi Inomata, said that this new discovery shows the change in Mesoamerica during that time period. It was initially believed that the Maya civilization gradually developed with villages starting to show up between 1000 BC and 350 BC. And while the structure looks similar to the Olmec civilization center in San Lorenzo, it doesn’t have rulers depicted on the sculptures.

Mayan Calendar

Inomata explained this further, “There has always been debate over whether Olmec civilization led to the development of the Maya civilization or if the Maya developed independently.” “So, our study focuses on a key area between the two.”

He went on to say, “During later periods, there were powerful rulers and administrative systems in which the people were ordered to do the work,” adding, “But this site is much earlier, and we don’t see the evidence of the presence of powerful elites. We think that it’s more the result of communal work.”

The team plans to conduct a more detailed lidar scan of the site to find out as much information as possible about Aquada Fénix and the ancient Maya culture. Aerial pictures of the site can be seen here.

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

05-06-2020 om 23:37 geschreven door peter  

Everyone knows (or will eventually find out) that nothing disappears on the Internet. That’s apparently also the case in Central Italy at the foothills of the Italian Alps where a medieval ghost village pops out of a lake every few decades to allow locals a trip down 13th century memory lanes.

“So soon, from the bottom of the artificial reservoir, the stone village and the church of San Teodoro with its square bell tower could emerge again. And with them a story that has its roots over the centuries. And that became important with the conquest of the village by the Este family and with the construction of the via Vandelli, which connected Modena to Massa.”

“Artificial reservoir” gives you a hint as to why the village of Fabbriche di Careggine lies at the bottom of Lago di Vagli (Vagli Lake) but that is but a waterlogged blip in the rich history that it had before becoming the Atlantis of Italy. The village was founded in the thirteenth century by a colony of blacksmiths from Brescia, an ancient Italian city dating back over 3,200 years with a rich history in manufacturing, metalworking, textile making and other industries. The blacksmiths most likely made the 250 km (155 miles) move for better weather, easier access to the coast or an abundance of iron ore. The mills and factories they built in this new village near the town of Careggine gave it its name: Fabbriche di Careggine – the factories of Careggine.

Iron ore mining today

Under the powerful Este ruling family, Fabbriche di Careggine became the largest iron supplier in the area – helped by the construction of the Via Vandelli, a major military and industrial road. The road eventually lost its prominence under new political leaders and so did Fabbriche di Careggine. However, Vagli became a source for marble in the early 1900s and a small hydroelectric power station was built on the Edron river to serve it. Everything was fine again … until the Fascists arrived.

Italian marble quarry

The government electric company decided to dam the Edron, resulting in the creation of Lago di Vagli and the sinking of Fabbriche di Careggine. However, they built nearby Vagli Sotto in a reproduction of the urban layout of the medieval village and moved the 146 inhabitants, who said their final goodbye to their homes, the church of San Teodoro and its square bell tower in 1953.

What was that you said about the Internet and submerged Italian villages?

While living in their replica town and homes, the former residents had a chance to see Fabbriche di Careggine whenever the lake was drained to perform maintenance on the dam. That was four times — in 1958, 1974, 1983, and 1994. (Photos and slide show of previous appearances here.) And now, over 25 years after its last appearance:

“… among the proposals considered within the initiative there are the opening of sites used for digital indoor museums , the creation of museum institutions in the area and local history, the redevelopment of the natural environment, including the cleaning of the Vagli reservoir through a series of activities that, through the possible emptying of the basin, provide for the implementation of maintenance activities on hydraulic works, environmental interventions with naturalistic engineering works and tourism enhancement projects.”

The current power company is considering draining the lake in 2021 for maintenance, but with the additional noble causes of promoting environmentalism and the tourism boost the reappearance of Fabbriche di Careggine will generate, assuming they go through with the draining.

Just think how much tourism business Atlantis would generate. Keep looking!

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

05-06-2020 om 23:12 geschreven door peter  

David Wilcock: Hidden Secrets of the Universe... What Does NASA Really Know?

Incredible new discoveries are being found throughout our solar system. What information is hidden within sacred geometry and what can we learn from the universal constant of hyper-dimensional physics? Does NASA know more than they are telling us?…Archived Show…
Presented by Richard Hoagland, David Wilcock.

• Filmed by Lost Arts Media
  Pls Note: This is an archived show.

All content on this channel is licensed, and or produced by Zohar Entertainment Group/Awakening Expo/Phenomena Magazine

Videos, selected by peter2011

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

05-06-2020 om 22:17 geschreven door peter  

Black holes? They Are Like a Hologram

by International School of Advanced Studies (SISSA)

According to new research by SISSA, ICTP and INFN, black holes could be like holograms, in which all the information to produce a three-dimensional image is encoded in a two-dimensional surface. As affirmed by quantum theories, black holes could be incredibly complex, and concentrate an enormous amount of information in two dimensions, like the largest hard disks that exist in nature. This idea aligns with Einstein's theory of relativity, which describes black holes as three dimensional, simple, spherical and smooth, as depicted in the first-ever image of a black hole that circulated in 2019. In short, black holes appear to be three dimensional, just like holograms. The study, which unites two discordant theories, has recently been published in Physical Review X.

The mystery of black holes

For scientists, black holes pose formidable theoretical challenges for many reasons. They are, for example, excellent representatives of the great difficulties of theoretical physics in uniting the principles of Einstein's general theory of relativity with those of the quantum physics of gravity. According to the relativity, black holes are simple bodies without information. According to quantum physics, as claimed by Jacob Bekenstein and Stephen Hawking, they are the most complex existing systems because they are characterized by enormous entropy, which measures the complexity of a system, and consequently contain a lot of information.

The holographic principle applied to black holes

To study black holes, the two authors of the new study, Francesco Benini (SISSA Professor, ICTP scientific consultant and INFN researcher) and Paolo Milan (SISSA and INFN researcher), used a 30-year-old idea called the holographic principle. The researchers write, "This revolutionary and somewhat counterintuitive principle proposes that the behavior of gravity in a given region of space can alternatively be described in terms of a different system, which lives only along the edge of that region and therefore in a one less dimension. And, more importantly, in this alternative description (called holographic), gravity does not appear explicitly. In other words, the holographic principle allows us to describe gravity using a language that does not contain gravity, thus avoiding friction with quantum mechanics."

What Benini and Milan have done is apply the theory of the holographic principle to black holes. In this way, their mysterious thermodynamic properties have become more understandable: Focusing on predicting that these bodies have a great entropy and observing them in terms of quantum mechanics, you can describe them just like a hologram—they have two dimensions, in which gravity disappears, but they reproduce an object in three dimensions.

From theory to observation

This study is only the first step toward a deeper understanding of these cosmic bodies and of the properties that characterize them when quantum mechanics crosses with general relativity. Everything is more important now at a time when observations in astrophysics are experiencing an incredible development. Just think of the observation of gravitational waves from the fusion of black holes, the result of the collaboration between LIGO and Virgo, or indeed, that of the black hole made by the Event Horizon Telescope that produced this extraordinary image. In the near future, we may be able to test our theoretical predictions regarding quantum gravity, such as those made in this study, by observation. And this, from a scientific point of view, would be something absolutely exceptional.

• Explore further

  Black holes sometimes behave like conventional quantum systems
  

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

05-06-2020 om 21:54 geschreven door peter