The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
Earthquakes usually start small and then extended outwards, causing tremors in and around their path. They may have aftershocks, but after a while, it’s over. But sometimes, earthquakes can go ‘boomerang’, spreading away from the initial rupture and then returning back at higher speeds.
Now, for the first time, researchers have detected such a boomerang earthquake.
A reconstructed image of the Romanche fracture zone
An international group of researchers found evidence of an unprecedented boomerang earthquake that affected the seabed of the Atlantic Ocean back in August 2016. It took place in the Romanche fracture zone, which is located near the equator, mid-way between the east coast of Brazil and the west coast of Africa. The earthquake, detected by undersea seismometers in the region and by distant monitoring stations, had a 7.1 magnitude.
In a new study, researchers showed that the temblor went one way first but then turned around and came back for more, increasing its speed in the process, the authors argued. It was an ultra-fast earthquake.
“Whilst scientists have found that such a reversing rupture mechanism is possible from theoretical models, our new study provides some of the clearest evidence for this enigmatic mechanism occurring in a real fault,”said lead researcher and seismologist Stephen Hicks from Imperial College London in a press release.
Reviewing the seismic data, the authors argued that the earthquake had two phases. First, the rupture went upward and eastward to where the fracture zone meets the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Then, it unusually expanded westwards, with the tremors going to the center of the fault at a speed of up to six kilometers per second.
The explanations behind the phenomenon are only speculative so far. Nevertheless, the researchers believe that the first phase of the earthquake released enough fracture energy in order to start the reversal rupture in the westerly underwater land. Further studies would be needed to verify this theory.
It’s not the first-time seismologists looked at backward-propagating earthquakes, but until now the evidence was sparse and based on theoretical models. That’s why the researchers behind the study argue this is a first-of-its-kind type event, detecting a boomerang earthquake in the real world. Boomerang ruptures were also observed in the past in slow earthquakes, which progress slowly over days or months, Jean-Paul Ampuero of the Université Côte d’Azur in France told National Geographic. There were also hints of these events in other quakes. For example, the Tohoku earthquake may have had a boomeranged rupture.
But the circumstances of this particular earthquake are unique. The researchers believe that the study will now allow other scientists to find similar patterns in other earthquakes.
This will add new scenarios into their modeling and improve earthquake impact forecasts in the future, highly relevant to prevent damages.
“Studies like this help us understand how past earthquakes ruptured, how future earthquakes may rupture, and how that relates to the potential impact for faults near populated areas,” Kasey Aderhold, a seismologist with the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology, told National Geographic.
Astronomers have called Ceres many things: the largest object in the asteroid belt; a dwarf planet; a cold, barren rock. But ‘ocean world’ is not something they would have even considered — until very recently.
This animation shows dwarf planet Ceres as seen by NASA’s Dawn. The map overlaid at right gives scientists hints about Ceres’ internal structure from gravity measurements. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA
Ceres lies within the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. First considered to be a planet in the 19th century, it is now known to be an asteroid, and classed as a dwarf planet, like Pluto.
Now, a flurry of studies forces us to rethink Ceres once again, as astronomers report evidence indicative of a salty ocean beneath its surface.
“We can now say that Ceres is a sort of ocean world, as are some of Saturn’s and Jupiter’s moons,” Maria Cristina De Sanctis, from Rome’s Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica and one of the study authors, told AFP.
De Sanctis and colleagues analyzed images sent from NASA’s robotic Dawn spacecraft, which entered orbit around Ceres in 2015. As Dawn approached Ceres, it offered an unprecedented glimpse into the planetoid, showing impact craters and signs of cryovolcanic activity (volcanism that erupts frozen water, ammonia, or methane, instead of molten rock). Now, researchers also analyzed infrared images, which showed the presence of a rock called hydrohalite.
A fracture system inside the rim of the Occator Crater, where the new studies found evidence of water. Image credits: NASA.
As the name implies (hydro=water, halite=rock salt), hydrohalite is a mineral that forms in salty waters and has until now only been observed on Earth. The deposit seems to have built up during the last two million years, which is extremely recent in geologic history, suggesting that the processes behind it are still very much active. In other words, it seems that brine is still ascending from the planet’s interior, a “smoking gun” for liquid water.
“That material is unstable on Ceres’ surface, and hence must have been emplaced very recently,”said co-authors Julie Castillo-Rogez, from the California Institute of Technology’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
Another published paper found evidence of cryovolcanism that started around 9 million years ago and lasted for several million years, also indicative of a deep brine source. Gravity data and thermal modeling also imply an extensive deep brine reservoir beneath the Ceresian surface.
A crater on Ceres in enhanced color. Image credits: NASA.
In a separate paper, researchers used remote sensing to analyze the crust of Ceres, finding evidence of density and rheological variations, which are also consistent with a liquid ocean under the surface. Whether or not this is still an active ocean or just a remnant of one is unclear.
This finding could have massive implication for the field of astrobiology. Not only does Ceres (a seemingly dull object in the asteroid belt) feature liquid water beneath its surface, shielded from radiation — but it also features salt.
According to De Sanctis, the ingredients of life seem to be lining up nicely on Ceres.
“The material found on Ceres is extremely important in terms of astrobiology,” she said.
“We know that these minerals are all essential for the emergence of life.”
Journal References:
C. A. Raymond et al. Impact-driven mobilization of deep crustal brines on dwarf planet Ceres, Nature Astronomy (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-020-1168-2
A. Nathues et al. Recent cryovolcanic activity at Occator crater on Ceres, Nature Astronomy (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-020-1146-8
R. S. Park et al. Evidence of non-uniform crust of Ceres from Dawn’s high-resolution gravity data, Nature Astronomy (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-020-1019-1
M. C. De Sanctis et al. Fresh emplacement of hydrated sodium chloride on Ceres from ascending salty fluids, Nature Astronomy (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-020-1138-8
B. E. Schmidt et al. Post-impact cryo-hydrologic formation of small mounds and hills in Ceres’s Occator crater, Nature Geoscience (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41561-020-0581-6
An animation stitches together images showing briny deposits, colored in reddish, splaying across Occator Crater on Ceres, as seen by NASA's Dawn mission.
Posted byDeborah Byrd in ASTRONOMY ESSENTIALS | TODAY'S IMAGE
This visualization by Ian Webster and Peter Jenniskens uses NASA data to render known Perseid meteoroids in space. Don’t miss this!
Perseid meteor stream visualization. It looks blurry because it’s a screen shot from a video. Be sure to click into the interactive page; it’s awesome! Visualization via Ian Webster.
This visualization uses NASA data to render known Perseid meteoroids as they move through the space of our solar system. What’s a meteoroid? It’s simply the name for a bit of debris in space before it has entered Earth’s atmosphere and vaporized, thereby becoming a meteor or fiery streak in our night sky. Meteors originate in the bodies of comets. The Perseids, in particular, come from Comet Swift-Tuttle, which last visited the inner solar system in 1992. Ian Webster developed this visualization of the Perseid meteor stream in space, using meteor data provided by Peter Jenniskens. The visualization was created with the help of theSETI Institute with the goal of making it easier to understand the natural phenomenon of meteor showers.
What’s so cool about the interactive page of this visualization? It’s always great to have an aid for picturing a three-dimensional aspect of outer space. This visualization is especially effective because it lets you click into the view from various perspectives. For example, the view below is the Perseid meteor stream as seen from Earth; be sure to click into the page to see the meteors coming toward you!
Perseid meteor stream from Earth’s perspective in space. Click into the interactive page to see the meteors coming toward you. Click the box in the upper left that says “Watch from Earth.” Visualization via Ian Webster.
Bottom line: Two screen shots from Ian Webster and Peter Jenniskens’ wonderful visualization showing Perseid meteoroids in space.
Dream Chaser, which is built by Colorado-based company Sierra Nevada Corp., is the world's only non-capsule private orbital spacecraft. The winged vehicle will launch vertically atop a rocket but end its missions with runway landings, like NASA's now-retired space shuttle orbiters used to do.
This spring, the company unboxed the wings for the first operational Dream Chaser vehicle, bringing it one step closer to delivering supplies and science to and from the International Space Station. Sierra Nevada also announced the spacecraft's name: Tenacity.
This reporter had the opportunity to visit Sierra Nevada's Louisville, Colorado, production facility in March to get a sneak peek at the space plane. At that time, Tenacity's wings remained boxed up, but the space plane was still a sight to behold.
"It's an SUV for space — a Space Utility Vehicle," said Kimberly Schwandt, Sierra Nevada's communications director.
Once it's up and running, the space plane will carry cargo to and from the space station for NASA. Dream Chaser's runway landings will allow efficient retrieval and removal of scientific gear coming back to Earth, which will also enjoy a relatively smooth ride down to the ground, Sierra Nevada representatives said.
"The gentle landing protects science," Schwandt said.
SNC's Dream Chaser Spaceplane wings are unboxed in Colorado (Image credit: Sierra Nevada Corporation)
Tenacity of flight
Dream Chaser was originally designed to carry people, and Sierra Nevada won several rounds of funding from NASA's Commercial Crew Program to develop the vehicle. However, the company lost out to Boeing and SpaceX when NASA awarded astronaut-ferrying contracts in 2014.
But in 2016, NASA selected the space plane for its Commercial Resupply Services 2 contract, awarding Sierra Nevada a contract to fly six uncrewed cargo missions to the space station by 2024.
Sierra Nevada needed to change out only about 20% of Dream Chaser's module to transition from a passenger vehicle to a cargo plane, said Anna Hare, a company communications representative.
Sierra Nevada therefore hasn't ruled out a crew-carrying future for the space plane at some point. "To go back to a crew ship wouldn't be so hard," Hare said.
Dream Chaser by itself can carry roughly 2,000 lbs. (900 kilograms) of supplies and cargo on board. A 16-foot-tall (4.9 meters) cargo module called Shooting Star can be attached to the space plane to provide an additional 10,000 lbs. (4,500 kg) of carrying capability.
After cargo is loaded onto the space station, astronauts can fill the Shooting Star with their trash. As Tenacity re-enters Earth's atmosphere, the Shooting Star will detach and disintegrate.
Sierra Nevada's Dream Chaser mission control room sits empty but in 2021, when the space plane takes flight, it should be more crowded. (Image credit: Nola Redd/Space.com)
Because Dream Chaser carries relatively safe propellant, technicians can approach it quickly after landing. The back of the plane opens, providing rapid access to precious cargo. That can be key when the cargo is science experiments meant to operate in the low gravity of space.
"When the capsule sits on Earth, you kind of lose science," Schwandt said.
The space plane itself flies fully automated, without the requirement of a human pilot. My recent tour revealed a simulated cockpit that allowed technicians to practice handling the plane, as well as flying it.
According to Hare, Tenacity's initial flight most likely won't be full, giving the space plane a chance to stretch its wings. "But after that, we intend to fill the whole vehicle up with cargo," she said.
Eventually, Sierra Nevada would like to have more Dream Chasers join Tenacity in traveling to and from space. However, expanding the number of operational space planes depends on customer demand.
"Our dream is to have a whole fleet of space planes," Schwandt said.
Follow Nola on Facebook and on Twitter at @NolaTRedd.
Lightning sprites – aka red sprites – are electrical discharges taking place high in Earth’s atmosphere, above thunderstorms.
View at EarthSky Community Photos. | Stephen Hummel, who works at McDonald Observatory in West Texas, captured this fleeting lightning sprite – aka a red sprite – on July 2, 2020. McDonald Observatory is spearheading a Dark Skies Initiative in its region. Stephen commented, “Dark skies help you see faint objects like sprites.” Thank you, Stephen!
Did you know that lightning sprites – like the one captured in the image above – exist above some thunderstorms? Sprites aren’t terribly well known, except to meteorologists, nature photographers and others who study the skies. They aren’t especially rare, but they’re fleeting. They’re not easy to capture on film. Lightning sprites are electrical discharges high in Earth’s atmosphere. They’re associated with thunderstorms, but they’re not born in the same clouds that send us rain. Thunderstorms – in fact all earthly weather – happen in the layer of Earth’s atmosphere called the troposphere, which extends from Earth’s surface to about 4 to 12 miles (about 6 to 19 km) up. Lightning sprites – also known as red sprites – happen in Earth’s mesosphere, up to 50 miles (80 km) high in the sky.
So when you’re standing on Earth’s surface and you spot one, it appears relatively small, even though, in fact, sprites can be some 30 miles (50 km) across. As Matthew Cappucci of the Washington Post’s Capital Weather Gang said in an article about lightning sprites last year:
Imagine one electrical discharge spanning the distance from Baltimore to Washington, D.C.
Cappucci also commented:
Although sprites are poorly understood, atmospheric electrodynamicists have figured out the basics behind their formation. Sprites are often triggered by a strong, positive bolt of ordinary lightning near the ground. They’re thought to be a balancing mechanism that the atmosphere uses to dispense charges vertically. It’s a quick process that takes less than a tenth of a second.
That’s what makes hunting for sprites so tough. Blink and you’ll miss them.
The fleeting aspect of lightning sprites probably explains why – when people first see photos of them – they’re surprised that such a strange-looking weather phenomenon even exists.
Also, it hasn’t been that many years since lightning sprites were confirmed. In the 20th century, pilots spoke of “flashes above thunderstorms.” Lightning sprites as we know them today weren’t captured and their intricate structure didn’t begin to be recorded on film until as late as 1989, when experimental physicist John R. Winckler (1916-2001) happened to capture one while testing a low-light television camera.
Today, people around the world routinely capture photos of lightning sprites. You’ll find many photos of them in this gallery from SpaceWeather.com.
To photograph a sprite, you need a dark sky and a clear view toward a distant thunderstorm. The sky needs to be dark, because you’ll be taking long exposures; too much stray light in your sky will wash out your photo and make capturing sprites impossible. One of the most successful sprite photographers in the U.S., and likely in the world, is Paul M. Smith. He captured the sprite below in June 2020. You can follow him on Twitter: @PaulMSmithPhoto. Or find him on YouTube.
Bottom line: Lightning sprites, or red sprites, often occurring in tandem with lightning, are short-lived electrical discharges that flash high above thunderstorms in the mesosphere layer of the atmosphere.
All related videos, selected and posted by peter2011
Monica Grady, Professor of Planetary and Space Sciences,
The Open University
Next spring is going to be a busy time for Mars. In close succession, three spacecraft will arrive at the planet, joining the dozen or so craft already circling Mars. Two of the spacecraft were launched in the past couple of weeks by newcomers to martian exploration: the United Arab Emirates’Al-Amal (meaning Hope) and China’sTianwen-1 (which means Question to Heaven).
The third vessel will be NASA’s Mars 2020, containing the Perseverance rover, which just took off successfully from Florida. While this rover will be just one of many on the red planet, it is our best bet for finding life there for the time being.
The sudden flurry of activity is a result of planetary dynamics: every two or so years, the orbits of Earth and Mars align so that the two bodies are at their closest to each other. This results in a shorter interplanetary transit time, of just over six months. The next such launch window will not be until 2022 – when it is expected that the European Space Agency’s ExoMars 2022 will join the throng.
It is legitimate to question why we keep sending rockets to Mars. Surely we have acquired enough images of the surface and its landscapes to know that water used to be there, but has now vanished? True enough – but there are still mysteries to solve: when did the water go, and why? And, of course, the biggest question of all: is (or was) there life on Mars?
The three missions have different objectives: Hope will orbit the planet for at least two Earth years (one Martian year), acquiring data on Mars’ weather – just like the weather satellites orbiting Earth. Tianwen-1 will orbit Mars and is carrying a rover that will be parachuted down to the surface at Utopia Planitia, where it will analyse the soil and take images of the surface.
Perseverance will arrive almost at the same time – but a couple of thousand kilometres away in Jezero Crater. It will be deposited on the surface by sky-crane technology (see the video below), the same method that delivered Curiosity so successfully in 2012.
Perseverance carries a full complement of scientific instruments that will measure all the usual things that get measured on Mars: the chemistry and mineralogy of the rocks and soil, the amount and type or organic material present at and just below the surface, and so on. But there are two other features of the mission that make it unique.
First of all is the helicopter/drone – called Ingenuity - that will be released from beneath the rover. This will fly from Perseverance and circle around before landing away from the rover. It is not certain what the range of the drone will be – although the flight will only last a few minutes and Ingenuity will land only a few metres away from the rover.
The idea behind the flight is to test the concept of atmospheric flight on Mars. Eventually, it is anticipated, drones will be able to fly for much longer and for greater distances. This could help guide rovers, identifying features worth investigating and hazards to avoid.
(Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)
The second unique feature is a drilling and caching system. Perseverance is the first rover to have the capability to drill a core, about ten centimetres long and one centimetre in diameter, and extract it intact from the drill hole. Perseverance will take samples from a range of different rock types as it traverses the crater floor. The drill cores will be left in a small pile - a cache – for collection, possibly in early 2027, and subsequent transport back to Earth (estimated arrival time is still not known, but maybe around spring 2032).
Sample return
Why is it so important to bring samples back from Mars? The instruments carried by Perseverance will be able to undertake fairly sophisticated chemical analyses of the rocks and soil. But even though the instruments and measurements are a tremendous achievement, they do not have the full range of equipment that we employ on Earth to squeeze every drop of information from a rock.
Tests to check for organic compounds – and whether they might have a biological origin – require a chain of different analyses that are far too elaborate and complex to be undertaken on Mars. Boiling acids, alcohol rinses, addition of chemicals, subtraction of solids, are steps in the chemistry needed to extract and separate organic molecules from their rocky hosts. This just cannot (as yet) be done on Mars.
The rocks will be weighed and measured practically on a grain-by-grain basis and analysed, in some cases down to the individual atoms from which the material is composed. This will be an international effort – there is already a multi-national panel (called MSPG-2) which will draft the requirements for the first sets of analyses and how the samples will be stored, curated and subsequently distributed to the wider scientific community.
There is another set of reasons to bring samples back from Mars – the future of human exploration of Mars. If we send humans to Mars, we have to know how to bring them back again. We have not returned anything directly from another planetary body since the Apollo 17 astronauts left the Moon in December 1972. Yes, we have captured bits from a comet and an asteroid and returned them to Earth – but those missions did not land, collect and come back.
We have been investigating Mars for a long time: for over 150 years by telescope, 50 years from orbit and 20 years by rovers. Only another 12 years, then, before we can analyse Mars in our own laboratories.
Perseverance to get things done is a gift of humanity. Here’s hoping that the rover will live up to its name.
It's not every day that two Indian schoolgirls spot a space rock that scientists haven't yet, but that's exactly what happened this summer in a stroke of cosmic good luck.
Radhika Lakhani and Vaidehi Vekariya, two students in Surat, a city in Gujarat in western India, were taking part in a citizen-science project using astronomical data when they realized they were seeing something new. That something turned out to be an asteroid now dubbed 2020 OE6.
It was an exciting moment for the space-minded schoolgirls. "This was a dream. I want to become an astronaut," Vekariya told CNN.
"I don't even have a TV at home, so that I can concentrate on my studies," Lakhani told Reuters.
The 2020 OE6 designation is a standardized nomenclature that reflects the object's discovery date. But someday, Lakhani and Vekariya could propose a more accessible name to the International Astronomical Union, the body that oversees all names in the solar system, an opportunity they told Reuters they were excited about.
Lakhani and Vekariya made their find through a campaign with a citizen-science project called the International Astronomical Search Collaboration. The group connects people around the world with data from two key asteroid-hunting observatories, the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) in Hawaii and the Catalina Sky Survey in Arizona. Both projects specialize in scanning huge swaths of the sky frequently, enabling newly seen moving objects to stand out against the steady background of the stars.
That said, it's unusual for human eyes to actually discover asteroids these days, and Lakhani and Vekariya got lucky to do so, Paul Chodas, who leads the Center for Near-Earth Object Studies at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, told Space.com in an email. Typically, algorithms do the hard work of spotting an unexpected object moving across the frame.
But for this particular asteroid, those algorithms didn't have enough information to spot the space rock. Lakhani and Vekariya found it in images taken by Pan-STARRS on June 23. The observatory's view is an arrangement of squares, with narrow seams between them that block out certain parts of the sky in each image. And the newly discovered object spent too much time in those seams for the observatory's algorithms to detect it in those images..
Although the asteroid slipped through the net that night, however, scientists would have detected it sooner or later, Robert Weryk, an astronomer at the University of Hawaii, told Space.com in an email. And it turns out that the newly discovered asteroid has turned up before: Weryk was able to track it down in images from another asteroid-hunting observatory and in images taken in 2013 and 2017, as well as in July 2020, a month after the images the students had used.
In the context of some media reports about the discovery, which have labeled the asteroid "Earth-bound," that delay might be worrying. But 2020 OE6 is 50 million miles (70 million kilometers) away from Earth right now and will stay at more or less that distance for at least centuries if not millennia, Chodas said. (For comparison, the moon is about 240,000 miles or 390,000 km away, making this particular asteroid about 200 times more distant.)
All the observations combined have allowed scientists to identify the object's orbit quite precisely, Weryk said. The asteroid takes a bit more than three Earth years to orbit the sun and is perhaps between 1.2 and 3 miles (2 to 5 kilometers) wide. And 2020 OE6 is what scientists call a Mars-Crosser, which means it orbits at around the same distance from the sun as Mars does, although despite the name, the two bodies' paths don't actually cross, according to Chodas.
That's not a particularly unusual type of asteroid — in fact, scientists have discovered more Mars-Crossers than near-Earth asteroids, although both tallies pale in comparison to main-belt asteroids between Mars and Jupiter, which represent the vast majority of asteroids scientists have discovered to date.
The coronavirus pandemic has put a damper on Lakhani and Vekariya's celebrations, according to news reports. But International Astronomical Search Collaboration Director Patrick Miller, a mathematician at Hardin-Simmons University in Texas, told Space.com that the group is preparing commemorative plaques and organizing a ceremony for the pair in New Delhi.
Email Meghan Bartels at mbartels@space.com or follow her on Twitter @meghanbartels.
On Aug. 7, the helicopter's six lithium-ion batteries were powered up and charged for the first time in space. The 4-lb. (1.8 kilograms) Ingenuity, which is currently stowed beneath Perseverance's belly, receives its charge from the rover's power supply, according to a Thursday (Aug. 13) statement from NASA.
"This was a big milestone, as it was our first opportunity to turn on Ingenuity and give its electronics a 'test drive' since we launched on July 30," Tim Canham, the operations lead for Mars Helicopter at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Southern California, said in the statement. "Since everything went by the book, we'll perform the same activity about every two weeks to maintain an acceptable state of charge.
Charging the batteries took eight hours, during which NASA tested and analyzed their performance. The batteries were charged only to 35% of their maximum level, in order to maintain optimal battery health, according to the statement.
Perseverance is scheduled to land on Mars on Feb. 18, 2021. At some point after that, Ingenuity will detach from the rover, descend to the Red Planet surface and take a few pioneering test flights. (After deployment on Mars, the helicopter's batteries will be charged by its own solar panel.)
If the experimental test flights go according to plan, Ingenuity will prove that robotic flight is possible on Mars, opening the door for extensive aerial exploration on future missions.
"This charge activity shows we have survived launch and that so far we can handle the harsh environment of interplanetary space," MiMi Aung, the Ingenuity Mars Helicopter project manager at JPL, said in the statement. "We have a lot more firsts to go before we can attempt the first experimental flight test on another planet, but right now we are all feeling very good about the future."
Follow Samantha Mathewson @Sam_Ashley13.
Follow uson Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
All related videos, selected and posted by peter2011
Scientists Have Shown There's No 'Butterfly Effect' in the Quantum World
Scientists Have Shown There's No 'Butterfly Effect' in the Quantum World
In a new paper, scientists from Los Alamos National Laboratory show that time can be reversed in a quantum system to recover scrambled information without it spiraling into chaos. Wait, uh, what?
Of all the reasons for wanting to time-travel—saving someone from a fatal mistake, exploring ancient civilizations, gathering evidence about unsolved crimes—recovering lost information isn’t the most exciting. But even if a quest to recover the file that didn’t auto-save doesn't sound like a Hollywood movie plot, we’ve all had moments when we’ve longed to go back in time for exactly that reason.
Theories of time and time-travel have highlighted an apparent stumbling block: time travel requires changing the past, even simply by adding in the time traveller. The problem, according to chaos theory, is that the smallest of changes can cause radical consequences in the future. In this conception of time travel, it wouldn’t be advisable to recover your unsaved document since this act would have huge knock-on effects on everything else.
New research in quantum physics from Los Alamos National Laboratory has shown that the so-called butterfly effect can be overcome in the quantum realm in order to “unscramble” lost information by essentially reversing time.
In a paper published in July, researchers Bin Yan and Nikolai Sinitsyn write that a thought experiment in “unscrambling” information with time-reversing operations would be “expected to lead to the same butterfly effect as the one in the famous Ray Bradbury’s story ‘A Sound of Thunder’” In that short story, a time traveler steps on an insect in the deep past and returns to find the modern world completely altered, giving rise to the idea we refer to as the butterfly effect.
“In contrast," they wrote, "our result shows that by the end of a similar protocol the local information is essentially restored.”
"The primary focus of this work is not 'time travel'—physicists do not have an answer yet to tell whether it is possible and how to do time travel in the real world,” Yan clarified.
“[But] since our protocol involves a 'forward' and a 'backward' evolution of the qubits, achieved by changing the orders of quantum gates in the circuit, it has a nice interpretation in terms of Ray Bradbury's story for the butterfly effect. So, it is an accurate and useful way to understand our results."
What is the butterfly effect?
The world does not behave in a neat, ordered way. If it did, identical events would always produce the same patterns of knock-on effects, and the future would be entirely predictable, or deterministic. Chaos theory claims that the opposite: total randomness is not our situation either. We exist somewhere in the middle, in a world that often appears random but in fact obeys rules and patterns.
Patterns within chaos are hidden because they are highly sensitive to tiny changes, which means similar but not identical situations can produce wildly different outcomes. Another way of putting it is that in a chaotic world, effects can be totally out of proportion to their causes, like the metaphor of a flap of butterfly wings causing a tornado on the other side of the world. On the tornado side of the world, the storm would seem random, because the connection between the butterfly-flap and the tornado is too complex to be apparent. While this butterfly effect is the classic poetic metaphor illustrating chaos theory, chaotic dynamics also play out in real-world contexts, including population growth in the Canadian lynx species and the rotation of Pluto’s moons.
Another feature of chaos is that, even though the rules are deterministic, the future is not predictable in the long-term. Since chaos is so sensitive to small variations, there are near-infinite ways the rules could play out and we would need to know an impossible amount of detail about the present and past to map out exactly how the world will evolve.
Similarly, you can’t reverse-engineer some piece of information about the past simply by knowing the current and even future situations; time-travel doesn’t help retrieve past information, because even moving backwards in time, the chaotic system is still in play and will produce unpredictable effects.
Information scrambling
Unscrambling information which has previously been scrambled is not straightforward in a chaotic system. Yan and Sinitsyn’s key discovery is that it is nonetheless possible in quantum computing to get enough information via time-reversal which will then enable information unscrambling.
According to Yan, the fact that the butterfly effect does not occur in quantum realms is not a surprising result, but demonstrating information unscrambling is both novel and important.
In quantum information theory, scrambling occurs when the information encoded in each quantum particle is split up and redistributed across multiple quantum particles in the same quantum system. The scrambling is not random, since information redistribution relies on quantum entanglement, which means that the states of some quantum particles are dependent on each other. Although the scrambled result is seemingly chaotic, the information can be put back together, at least in principle, using the entangled relationships.
Importantly, information scrambling is not the same as information loss. To continue the earlier analogy: information loss occurs when a document is permanently deleted from your computer. For information scrambling, imagine cutting and pasting tiny bits of one computer file into every other file on your machine. Each file now contains a mess of information snippets. You could reconstruct the original files, if you remembered exactly which bits were cut and pasted, and did the entire process in reverse.
Physicists are interested in information scrambling for two main reasons. On the theoretical side, it’s been proposed as a way to explain what happens to information sucked into a black hole. On the more applied side, it could be an important mechanism for quantum computers to store and hide information, and could produce fast and efficient quantum simulators, which are used already to perform complex experiments including new drug discovery.
Yan and Sinitsyn fall into the second camp, and construct what they call a “practically accessible scenario” to test unscrambling by time-travel. This scenario is still hypothetical, but explores the mathematics of the actual quantum processor used by Google to demonstrate quantum supremacy in 2019.
Yan says: “Another potential application is to use this effect to protect information. A random evolution on a quantum circuit can make the qubit robust to perturbations. One may further exploit the discovered effect to design protocols in quantum cryptography.”
The set-up
In Yan and Sinitsyn's quantum thought experiment, Alice and Bob are the protagonists. Alice is using a simplified version of Google’s quantum processor to hide just one part of the information stored on the computer (called the “central qubit”) by scrambling this qubit’s state across all the other qubits (called the “qubit bath”). Bob is cast as the “intruder”, much like a malicious computer hacker. He wants the important information originally stored on the central qubit, now distributed across entangled quantum particles in the bath.
Unfortunately, Bob’s hack, while successful in getting the information he wanted, leaves a trail of destruction.
“If her processor has already scrambled the information, Alice is sure that Bob cannot get anything useful,” the authors write. “However, Bob’s measurement changes the state of the central qubit and also destroys all quantum correlations between this qubit and the rest of the system.”
Bob's method of information theft has altered the computer state so that Alice can also no longer access the hidden information. In this case, the damage occurs because quantum states contain all possible values they could have, with assigned probabilities of each value, but these possibilities (represented by the wave function) “collapse” down to just one value when a measurement is taken. Quantum computing relies on unmeasured quantum systems to store even more information in multiple possible states, and Bob’s intrusion has totally altered the computer system.
Reversing time
Theoretically, the behaviour of a quantum system moving backwards in time can be demonstrated mathematically using what’s called a time-reversed evolution operator, which is exactly what Alice uses to de-scramble the information.
Her time-reversal is not actually time travel the way we understand it from science fiction, it is literally a reversal of time’s direction; the system evolves backwards following whatever dynamics are in play, rather than Alice herself revisiting an earlier time. If the butterfly effect held in the quantum world, then this backwards evolution would actually increase the damage Bob had caused, and Alice would only be able to retrieve the hidden information if she knew exactly what that damage was and could correct her calculations accordingly.
Luckily for Alice, quantum systems behave totally differently to non-quantum (classical or semiclassical) chaotic systems. What Yan and Sinitsyn found is that she can apply her time-reversal operation and end up at an "earlier" state which will not be identical with the initial system she set up, but it will also not have increased the damage which occurred later. Alice can then reconstruct her initial system using a method of quantum unscrambling called quantum state tomography.
What this means is that a quantum system can effectively heal and even recover information that was scrambled in the past, without the chaos of the butterfly effect.
“Classical chaotic evolution magnifies any state damage exponentially quickly, which is known as the butterfly effect,” explain Yan and Sinitsyn. “The quantum evolution, however, is
linear. This explains why, in our case, the uncontrolled damage to the state is not magnified by the subsequent complex evolution. Moreover, the fact that Bob’s measurement does not damage the useful information follows from the property of entanglement correlations in the scrambled state.”
Hypothetical though this scenario may be, the result already has a practical use: verifying whether a quantum system has achieved quantum supremacy. Quantum processors can simulate time-reversal in a way that classical computers cannot, which could provide the next important test for the quantum race between Google and IBM.
So, while time travel is still not in the cards, the quantum world continues to mess with our classical conception of how the world evolves in time, and pushes the limits of computing information.
While the most frequently active volcano in Iceland – Grímsvötn – is overdue and making noises like the next eruption is coming, an unusual alleged cryptid sighting at a famous waterfall in that country has some wondering if underground rumbling may be causing hidden monsters to arise. Has anyone in Iceland checked on the Lagarfljót worm lately? How about the elves?
feverdreamofficial Feel like this creepy video that I posted on my story needs an answer. Shot on the cliff of Dettifoss, Iceland. Close to the capital city of elves, Ásbyrgi. No people in front of us and only a cliff so steep it could not carry anyone. We even went too far in my taste. I then noticed much later this little creature in my video and then a head popping up in the end 😰 Looking like the girl from Ring 😂 No drones, no birds, no plastic bags, what is it?? I am not crazy right it looks hella wack?
Hella wack? That’s something beyond ‘wack’ (duh) or absurd and it seems to be a useful description for the video (watch it here) posted on Instagram by Icelandic feminist rapper and poet Vigdís Howser Harðardóttir (aka Fever Dream). She says she was at the Dettifoss waterfall (in the background) in the Vatnajökull National Park at the edge of a cliff when she spotted what looks like a small, dark figure. For the non-elf-aware, she points out that Ásbyrgi canyon is believed by many Icelanders to be the magical capital of elf world. Did she record one of the elves or the Huldufólk (Hidden people)? While she tells Fréttablaðið (The Newspaper) that she’s “not saying this is an elf,” she believes only “a black elf or even some kind of devil” could perch on such a precarious precipice, and that it resembles other videos she’s seen posted by people claiming to see an elf.
If it’s not an elf or a ‘devil’, what the devil is in the video? It could be a small or young person with incredible climbing ability and balance – Vigdís Howser Harðardóttir doesn’t say how long it was there or when it disappeared. Belief in elves is strong and deep in Iceland, but it has some other cryptids – most famously the Lagarfljót worm, an alleged monster in Lagarfljót lake. The legend of a giant serpent, worm or slug in Lagarfljót dates back to the 1300s but it’s limited to the lake, which is 170 km (105 miles) from Dettifoss. Another candidate could be a Merman, the more evil counterpart of mermaids, but Dettifoos is a long way from the coastal waters where they’re allegedly seen.
That leaves an elf or a huldufólk – the main difference between them is size (huldufólk are human-sized, elves are small) and coffee preference (huldufólk like it). Others may scoff at the idea, but there must be some reason why polls find about 54 percent of Iceland’s 300,000+ residents would not deny the existence of elves.
Being a feminist rapper means Vigdís Howser Harðardóttir is a controversial figure, but that may not stop true elf believers from siding with her on this one.
Take a look again. (See the video here.) What do you think? Is the volcano stirring things up?
Prehistoric armored sea bugs called trilobites that lived nearly half a billion years ago had disco-ball-like-eyes that are remarkably similar to those of modern bees and dragonflies. Trilobites were a marine arthropod with many legs that lived at the bottom of the seafloor during the Cambrian time period (543 million to 490 million years ago) until becoming extinct around 250 million years ago.
Numerous fossils from the sea bug’s strong exoskeleton were discovered by paleontologists and surprisingly its eye was very well preserved. Actually, the remains of the eye were initially found in 1846 close to Loděnice in the Czech Republic but it’s only been recently studied in great detail.
Fossil of a trilobite.
The researchers analyzed the left eye of a type of trilobite called Aulacopleura koninckii from approximately 429 million years ago (pictures can be seen here), specifically the light-sensitive receptor cells in the lenses that suggested a very early evolution of compound eyes. As a matter of fact, trilobites from as far back as 522 million years also appeared to have had compound eyes which suggest that those types of eyes may have evolved a lot earlier than previously thought, maybe in shell-less creatures. Their protruding oval-shaped eyes are situated on the back part of its head.
They studied the eye using microscopy and found hundreds of optical units called ommatidia that make up the compound eyes that are found in today’s insects and crustaceans. According to the scientists, the ommatidia found in the trilobite’s left eye had eight cells that detected light “forming a kind of rosette”. The cells were gathered around a translucent cylinder that channeled light that’s called a rhabdom in addition to there being a thick lens that covered the top of the ommatidia. They also found that the dark-colored rings of pigmented cells created a “cellular basket” surrounding the optical units as well as a thin crystalline cone “although its shape is not very distinct”. You put all of that together and you have a compound eye that looks similar to a disco ball.
3D model of a trilobite.
Based on the fact that the Aulacopleura koninckii’s eye facets were just 0.0001 inches in diameter, the creature would have had a vision of around 200 “pixels” which would have helped it to glide around the waters and avoid predators. It “surely was day active and lived in shallow, light-flooded waters,” Brigitte Schoenemann, who is a paleontologist in the Institute of Biology Education at the University of Cologne in Germany and the lead author of the study, explained in an email to Live Science.
She finished off by stating that today’s insects and crustaceans have vision that is “an enormously old and effective system, quite unchanged since our trilobite”. Things change over the course of hundreds of millions of years but apparently the eyes of crustaceans and insects remained the same. That reminds me of the old saying, “if it isn’t broke, don’t fix it”.
“It’s pronounced YOUR-a-nus, not your-ANUS, you blankety-blank-blank!”
Get that frustration out of your system now and we’ll promise not to do any more Uranus probe double entendres. OK? Finished? Good.
“A new theoretical method paves the way to modelling the interior of the ice giants Uranus and Neptune, thanks to computer simulations on the water contained within them.”
The Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA – International School of Advanced Studies) in Trieste, Italy, announced this week a new way of determining what is inside planets far too distant to land rovers or ground-penetrating landers. Until now, space scientists have had to settle for theories based on features and reflections of surface matter and magnetic field studies. To get a better X-ray of Uranus and Neptune, scientists at SISSA and the University of California at Los Angeles developed a new computer model using data about the water on and inside Uranus.
“In such exotic physical conditions, we cannot think of ice as we are used to. Even water is actually different, denser, with several molecules dissociated into positive and negative ions, thus carrying an electrical charge. Superionic water lies somewhere between the liquid and solid phases: the oxygen atoms of the H2O molecule are organised in a crystalline lattice, while hydrogen atoms diffuse freely like in a charged fluid.”
In a statement on their study published in Nature Communications, SISSA professors and study co-authors Federico Grasselli and Stefano Baroni describe how they used their model to simulate the three stages of water on Uranus – ice, liquid and superionic (a part-liquid-part-ice condition caused by extremely high temperatures and pressures.) the charges show these states have different positive and negative ions than Earth water and they’re more dense than what comes out of our taps. These simulations told them a lot about the evolution of the planets and what may be deep inside of them.
Different in many ways
“In particular, the heat conduction properties that emerge from our study allow us to hypothesise that the existence of a frozen core may explain the anomalously low luminosity of Uranus as due to an extremely low heat flux from its interior towards the surface.”
They show that the planetary layers below the fluid layer that generates a planet’s magnetic field are predominantly superionic water, which may help explain the behavior of these fields on these distant planets. This will aid future research in determining how these so-called gas giants formed and how they cooled into space bodies made up of a water that is not liquid or solid – where hydrogen atoms are free but oxygen atoms are locked in a lattice formation. A planetary slushie?
If you’ve been keeping score, we’ve made it through the article without another double entendre about scientists using a computer model to peek inside YOUR-a-nus.
You’re welcome.
NOTE:
all related videos, selected and posted by peter2011
WETENSCHAP & PLANEETWetenschappers hebben voor het eerst deeltjes microplastic en nanoplastic gevonden in menselijke organen. Die resultaten, waarover The Guardianbericht, hebben Amerikaanse onderzoekers vandaag voorgesteld op het congres van de American Chemical Society
De vervuilende impact van plastic is wereldwijd voelbaar. Straten, stranden en oceanen: overal zijn de gevolgen van onze wegwerpcultuur te zien. Amerikaanse onderzoekers hebben nu zelfs kleine plastic deeltjes gevonden in het menselijk lichaam.
De wetenschappers vonden deeltjes van microplastic (met een diameter kleiner dan 5 mm) en nanoplastic (met een diameter kleiner dan 0,001 mm) in alle onderzochte organen van deze studie. De deeltjes in de concreet 47 onderzochte longen, levers, milten en nieren werden vermoedelijk ingenomen via voedsel en water.
In totaal konden ze tientallen soorten plastiek ontdekken in de organen. Het gaat onder meer om polyethyleentereftalaat (PET), waarvan plastic drankflessen worden gemaakt, en polyethyleen, dat voor plastic zakjes wordt gebruikt.
Ongerust
Hoewel de impact op onze gezondheid nog niet bewezen is, maken de onderzoekers zich zorgen. Zo is de schade van microplastic al eerder gebleken bij onderzoek naar zeedieren. Toen konden wetenschappers een verband vaststellen tussen de blootstelling aan de kleine deeltjes en onvruchtbaarheid, ontsteking en kanker.
“We willen geen paniek zaaien, maar het is verontrustend dat deze niet-biologisch afbreekbare materialen in het menselijk weefsel terechtkomen en zich daar kunnen ophopen zonder dat we de impact ervan kennen”, zei mede-auteur Varun Kelkar aan The Guardian.
De onderzoekers hopen nu dat deze resultaten leiden tot diepgaander onderzoek naar het effect van vervuiling op ons lichaam. “Als we beter zicht hebben op hoeveel stoffen er in onze weefsels zitten, kunnen we epidemiologische studies uitvoeren om het effect op de menselijke gezondheid te bestuderen. Op die manier kunnen we de potentiële gezondheidsrisico’s in kaart brengen.”
Kunststof
Naast de deeltjes microplastic werd in alle proefmonsters ook de chemische stof Bisfenol A aangetroffen. Die schadelijke stof wordt voornamelijk gebruikt bij de productie van kunststoffen. Het Amerikaanse Beschermingsinstituut maakt zich zorgen om de aanwezigheid van de stof wegens de impact op het menselijke lichaam. Zo kan het onder meer de ontwikkeling en voortplanting aantasten.
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Wederom vreemde cirkels op Buienradar
Wederom vreemde cirkels op Buienradar
Het is niet de eerste keer dat er vreemdsoortige cirkels verschijnen op de populaire buienradar.
Niet alleen in Nederland hebben wij dit soort vortexen eerder gezien, maar ook op radarschermen naast de Popocatepetl vulkaan in Mexico.
Vorig jaar november ontvingen wij via een lezer een aantal afbeeldingen van Buienradar waarop tijdens onweersbuien een soort vreemde cirkel waar te nemen was.
Voor zover ons bekend heeft niemand daar ooit een verklaring voor kunnen vinden.
De afgelopen dagen deed zich weer een vreemd verschijnsel voor op Buienradar. Weer een cirkel en weer in combinatie met onweer, alleen ziet die cirkel er nu als volgt uit.
Hierna volgt een video met talloze voorbeelden van het vreemde verschijnsel op Buienradar.
Dan wordt er natuurlijk al heel snel gespeculeerd over wat dit zou kunnen veroorzaken en dan komt ook al snel het woord HAARP om de hoek kijken.
Volgens Martin Vrijland kunnen we daar kort en duidelijk over zijn, het is niet een effect dat door HAARP wordt veroorzaakt.
De perfecte cirkel die buienradar laat zien is namelijk een gevolg van de grondradar en heeft niets met HAARP te maken.
Waar we eerder iets dergelijks op een weerradar hebben gezien is op 28 oktober 2012 in Mexico. Die cirkel/vortex zag er als volgt uit:
Ook hier is nooit een verklaring voor gevonden, maar er was hier wel degelijk iets bijzonders aan de hand. De dag ervoor werd de wereld opgeschrikt door beelden van een enorme cilindervormige ufo die met grote snelheid in de krater van Popocatepetl vulkaan verdween.
Dit fenomeen is bij ons niet echt in het mainstream nieuws geweest, maar in landen als Mexico des te meer, waar er uitgebreid over werd gesproken op de televisie.
Dat was in Mexico, wij hebben geen vulkanen met grote kraters waar ufo's met grote snelheid in kunnen verdwijnen, dus de cirkels op Buienradar zullen een andere oorzaak hebben.
We gaan nog even terug naar Vrijland die zegt dat volgens hem HAARP dan wel niet die cirkel veroorzaakt op de Buienradar, maar wel voor een ander heel actueel effect kan zorgen en dat zijn exosomen.
Voor hen die niet weten of vergeten zijn waar HAARP precies voor staat, hier een uitleg uit een eerder artikel:
Ondertussen zijn veel mensen bekend met het High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP), een Amerikaans militair en civiel onderzoeksinstituut in Alaska dat formeel gezien onderzoek doet naar de ionosfeer. Dr. Nick Begich heeft het verband aangetoond tussen HAARP en de beïnvloeding van bewustzijn. Hij is geregeld als getuige-deskundige opgeroepen door het Europees Parlement. Volgens Dr. Begich schiet HAARP een gerichte elektromagnetische straal in de bovenste laag van de atmosfeer. Zie het als een geavanceerde ionosferische kachel. De ionosfeer is de elektrisch geladen laag bovenin de atmosfeer. De laag bevindt zich op 60 tot 100 kilometer boven het aardoppervlak. HAARP is eigenlijk een omgekeerde radiotelescoop omdat het apparaat een antenne heeft die signalen uitzendt in plaats van ontvangt. Met HAARP wordt een technologie getest die de ionosfeer met een gerichte straal op bepaalde plaatsen opwarmt. Elektromagnetische stralen worden vervolgens teruggekaatst naar de Aarde en penetreren alles.
Door het op bepaalde plaatsen opwarmen van de ionosfeer kan men dan ook vrij gemakkelijk dingen doen zoals het weer beïnvloeden, maar boven alles hebben die teruggekaatste stralen ook een effect op het menselijk lichaam en geest.
Zoals we hierboven zagen heeft het een effect op het bewustzijn van de mens, maar zorgt het ook voor de uitscheiding van exosomen.
Exosomen is een bepaalde genetische uitscheiding van de cellen die voor komt, wanneer de cellen worden aangevallen of onder stress staan.
Exosomen zijn blaasjes met een diameter van 50 tot 100 nm die worden uitgescheiden door een grote verscheidenheid aan cellen in het menselijk lichaam.1 Ze ontstaan in de cellen via een complex mechanisme, waarbij celinhoud zoals eiwitten en RNA-strengen in de blaasjes wordt ingekapseld.
En wat belangrijk is dat bij de PCR testen zoals die voor covid-19 worden gebruikt, de aanwezigheid van exosomen zal worden uitgelegd als positief en de persoon in kwestie zal (onterecht) het label: "besmet met covid-19" opgeplakt krijgen.
En dat is dan hetgeen dat Vrijland bedoelt als hij het volgende schrijft:
Een ander effect wat die HAARP straling op kan leveren, is gebaseerd op de ‘terrain theory’ waarbij het lichaam de straling als vervuiling ervaart en daarmee zogenaamde exosomen gaat aanmaken. Louis Pasteur, de bedenker van de ‘germ theory’, die door de gehele wetenschap is overgenomen, maar waarvan hij zelf op zijn sterfbed zei dat die onjuist was, bleek niet alleen te hebben gefraudeerd, maar gaf dus toe dat die terrein theorie de enige juiste was (ziedit artikelen dit artikel).
Kortom, met HAARP kan men naar hartelust op ieder gewenst moment, op iedere gewenste locatie net zoveel besmette coronapatiënten leveren als ze op dat moment nodig hebben.
Several days ago, Vigdís Howser Harðardóttir posted a weid video on Instagram showing a small dark creature that suddenly appears and climbs over the edge of a cliff at Dettifoss waterfall in Iceland.
Credit image: Vigdís Howser Harðardóttir.
Vigdis states:Shot on the cliff of Dettifoss, Iceland. Close to the capital city of elves, Ásbyrgi. No people in front of us and only a cliff so steep it could not carry anyone.
We even went too far in my taste. I then noticed much later this little creature in my video and then a head popping up in the end. No drones, no birds, no plastic bags, what is it? I Feel like this creepy video that I posted needs an answer.
Indeed very strange, I have no explanation for the strange appearance, but some people say that the creature looks like a human figure with something covering its head while others talking about a cryptid, a creature whose existence is unsubstantiated.
Credit image: Vigdís Howser Harðardóttir.
Vigdís did indeed captured something extraordinary or there is an explanation for the strange appearance?
I have found a structure within a crater on planet Mercury today. The structure has three long segments to it. Each part is along side the next. NASA map says this is 2.5km across by 2.5km high. Thats a huge structure. The way its laying down and the way the three segments are side by side make me think this is a ship and can move from place to place. It may have been docked in this location in the crater to make it easier to find and accessible. But...I wonder...where did the captain and crew go? Their must be an underground base near this location or why park the ship there? One answer...brings many more questions. Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
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Really fast UFO filmed over Atlantic ocean (Florida beach) 16-Aug-2020
Really fast UFO filmed over Atlantic ocean (Florida beach)16-Aug-2020
This really fast unidentified flying object was spotted in the sky above Atlantic ocean. It was filmed from Volusia county, Florda on 11th August 2020.
Witness report:
Object seem to be hovering with no sound miles and miles from the hotel I was at. It made no nosie it looked dark grey. On vacation went out on the balcony and noticed a black disk shaped object from a far distance on the beach just hovering in one spot for about minute or two that’s what caught my attention. It then started to move and I lost it. I grabbed my phone to record hovering and then I thought I lost because the sun was shining so bright I could barely see or sit on the balcony. Then I noticed I found the object again it seemed to be scanning the same spot and then it took off so fast I could barely see because of the sun in my eyes I had to put the phone down to see where it went. But it kept hovering that area of the water drop real low go back up and shoot cross the water and then disappear from my eye view.
A visual tour of Ceres, where astronomers found evidence of a subsurface ocean
A visual tour of Ceres, where astronomers found evidence of a subsurface ocean
Recent evidence has just made Ceres one of the more interesting places in the solar system.
Ceres is the largest asteroid in the asteroid belt that lies between Mars and Jupiter. It’s also considered a dwarf planet, much like Pluto. In a flurry of new studies, astronomers report strong evidence of a salty ocean beneath the surface
Ceres
The Dawn spacecraft entered the orbit of Ceres in March 2015, offering an unprecedented close view of a surprisingly dynamic environment. Far from being a cold, barren, and dull planetoid, Ceres is remarkably active.
Researchers now believe its rigid crust harbors a subsurface ocean, an ocean which may have once been on the surface.
What’s inside Ceres? Gravity can tell. The map overlaid on the right gives scientists hints about Ceres’ internal structure from gravity measurements. Image credits: NASA.
Landing on Ceres would be very challenging logistically and would risk contaminating the planet, so instead, researchers use remote sensing from Dawn’s instruments to measure the Ceresian galaxy, estimating its composition and interior structure, in addition to its topography. Maps such as the one above (right side) help researchers estimate its composition and interior structure.
“Ceres has an abundance of gravity anomalies associated with outstanding geologic features,” says Anton Ermakov, a postdoctoral researcher at JPL.
Occator Crater is one of the more interesting features on Ceres — and one that researchers looked at to infer the presence of subsurface water.
Image credits: NASA/JPL.
Occator is an impact crater located on Ceres containing the brightest of the bright spots observed by the Dawn spacecraft. Astronomers have found evidence that some of the rocks on Occator are hydrohalite— a type of rock that forms in salt water.
Before this, hydrohalite had only been observed on Earth.
Fracture system inside Occator. Image taken by the Dawn shuttle at an altitude of 22 miles (36 kilometers). Image credits: NASA/JPL
Ceres seems riddled with minerals containing water suggesting that the dwarf planet once had a global ocean. What became of that ocean? Likely, it now only exists underground as a ‘fossil ocean’, recent NASA research indicates.
The Dawn team found that Ceres’ crust is a mixture of ice, salts, and hydrated materials — a type of crust also indicative of a former ocean.
This image of Occator Crater’s northern wall was obtained by NASA’s Dawn spacecraft on June 16, 2018 from an altitude of about 21 miles (33 kilometers). Image credits: NASA/JPL.
It’s not just Ceres’ past that intrigues astronomers — its present seems quite interesting as well. Ceres is still geologically active in several ways and exhibits signs of cryovolcanism, quite possibly connected to its subsurface water.
The Dawn team also discovered what seems to be a softer, easily deformable layer beneath the rigid crust, a potential signature of residual liquid.
A false-color mosaic of Occator Crater pieced together from multiple Dawn photos. Image credits: NASA/JPL.
Ceres doesn’t benefit from internal heat generated by the gravitational interactions with a large planet (as is the case for some of Jupiter’s and Saturn’s satellites) yet, nevertheless, Ceres seems to be a water-rich world.
Recent evidence shows that the bright areas previously observed on Ceres were formed through hydrothermal activity that involves salt, which makes the dwarf planet even more tantalizing, as it seems to sport all the required ingredients for life.
The internal layer (the mantle) is dominated by hydrated rocks, like clays. Artistic depiction of the structure of Ceres. Image credits: NASA / JPL.
It’s not clear what this means for potential life on Ceres. Water is essential for life as we know it, and NASA regards Ceres as one of the more promising places to host life in our solar system. If Ceresian life exists, it is likely in the form of microbes, similar to bacteria. Even if there’s no life on Ceres anymore, it could still have harbored life in its past ocean. Ceres truly is one of the more interesting places in the solar system.
“More and more, we are learning that Ceres is a complex, dynamic world that may have hosted a lot of liquid water in the past, and may still have some underground,” said Julie Castillo-Rogez, Dawn project scientist and co-author of the studies, based at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.
Ceres has plenty of interesting features. Here, a mosaic of Cerealia Facula, another bright spot area.
Image credits: NASA/JPL.
It’s remarkable just how much the Dawn mission has revealed about Ceres. Yet again, we’ve learned that one body which didn’t seem all that interesting harbors plenty of fascinating information. Our solar system is becoming more interesting every year.
“Dawn accomplished far more than we hoped when it embarked on its extraordinary extraterrestrial expedition,” said Mission Director Marc Rayman of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. “These exciting new discoveries from the end of its long and productive mission are a wonderful tribute to this remarkable interplanetary explorer.”
This mosaic of Ceres’ Occator Crater is composed of images NASA’s Dawn mission captured on its second extended mission, in 2018. Bright pits and mounds (foreground) were formed by salty liquid released as Occator’s water-rich floor froze after the crater-forming impact about 20 million years ago.
Every living creature requires energy in order to subsist, multiply, and pass on its genes. How much energy an animal requires depends on their habitat and size, among many other things. But some cells require so little energy, it just boggles the mind.
Recently, researchers have identified microbial cells that live in sediments kilometers beneath the ocean floor that require a tiny fraction of a calorie to survive. In fact, many of these cells may be up to 100 million years old, something that is owed to their suspended animation state.
Speaking to Quanta Magazine, James Bradly, a geobiologist at Queen Mary University of London and the lead author of a new study that modeled the suboceanic biosphere, said that “This entire biosphere of cells, equivalent in size to the world’s soils, hardly has enough energy to survive.”
Bradly, along with colleagues from universities across the world, employed existing data from previous drilling operations and lab experiments, which they modeled to extrapolate a detailed profile of sub-seafloor sediments.
Researchers projected values like the age of the sediments, the density of cells living inside them, which nutrients are available to these cells, and the rate at which the cells metabolize the nutrients. The findings were quite staggering.
When the researchers calculated the power consumption of the dormant cells living inside the sediments, they found that they were close to the absolute theoretical limit for energy requirements to sustain life.
These sub-seafloor microbes use only 0.1% of the power consumed by creatures living in the upper 200 meters of the ocean. The buried microbes survive at power levels orders of magnitude lower than any organism ever measured in a laboratory, the authors reported in the journalScience Advances.
Previously, in 2015, Douglas LaRowe and Jan Amend, both at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, estimated the lowest amount of power required to sustain life. Even life that is dormant for millions of years in a zombified state waiting for the right conditions for reanimation needs at least some energy for fundamental biological processes like the repair of DNA damage.
Power per cell (watts) calculated on a global scale and depth-integrated for the (A) oxic, (B) sulfate-reducing, and (C) methanogenic sedimentary layers. White areas denote absence of the corresponding catabolic zone. Credit: Science Advances.
Even if an individual cell doesn’t divide, it would still need at least a zeptowatt, or 10−21 watts, in order to survive. The sub-seafloor microbes are just slightly above this threshold.
Some of these microbes may be up to 100 million years old, researchers report. Given their phenomenally low energy requirements, this all might change how biologists see cellular evolution.
The findings also open the possibility that life may exist in places that scientists had previously discarded as impossible habitats — and this includes other planets, as well.
The sediment samples that were used for the new theoretical model are around 2.6 million years old. However, deeper sediments might house even more starving cells, pushing energy requirements further to the brink.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
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