Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS NEARLY 13 YEARS AND 4 MONTH.
ON /30/09/2024 MORE THAN 2.230.520
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
15-06-2020
What is the Big Bang?
What is the Big Bang?
Posted by Andy Briggsin ASTRONOMY ESSENTIALS | SPACE
In the view of modern cosmologists, the Big Bang is the event that marked the birth of our universe.
Timeline of the universe, from Big Bang to present day. The far left depicts the earliest moment we can probe so far, when a period of cosmic inflation produced a burst of exponential growth in the universe. For the next several billion years, the expansion of the universe gradually slowed down as the matter in the universe pulled on itself via gravity. More recently, the expansion has begun to speed up again as the repulsive effects of dark energy have come to dominate the expansion of the universe.
You’ve probably heard of the Big Bang as the event that gave rise to our universe. You might know most cosmologists believe it occurred some 13.8 billion years ago. It’s hard to fathom that, at the moment of the Big Bang, all of the energy in the universe – some of which would later become galaxies, stars, planets and human beings – was concentrated into a tiny point, smaller than the nucleus of an atom. And it’s not just matter that was born in the Big Bang. In the view of modern cosmologists, matter and space and time all began when that microscopic point suddenly expanded violently and exponentially.
The first atoms are thought to have formed when the universe was around 400,000 years old. Before that, the universe was simply too hot and too energetic to let atomic nuclei capture electrons. The first stars sparkled into life, cosmologists believe, about 250 million years after the Big Bang, and the first galaxies shortly after that.
The Hubble Space Telescope captured this image of an exceedingly distant galaxy called UDFj-39546284. This object has a redshift of z~10, meaning that it existed some 480 million years after the Big Bang.
Image via NASA/ ESA/ Garth Illingworth/ Rychard Bouwens/ the HUDF09 Team/ Wikimedia Commons.
Here’s another exceedingly distant (and therefore old) object, captured by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2016. Galaxy GN-z11, shown in the inset, is seen as it was 13.4 billion years in the past, just 400 million years after the Big Bang, when the universe was only 3% of its current age. The galaxy is ablaze with bright, young, blue stars, but looks red in this image because its light has been stretched to longer spectral wavelengths by the expansion of the universe.
Image via NASA/ ESA/ P. Oesch/ G. Brammer/ P. van Dokkum / G. Illingworth/ Hubblesite.
The Big Bang refers to a theory. How could it be otherwise? The current version of Big Bang theory – the one used most by modern cosmologists – is called the Lambda-CDM model. It postulates that our universe began at a specific instant, expanded to be flat (i.e. has zero curvature) and is made up of 5% baryons (i.e. the matter that makes up everything we see – galaxies, stars, planets, people), 27% cold dark matter (hence the “CDM” of the theory’s name) and 68% dark energy.
The Lambda-CDM model further states that the universe is expanding at a rate referred to as Lambda (the Greek letter) and is governed by the principles of Einstein’s General Relativity. The Lambda-CDM model has been spectacularly successful at explaining what we observe in the universe. It makes predictions repeatedly confirmed by observation. But it is not without problems; as with all scientific theories, the Lambda-CDM model continues to evolve.
Now let’s pause a moment, so that we might draw a distinction between the appearance of all that energy in the Big Bang and its sudden expansion. In that sense, the Big Bang was not the event that caused our universe. Rather, it was the event that gave birth to the universe. Why is this distinction important? It’s important because, although science has been able to establish a history of the universe right back to when that tiny point suddenly created our entire cosmos, what preceded it, the reason for that tiny point of energy being there in the first place, is unknown, and may forever be unknowable.
The Big Bang is the theory we have constructed for how the universe we see around us came to be. It does not attempt to answer the most common question we humans ask about the origin of the cosmos: why? And this question likely cannot be answered, because, by definition, whatever caused the appearance of that tiny point of energy, containing the seeds of everything that would ever be, was not of this universe.
Therefore, whatever caused the universe left no evidence of its existence for us to study, no clue as to what it was. It is also likely that, being something completely outside the universe, we would, in any event, be unable to comprehend it. The laws of physics, of motion, of gravity, of electromagnetism, of thermodynamics, simply did not apply at the moment of the universe’s birth because they did not yet exist: they certainly cannot describe the presence and origin of that tiny seed.
That has not stopped cosmologists, who study the history and large-scale structure of the universe, from trying to answer such questions, of course, because that’s the nature of science. Some people attribute the existence of that tiny seed of energy to a god, as humans have invented gods throughout the ages to explain things they could not understand, but there is absolutely no reason for believing that idea, other than perhaps wishful thinking. There is certainly nothing we observe in the history of the universe to suggest that its origin was anything other than a natural event, even if we cannot comprehend it. On the other hand, there’s nothing to suggest the origin of our universe was not caused by a god, either.
Artist’s representation of the history of the universe and the arrow of time. Big Bang theory implies that time moves in a single direction. However, scientists have discovered that, at the quantum level, in the realm of sub-atomic particles, many processes are what we call “time-reversible”: there is no distinction between past, present and future.
The Lambda-CDM model also states that time itself started at the Big Bang, on the basis that if there are no events, there is no time to measure. This raises an old philosophical question of whether time is a human construct or exists independently of us. This question has taxed some of the greatest philosophers and scientists but has never been answered satisfactorily. Still, if we define time as the period which elapses between events, it is fair to say that time started with the Big Bang.
Another common question is: what happened before the Big Bang? That question can have no meaning if we accept the Big Bang was the start of the universe’s clock: it’s like asking what’s north of the North Pole. This answer, while demonstrating the irrationality of asking about a “before”, is not, however, satisfactory to humans accustomed to cause and effect: we reason that if the Big Bang was an event which was the result of something, some change, some instability, there had to be a before. However, that is only in our experience, in the world we are familiar with, where an event always has a cause, and has absolutely no bearing on the universe coming into being because, again, the laws of physics, which in our world govern cause and effect, simply did not exist. And as if to underline how superficial, how biased, our perception of time, scientists have discovered that at the quantum level, in the realm of sub-atomic particles, many processes are what we call “time-reversible:” there is simply no distinction between past, present and future.
It’s also important to realize that, at the moment of the Big Bang, there was no space and there were no dimensions. Space itself, and the dimensions within that space, came into being at that moment, as the bubble of energy expanded. This means that, contrary to what most people believe, the Big Bang was not an explosion. Think of anything exploding, and it explodes into a space, an area, which was there already. But in the case of the Big Bang, there was no preexisting space for an explosion to occur in.
A related question which is often asked is: where did the Big Bang happen? Those who ask this believe you can point at a location in the sky and say, “it happened there.” But the answer to the question is that the Big Bang happened everywhere. It’s just that everywhere existed within that tiny bubble of infinitely-hot expanding energy, because there was literally nothing outside it – no space, no dimensions, nothing. Watch any documentary about the Big Bang and it will show it as a huge explosion, viewed from outside. But such a viewpoint is impossible – there was no “outside”. One cannot, of course, blame filmmakers for this: there is simply no way to portray the Big Bang visually in a way which is scientifically accurate. It’s doubtful we even have the vocabulary to describe it, let alone portray it.
Space itself is believed to have been born in the Big Bang.
Artist’s concept via Christine Daniloff/ MIT/ ESA/ Hubble/ NASA/ Phys.org.
If you find it difficult to get your head around the idea of the Big Bang happening everywhere, with no outside, at a particular moment when time started some 13.8 billion years ago, you are not alone. The human brain is not well equipped for dealing with such concepts. Even when Edwin Hubble, in the 1920s, demonstrated that the universe is expanding in all directions, and therefore, if you wind the clock back far enough, all of the universe must have occupied one tiny point, the idea that the universe had a definite beginning, and was therefore not infinitely old, was simply unacceptable to many. Among these who rejected the Big Bang were prominent scientists: Einstein himself denied the idea of an expanding universe. Another scientist who rejected the notion of a universe of finite age was famed British astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle, the man who, more than any other individual, unlocked the mystery of how stars work.
Hoyle gave a series of lectures on BBC radio in the late 1940s and early ’50s, and, on one of these – on the BBC’s Third Programme broadcast on March 28, 1949 – he poured derision on the idea of the universe beginning at a fixed point in time and referred to cosmologists’ description of the event as a “Big Bang.” Unfortunately for Hoyle, the name stuck, and we’ve called this event the Big Bang ever since.
Fred Hoyle. He coined the term “Big Bang” to describe the event in which our universe was born, while explaining a rival theory, the Steady State theory, in a radio talk in 1949
Hoyle never accepted that the universe had a beginning, even until his death at the age at 86 in 2001. He became the leading proponent of Steady State Theory, which says that the universe has no beginning or end: it constantly regenerates itself, with new matter condensing out of nothing.
Hoyle’s blunt intransigence – he was from Yorkshire, an English county said to be famed for the plain-speaking and directness of its inhabitants – was not lessened by the subsequent success of Big Bang theory, not even after it successfully predicted the abundancies of light elements, such as hydrogen, helium and lithium, in the universe. Nor did he come to accept the Big Bang when Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered the predicted Cosmic Microwave Background, the Big Bang’s dying echo, in 1964. Steady State Theory had predicted none of these things, nor did it have explanations for them.
Nor was Hoyle fazed when Alan Guth constructed the theory of Cosmological Inflation as a refinement to existing Big Bang theory in 1979. Inflation explains why the universe is the same temperature everywhere and is “flat”, amongst other features of the universe not hitherto explained, although it has yet to be observationally completely verified.
Even the year before he died, Hoyle published yet another scientific paper on Steady State theory, but by this time his ideas were completely rejected by most cosmologists. And, sadly for him, they were also rejected by the overwhelming observational evidence for the Big Bang. Steady State Theory just does not work, makes false predictions and is contradicted by what we actually see in the universe. As a hypothesis – lacking supporting observational evidence, it was that rather than a theory, although commonly referred to as such – it essentially died with Hoyle.
Today, the Lambda-CDM Big Bang model is the only theory that makes any testable predictions and that is supported by observations.
Most cosmologists today believe we know the history of the universe back to 10-21 seconds after the Big Bang – that’s 0.0000000000000000000001 seconds. The painstaking piecing together of this history over the last 50 years, although lacking in fine detail as it undoubtedly is, represents humans’ greatest intellectual achievement, our species’ crowning glory. It has been achieved through an unparalleled synthesis of astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, particle physics, chemistry and other sciences.
But science will not rest until we can push our theories back even further in time, to that exact moment when the universe came into being.
Artist’s concept of the Big Bang, the event now believed to have marked our universe’s birth. If we looked far enough back in time, could we witness the birth of the universe?
Bottom line: At the moment of the Big Bang, all of the energy in the universe – some of which would later become galaxies, stars, planets and human beings – was concentrated into a tiny point, smaller than the nucleus of an atom. And it’s not just matter that was born in the Big Bang. In the view of modern cosmologists, matter and space and time all began when that microscopic point suddenly expanded violently and exponentially.
Reports of an alienUFOin Brazil took over social media in May this year, with many claiming extraterrestrials crashed just north of Rio de Janeiro. Scores of conspiracy theorists took to Twitter and Facebook to share pictures and video clips of glowing lights in the skies. One video in particular even alleged to show the UFO crash site in the forest of Mage, along Brazil's east coast and Guanabara Bay.
As the story gained traction, the hashtag #MageUFO began trending on Twitter.
Soon after, the hashtag seemingly disappeared and many of the shared video clips were taken down, leading people to speculate a coverup was in action.
According to the Brazilian news site UOL, local authorities and the Air Force had no record of unidentified flying objects around the time of the supposed crash.
So what exactly happened in Brazil last month and did alien UFOs really visit our planet?
According to investigators from the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), the Brazil UFO story was a well-constructed hoax.
The MUFON team said: "The case, which has been widely circulated on social media outlets, has been determined to be nothing more than an elaborate hoax."
MUFON is a non-profit organisation tasked with collecting eyewitness accounts, videos and photos of UFO sightings.
The investigation into the Brazil UFO was led by the Brazillian Director for MUFON Ademar José Gevaerd.
The MUFON chief determined there was no factual evidence to back the UFO crash story.
Brazil UFO: Some said this Google Maps photo was proof of the UFO
My team and I have intensively investigated this alleged case
Ademar José Gevaerd, MUFON
He said: "My team and I have intensively investigated this alleged case and found out that it is a total hoax.
"It started with a fake audio about a supposed UFO crash published over the net, later assumed to be a fabrication by the female author.
"As time went on the story got bigger and bigger every day, with many alleged witnesses making all sorts of claims, all disconnected from each other, all exaggerated, and mostly lies."
According to Mr Gevaerd, some people claimed to have heard "telepathic" requests for help from the downed aliens trapped inside of their spacecraft.
COAST TO COAST AM 2020 – In the first half, pioneer in the development of exopolitics, Michael Salla, discussed the secret space program developed by China, and their understanding that the next major war between superpowers will be fought in the “strategic high ground” of space.
A media phenomenon, Coast to Coast AM deals with UFOs, strange occurrences, life after death, and other unexplained (and often inexplicable) phenomena.
University of Maryland researchers conduct first simultaneous analysis of hundreds of earthquakes to identify echoes from features deep inside Earth
University of Maryland geophysicists analyzed thousands of recordings of seismic waves, sound waves traveling through the Earth, to identify echoes from the boundary between Earth’s molten core and the solid mantle layer above it. The echoes revealed more widespread, heterogenous structures—areas of unusually dense, hot rock—at the core-mantle boundary than previously known.
In the illustration, earthquakes send sound waves through the Earth. Seismograms record the echoes as those waves travel along the core-mantle boundary, diffracting and bending around dense rock structures. New research provides the first broad view of these structures, revealing them to be much more widespread than previously known.
Image credit: Doyeon Kim/University of Maryland
Scientists are unsure of the composition of these structures, and previous studies have provided only a limited view of them. Better understanding their shape and extent can help reveal the geologic processes happening deep inside Earth. This knowledge may provide clues to the workings of plate tectonics and the evolution of our planet.
The new research provides the first comprehensive view of the core-mantle boundary over a wide area with such detailed resolution. The study was published in the June 12, 2020, issue of the journal Science.
The researchers focused on echoes of seismic waves traveling beneath the Pacific Ocean basin. Their analysis revealed a previously unknown structure beneath the volcanic Marquesas Islands in the South Pacific and showed that the structure beneath the Hawaiian Islands is much larger than previously known.
“By looking at thousands of core-mantle boundary echoes at once, instead of focusing on a few at a time, as is usually done, we have gotten a totally new perspective,” said Doyeon Kim, a postdoctoral fellow in the UMD Department of Geology and the lead author of the paper. “This is showing us that the core-mantle boundary region has lots of structures that can produce these echoes, and that was something we didn’t realize before because we only had a narrow view.
Earthquakes generate seismic waves below Earth’s surface that travel thousands of miles. When the waves encounter changes in rock density, temperature or composition, they change speed, bend or scatter, producing echoes that can be detected. Echoes from nearby structures arrive more quickly, while those from larger structures are louder. By measuring the travel time and amplitude of these echoes as they arrive at seismometers in different locations, scientists can develop models of the physical properties of rock hidden below the surface. This process is similar to the way bats echolocate to map their environment.
The image shows how areas of hot, dense rock called ultralow-velocity zones deep inside the earth bend and diffract sound waves produced by earthquakes. By analyzing the diffracted waves recorded by seismograms, scientists can determine the size and shape of ULVZs.
Image credit: Doyeon Kim/University of Maryland
For this study, Kim and his colleagues looked for echoes generated by a specific type of wave, called a shear wave, as it travels along the core-mantle boundary. In a recording from a single earthquake, known as a seismogram, echoes from diffracted shear waves can be hard to distinguish from random noise. But looking at many seismograms from many earthquakes at once can reveal similarities and patterns that identify the echoes hidden in the data.
Using a machine learning algorithm called Sequencer, the researchers analyzed 7,000 seismograms from hundreds of earthquakes of 6.5 magnitude and greater occurring around the Pacific Ocean basin from 1990 to 2018. Sequencer was developed by the new study’s co-authors from Johns Hopkins University and Tel Aviv University to find patterns in radiation from distant stars and galaxies. When applied to seismograms from earthquakes, the algorithm discovered a large number of shear wave echoes.
“Machine learning in earth science is growing rapidly and a method like Sequencer allows us to be able to systematically detect seismic echoes and get new insights into the structures at the base of the mantle, which have remained largely enigmatic,” Kim said.
The study revealed a few surprises in the structure of the core-mantle boundary.
“We found echoes on about 40% of all seismic wave paths,” said Vedran Lekić, an associate professor of geology at UMD and a co-author of the study. “That was surprising because we were expecting them to be more rare, and what that means is the anomalous structures at the core-mantle boundary are much more widespread than previously thought.”
The scientists found that the large patch of very dense, hot material at the core-mantle boundary beneath Hawaii produced uniquely loud echoes, indicating that it is even larger than previous estimates. Known as ultralow-velocity zones (ULVZs), such patches are found at the roots of volcanic plumes, where hot rock rises from the core-mantle boundary region to produce volcanic islands. The ULVZ beneath Hawaii is the largest known.
This study also found a previously unknown ULVZ beneath the Marquesas Islands.
“We were surprised to find such a big feature beneath the Marquesas Islands that we didn’t even know existed before,” Lekić said. “This is really exciting, because it shows how the Sequencer algorithm can help us to contextualize seismogram data across the globe in a way we couldn’t before.”
The research paper, “Sequencing Seismograms: A Panoptic View of Scattering in the Core-Mantle Boundary Region,” by D. Kim, V. Lekić, B. Ménard, D. Baron and M. Taghizadeh-Popp, was published in the June 12, 2020, issue of the journal Science.
This work is supported by Packard Foundation Fellowships and the National Science Foundation (Award No. EAR1352214). The content of this article does not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations.
Contacts and sources:
Kimbra Cutlip University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences
Publication: “Sequencing Seismograms: A Panoptic View of Scattering in the Core-Mantle Boundary Region,” by D. Kim, V. Lekić, B. Ménard, D. Baron and M. Taghizadeh-Popp, was published in the June 12, 2020, issue of the journal Science.
For further reading, please see Doyeon Kim’s website on this work:
Russian Probe Destroyed By Strange Cigar Shaped Object 30,000 Metres In Length!
Russian Probe Destroyed By Strange Cigar Shaped Object 30,000 Metres In Length!
Whilst the official explanation for the sudden loss of the Phobos 2 probe on March 27, 1989 is an onboard computer failure…the subject of alien tampering was raised, and has never really been silenced. The last image taken by the Phobos 2 spacecraft is of a dark shadow, thought to belong to a gigantic craft. This has sparked rumours about the failed Phobos 1 and Phobos 2 missions. Was there something ‘out there’ responsible for this?
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NASA Scientists Discover Unexpected Mineral on Mars
NASA Scientists Discover Unexpected Mineral on Mars
This low-angle self-portrait of NASA's Curiosity Mars rover shows the vehicle at the site from which it reached down to drill into a rock target called "Buckskin." The MAHLI camera on Curiosity's robotic arm took multiple images on Aug. 5, 2015, that were stitched together into this selfie.
Scientists have discovered an unexpected mineral in a rock sample at Gale Crater on Mars, a finding that may alter our understanding of how the planet evolved.
NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory rover, Curiosity, has been exploring sedimentary rocks within Gale Crater since landing in August 2012. On sol 1060 (the number of Martian days since landing), the rover collected powder drilled from rock at a location named “Buckskin.” Analyzing data from an X-ray diffraction instrument on the rover that identifies minerals, scientists detected significant amounts of a silica mineral called tridymite.
This detection was a surprise to the scientists, because tridymite is generally associated with silicic volcanism, which is known on Earth but was not thought to be important or even present on Mars. Tridymite requires high temperatures and high silica concentrations to form, conditions which most typically are found in association with silicic volcanism.
The discovery of tridymite might induce scientists to rethink the volcanic history of Mars, suggesting that the planet once had explosive volcanoes that led to the presence of the mineral.
Scientists in the Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science (ARES) Division at NASA’s Johnson Space Center in Houston led the study. A paper on the team’s findings has been published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
“On Earth, tridymite is formed at high temperatures in an explosive process called silicic volcanism. Mount St. Helens, the active volcano in Washington State, and the Satsuma-Iwojima volcano in Japan are examples of such volcanoes. The combination of high silica content and extremely high temperatures in the volcanoes creates tridymite,” said Richard Morris, NASA planetary scientist at Johnson and lead author of the paper. “The tridymite was incorporated into ‘Lake Gale’ mudstone at Buckskin as sediment from erosion of silicic volcanic rocks.”
The paper also will stimulate scientists to re-examine the way tridymite forms. The authors examined terrestrial evidence that tridymite could form at low temperatures from geologically reasonable processes and not imply silicic volcanism. They found none. Researchers will need to look for ways that it could form at lower temperatures.
“I always tell fellow planetary scientists to expect the unexpected on Mars,” said Doug Ming, ARES chief scientist at Johnson and co-author of the paper. “The discovery of tridymite was completely unexpected. This discovery now begs the question of whether Mars experienced a much more violent and explosive volcanic history during the early evolution of the planet than previously thought.”
I found this UFO in an old NASA photo. The photo is taken in Earths orbit and looking downward towards Earth. Not far below, there is a bronze color disk visible. The disk has a dome or hump at its center and is thin on its edges. This is 100% proof that aliens are watching and recording the human race in space. The transition of humans moving from earth to living in space is a huge step for any species...and this is something very rare. Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
I found this white substance below a rock on Mars. I have seen it many times in other photos...probably over 50 times. The substance is always creating a wall in a gap of rock so that the white wall allows a hollow space within the area. I have even seen huge faces carved into the white substance. This leads me to believe that the substance is used as a wall or door while some animal hibernates within for safety or to stay cooler during the hot days on Mars.
There is also the possibility that the white substance is a fungus growing in some cooler locations below the rocks. I will continue to report this white walls and keep you up to date about them in the future.
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Tourist accidentally caught rare flat rectangular UFO near Jerome, Arizona
Tourist accidentally caught rare flat rectangular UFO near Jerome, Arizona
Whether alien or man-made, one thing is for sure, there are many strange objects equipped with advanced technology flying through our sky. Now, what appears to be a flat, rectangular UFO has been caught on camera by a tourist while visiting an observation point on the highway 89a above Jerome, Arizona on June 11, 2020.
Tourist states: We had been visiting Jerome, Arizona and drove up to scenic overlook on highway 89a above Jerome. when we exited the car. I walked up to wall at near end of parking lot when I saw a flash of light ahead of me and asked if anyone saw it, but I was only one out of 4 who did.
My wife was taking photos with her iPhone 7 when she looked at the photos, it showed what I thought I had seen. there is a flash near the wall, that moves to my right, then flashes higher above my right vision. The image, which I sent to Mufon, shows a 4 sided flying object in only one frame and then it is gone.
Other videos of UFOsin Arizona, selected peter2011
Formation of UFOs over Bethpage, Tennessee 13-Jun-2020
Formation of UFOs over Bethpage, Tennessee 13-Jun-2020
UFOs flying in the night sky above Bethpage, that’s located along U.S. Route 31E, northeast of neighboring Gallatin. This was taken yesterday (13th June 2020).
Witness report:
Woke up just before 4 am on June 13th, 2020. Heard noises around the house . Checked front door , checked back door , turned on the patio light but didn’t go outside …. and I noticed a v – shaped pattern of lights over my neighbor’s house! I took my phone out and recorded… this v shaped object was lit up with lights that seem to brighten then dim … or glow and then get dim again … kind of flashing ? Very strange! I watched for about 10 min went back to my room , checked on my small puppy that I left on my bed … she was up so I got her some water and put her back near my husband (who was sleeping ) I waited for her to lay back down and get comfortable and then went back to the back patio and whatever it was was gone !
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A Milky Way flash implicates magnetars as a source of fast radio bursts
A Milky Way flash implicates magnetars as a source of fast radio bursts
High-energy event nearby could help explain mystery signals from distant galaxies
A bright radio burst generated by a magnetar (one illustrated) in our galaxy hints that similar objects are responsible for at least some of the fast radio bursts in other galaxies, which have puzzled astronomers for over a decade.
Astronomers think they’ve spotted the first example of a superbright blast of radio waves, called a fast radio burst, originating within the Milky Way.
Dozens of these bursts have been sighted in other galaxies — all too far away to see the celestial engines that power them (SN: 2/7/20). But the outburst in our own galaxy, detected simultaneously by two radio arrays on April 28, was close enough to see that it was generated by a highly magnetic neutron star called a magnetar.
That observation is a smoking gun that magnetars are behind at least some of the extragalactic fast radio bursts, or FRBs, that have defied explanation for over a decade (SN: 7/25/14). Researchers describe the magnetar’s radio burst online at arXiv.org on May 20 and May 21.
“When I first heard about it, I thought, ‘No way. Too good to be true,’” says Ben Margalit, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Berkeley, who wasn’t involved in the observations. “Just, wow. It’s really an incredible discovery.”
In addition to giving magnetars an edge over other proposed explanations for FRBs, such as those involving black holes and stellar collisions, observations of this Milky Way magnetar may clear up a debate among theorists about how magnetars crank out such powerful radio waves.
Researchers first noted an intense radio outburst from a young, active magnetar about 30,000 light-years away, dubbed SGR 1935+2154, in an astronomer’s telegram. The Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment, or CHIME, radio telescope in British Columbia had detected about 30 decillion, or 3 × 1034 ergs of energy from the burst. That was far brighter than any flash of radio waves previously seen from any of the five magnetars in and around the Milky Way known to emit radio pulses.
That report inspired another group of astronomers to check concurrent data from the Survey for Transient Astronomical Radio Emission 2, or STARE2, detectors in the southwestern United States. STARE2, which watches the sky for radio signals at a different set of frequencies than CHIME, measured a whopping 2.2 × 1035 ergs from the burst.
“This thing put out, in a millisecond, as much energy as the sun puts out in 100 seconds,” says Caltech astronomer Vikram Ravi, who was on the team that analyzed the STARE2 data. That made this event 4,000 times as energetic as the brightest millisecond radio pulse ever seen in the Milky Way. If such an intense burst had happened in a nearby galaxy, it would have looked just like a fast radio burst.
“I was basically in shock,” says radio astronomer Christopher Bochenek of Caltech, who combed through the STARE2 data to find the burst. “It took me a while, and a call to a friend, to calm me down enough to go and make sure that this thing was actually real.”
The weakest FRB that has been observed in another galaxy was still about 40 times more energetic than SGR 1935+2154’s radio flare. But that’s “pretty close, on astronomical terms,” says Keith Bannister, a radio astronomer at Australia’s Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Sydney, who was not involved in the work. Magnetars like this “could be responsible for some fraction, if not all of the FRBs that we’ve seen so far,” he says. “This motivates future studies to try and find similar sorts of objects in other, nearby galaxies.”
If magnetars do generate extragalactic FRBs, then SGR 1935+2154 could give new insight about how these objects do it. Theorists currently have many competing ideas about magnetar FRBs, Margalit says. Some think the FRB radio waves originate right in the thick of the star’s intense magnetic fields. Others suspect radio waves are emitted when matter ejected from the magnetar collides with material farther out in space.
Different magnetar FRB scenarios come with different predictions about the appearance of X-rays that should be emitted along with the radio waves. Extragalactic FRBs are so far away that “the X-rays are kind of hopeless to detect,” Margalit says. But SGR 1935+2154 is close enough that spaceborne detectors saw a gush of X-rays from the magnetar at the same time as the radio burst. A closer look at the brightness, timing and frequency of those X-rays could help theorists evaluate magnetar FRB models, Margalit says.
After 14 years, the Mars rover Opportunity is still roving about and taking measurements on the Martian surface, due to these mysterious, recurring “cleaning events,” which have wiped the rover’s heavily-encrusted solar panels completely clean, enabling it to receive solar power and to continue doing its tasks.
The Opportunity is designed to power down during the night and it is during these periods, while it is not recording anything that something (or someone) has been conducting these deep cleaning events, as evidenced by the rover’s own cameras, which have several times photographed from one day to the next, the solar arrays change from completely covered in red dust to sparkling clean. These cleaning events have been attributed to wind but given the encrusted state of the panels and the apparent “power washes” they receive, this just doesn’t seem possible to me.
Ironically, the notorious hacker Gary McKinnon, who allegedly hacked NASA’s databases and discovered crew lists for off-planetary missions called “Solar Warden” is seen on the YouTube comment thread of this video, defending the wind hypothesis, saying, “…the atmosphere is thinner and the gravity is far less so dust blows off easily.”
Listen to a couple ideas about humanity's future on the moon and you'll likely hear about the game-changing potential of a substance you probably have in your freezer: water ice.
Would-be explorers have high hopes they can harvest ice hidden below the moon's surface, both for astronauts to drink and to make rocket fuels to make round trips cheaper. But the image of robots tearing up the lunar surface and processing frozen water out from other compounds skips a step in considering resources on the moon. Ice will never be the first resource humans use on the moon, experts emphasized at a recent scientific conference.
Instead, it will be sunlight.
"The first and easiest resource that we have there is solar energy," Jake Bleacher, a geologist and chief exploration scientist at NASA headquarters in Washington, said during the Lunar Surface Science Virtual Workshop held digitally on May 28.
Energy means power, particularly for operating instruments on the lunar surface, as well as for supporting the long-term base on the moon that NASA plans to build as part of the agency's Artemis program, the short-term goal of which is to land humans at the south pole by 2024.
The two resources are direct opposites and both rely on how the moon aligns with the sun. Unlike Earth's, the axis on which the moon rotates is more or less perpendicular to the plane of the solar system, which contains the sun, Earth and moon. It's Earth's axial tilt that gives us seasons, as one hemisphere tilts to receive more sunlight, making incredibly long days at the pole, then much less for a near-constant polar night.
Not so on the moon. There, the daily cycle is constant. At the poles, the lack of tilt means light and dark are governed in large part by terrain, as more elevated locations block sunlight from reaching lower areas.
On the dark side of this divide are permanently shadowed regions, many in the craters that scar the moon's surface, where temperatures are always cold enough that water ice remains frozen. On the light side of the divide are locations sometimes nicknamed the "peaks of eternal light" — and it's here that the first lunar resource harvesters would go, exploration experts say.
"The polar location, which was specified by the [Artemis program mandate from the National] Space Council, is enabling because of the existence of the locations of near-permanent sunlight," Sam Lawrence, a planetary scientist at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston, said during his own presentation on the same day. "It is the illumination that's a resource."
Nevertheless, it's the potential for water ice that prompts the most discussion during these meetings and stars in NASA's written visions for how lunar exploration will become sustainable under the Artemis program.
"We heard a lot about the polar volatiles story and, to be sure, it's a good one," Lawrence said. "But it's the illumination that is the resource we're actually going after with the Artemis missions."
SpaceX last night successfully captured its rocket fairing - part of the nose cone - after another successful mission launch of Falcon 9.
Footage captured the moment the rocket part returned to Earth via parachutes and was caught by the droneship Ms Tree in the Atlantic Ocean.
The Falcon 9 two-stage rocket was sent to orbit and was carrying the AMOS-17 communications satellite.
SpaceX last night successfully captured its rocket fairing after another successful mission launch of Falcon 9 (pictured)
The footage, posted by SpaceX boss Elon Musk on Twitter, captured the moment the rocket part returned to Earth via parachutes and was caught by the droneship Ms Tree in the Atlantic Ocean
It was the third flight for the Falcon 9 booster which was jettisoned into space during this mission.
On the boosters previous trip to space it returned to Earth and landed itself.
Elon Musk, SpaceX CEO, posted a video of the capture to Twitter saying: 'Rocket fairing falls from space & is caught by Ms Tree boat.'
A later tweet was posted with a higher resolution video of the landing.
The fairing makes up the protective cover at the very top of the Falcon 9 rocket and protects the payload from the intense heat of leaving Earth's atmosphere.
It is useless once the rocket has left the atmosphere so splits in two and is released. SpaceX is trying to improve the recycling and reuse of different rocket parts
Elon Musk, SpaceX CEO, posted a video of the capture to Twitter saying: 'Rocket fairing falls from space & is caught by Ms Tree boat.' A later tweet was posted with a higher resolution video of the landing
It is useless once the rocket has left the atmosphere so splits in two and is released.
SpaceX is trying to improve the recycling and reuse of different rocket parts.
Ms Tree, formerly known as Mr Steven, is directed remotely and is intended to catch valuable parts before they splash down in the Atlantic Ocean after launching from Cape Canaveral.
It failed several times and was first successful last launch.
Ms Tree, formerly known as Mr Steven, is directed remotely and is intended to catch valuable parts before they splash down in the Atlantic Ocean after launching from Cape Canaveral
THE BILLIONAIRE SPACE RACE
Jeff Bezos in front of Blue Origin's space capsule
Jeff Bezos' space tourism project with Blue Origin is competing with a similar programme in development by Space X, the rocket firm founded and run by Tesla CEO Elon Musk, and Virgin Galactic, backed by Richard Branson.
Bezos revealed in April 2017 that he finances Blue Origin with around $1 billion (£720 million) of Amazon stock each year.
The system consists of a pressurised crew capsule atop a reusable 'New Shepard' booster rocket.
Jeff Bezos is the richest man in the world and Blue Origin has successfully used a single New Shepard Rocket six times.
At its peak, the capsule reached 65 miles (104 kilometres), just above the official threshold for space and landed vertically seven minutes after liftoff.
Crewed missions for astronauts or tourists have yet to be announced.
SpaceX appears to be leading the way in the billionaire space race with numerous launches carrying NASA equipment to the ISS and partnerships to send tourists to space by 2021.
On February 6 2018, SpaceX sent rocket towards the orbit of Mars, 140 million miles away, with Musk's own red Tesla roadster attached.
Elon Musk with his Dragon Crew capsule
NASA has already selected two astronauts who will be on-board the first manned Dragon mission.
SpaceX has also started sending batches of 60 satellites into space to help form its Starlink network.
Musk hopes this will provide an interconnected web of satellites around Earth which will beam down free internet to people all around the world.
Richard Branson and Virgin Galactic are taking a different approach to conquering space.
It has repeatedly, and successfully, conducted test flights of the Virgin Galactic’s Unity spaceplane.
The first took place in December 2018 and the latest took place on February 22nd.
The flight accelerated to over 2,000 miles per hour (Mach 2.7).
More than 600 affluent customers to date, including celebrities Brad Pitt and Katy Perry, have reserved a $250,000 (£200,000) seat on one of Virgin's space trips,
The billionaire mogul has previously said he expects Elon Musk to win the race to Mars with his private rocket firm SpaceX.
Richard Branson with the Virgin Galactic craft
SpaceShipTwo can carry six passengers and two pilots. Each passenger gets the same seating position with two large windows - one to the side and one overhead.
The space ship is 60ft long with a 90inch diameter cabin allowing maximum room for the astronauts to float in zero gravity.
It climbs to 50,000ft before the rocket engine ignites. SpaceShipTwo separates from its carrier craft, White Knight II, once it's passed the 50-mile mark.
Passengers become 'astronauts' when they reach the Karman line, the boundary of Earth's atmosphere.
The spaceship will then make a sub-orbital journey with approximately six minutes of weightlessness, with the entire flight lasting approximately 1.5 hours.
Planets with DUSTY atmospheres could be harbouring alien life as they trap water and keep temperatures down, study suggests
Planets with DUSTY atmospheres could be harbouring alien life as they trap water and keep temperatures down, study suggests
Researchers examined the impact atmospheric dust has on planet habitability
They found that in tidally locked planets dust can increase the habitable zone
These life sustaining dusty worlds would be like Tatooine in the Star Wars saga
These tidally locked dusty planets are expected to orbit just inside the habitable zone of most red dwarf stars - the most common star type found in the universe
Alien life may be common throughout the universe, researchers claim, saying it could be thriving on planets orbiting distance stars with a dusty atmosphere.
Exoplanets outside the the solar system are less likely to be too hot or cold if they have a dusty atmosphere and are tidally locked, according to the study.
They would look similar to the land depicted in David Lynch's 1984 sci-fi blockbuster Dune, or Luke Skywalker's home planet Tatooine in Star Wars.
This discovery, by researchers from the University of Exeter, dramatically extends the number of planets able to host life - and expands the possible habitable zone.
The dust in the atmosphere of planets orbiting near the inner edge of the habitable zone of red dwarf stars, collects in the atmosphere and stops water leaving.
A visualization of three computer simulations of terrestrial exoplanets, showing winds (arrows) and airborne dust (color scale), with an M-dwarf host star in the background.
Met office physicist Dr Ian Boutle, based at the University of Exeter, explained: 'On tidally locked planets - where the same side always faces the star - dust cools it.
'At the same time, the night-side is kept warmer - therefore widening the habitable zone for such planets to exist in.'
He added: 'Dust can slow down a planet's water loss at the inner edge of the habitable zone - and warm planets at the outer edge.'
These tidally locked dusty planets are expected to orbit just inside the habitable zone of most red dwarf stars - the most common star type found in the universe
These worlds would look similar to the land depicted in David Lynch's 1984 sci-fi blockbuster Dune, or Luke Skywalker's home planet Tatooine in Star Wars (pictured)
Also known as the 'Goldilocks zone', it is the area where the temperature is just right - by allowing water - essential for life as we know it - to flow on the surface.
On Earth and Mars dust storms have both cooling and warming effects - with the former typically winning out but planets in a synchronised orbit 'are very different'.
'Here, the dark sides are in perpetual night, and the warming effect wins out, whereas on the dayside, the cooling effect wins out,' said Boutle.
'The effect is to moderate the temperature extremes, thus making the planet more habitable, similar to the world shown in the sci-fi movie Dune.'
His team performed a series of simulations of rocky, Earth-sized exoplanets using state-of-the-art climate models.
It showed for the first time that naturally occurring mineral dust will have a significant impact on whether an exoplanet can support life.
'The results highlight the need to consider the potential effects of dust when studying terrestrial exoplanets,' said Dr Boutle.
This airborne material, mainly comprising particles of carbon-silicate from the surface, effects a climate system. The phenomenon has been ignored, until now.
It makes worlds habitable over a greater range of distances from their star - widening the window for those capable of sustaining life.
Planets orbiting close to suns smaller and cooler than Earth's, known as M-dwarfs, are likely to exist in 'synchronised rotation-orbit states' - resulting in permanent day and night sides - also known as being tidally locked like the Moon.
The experiments by the Met Office researcher, found dust cools down and warms up the hotter day and night sides, respectively.
For planets in general, they suggested cooling by airborne dust plays a significant role at the inner edge of the habitable zone.
This is where it gets so hot planets lose their surface water and become inhabitable - a scenario thought to have occurred on Venus.
What's more, the study showed dust can obscure the presence of key biomarkers such as water vapour, methane and oxygen.
The findings will also boost efforts to discover alien microbes and more complex forms of life, by narrowing down the best places to look and opens up a wider habitable zone.
Stock image
'This should be taken into consideration when interpreting observations about the habitability of exoplanets,' said Boutle.
The presence of mineral dust is known to play a substantial role in climate - both regionally on Earth and globally on Mars.
Co author Professor Manoj Joshi, of the University of East Anglia, said the possibility of exoplanets supporting life depends on the atmospheric make-up as well as the amount of light from its star.
'Airborne dust is something that might keep planets habitable, but also obscures our ability to find signs of life on these planets,' he said.
'These effects need to be considered in future research.'
The quest to identify habitable planets far beyond our solar system is an integral part of current and future space missions.
Many missions are focused on answering the question of whether we are alone.
Latest calculations suggest there could be two trillion galaxies in the universe. The Milky Way alone has at least 100 billion alien planets, and possibly many more.
Location of extreme exoplanet seen in Pisces constellation
Scientists study the atmosphere of distant exoplanets using enormous space satellites like Hubble
Distant stars and their orbiting planets often have conditions unlike anything we see in our atmosphere.
To understand these new world's, and what they are made of, scientists need to be able to detect what their atmospheres consist of.
They often do this by using a telescope similar to Nasa's Hubble Telescope.
These enormous satellites scan the sky and lock on to exoplanets that Nasa think may be of interest.
Here, the sensors on board perform different forms of analysis.
One of the most important and useful is called absorption spectroscopy.
This form of analysis measures the light that is coming out of a planet's atmosphere.
Every gas absorbs a slightly different wavelength of light, and when this happens a black line appears on a complete spectrum.
These lines correspond to a very specific molecule, which indicates it's presence on the planet.
They are often called Fraunhofer lines after the German astronomer and physicist that first discovered them in 1814.
By combining all the different wavelengths of lights, scientists can determine all the chemicals that make up the atmosphere of a planet.
The key is that what is missing, provides the clues to find out what is present.
It is vitally important that this is done by space telescopes, as the atmosphere of Earth would then interfere.
Absorption from chemicals in our atmosphere would skew the sample, which is why it is important to study the light before it has had chance to reach Earth.
This is often used to look for helium, sodium and even oxygen in alien atmospheres.
This diagram shows how light passing from a star and through the atmosphere of an exoplanet produces Fraunhofer lines indicating the presence of key compounds such as sodium or helium
A visualization showing computer simulations of three terrestrial exoplanets, depicting winds (arrows) and airborne dust (color), with an M-dwarf host star in the background.
Dusty alien planetsmight have a better chance at harboring life, a new study suggests.
Scientists studying the potential habitability of alien worlds look at a number of key factors, including temperature and composition (is it a rocky planet? Is it gaseous?). But in a new paper, scientists explore one often overlooked variable that could indicate whether life could exist on an exoplanet: dust.
Now, we know that dust plays a role in climate here on Earth and also on Mars. According to this new study from researchers at the University of Exeter in the U.K., the Met Office (the U.K.'s national weather service) and the University of East Anglia in Norwich, England, planets with significant amounts of airborne mineral dust could be habitable within a greater range of distance from their star. This creates a wider window of exoplanets that might be capable of harboring life.
In this study, researchers looked at M-dwarf planets, exoplanets which orbit close to cooler stars smaller than our sun. These planets usually orbit their stars in synchronous rotation, so there is a permanent day side of the planet facing the star and a permanent night side facing away. They performed a number of simulations of terrestrial planets and, using climate models, showed how the presence of substantial amounts of airborne mineral dust on the planet affected it.
They found that dust would cool the hot day side of such an exoplanet and would warm its cold night side.
"On Earth and Mars, dust storms have both cooling and warming effects on the surface, with the cooling effect typically winning out," Ian Boutle, lead author of this study from the Met Office and the University of Exeter, said in a statement.
"But these 'synchronized orbit' planets are very different. Here, the dark sides of these planets are in perpetual night, and the warming effect wins out, whereas on the dayside, the cooling effect wins out. The effect is to moderate the temperature extremes, thus making the planet more habitable,"
However, while dust might be a key factor in some planets' habitability, it also complicates scientists' ability to observe these planets. "Airborne dust is something that might keep planets habitable, but also obscures our ability to find signs of life on these planets. These effects need to be considered in future research," co-author Manoj Joshi, a professor at the University of East Anglia said in the same statement.
This research included work from undergraduate physics students, aiming to not only expand our understanding of exoplanet habitability, but to also support early-career researchers.
"To be able to involve undergraduate physics students in this, and other projects, also provides an excellent opportunity for those studying with us to directly develop the skills needed in such technical and collaborative projects," co-author Nathan Mayne, a professor at the University of Exeter, said in the statement.
Asteroid 2020 LD passed within the moon’s distance on June 5, but wasn’t discovered until June 7. It’s the 45th known and the largest asteroid to sweep within a lunar-distance of Earth so far in 2020.
We hear a lot about asteroids or comets passing close to Earth, but what does “close” mean? For a comet, it might mean millions of miles. For an asteroid, it might mean enormous distances as well, beyond the moon’s orbital distance of about a quarter-million miles. On the other hand, space rocks coming closer than our moon catch people’s attention, especially if the asteroids are good-sized! That was the case with asteroid 2020 LD, which swept closest to Earth on June 5, flying by at only about 80% of the moon’s distance (190,559 miles or 306,675 km). At around 400 feet (122 meters) in diameter, 2020 LD is the largest asteroid to have come within one lunar-distance this year … or last year … in fact, since 2011. And it also ranks as one of the biggest asteroids ever to fly this close to Earth without being previously detected. That’s right. 2020 LD passed undetected on June 5. No one noticed it until two days later, on June 7.
That’s when astronomers using the 0.5-meter ATLAS telescope at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, first noticed this Apollo type asteroid traveling at 60,826 miles per hour (97,890 km/h) relative to Earth.
It was only after analyzing the space rock’s orbit that scientists realized its closest approach to Earth had happened two days before, on June 5.
Asteroids fly between the moon’s orbit and Earth pretty frequently. You might be surprised at how frequently. The chart below – via The Watchers – shows the number of asteroids that have come that close from January 1 to June 9, 2020.
But 2020 LD isn’t your typical close-passing asteroid. Again, it’s the biggest asteroid to have passed within the moon’s orbit since 2011.
Is a 400-foot asteroid large in an absolute sense? Not particularly. On the scale of asteroids in general – those orbiting mostly in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter – we might say that 2020 LD falls somewhere between medium and small. The biggest asteroids are hundreds of miles in diameter.
That said, asteroid 2020 LD is big enough to cause considerable damage if it were to have hit us. As a comparison, the space rock that caused Meteor Crater near Flagstaff, Arizona – a crater around 0.75 miles wide (1.2-km wide) – was estimated to be about 150 feet (about 46 meters) in diameter. That asteroid struck some 50,000 years ago.
How about a more recent comparison? The asteroid that entered Earth’s atmosphere as an amazing meteor over Chelyabinsk, Russia, on February 15, 2013, didn’t cause a huge crater (although some fragments were eventually recovered). But it did cause a shockwave that broke windows in six Russian cities, causing some 1,500 people to seek medical attention, mostly for flying glass. That original asteroid was an estimated 66 feet (20 meters) in diameter.
Size isn’t the only factor when determining an asteroid’s potential to cause damage. The asteroid’s composition and its angle of entry into Earth’s atmosphere are also determining factors.
Did you know you can calculate the effects of any asteroid impact via this cool impact calculator created by Jay Melosh, an atmospheric scientist at Purdue University? You could take the numbers of the various asteroids mentioned in this article – and plug them into that calculator – and scare yourself handily! Visit the impact calculator.
In the meantime, as far as we know, space rock 2020 LD is nothing to worry about. At this writing, 50 years is the length for which its orbit has been well calculated. It won’t come so close to Earth again as it did this month for at least that many years … and likely much, much longer.
Bottom line: Asteroid 2020 LD passed within the moon’s distance on June 5, 2020, but wasn’t discovered until June 7. It’s the 45th known and the largest asteroid to sweep within a lunar-distance of Earth so far in 2020.
Wetenschappers ontdekken gigantische onbekende structuren diep in de aarde
Wetenschappers ontdekken gigantische onbekende structuren diep in de aarde
De aarde blijft verrassen. Wetenschappers hebben mysterieuze objecten in de buurt van de aardkern gevonden. De enorme structuren zijn ontdekt met behulp van seismische gegevens die in sommige gevallen 30 jaar oud zijn.
De structuren bevinden zich op zo’n 3000 kilometer diepte. De onderzoekers hebben hun bevindingen gepubliceerd in vakblad Science.
Eén van de objecten is ontdekt onder de Marquesaseilanden (foto) in de Stille Oceaan. Dit object was nog nooit eerder gedetecteerd. Een ander bevindt zich onder Hawaï en is veel groter dan tot nu toe werd aangenomen.
Minstens 1000 kilometer
Het team van de Universiteit van Maryland gebruikte seismogrammen van honderden verschillende aardbevingen tussen 1990 en 2018.
“Deze studie is heel speciaal omdat we voor het eerst systematisch hebben gekeken naar zo’n grote dataset die vrijwel het hele Pacifische bekken omvat,” zei hoofdonderzoeker Doyeon Kim tegen Vice.
Het team ontdekte twee zogeheten ‘mega-ULVZ’s’ die zich uitstrekken over een gebied van minstens 1000 kilometer. Mega-ULVZ’s zijn gigantische structuren bestaande uit exotische materialen.
Echt spannend
De wetenschappers hopen een methode te ontwikkelen om diep in de aarde te kijken. Zo willen ze onder meer achterhalen wat zich onder de Atlantische Oceaan afspeelt.
Er is nog maar weinig bekend over de samenstelling van de structuren. Eerdere studies hebben weinig nuttige informatie opgeleverd.
“We waren verrast dat we zo’n grote structuur onder de Marquesaseilanden aantroffen waarvan we het bestaan niet kenden,” reageerde professor Vedran Lekic. “Dit is echt spannend.”
There are two things you can count on besides death and taxes – the Sun and the Moon … unless you’re on Saturn. While the Sun, feeble as it might shine on Saturn, isn’t going anywhere, its largest moon, Titan, is pulling away from the planet at a rate 100 times faster than astronomers think it should. Will Saturn lose its largest and most interesting moon? Can Earth pick it up?
Pictured: This undated NASA handout shows Saturn's moon, Titan, in ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths. The Cassini spacecraft took the image while on its mission to. gather information on Saturn, its rings, atmosphere
“Tidal friction within Saturn causes its moons to migrate outwards, driving them into orbital resonances that pump their eccentricities or inclinations, which in turn leads to tidal heating of the moons.”
“Pumping your eccentricities” is not a good thing for humans to do, and now it seems it’s bad for moons too, at least in the case of Saturn and other large gas giants. In a new study published in Nature Astronomy, scientists use data from the Cassini–Huygens spacecraft – which mapped Titan’s surface by radar starting in 2004 and continuing well beyond its planned completion in 2008 (Cassini finally crashed into Saturn in 2017) – to study the orbital expansion of Titan. While Earth and its Moon have a push-pull relationship with Earth domination, Saturn gaseous state give it less influence over its moons, causing them to move away – a little understood process. (Earth’s Moon is moving away too, but very slowly.)
Saturn and its moon Titan, as seen by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft.
Jim Fuller, assistant professor of theoretical astrophysics at Caltech and study co-author, explained in the NASA press release that he predicted four years ago that Titan is moving away much faster than expected. Two teams (from NASA, ESA and the Italian Space Agency) were formed and applied different techniques to measure changes in Titan’s orbit over ten years to test his theory. One used astrometry, which compared Titan’s position in relation to stars and planets, while the other used radiometry, which used electromagnetic radiation to calculate Titan’s gravitational pull.
“By using two completely different datasets, we obtained results that are in full agreement, and also in agreement with Jim Fuller’s theory, which predicted a much faster migration of Titan.”
Paolo Tortora, study coauthor and professor of aerospace systems at the University of Bologna in Italy, gave the results — Titan is moving away from Saturn 100 times faster than previously thought — about 4 inches (11 cm) per year. For comparison, Earth’s Moon is moving away at 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) per year. One conclusion from this is that Saturn’s rings and moons all started out much closer to the planet and are moving away faster than once believed. This will eventually help scientists put a timeframe on the entire process and better understand it.
At 4 inches per year, Titan is a long way from escaping Saturn’s gravity, but it’s certainly possible. What happens after that? While it has never been seen in any solar system, a report in 2019 studied the idea and dubbed escaping moons “Ploonets” – predicting they would enter their own orbit around their star. That’s probably what will happen to Titan and the Moon. It may not affect Saturn, but this will be catastrophic to Earth – if it wasn’t a catastrophic event that sent the Moon on its way in the first place.
Yes, Ploonets would be a great name for a band and “Pumping Your Eccentricities” a great idea for a song.
Sprawled out across South central Colorado and North central New Mexico is a 120-mile-long-by-forty-mile wide, four-thousand-square-mile tract of semiarid desert scrubland called the San Luis Valley. Surrounded by the sweeping, jagged peaks of the Sangres de Cristos mountains, which are adorned with pristine wilderness, this is the largest alpine valley in the world. It is a remote place, sun beaten, sparsely populated, and almost inhospitable in its dryness, home to more cattle than people. This is a parched, isolated land long considered sacred by the local Native people, and it also happens to be ground zero for a variety of high strangeness and also the location of perhaps one of the earliest cases of a mysterious livestock mutilation on record, which launched the mystery into the mainstream.
One thing that can be said about this quiet valley is that it is absolutely infested with UFOs. Over the years there have been an estimated 257 UFO sightings per 10,000 in population within a clearly defined area, a degree of intensity that has prompted the Computer UFO Network (CUFON) to crown it as the highest per capita UFO sighting hotspot in the United States and possibly even the world. UFOs are constantly sighted here. With the UFOs come other strangeness as well, and the valley has become a hotspot for the phenomenon of cattle mutilations. This is when cattle or other livestock are found dead and in very strange circumstances. The carcasses are usually cut up, drained of blood, missing soft-tissue organs or other extremities, dismembered, or otherwise mutilated in a variety of ways, always showing a surgical precision to the cuts not consistent with the attack of a predator such as a coyote or mountain lion. There are typically other oddities as well, such as a lack of flies or strange substances seeping from the wounds, which are sometimes even cauterized. Dead, butchered cattle will be reported miles away from where they disappeared or in inaccessible places. There is never any sign of tracks of any perpetrator around the body, no scuff marks or sign of a struggle, and sometimes there aren’t even tracks from the dead animal, as if it has just materialized there or been carefully placed from the air. Usually there is no blood at all, and a distinct lack of decomposition or damage from scavengers. Even insects are usually said to shun these mystery corpses. It is all very bizarre, and the San Luis Valley supposedly just happens to be the origin of all of it.
Although the cattle mutilation phenomenon usually involves cows, the animal death that is believed to have been the first to kick off the phenomenon in the San Luis valley was not a cow, but a horse. The horse in question was an Appaloosa named Lady, which was cared for by a man named Harry King, who lived with his mother and sister on the King Ranch, at the base of the Blanca Massif near the town of Alamosa. One day in September of 1967, Lady failed to come on out to the fence to get her usual treat and water. This was very unusual for Lady, as she always came out at the same time every day. It was odd enough that King became worried and decided to go look for the horse, but he was unprepared for the gruesome scene he was about to find.
He found Lady out in the field lying on her side, which was already very strange, but as King drew closer he could see that Lady was in fact dead, and stripped of all flesh from the head to the shoulders, the bones and skull full exposed while the rest of the body was intact. Or at least, sort of intact. It was found that there were swaths of flesh missing from the animal’s flanks, which seemed to have been cut out with precision using a very sharp instrument, and the heart, lungs, and brain were missing. The entire carcass seemed to be drained of blood as well, and oddly there was no splatter from the cuts that had been inflicted. There were other bizarre clues in the area as well. Pervading the whole scene was allegedly a strong, distinctly chemical smell, and not far from the carcass were found what were later described as “giant horse-like tracks,” as well as scorch marks on the ground that looked like exhaust marks from a rocket taking off. The tracks of Lady herself reportedly ended 100 yards away from where the mutilated body was sprawled out, with no other footprints between them to give away who could have possibly placed it there. There was also found a flattened ring of bushes with indentations that formed a circle within it, and on these bushed was supposedly found a green, gelatinous substance that irritated the skin when touched. Nearby was found a shard of metal with horse hair in it, and the bushes, burn marks, and the metallic object were all later found to be imbued with levels of radioactivity.
When law enforcement arrived they tried to write it off as death by lightning strike, but this explanation didn’t match any of the evidence at all. Several days later, the police brought out a pathologist by the name of Dr. John Altshuler for a more expert opinion. The body at this point had been there for several days, yet there was no sign of bloating or decomposition, and no flies like one would expect to be buzzing about. Indeed, the corpse supposedly had very little deterioration at all, and oddly seemed to have been completely ignored by scavengers. He quickly ascertained that besides the heart and brain, the animal was also weirdly missing its thyroid gland and all of the tissue from within its spinal cord. Why? Who knows? Altshuler also concurred that the cuts were clean and had been expertly done, and dismissed suggestions from the police that it could have been the work of coyotes or other predators. He was completely puzzled by the state of the carcass, and would later say:
I have done hundreds of autopsies. You can’t cut into a body without getting some blood. But there was no blood on the skin or the ground. No blood anywhere. The outer edges of the skin were cut firm, almost as if they had been cauterized by a modern day laser, but there was no cauterizing laser technology like that in 1967.
After the discovery of the body, reports from locals saying they had seen strange lights in the sky near the King Ranch at around the time of the incident, as well as black helicopters afterwards, all added to the mystery, and combined with the bizarre state of the carcass before long reporters were flocking in and it was hitting the news. The horse, now given the rather morbid nickname “Snippy” due to its enigmatic condition, became a local celebrity and people were whispering that it was everything from the work of aliens and flying saucers, to Satanic cults, to secret government experiments. At the same time another pathologist, this one a Dr. Robert Adams, was sent by the U.S. Air Force to examine the corpse as part of the Condon Committee, a precursor to the UFO study project called Project Blue Book. According to Adams, the condition of the horse’s body was due to “no unearthly causes, at least not to my mind.”
The case of Snippy the horse is widely accepted as starting the trend of the cattle mutilation phenomenon, as dozens of reports began to come from all over the valley before spreading out into the world at large, with the San Luis Valley being ground zero for all of it. The valley alone would experience nearly 1,000 such reports from 1967 to the present, with a major peak seen in the 1980s, and around 10,000 cases have been reported nationwide after the Snippy incident. Over the years other elements have been added to the lore. Sometimes shadowy figures are seen hunched over the dead animals extracting blood with metal tubes. A popular detail in some reports is that unmarked black helicopters will chase people away from the scenes of these mutilations, and accounts of ranchers being approached by military personnel and told to keep quiet, making it all very ominous indeed.
Snippy’s remains would end up being displayed on the sidewalk in front of the Chamber of Commerce, after which they passed to a private museum and decades later ended up on e-Bay. In the meantime, the cattle mutilation phenomenon has been discussed and dissected for years. It has been explained away as lightning strikes, the work of predators, or simple vandals, but the thing is none of the evidence fits in with any of this. There is also the fact that many of these ranchers are very experienced, and know what a dead cow or whatnot should look like, so why is it that they should be so startled? The phenomenon of cattle mutilations seems to be far from settled, and has happened all over the world, yet it is interesting to know that it all seems to have originated in this one lonely valley with a sweet little horse named Lady.
For further reading on Snippy and much more of the high strangeness of the San Luis Valley, researcher Christopher O’Brien has documented numerous strange cases across the valley and written The Mysterious Valley (1996), Enter the Valley (2007), and Stalking the Herd (2015).
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
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