The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
10-11-2020
Child Records Hexagon UFO Over Tennessee On Nov 7, 2020, Photos, UFO Sighting News.
Child Records Hexagon UFO Over Tennessee On Nov 7, 2020, Photos, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting:Nov 7, 2020
Location of sighting: Morris Town, Tennessee, USA
Source: MUFON
Now here is an interesting report. A child was taking photos of the stars and saw this hexagon glowing shape in one corner of the photo. The child showed the parent and they were both baffled at what it could be. I too find this mysterious. I have seen many UFOs, ones I recorded and most I did not. But something I am confident about is that the AI controlled UFOs...I mean pilotless, but living AI controls them. Those orbs and UFOs do have a high curiosity about those who believe in them and try to communicate with them. I guess this curiosity and the attempts to communicate draw the AIs attention since so few humans would actually believe or even try. Maybe 1 in a thousand would even attempt to mentally call a UFO to them. But it works, it worked for me and I believe it worked for this child. A fearless child and blind belief in the existence of aliens would defiantly draw the UFOs full attention. Why? Ray Wilbur said it best...
“The potential possibilities of any child are the most intriguing and stimulating in all creation.” – Ray L. Wilbur
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Eyewitness states:
My son took this picture in the sky last night, 11/7/2020, and this colorful hexagon was in the top right corner.
Child Records Hexagon UFO Over Tennessee On Nov 7, 2020, Photos, UFO Sighting News.
Child Records Hexagon UFO Over Tennessee On Nov 7, 2020, Photos, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting:Nov 7, 2020
Location of sighting: Morris Town, Tennessee, USA
Source: MUFON
Now here is an interesting report. A child was taking photos of the stars and saw this hexagon glowing shape in one corner of the photo. The child showed the parent and they were both baffled at what it could be. I too find this mysterious. I have seen many UFOs, ones I recorded and most I did not. But something I am confident about is that the AI controlled UFOs...I mean pilotless, but living AI controls them. Those orbs and UFOs do have a high curiosity about those who believe in them and try to communicate with them. I guess this curiosity and the attempts to communicate draw the AIs attention since so few humans would actually believe or even try. Maybe 1 in a thousand would even attempt to mentally call a UFO to them. But it works, it worked for me and I believe it worked for this child. A fearless child and blind belief in the existence of aliens would defiantly draw the UFOs full attention. Why? Ray Wilbur said it best...
“The potential possibilities of any child are the most intriguing and stimulating in all creation.” – Ray L. Wilbur
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Eyewitness states:
My son took this picture in the sky last night, 11/7/2020, and this colorful hexagon was in the top right corner.
The photographer captured two cigar-shaped UFOs over Warsaw, Poland on July 6 and October 6, 2020. Both UFOs have no visible propulsion, wings or other moving parts.
"I caught this cigar sun-reflecting-metal-shaped object caught over Poland on July 6, 2020, While taking this picture I didn't see it. The sky was clear, no clouds."
Then on October 6, the photographer captured another UFO.
"I took three pictures in one series. In each picture, the same object showed up but in a different position on the picture. It looked like a cigar-shaped object, with sun reflex on the surface. While taking this series the sky was clear and I didn't see anything strange."
I’ve been watching a massive UFO for an hour 10 mins now and it’s still there 5 or 6 lights all white. Definitely 3 at top maybe 2 or 3 at bottom. Occasionally it goes blue then red quickly then back to white It’s incredibly high because I watched a normal plane head towards Melbourne that was at least only half the altitude It’s hovering but then flicking left then right or up then down. I’m in Strath Creek and it appears to be over Flowerdale but possibly way further away. It must be massive
over Upland and North Ontario California – Large UFO sighting between 9:15 to 10pm on Tuesday November 4th.
Stationary blinking UFO with red and blue lights. Sighted at about 12000 feet over Upland and North Ontario California.
November 3rd in Riverton Wyoming – November 3rd in Riverton Wyoming.
Hello! My son was outside this evening star gazing with his telescope he seen this! What do you think? His phone was about to go dead so he was only able to get those brief videos.
Christiansburg, VA – November 2020
I was celebrating ritual and documenting the blue moon and caught this on camera. I own the rights to this video. It’s providing its own reflection off of the semi cloudy sky
31 October 2020
I good friend of mine was eating at an outside bar on Saturday when she decided to take a picture of the full moon. When she got home and looked thru the pictures she noticed. What can you make of this?
Roquemaure, south France – 31 October 2020
Adelanto, California – 30 October 2020
This was sent to me today from a buddy in adelanto California
southeast Alabama – 29 October 2020 around 530 600 pm
Hi, I saw a blue circle shape object hoovering then flew off in a speed not know to man. I just wondering if anyone else saw it . It happen at around 4:05 am Sunday morning in Swansea .
In between Horatio and dequeen arkansas – Last .month
Just look at pic I’ve been seeing strange objects/UFOs all my life and no matter where I go lights follow me almost nightly I also have strange scars I can’t explain and one below chest that’s v shaped has scars from stitches but I’ve never had cut or surgery there and this pic I seen light took pic with my phone forgot it was on burst mode but it got 4 pics of light and a smaller light that changes with bigger light and it made no sound and gone in a blink
Carmel NY – 25 October 2020
Strange bright lights in the backyard prior to sighting. Others concur, this appears to be a vessel of some kind. Not the best picture
Trempealeau Wisconsin – Saturday September 26, 2020 around 6:00pm
So I recorded this outside my house….heard a massive boom/rumble before my wife and I saw it….i have been trying to figure out what the hell this could be. At one point you can see something being shot out from it (you can see it at 1.24 minutes in the video) It also seems to break off in two pieces. I can’t figure it out, maybe someone here can identify what it could possibly be. I live in Trempealeau Wisconsin.
I captured this on August 12th 2020 there’s no faa lights no tether and no sound, it’s in our atmosphere and it was not the moon! I think it’s real because I’ve seen this craft/orb in many videos but I personally saw it and I’m amazed what do y’all think?
< It was past midnight maybe 2 am, we are at a medieval play, we are a lot further away from the big group, we are going to sleep. Then a strong light jiste over us, over the threes, so sound, the zoom away in a second in total silence.
Pittsburg, CA – July 8th 2020
I would like to show you a picture on July 8th 2020 at 12:23 a.m. at night we were observing the moon and we thought we saw a small blue like that look like it was moving fast and we could not catch it. My girlfriend wanted to use my brother camera iphone. There is when we seen the picture after we took it a weird blue glowing object. We observed it for about a good 3 minutes and then it disappeared
Artist's illustration of NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). Using data from TESS, scientists have discovered an "improbable" exoplanet that should've been engulfed by its star but wasn't.
Dark mattercould be detected on alien worlds orbiting distant suns, a new study suggests.
This elusive form of matter is one of the most frustrating and mysterious aspects of modern astronomy. Thought to account for 80% of all matter in the universe, it is completely invisible, detectable only through its slight gravitational pull on its surroundings.
But in some situations, it can settle into the core of a massive object, releasing energy in the form of heat. Now, a pair of astronomers is advocating a daring new research program: to turn our widening search for life beyond Earth into a hunt for dark matter.
We know very little about dark matter, other than that it exists. In the 1970's, astronomer Vera Rubin noticed something funny about the way that galaxies were rotating. Rubin found that stars were orbiting around their galaxies far too quickly, given how much visible matter there was if you add up the gravitational attraction of everything we can see in a galaxy, then at the observed rotational speeds the galaxies she trained her telescope on should have torn themselves apart billions prior to her observation.
In the decades since Rubin's revelation, more mysteries have piled up. The gas inside galaxy clusters is too hot. Galaxies move around too quickly. The universe has too many large-scale structures, given the age of the universe. The remnant radiation from the early universe is too bumpy to be explained by normal matter alone. Light from distant background galaxies curves too strongly when passing near massive galaxy clusters.
The list goes on, but one answer has risen to the top: In order to explain all these observations, the universe must have some hidden ingredient. It's a form of matter (because it can obviously clump together and has gravity), but it doesn't interact with light or normal matter in any significant way. It's dark matter.
Based on computer simulations of giant clusters of galaxies, whatever the dark matter is, we expect it to be more heavily clumped toward the centers of galaxies and generally thin out the farther you get from those centers. And it's those differences in dark matter density throughout a galaxy that may help astronomers identify this mysterious substance.
If only we had large dark matter detectors scattered through the galaxy.
Planet-sized detectors
According to a pair of researchers in a paper published in October to the preprint journal arXiv, dark matter detectors are indeed scattered through the Milky Way galaxy. And we're already finding thousands of them orbiting distant suns every year. They're exoplanets, or the alien worlds beyond our solar system, that we're spotting with the Kepler Space Telescope and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS).
Indeed, the thousands of confirmed exoplanets known so far represent only a tiny percentage of all possible worlds. For the Milky Way alone, estimates of the true number of exoplanets range from the extreme (300 billion) to the ludicrous (1 trillion).
Here's what that has to do with dark matter. Dark matter — as far as we can tell — hardly ever interacts with normal matter, or even with itself. When it does interact, it does so through an interaction involving the weak nuclear force, which is incredibly wimpy. Almost every time there's an encounter, a dark matter particle and a normal matter particle simply slide on by each other without comment … or even a quick glance.
But rarely, occasionally, dark matter and ordinary matter interact, allowing the dark matter particle to pass on some of its energy to the normal matter particle, slowing down the dark matter particle in the process. These interactions are especially common when two things happen: there's a large, dense concentration of normal matter that acts as a gravitational trap for dark matter, and there's lots of dark matter just floating around.
These two criteria could be met for exoplanets near the center of the Milky Way. The dark matter density in those neighborhoods is much higher than it is around the solar system, and large planets (say, Jupiter-size and up) could collect dark matter particles in their cores. They would do this through their gravity: In high-density environments, the normal matter can attract the dark matter to them, pulling it to their centers.
These interactions wouldn't just slow down dark matter, they would also heat up the planet. And sometimes dark matter particles might occasionally interact with themselves, annihilating each other in a brief flash of energy. This energy would be too feeble to see directly, but over the course of billions of years the sustained flashes from countless interactions could contribute an extra source of heat to the planet.
The end result, according to the research: Planets closer to the center of the galaxy might experience a significant amount of heating from dark matter, causing their temperatures to rise by thousands of degrees.
In order to test this, we need to take the temperatures of a lot of exoplanets. Thankfully, this is exactly what missions like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), which is set to reach space in October 2021, are explicitly designed to do.
The researchers noted that the JWST has just enough sensitivity (in both recording the temperatures of exoplanets and in searching close enough to their galactic center) that if this effect of dark matter is real, we should be able to see a distinct and noticeable warming of planets the closer they are to the galactic center. If the surveys pan out, it would be the first non-gravitational detection of dark matter ever seen.
And in the process of searching through all those exoplanets, we might just discover life on another world, which would be a nice bonus.
Saturn's moon Titan just keeps getting weirder — and more tantalizing when it comes to scientists' hopes for life beyond Earth.
Titan is perhaps the most Earth-like place in our solar system, except the ingredients are jumbled up: ocean below ground, landforms of water ice instead of rock, rains of organic compounds, an atmosphere even denser than our own. Now, two new research findings add still more intrigue to the strange moon, identifying an unexpected chemical in Titan's atmosphere and evidence of more complicated surface phenomena than scientists had previously realized.
"We think of Titan as a real-life laboratory where we can see similar chemistry to that of ancient Earth when life was taking hold here," Melissa Trainer, an astrobiologist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, said in a statement. Trainer wasn't involved in either of the new papers, but she is the deputy principal investigator of NASA's Dragonfly mission that will launch to Titan in 2027 and arrive in 2034.
Scientists' fascination with the chemistry of Titan is what makes the new findings so intriguing. Researchers turned the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile toward the moon and spotted the chemical signature of cyclopropenylidene, an awkward triangular compound made of three carbon atoms and two hydrogen atoms.
"Titan is unique in our solar system," Conor Nixon, a planetary scientist at Goddard, said in the same statement. "It has proved to be a treasure trove of new molecules."
Cyclopropenylidene is only the newest of them. But finding it is surprising, the researchers say, because the little-known chemical is pretty friendly: if other compounds are near it, they tend to react, eliminating the cyclopropenylidene signature.
So while scientists have found the compound in the universe, it's usually out in the vast, cold, near-empty areas between star systems — hardly an environment like that of Titan, although the chemical was only found in the moon's thinner upper atmosphere.
The newly spotted compound is also interesting because it is the second chemical found at Titan in which the carbon atoms lock in on each other to build a ring-like backbone. Other chemicals with that type of structure are crucial for the molecules that make up the information-containing part of DNA.
"The cyclic nature of them opens up this extra branch of chemistry that allows you to build these biologically important molecules," Alexander Thelen, a Goddard astrobiologist who worked on the research, said in the same statement. The researchers later checked archived data gathered by NASA's Cassini mission, which studied the Saturn system from 2004 to 2017, and saw supporting evidence for cyclopropenylidene in those observations.
Finding such a tantalizing compound in the upper atmosphere of Titan is particularly intriguing because scientists believe that sunlight-driven reactions in the area turn the simple compounds of Titan into increasingly complex, heavy molecules that eventually rain down onto the moon's surface.
The research is described in a paper published Oct. 15 in The Astronomical Journal.
A map of Saturn's moon Titan shows nine craters that scientists analyzed in new research. (Image credit: Solomonidou et al. (2020); background map: Le Mouélic et al. (2019))
Changing craters
That surface is the site of the other recent finding about the strange moon, which arose when researchers studied Cassini data about nine major craters on Titan's surface.
First, they realized that these craters came in two different flavors, and that they were geographically separated. Around Titan's equator, the craters were located in dunes and contained exclusively organic material, then are sprinkled with sand. North and south of that region, craters were found on plains and included both water ice and organic material then doused in methane rain, carrying away any sand blown into them.
"The most exciting part of our results is that we found evidence of Titan's dynamic surface hidden in the craters, which has allowed us to infer one of the most complete stories of Titan's surface evolution scenario to date," Anezina Solomonidou, a research fellow at the European Space Agency and the lead author of the new study, said in a NASA statement. "Our analysis offers more evidence that Titan remains a dynamic world in the present day."
Among the sites the researchers studied was one called Selk, where the scientists found a crater covered by organic material, with no sign of methane rain. But Selk Crater has something special going for it — Dragonfly is already scheduled to visit the crater and scout it out, which should give scientists an even better view of what's happening on Titan's surface.
The research is described in a paper published Sept. 1 in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.
Email Meghan Bartels at mbartels@space.com or follow her on Twitter @meghanbartels.
NASA SAYS THIS COMPANY’S GIANT 5G SATELLITES COULD CAUSE “CATASTROPHIC COLLISION”
NASA SAYS THIS COMPANY’S GIANT 5G SATELLITES COULD CAUSE “CATASTROPHIC COLLISION”
ESA
DAN ROBITZSKI
Crowded Sky
For the first time, NASA is commenting on a private company’s application to launch a mega-constellation of satellites. And its message is clear: It could be disastrous.
AST & Science (AST) wants to launch 240 large satellites that would beam down 4G service and, if all goes to plan, eventually do the same with a 5G network, Ars Technica reports. Because the satellites will be so massive, NASA said in a statement that they would cause thousands of potential collisions every year — though AST says it’s committed to working with NASA to solve the issue.
Horse In The Hospital
Other mega-constellations like Starlink also pose collision risks, but it’s the massive size of these telecom satellites and AST’s inexperience in building anything that large that has NASA particularly concerned, Ars reports.
Given that lack of experience, NASA suggested up to 10 percent of the satellites might fail, creating an “unacceptably high” risk of a “catastrophic collision.”
Evasive Maneuvers
In order to broadcast the 4G and eventually 5G signals, the satellites would come equipped with massive antennas up to 900 square meters in size. Given their planned proximity to other satellites, NASA says that’s a disaster waiting to happen.
“For the completed constellation of 243 satellites, one can expect 1,500 mitigation actions per year and perhaps 15,000 planning activities,” reads NASA’s statement. “This would equate to four maneuvers and 40 active planning activities on any given day.”
David Rothery, Professor of Planetary Geosciences, The Open University
Venus may harbour life some 50km above its surface, we learned a couple of weeks ago. Now a new paper, published in Nature Astronomy, reveals that the best place for life on Mars might be more than a kilometre below its surface, where an entire network of subglacial lakes has been discovered.
Mars was not always so cold and dry as it is now. There are abundant signs that water flowed across its surface in the distant past, but today you’d struggle to find even any crevices that you could call moist.
There is nevertheless plenty of water on Mars today, but it’s virtually all frozen, so not much use for life. Even in places where the noon-time temperature creeps above freezing, surface signs of liquid water are frustratingly rare. This is because the atmospheric pressure on Mars is too slight to confine water in its liquid state, so ice usually turns directly into vapour when heated.
Lakes beneath ice
It is beginning to look as if the most favourable place for liquid water on Mars is beneath its vast south polar ice cap. On Earth, such lakes began to be discovered in Antarctica in the 1970s, where nearly 400 are now known. Most of these have been found by “radio echo sounding” (essentially radar), in which equipment on a survey aircraft emits radio pulses.
Part of the signal reflects back from the ice surface, but some is reflected from further below – especially strongly where there is a boundary between ice and underlying liquid water. Antarctica’s largest subglacial lake is Lake Vostok – which is 240km long, 50km wide and hundreds of metres deep – located 4km below the surface.
Radar satellite image revealing Lake Vostok below the Antarctic ice. The area shown is about 300km across. (Image credit: NASA)
Indications of similar lakes below the southern polar ice cap of Mars were first suggested by radar reflections 1.5km below the ice surface in a region named Ultimi Scopuli. These were detected between May 2012 and December 2015 by MARSIS (Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding), an instrument carried by the European Space Agency’s Mars Express that has been orbiting the planet since 2003.
A 4km wide area in Ultimi Scopuli: strange ice texture gives no clue as to presence of liquid water 1.5km below. (Image credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)
The new study of MARSIS data using signal processing techniques that take account of both the intensity and the sharpness (“acuity”) of the reflections has demonstrated that the previously detected region does indeed mark the top of a liquid body. This is the Ultimi Scopuli subglacial lake, and there seem also to be smaller patches of liquid nearby in the 250km by 300km area covered by the survey. The authors suggest that the liquid bodies consist of hypersaline solutions, in which high concentrations of salts are dissolved in water.
They point out that salts of calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium are known to be ubiquitous in the martian soil, and that dissolved salts could help to explain how subglacial lakes on Mars can remain liquid despite the low temperature at the base of the ice cap. The weight of the overlying ice would supply the pressure necessary to keep the water in liquid state rather than turning to vapour.
Life in subglacial lakes?
Lake Vostok is touted as a possible habitat for life that has been isolated from the Earth’s surface for millions of years, and as an analogue for proposed environments habitable by microbes (and possibly more complex organisms) in the internal oceans of icy moons such as Jupiter’s Europa and Saturn’s Enceladus.
Mars’s south polar ice cap as seen by the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) on April 17, 2000. (Image credit: NASA)
Although hypersaline water would give microbes a place to live below Mars’ south polar cap, without an energy (food) source of some kind they could not survive. Chemical reactions between water and rock might release some energy but probably not enough; it would help if there was an occasional volcanic eruption, or at least hot spring, feeding into lake.
We lack evidence of this on Mars, unlike on Europa and Enceladus. Although the new findings make Mars even more interesting than before, they haven’t advanced its ranking in the list of solar system bodies most likely to host life.
That said, the salty water could act as a preservation chamber – helping us find alien organisms that are now extinct but once came to Mars from other parts of the solar system.
As humanity continues to explore planets beyond the solar system — exoplanets — investigations into conditions on these worlds become increasingly complex. This includes the question of whether these exoplanets can support life.
New research has identified which stars would be most likely to host planets with the necessary conditions for habitability, based upon that star’s stellar activity and crucially the rate at which such activity strips away a planet’s atmosphere.
“We wanted to figure out how planets lose their atmospheres from extreme ultraviolet radiation and estimate their impact on their potential to host life,” Dimitra Atri, a researcher from the Space Science at NYU Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), tells ZME Science. “We focused on a channel of escape called hydrodynamic escape where stellar radiation heats up the planet’s atmosphere and a part of it escapes into space.”
An artist’s conception of HD 209458 b, an exoplanet whose atmosphere is being torn off at more than 35,000 km/hour by the radiation of its close-by parent star. This hot Jupiter was the first alien world discovered via the transit method, and the first planet to have its atmosphere studied. [NASA/European Space Agency/Alfred Vidal-Madjar (Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS)]
Atri is the author of a paper published in the journal Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, which analyzes flare emissions using data collected by NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) observatory ultimately helping to determine where else in the Universe life is most likely to prosper.
Harbouring Life: A Question of Water Retention
Planet habitability is closely associated with that world’s ability to hold liquid water. That means that factors which can boil away that water or cause it to be lost to space reduce that habitability. The habitable zone of a star’s environment is defined as the range at which a planet can orbit and still possess liquid water. This means not too hot or too cold — criteria that led to the alternative name for such regions, the Goldilocks zone.
Yet, distance and a star’s luminosity are not the only factors which can affect a planet’s ability to hold liquid water. Space weather — including solar flares — is another determining element, one that as of yet is not well understood. “Flares erode planetary atmospheres,” Atri says. “A substantial atmosphere is needed to sustain liquid water on a planet’s surface. Flares reduce those chances and make planets less habitable.”
Betelgeuse a type H 1-2 star similar to those Atri found jettison frequent XUV flares which can strip an exoplanet’s atmosphere reducing conditions for habitability (NASA/SDO)
What Atri, alongside coauthor and graduate student Shane Carberry Mogan, discovered was that whilst luminosity from a star was still the primary driving factor in atmosphere stripping, flares were a more important factor for some stars than others. In particular, they discovered that flares from M0-M4 stars — cool, red stars like Betelgeuse — were more likely to strip an orbiting planet’s atmosphere.
The duo determined that more frequent, lower energy flares in the extreme ultraviolet region (XUV) of the electromagnetic spectrum were more effective at stripping a planet’s atmosphere and thus reducing its habitability than less frequent, higher energy outbursts. XUV radiation strikes a planet’s atmosphere heating it. This causes hydrodynamic escape, pushing out light atoms first, which through collision and other drag effects also pull out heavier molecules.
“We find that for most stars, luminosity-induced escape is the main loss mechanism, with a minor contribution from flares,” Atri explains. “However, flares dominate the loss mechanism of around 20 per cent of M4–M10 stars.
“M0–M4 stars are most likely to completely erode both their proto- and secondary atmospheres, whilst M4–M10 stars are least likely to erode secondary atmospheres.”
The study also highlights the fact that better modelling of the factors that affect an exoplanet’s atmosphere is needed. Determining the systems and planets most likely to harbour life will play an important factor in selecting targets for the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope — set to launch on October 31st 2021 — and the ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) currently under construction in the Acatma desert, Chile.
“The next research step would be to expand our data set to analyze stellar flares from a larger variety of stars to see the long-term effects of stellar activity, and to identify more potentially habitable exoplanets,” adds Atri.
The researcher also points out that the continued investigation of how planets lose their atmosphere could also focus on a target closer to home, our nearest neighbour, Mars. “Since it is extremely difficult to observe the escape process in exoplanets, we are planning to study this phenomenon in great detail on Mars with the UAE’s Hope mission,” the researcher says, explaining how observations from Mars missions can be used to better understand atmospheric escape and how this knowledge can be applied to exoplanets.“We will then apply our understanding of atmospheric escape to exoplanets and estimate the impact of extreme UV radiation on planetary habitability.”
An artist’s illustration of UAE’s Tess probe approaching the surface of Mars. Atri believes this investigation could yeild important data about exoplanet habitability. (Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre)
Further to the question of habitability, the study begins to address the wider question of the dynamics of stars and their planetary systems and the evolution of such arrangements. “Given the close proximity of exoplanets to host stars, it is vital to understand how space weather events tied to those stars can affect the habitability of the exoplanet,” Atri concludes. “Stars and planets are very tightly coupled in a number of ways and an improved understanding of this coupling are absolutely necessary to find habitable planets in our Galaxy and beyond.”
Book of Enoch: manuscript would reveal that angels were aliens
Book of Enoch: manuscript would reveal that angels were aliens
The debate about angels continues; While religions maintain that they were the closest beings to God , there is more and more evidence that could show that they were extraterrestrial beings or the ancient astronauts who visited us in the past.
Many people have wondered in recent years what are angels or why some “fell” to Earth? According to ancient scriptures, the fallen angels defied God .
They committed different sins like lust, in addition to doing everything that was forbidden to them. They maintained relationships with humans , in addition they taught him different knowledge that was destined to be only theirs.
If we analyze these words, we could say that the evolution of human beings depended directly on the interaction of “angels”, an almost identical resemblance to the theories of the ancient astronauts and their intervention in humanity.
What are the fallen angels?
According to the Bible , the fallen angels are those who turned away from God , questioning him. This led to their being banished from heaven and many of them were sent to hell.
Since the translations of ancient texts in 1800, which were discovered in Ethiopia in 1768, the Book of Enoch is the main source to know more about these beings who came to Earth from the skies.
However, just as it has served religion for its theological studies, it has also served academics to strengthen theories related to extraterrestrials .
Several copies were discovered in 1948 among the Dead Sea scrolls. This has led us to think that we may be able to trace accounts that bear a great deal of resemblance to ancient Sumerian stories .
In fact, in the book of Enoch you can read about the origin of the giants , mostly known as the Nephilim and how they represented a hybrid race that was born as a result of the relationship between humans and these “angels”.
The development of humanity since the appearance of the “angels”
In addition to their strange arrival from the heavens, similar to the arrival of the Sumerian “gods” or other cultures and who are responsible for the birth of a hybrid race , such as the Nephilim, the angels, according to the book of Enoch, they are directly responsible for humanity’s beginning its evolution .
It details how it was they who taught humanity to work metal , being able to make swords, knives, shields, armor. They also learned to use “magic medicine” , to cut the roots to heal, astrology , specific knowledge about our Solar System, the passage of the stars and the path of the Sun and the Moon.
An extract from the ancient texts reads as follows:
And Azazel taught men to make swords and knives, and shields, and breastplates, and made known to them the metals of the Earth and the art of working bracelets, and ornaments, and the use of antimony, and the beautification of the eyelids, and all kinds of precious stones, and all coloring tinctures. And there was much wickedness, and they committed fornication, and they were led astray, and were corrupted in all their ways. Semjaza taught incantations and root cuts, Armaros the resolution of incantations, Baraqijal, taught astrology, Kôkabêl the constellations, Ezeqeel the knowledge of the clouds, Araqiel the signs of the Earth, Shamsiel the signs of the sun, and Sariel the course of the moon ”.
Angels Ancient astronauts
More and more people are sure that the ancient stories that refer to angels really speak of aliens. The descriptions, their way of acting.
All the characteristics related to the beings of other worlds fit perfectly with the description, not only of the angels, but of the ancient gods of all ancient religions.
According to Erich von Däniken , there are certain artifacts and constructions that reveal the level of intelligence and technology that these beings possessed, which helped humanity to develop; An example of these are the same pyramids in Egypt or monuments such as Puma Punku in Bolivia.
The academic also maintains that all the ancient art and iconography found in the ruins around the world, show a story almost identical to that read in the Bible, only that in it you can see graphic illustrations of flying artifacts and technologically advanced.
The Bible also mentions great technologically advanced artifacts that, even today, would be impossible to replicate, such as the Ark of the Covenant ; .a The Bible speaks of that almost magical object that protected an entire people that traveled with it.
Von Däniken is sure that this device was an instrument that worked with radioactivity , which was so advanced that it could transform organic matter into a food as valuable as manna.
An artifact that sparked wars and then mysteriously disappeared and that, to this day, still does not give any indication of its location.
Many religions are interpretations of older ones; the oldest accounts that the Bible give an almost literal explanation of how beings, of almost divine appearance, came down from the heavens and helped humanity to develop. Why not believe the story of the angels refers to these same beings? Religion has been in charge of eliminating this thought from its faithful, but not in the critical mind.
A meteorite that lit up the night sky in the US Midwest in 2018 contains ‘pristine’ organic compounds that may offer clues to how life formed on Earth, according to researchers (via the Independent). It was spotted by motorists and others in several states after producing a fireball and loud explosion on January 18, 2018. Thanks to some quick thinking and action, the rocks were quickly in the hands of researchers before they could be contaminated.
Less than two days after it streaked across the sky, meteorite hunter Robert Ward found the first piece resting on the frozen surface of Strawberry Lake near Hamburg, Michigan. He was able to pinpoint the location by using NASA’s weather radar, as the meteorite chunks were similar in size to hail. He quickly got it to the Field Museum in Chicago, where curator Philipp Heck quickly set about studying it.
“This meteorite is special because it fell onto a frozen lake and was recovered quickly. It was very pristine. We could see the minerals weren't much altered and later found that it contained a rich inventory of extraterrestrial organic compounds,” Heck said in a statement. “These kinds of organic compounds were likely delivered to the early Earth by meteorites and might have contributed to the ingredients of life.”
The researchers determined that it was a rare H4 chondrite meteorite, representing only four percent of those found on Earth. The initial analysis determined that it contained over 2,600 separate organic compounds that were still intact despite the intense heat created when it blazed through the atmosphere. They also found that it likely broke off 12 million years ago from its parent asteroid, which formed 4.5 billion years earlier.
A lot of scientists were able to probe the rock using different techniques, “so we have an unusually comprehensive set of data for a single meteorite,” said Heck.
While the meteorite was as clean as one that lands on Earth can be, scientists are especially anxious to get their hands on a truly pristine specimen from the source — space. That’s scheduled to happen in 2023. when the NASA spacecraft Osiris-REx is set to return to Earth after it successfully grabbed and stowed a chunk of regolith from the asteroid Bennu.
My previous article was on the subject of how the Women in Black, the M.I.B., and the Black Eyed Children may have a medical condition not at all too dissimilar to albinism. Today, I’m going to share with you something else very strange about all three of those particular groups. It’s their undeniable ability to control our minds. I’ll start with the BEC. It was in the late 1990s when the phenomenon of theBlack Eyed Children first surfaced. It should be noted, though, that claims of earlier encounters have been made. For those who may not know, the BEC are described as young children – almost always around the ages of about ten to thirteen. They wear black hoodies. Their skin is pale. Their primary goal is to get inside the home of the targeted individual. And they almost always attempt to do so at night. I have 17 reports of BEC cases. They cover the period 2002 to 2019. In all of the reports I received, there was one very creepy angle to the activities of the BEC. It was that aforementioned issue of the BEC trying to get inside the home of the person in their sights.
Of course, most people would not even consider letting a few hoodie-wearing kids in late at night, and when darkness has fallen. The weird thing, however, is that people do let them in. I should stress that in most of the cases the BEC fail to get inside. In some incidents, though, they do manage to get inside. And that’s when things get really weird. The reason: those strange and sinister kids seem to have the ability to mind-control their victims. People recall – often in a hazy, dream-like state – letting them in, but having no understanding of precisely why they let them in. There are enough such incidents to make a good case that these kids are not what they appear to be. One man, who was extremely distressed by his encounter with two BEC in his home in San Antonio, Texas in November 2013, told me that he believed – by inviting them in – he had been forced into a kind of unholy “agreement” with the BEC. He even mused on the possibility that, in his own words, “…My soul was taken.” He had no real understanding of why he came to that conclusion. Only that he had entered into something akin to a Faustian pact that was out of his control.
Now, let’s have a look at one particular way in which a Women in Black took control of her victim back in the 1970s. Our story specifically goes back to October 23, 1971. The press said at the time: “A part-time housekeeper at President Nixon’s Key Biscayne retreat has testified she was put in a hypnotic daze by a stranger who told her to shoplift four dresses. Shirley Cromartie, 32, and a mother of three, pleaded no contest Thursday and was given a suspended sentence after law enforcement officers and a psychiatrist testified they believed she was telling the truth. Mrs. Cromartie holds a security clearance to work in the Florida White House, according to testimony. She said a woman met her in a parking lot and asked the time, then ordered her to take the items and bring them to her.” Like so many Women in Black, this one wore a long black wig and used mind-control abilities to enslave her target. John Keel, of The Mothman Prophecies, took a great deal of interest in this case, saying in his classic book that it all amounted to “not some small demonstration for the benefit of President Nixon.”
As for the Men in Black, there’s the matter of a certain UFO researcher/author: Trevor James Constable. In the early 1960s Constable said of the Albert Bender/M.I.B affair of the 1950s: “It is difficult indeed for me, as an occultist with some firsthand experience of this field of UFOs, to sort out Bender’s journeys back and forth across the threshold line between the physical and the astral. A biometric examination of Al Bender would probably indicate similar things to what it revealed about certain other researchers – total inability to distinguish between events on two planes of reality. Bender’s honesty I do not for a moment doubt. His discrimination I would deem non-existent. It seems almost incredible that the man could relate the full story of the construction of his chamber of horrors in the attic in the way Bender has. This is what convinces me of his honesty. Nothing could be more logical, in an occult way, than that the invisible entities he invited by the preparation of this locale, should indeed manifest to him, and thereafter proceed to obsess him for a protracted period, using hypnotic techniques that brought the man completely under their control [italics mine].”
Women warriors hunted and slaughtered big game in the Andes some 9,000 years ago, a burial site containing projectile points and butchery tools has revealed.
The remains of the 17–19 year old hunter and her artefacts were found in a grave at the high-altitude archaeological site of Wilamaya Patjxa, in what is today Peru.
She was found with tools including stone projectile points for felling large animals, a knife, and implements for gutting an animal and scraping or tanning hides.
It had long been assumed that — among early human hunter-gatherer societies — it was the men who did the former while the women undertook the latter task.
However, the find — along with an analysis of early burial practices more broadly — 'overturns the long-held "man-the-hunter" hypothesis', the US researchers said.
It is possible that nine millennia ago the hunters of Wilamaya Patjxa may have hunted vicuña — animals related to llamas and camels — which still roam the Andes today.
Women warriors hunted and slaughtered big game in the Andes some 9,000 years ago, as depicted, a burial site containing projectile points and butchery tools has revealed
'We believe that these findings are particularly timely in light of contemporary conversations surrounding gendered labour practices and inequality,' said paper author and anthropologist Randy Haas of the the University of California, Davis.
'Labour practices among recent hunter-gatherer societies are highly gendered, which might lead some to believe that sexist inequalities in things like pay or rank are somehow "natural" ', he commented.
'But it's now clear that sexual division of labour was fundamentally different — likely more equitable — in our species' deep hunter-gatherer past.'
Professor Haas and colleagues — with in collaboration with the local Mulla Fasiri community — discovered the warrior woman's burial, complete with its hunting 'toolkit' — during excavations at Wilamaya Patjxa back in 2018.
The researchers noted that the objects that accompanying people to their graves in death tend to also be those that they made use of in life.
The team determined that the hunter's remains were likely those of a woman based on the structure of the bones — a conclusion that was later validated by analysing the proteins found in samples of the individual's teeth.
Analysis of the woman's bones also found isotopic evidence of meat consumption, which the researchers said supports the conclusion that she was a hunter.
The team also found another hunter's burial site — this one occupied by the remains of a man — believed to be around 25–30 years of age.
'Our findings have made me rethink the most basic organizational structure of ancient hunter-gatherer groups,' Professor Haas said.
“Among historic and contemporary hunter-gatherers, it is almost always the case that males are the hunters and females are the gatherers.
'Because of this – and likely because of sexist assumptions about division of labour in western society – archaeological findings of females with hunting tools just didn't fit prevailing worldviews.'
'It took a strong case to help us recognize that the archaeological pattern indicated actual female hunting behaviour.'
The remains of the hunter and her artefacts were found in a grave at the high-altitude archaeological site of Wilamaya Patjxa, in what is today Peru, pictured
It had long been assumed that — among early human hunter-gatherer societies — it was the men who did the former while the women undertook the latter task. Pictured, the tools unearthed from the burial pit, among which are projectile points (Nos. 1–7), unmodified flakes (8–10), retouched flakes (11–13), a possible backed knife (14), thumbnail scrapers (15 & 16), scrapers/choppers (17–19), burnishing stones (17, 20 & 21), and red ochre nodules (22–24)
The teenage female hunter was discovered with a hunting toolkit at the Wilamaya Patjxa in southern Peru.
The unexpected discovery of that one of the hunters' graves belonged to a woman prompted the team to investigate whether this case was a one-off — or whether women warriors were actually more common than was initially thought.
Consulting records of similar late Pleistocene and early Holocene burials that had been excavated across both North and South America, the researchers counted 429 individuals that had been laid to rest across 107 different sites.
Of this people, 27 had been buried alongside big-game hunting tools — with 11 being women and 15 men.
It is possible that nine millennia ago the hunters of Wilamaya Patjxa may have hunted vicuña (pictured) — animals related to llamas and camels — which still roam the Andes today
The find — along with an analysis of early burial practices more broadly — 'overturns the long-held "man-the-hunter" hypothesis', the US researchers said. Pictured, the Wilamaya Patjxa site
This sample, the researchers concluded, is sufficient to 'warrant the conclusion that female participation in early big-game hunting was likely non-trivial.'
Statistical analysis of the record of ancient hunter gathers concluded that between 30–50 per cent of hunters in these populations were women — a result in stark contrast to the same figures for recent hunter gathers, which are typically lower.
Even in agricultural and capitalist societies, hunting is usually a male-dominated activity with low levels of participation from women.
The researcher's review also revealed that the woman buried at Wilamaya Patjxa represents the earliest-known hunter burial in the Americas.
'We believe that these findings are particularly timely in light of contemporary conversations surrounding gendered labour practices and inequality,' said paper author and anthropologist Randy Haas of the the University of California, Davis. Pictured, researchers sift for remains at the Wilamaya Patjxa excavation site in the Andes
According to the researchers, their findings may shine light on the division of labour in early human societies — but such also raises new questions that need answers.
With their initial study complete, the team are now looking to explore how the sexual division of labour — and the consequences of such — varied across the early hunter-gatherer populations of the Americas, and how it changed with time.
The full findings of the study were published in the journal Science Advances.
The remains of the hunter and her artefacts were found in a grave at the high-altitude archaeological site of Wilamaya Patjxa, in what is today Peru
Researchers at the Wilamaya Patjxa archaeological site in Peru found an ancient grave that contained the remains of a female along with several weapons. What’s so interesting was the fact that she was a teenage hunter who died when she was between 17 and 19 years of age.
This discovery proves that women were just as good at hunting large animals as men were in ancient times around 9,000 years ago. It has been long believed that men hunted large animals while women gathered plants and herbs; however, this new discovery proves that females were able to hunt just like males. She was buried with several tools that included stone projectile points, butchery tools, and a knife. (Pictures of the archaeological site as well as the weapons found in the burial can be seen here.)
Randy Haas, who is an anthropologist from the University of California, Davis, and an author of the study, stated how significant this discovery was in regards to gender, “We believe that these findings are particularly timely in light of contemporary conversations surrounding gendered labor practices and inequality.” “Labor practices among recent hunter-gatherer societies are highly gendered, which might lead some to believe that sexist inequalities in things like pay or rank are somehow ‘natural’.” “But it’s now clear that sexual division of labor was fundamentally different — likely more equitable — in our species’ deep hunter-gatherer past.”
After the discovery of the grave, researchers were curious as to how common women hunters actually were in ancient times so they looked through old records of hunter-gatherer burials that date back to the late Pleistocene period (that finished approximately 11,700 years ago) and the early Holocene period (that started around 12,000 to 11,500 years ago). They analyzed the reports of 429 people who were buried in 107 locations around the Americas and they found that 27 of them were buried with big-game hunting weapons. And of those 27 skeletons, 11 were female. What’s even more amazing is that they calculated that between 30% and 50% of hunters during that time were in fact women.
In an interview with Live Science, Kathleen Sterling, who is an associate professor of anthropology at Binghamton University in New York but was not involved with the study, weighed in by stating, “This study should help convince people that women participated in big-game hunts.”
The study was published in the journal Science Advances where it can be read in full.
The CIA On Time Travel And The Holographic Reality - The Gateway Process
The CIA On Time Travel And The Holographic Reality - The Gateway Process
The “Analysis and Assessment of Gateway Process” was declassified by the CIA in 2017 This Gateway Process was a meditation lesson that taught humans to harness their own electromagnetic energy waves which come from their body. It also taught them how to control brain waves, and use them to, essentially, detach from time and space.
As the body is turned into a coherent oscillator vibrating in harmony with the surrounding electrostatic medium, the specific exercises included in the Gateway process allow the participant to build up the energy field surrounding their body, presumably by using energy from the earth’s resonant field (the same resonant field that was the basis for much of Nikola Tesla’s work) which the body then entrains because of its ability to resonate with it. This is big.
Aside from the obvious question of what nefarious purpose the CIA was hoping to achieve with this process, it’s hard to miss the deduction of what detaching the from time and space means — fourth dimensional travel with all that it implies (heaven, afterlife, a different dimension). This talks about many ideas such as binaural technologies, the law of attraction.
Hey guys, thanks for stoping by and visiting my site. Last night I found something I just had to share. Two large white objects on a crater floor that just scream out ancient aliens. One object has a square base with a round almost radar like sphere dome on it. The other is more significant because its a pyramid-like space ship that is hover...yes you read that right...hovering over the surface of the moon. Thats easy to see for yourself by looking at the shadow below it and compare it with the shadow of the other building I just described. 100% undeniable proof that aliens exist on Earths moon right now!
Demi Lovato Believes Extraterrestrials Will Save Humanity From Apocalypse If A Percent of World Population Mediate Hard
Demi Lovato Believes Extraterrestrials Will Save Humanity From Apocalypse If A Percent of World Population Mediate Hard
Demi Lovato is having a great time in her recent Instagram post coming back from a meditation retreat in the California desert, where she was primarily thinking about aliens. Now, after receiving her communication from the aliens zipping around our atmosphere, she wants everyone to join with her meditation so that the government will tell us extraterrestrials are real. Then the extraterrestrials can save us from worldwide destruction.
A few days ago, Lovato wrote on Instagram that she was in Joshua Tree for a few days with alien truther and UFO documentarian Steven Greer. Greer has released various films about his work, including 2017’s Unacknowledged and 2020’s Close Encounters of the Fifth Kind, both of which covered Greer’s alleged encounters with aliens and the related government cover-ups.
Lovato said she has “dug deep into the science of consciousness and experienced not only peace and serenity like I’ve never known, but I also have witnessed the most incredibly profound sightings both in the sky as well as feet away from me.” Now, she encourages fans and followers to meditate. She said that if 1% of the population meditate and make contact, our governments would be forced to acknowledge the truth about alien life among us and change our very negative path towards our planet’s destruction.
Hot, active volcanoes produce almost half of Jupiter’s moon Io’s sulfur atmosphere, according to new observations using the ALMA telescope. The rest comes from cold sulfur deposits that freeze on the surface, then sublimate in sunlight.
Composite image of Io and Jupiter (Jupiter image from the Cassini spacecraft, Io image from the new research). Sulfur dioxide plumes from Io’s volcanoes are seen in yellow.
Image via ALMA (ESO/ NAOJ/ NRAO)/ I. de Pater et al./ NRAO/ AUI NSF/ S. Dagnello/ NASA/ ESA/ UC Berkeley.
Io, one of the four large Galilean moonsof Jupiter, is the most volcanically active body in our solar system, even more so than Earth. It has over 400 active volcanoes and is often described as hellish. Io also has an extremely thin atmosphere, composed mostly of sulfur dioxide (SO2). This little world’s volcanoes regularly spew sulfur dioxide into its atmosphere. Still, scientists weren’t sure whether the atmosphere stems from hot sulfur dioxide coming directly from the volcanoes, or cold sulfur dioxide which accumulates on Io’s surface and freezes before sublimating into the atmosphere. Now they’ve determined it’s both.
Using the ALMA telescope in Chile, researchers at the University of California, Berkeley have announced that up to half of the sulfur dioxide in Io’s atmosphere comes directly from its volcanoes. The results have been published in two new peer-reviewed papers accepted for publication in The Planetary Science Journal, which you can read here and here.
It was not known which process drives the dynamics in Io’s atmosphere. Is it volcanic activity, or gas that sublimates from the icy surface when Io is in sunlight? What we show is that, actually, volcanoes do have a large impact on the atmosphere.
The answer, it turns out, is both.
Some of the sulfur dioxide does indeed freeze out onto the surface, the researchers found. This happens when Io passes through Jupiter’s shadow every 42 hours. When Io was being observed by the researchers on March 20, 2018, they noticed that radio emissions from the sulfur dioxide dropped exponentially. This meant that Io’s lower atmosphere, 6-12 miles (10-20 km) in altitude, collapsed and froze onto the surface.
The temperature during this period fell to -270 degrees Fahrenheit (-168 degrees Celsius), cold enough for sulfur dioxide to freeze. Io’s surface is typically about -230 degrees Fahrenheit (-150 degrees Celsius). Cold, but not quite cold enough for the sulfur dioxide to freeze out.
On September 2 and 11, 2018, the sulfur dioxide emissions rose again within 10 minutes after Io emerged from Jupiter’s shadow back into sunlight. De Pater said:
As soon as Io gets into sunlight, the temperature increases, and you get all this SO2 ice subliming into gas, and you reform the atmosphere in about 10 minutes’ time, faster than what models had predicted.
That explains where some of the frozen sulfur dioxide comes from. But the researchers noticed something else as well. ALMA detected abundant sulfur dioxide over the volcanoes, as well as low levels of the gas globally in Io’s atmosphere. This suggested that the more widespread gas was originating from unseen or “stealth” volcanoes. They emit sulfur dioxide, but not other smoke or particles that can be easily seen.
Right now, the researchers think that extra gas is coming from such stealth volcanoes, although they couldn’t completely rule out the possibility that it could be sulfur dioxide that isn’t completely condensing out onto the surface. As de Pater noted:
The SO2 that we see with ALMA when Io is in eclipse is at a very low level, and we can’t say if that is stealth volcanism or caused by SO2 not completely condensing out.
Io, as seen by the Galileo spacecraft on September 19, 1997.
Earlier observations from the Keck Observatory from last July, however, supported the stealth volcanism scenario. Keck detected abundant sulfur monoxide (SO) over the volcanoes, as well as widespread in the atmosphere. The researchers say that sunlight breaks the sulfur-oxygen bond in the sulfur dioxide that has been ejected hundreds of kilometers above the surface, creating the sulfur monoxide. De Pater said:
But then, when we looked at the SO with Keck, we can only explain the SO emissions, which are widespread on the surface, through this stealth volcanism, because excitation of the SO requires a very high temperature.
By observing Io in its orbit around Jupiter as it moved into and then out of Jupiter’s shadow, the researchers were able to figure out how much of the moon’s sulfur dioxide deposits came from freezing out on the surface and how much came from stealth or other volcanoes.Statia Luszcz-Cook from Columbia University in New York said:
When Io passes into Jupiter’s shadow, and is out of direct sunlight, it is too cold for sulfur dioxide gas, and it condenses onto Io’s surface. During that time, we can only see volcanically-sourced sulfur dioxide. We can, therefore, see exactly how much of the atmosphere is impacted by volcanic activity.
A volcanic eruption on Io, caught by Galileo’s cameras on June 28, 1997.
By using ALMA, scientists were able to “see,” for the first time, plumes of both sulfur dioxide and sulfur monoxide coming up from Io’s volcanoes. Two of those volcanoes, Karei Patera and Daedalus Patera, were erupting in March, and a third volcano was active in September.
The researchers now calculate that 30% to 50% of Io’s atmosphere is produced directly by active volcanoes.
A third gas, potassium chloride (KCI), was also detected by ALMA, and is a common component of lava. According to Luszcz-Cook:
We see KCI in volcanic regions where we do not see SO2 or SO. This is strong evidence that the magma reservoirs are different under different volcanoes.
The scientists are eager to learn more about Io’s magma as well, and are planning to observe the moon at additional radio wavelengths. These can probe several inches beneath the surface and provide clues about what Io’s magma is composed of and its temperature. They also want to know more about the temperature of Io’s lower atmosphere. De Pater said:
To measure the temperature of Io’s atmosphere, we need to obtain a higher resolution in our observations, which requires that we observe the moon for a longer period of time. We can only do this when Io is in sunlight, since it does not spend much time in eclipse. During such an observation, Io will rotate by tens of degrees. We will need to apply software that helps us make unsmeared images. We have done this previously with radio images of Jupiter made with ALMA and the Very Large Array.
How can a small moon like Io, way out in the outer solar system, have active volcanoes? Io is volcanically active due to tidal heating. The same side of Io faces Jupiter, just like the same side of the moon always faces Earth. The gravitational pull of Jupiter, as well as the moons Europa and Ganymede, creates tremendous friction and heating inside Io.
Io was last observed up close by NASA’s Galileo mission in the late 1990s/early 2000s. The current Juno orbiter has seen Io from farther away, but its primary mission is to observe Jupiter itself in detail as it orbits the giant planet. It has taken some cool images from a distance though.
Imke de Pater at the University of California, Berkeley, who lead the new study.
The new results help to solve the mystery of how Io’s atmosphere forms and how its volcanoes play a major part in that. But there are still many more questions to be answered – and new ones to be asked – about the solar system’s most active volcanic hotspot.
Bottom line:Active volcanoes produce almost half of Io’s sulfur atmosphere, according to new observations using ALMA.
Mysterious repeating bursts of radio waves that fire in random patterns might come from neutron stars blasting asteroids with magnetic winds that travel at nearly the speed of light, a new study finds.
Fast radio bursts, or FRBs, are intense pulses of radio waves that can give off more energy in a few thousandths of a second than the sun does in nearly a century. Scientists only discovered FRBs in 2007, and much remains unknown about their origins because of their brief existence.
Since fast radio bursts are rare and bright — the're visible across millions or even billions of light-years — researchers have often assumed they originate from cataclysmic events, such as stellar flares or colliding neutron stars. (Neutron stars are corpses of stars that died in catastrophic explosions known as supernovas; the gravity of these stellar remnants is powerful enough to crush protons and electrons together to form neutrons.)
The mystery of fast radio bursts deepened when scientists discovered the first repeating fast radio burst in 2016. When astronomers see repeating patterns in celestial events, they often think celestial mechanics might play a role — say, a planet completing an orbit around its star, or a fast-spinning neutron star known as a pulsar that blasts radio waves from its magnetic poles, flashing like a lighthouse as seen from the perspective of Earth.
But the radio bursts in the 2016 event, strangely, had random timing.
Asteroids and neutron stars
Now researchers suggest that asteroids orbiting neutron stars might help explain at least some repeating fast radio bursts, even those with random timing. The key to this concept is that strong winds of particles often blow outward not just from live stars like our sun but from dead ones as well, such as pulsars. Since pulsars are highly magnetic, their winds are too, and since pulsars spin rapidly, completing up to hundreds of revolutions per second, their winds can blast out at relativistic speeds — that is, at nearly the speed of light.
An artist's depiction of a pulsar. (Image credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center)
The scientists calculated that an object orbiting a pulsar — perhaps an asteroid — would carve a wake in the pulsar's wind. An electric current would circulate around this wake, and when the pulsar's wind crosses this wake, the researchers calculated, the resulting magnetic disturbances would generate a very narrow and extremely intense beam of radio waves.
The researchers noted that asteroids 0.6 to 6 miles wide (1 to 10 kilometers) orbiting their pulsars at one astronomical unit (AU) or closer would generate fast radio bursts of the intensities detected to date, especially if the pulsars had powerful magnetic fields. (One AU is the average distance between Earth and the sun, which is about 93 million miles or 150 million kilometers.)
The scientists noted that asteroids zipping through a pulsar's highly magnetic, superfast winds would continuously generate intense radio beams. But astronomers on Earth would only see these beams as bursts, during the rare instances when the neutron stars, asteroids and telescopes on Earth happened to line up.
"The short duration of the radio bursts is caused by the short time during which we observers are in the radio beam," study lead author Fabrice Mottez, an astrophysicist at the French National Center for Scientific Research and the Paris Observatory, told Space.com.
Facing the magnetar winds
The researchers also explored what repeating fast radio bursts might look like when created by asteroids flying through the highly magnetic, highly relativistic winds of magnetars, a rare type of neutron star that are the strongest magnets in the cosmos. They found asteroids around magnetars could generate fast radio bursts about a thousand times more powerful than the strongest one seen to date.
This visualization shows the magnetic lines of a magnetar. (Image credit: Ryuunosuke Takeshige)
If this explanation is correct, the random patterns in repeating fast radio bursts are likely caused by a cluster of asteroids interfering with the neutron star's winds, the scientists noted, rather than a single rock. "In our model, there are a few hundred asteroids, each of them having its own beam," Mottez said. A moon-laden exoplanet around a pulsar or magnetar could also explain the phenomenon, the researchers noted.
Gravitational interactions between asteroids in swarms might lead to irregularities in each of their orbits that would also lead to unevenness in the timing of any bursts that astronomers detected, Mottez said.
In addition, the magnetic fields of pulsar and magnetar winds would fluctuate regularly in time with the rates these neutron stars spin at, which in turn would influence the directions of the radio beams from any orbiting object, potentially making the timing look more random, he added. Another cause of randomness, maybe the most important, would be wind turbulence, he said.
The scientists detailed their findings in a paper accepted on Oct. 7 by the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, which was also posted to the preprint server arXiv.org.
Follow Charles Q. Choi on Twitter @cqchoi.
Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
SCIENTISTS THINK THEY'VE FINALLY SOLVED A 99 MILLION-YEAR-OLD FOSSIL MYSTERY
SCIENTISTS THINK THEY'VE FINALLY SOLVED A 99 MILLION-YEAR-OLD FOSSIL MYSTERY
Meet the albie — a highly unusual amphibian with a wild, slingshot tongue.
IN 2016, RESEARCHERS ANNOUNCED a landmark discovery made at a site in Myanmar: They had found 99 million-year-old chameleons, preserved in amber.
Fossils preserved in amber offer a far clearer glimpse at the ancient animal world than fossils embedded in rock or individual bones, but that doesn't mean mistakes cannot be made.
Now, a new paper published Thursday in the journal Science reveals the original study's researchers have a confession to make: These are not chameleons.
In fact, they are something else entirely.
Identifying a fossil animal's species is a complexprocess at best. Especially when you're dealing with 99-million-year-old fossils preserved in amber.
Juan Diego Daza is an assistant professor of biological sciences at Sam Houston State University and was the lead author on the 2016 study. Published in Science Advances, Daza and his colleagues reported the discovery of a dozen amber-bound fossils from Myanmar dating back to mid-Cretaceous period.
Amber is "good for trapping small and elusive animals that you won’t be able to find under other methods of fossilization," Daza tells Inverse. "These animals are so small that their chances of being fossilized with other methods — for example, normal, hard-rock fossils — would be very difficult."
An image of the fossils from the 2016 paper.
Daza et al (2016)
Amber is also great for trapping other objects that can yield important clues to these animals' environments — a single grain of sand may reveal a beach habitat, for example, while a chance fly may suggest the fossilized animal's preferred prey.
But amber is no snow globe. With its dark, variable orange hue and rounded form, amber visually distorts the things it contains, making it difficult to easily identify details about the animals preserved within. This is made even harder when handling juvenile specimens, the bones of which would not have been fully developed when they were trapped.
Cut back to 2016. Daza and his colleagues were fairly confident that one of the fossils they found — which sported a nifty tongue bone — was an ancient chameleon.
It turns out that they were wrong.
FORENSIC FOSSILS
After publishing the 2016, Daza got a call. Another paleontologist, Susan Evans, had some bad (and good) news: Daza's chameleon was in fact a long-extinct species of amphibian — albanerpetontids, also known by the cute moniker "albies."
"The albanerpetontids — they’re very unusual amphibians," Daza says. "In a way, the body shape is similar to a salamander in the sense that they have four legs. And they have a tail — something that other amphibians that are alive today [don’t have]."
"MAYBE, SOME DAY, SOMEONE WILL DISCOVER ONE IN AN ISOLATED JUNGLE IN BORNEO OR SOMEPLACE IN THE WORLD WHERE NOBODY HAS GONE BEFORE."
With their claws and scales, albies are thought to have closely resembled a reptile — like a chameleon. But it turns out albies also shared another thing in common with the modern reptiles — that strange tongue bone.
"Albanerpetontids share with chameleons a unique bone in between the jaws, that’s basically a bone that supports the tongue. And that is very similar in both groups," Daza says.
To complicate matters, at the time, the majority of albie fossils had been found in Europe or North America, not Asia. Daza was left unsure what they had found, until he got an unexpected breakthrough in 2018.
At the end of 2018, Daza received an email from gemologist Adolf Peretti that would change everything. Peretti had 60 vertebrate fossil samples from Myanmar, and Daza suggested Peretti do a CT scan of the entire collection to better identify key details in the fossils.
The results turned out to be a boon for Daza — Peretti found a well-preserved adult albie specimen in his collection.
Comparing the juvenile in their study to Peretti's adult specimen allowed Daza and his colleagues to make key updates to the 2016 study.
They identified these fossils from Myanmar under a new genus and species: Yaksha perettii, named not only for Peretti, but also Hindu spirits, or yakshas, which are associated with nature.
In other words, Daza and his colleagues might have got the species wrong. But what they have instead discovered is perhaps the oldest example of a projectile tongue discovered in nature.
Scans reveal the albie's skull structure in detail.Daza et al, Science (2020)
WAITING GAME
The albie's fast-moving "ballistic" tongue means it was likely a "sit-and-wait predator," according to Daza.
"They remain steady until a prey approaches and when the prey is in the range of their tongue, they will shoot at the tongue quickly. And, usually, the tongue is sticky at the end. And that allows them to engulf the prey and drag it to their mouths," he says.
But why does a chameleon, a reptile, share such a similar feature to an albie, an amphibian? It's all due to convergent evolution, Daza says.
"It’s a process in biology that we call convergence. It’s basically when two or more groups develop similar traits to perform the similar function," he explains.
"It’s the first amphibian of this group with such a good preservation, so it helped us to understand better the anatomy, and helped us do something that’s almost impossible to do with many fossils: to do a bone-by-bone analysis of each one of the bones that formed the skull," Daza adds.
The researchers also formed a better understanding of the creature's development. For example, it seems like albies don't necessarily have a larval stage, like a tadpole does before it becomes an adult frog.
Albies share a similar 'slingshot' tongue to modern chameleons, the study suggests.Daza et al, Science (2020)
"If this is a juvenile, and then this is an adult, we suspect, for example, when they hatch from their eggs, they are already almost formed. The lack the larvae stage that other amphibians might have," says Daza.
Albies had a long reign; the species existed for at least 165 million years and reportedly became extinct only two million years ago, leaving behind no living descendants today.
But is there a small chance that the albie may not actually be extinct, but is actually out there, just waiting to be found? It's actually not that far-fetched an idea.
"We don’t know. Maybe, some day, someone will discover one in an isolated jungle in Borneo or someplace in the world where nobody has gone before," Daza says.
Abstract:
Albanerpetontids are tiny, enigmatic fossil amphibians with a distinctive suite of characteristics, including scales and specialized jaw and neck joints. Here we describe a new genus and species of albanerpetontid, represented by fully articulated and three-dimensional specimens preserved in amber. These specimens preserve skeletal and soft tissues, including an elongated median hyoid element, the tip of which remains embedded in a distal tongue pad. This arrangement is very similar to the long, rapidly projecting tongue of chameleons. Our results thus suggest that albanerpetontids were sit-and-wait ballistic tongue feeders, extending the record of this specialized feeding mode by around 100 million years.
Beste bezoeker, Heb je zelf al ooit een vreemde waarneming gedaan, laat dit dan even weten via email aan Frederick Delaere opwww.ufomeldpunt.be. Deze onderzoekers behandelen jouw melding in volledige anonimiteit en met alle respect voor jouw privacy. Ze zijn kritisch, objectief maar open minded aangelegd en zullen jou steeds een verklaring geven voor jouw waarneming! DUS AARZEL NIET, ALS JE EEN ANTWOORD OP JOUW VRAGEN WENST, CONTACTEER FREDERICK. BIJ VOORBAAT DANK...
Druk op onderstaande knop om je bestand , jouw artikel naar mij te verzenden. INDIEN HET DE MOEITE WAARD IS, PLAATS IK HET OP DE BLOG ONDER DIVERSEN MET JOUW NAAM...
Druk op onderstaande knop om een berichtje achter te laten in mijn gastenboek
Alvast bedankt voor al jouw bezoekjes en jouw reacties. Nog een prettige dag verder!!!
Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
![An artist's conception of HD 209458 b, an exoplanet whose atmosphere is being torn off at more than 35,000 km/hour by the radiation of its close-by parent star. This hot Jupiter was the first alien world discovered via the transit method, and the first planet to have its atmosphere studied. [NASA/European Space Agency/Alfred Vidal-Madjar (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS)]](https://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/247271_web-1-720x375.jpg)
![An artist's conception of HD 209458 b, an exoplanet whose atmosphere is being torn off at more than 35,000 km/hour by the radiation of its close-by parent star. This hot Jupiter was the first alien world discovered via the transit method, and the first planet to have its atmosphere studied. [NASA/European Space Agency/Alfred Vidal-Madjar (Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS)]](https://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/247271_web-1.jpg)
Thousands of artifacts are discovered at a 12,500-year-old...
Inuit ancestors conquered the North American Arctic by...
Bison engravings discovered in Spanish caves reveal a common...
Trove of artifacts dating back some 9,500 years are...
.jpg)
