A Secret Roswell Journal Becomes The Focus Of A New UFO Documentary

A secret journal offers new clues about the nature of the alleged 1947 AD UFO crash at Roswell in the New Mexico desert, or does it? Before we kick off, this isn’t one of these Reddit stories that emerged from some basement decorated with posters of the Starship Enterprise and Chewbacca. Quite the opposite.

Live Science is one off the internet’s more respected academic media outlets and today they tell the story of a hitherto unknown personal diary belonging to Major Jesse Marcel, a head intelligence officer at the Roswell Army Air Field. The secret Roswell journal could change the narrative of this famous UFO event. In particular, the secret Roswell journal may contain secret coded observations that will help to “clarify” what really happened in Roswell in 1947 AD.

Marcel investigated the famous Roswell site in New Mexico where in 1947 a UFO is believed by many to have crashed. Furthermore, he claimed to have recovered some of the debris from whatever ditched in the desert that July night near the Roswell Army Air Field (RAAF). Newspaper photos at the time showed Marcel with pieces of metallic material and on the afternoon of July 8, 1947 AD he disclosed to the media “the crash and recovery of a flying disc.” However, the following day, an army official made a statement saying that a weather balloon had fallen to earth, “not a flying saucer.”

This is a road sign near the original UFO crash site in Roswell. Hopefully, the secret Roswell journal of Major Jesse Marcel will reveal more about what “really” happened in New Mexico on that day!

Source: spiritofamerica / Adobe Stock

Will The Secret Roswell Journal Change Everything?

The Roswell story now takes a new turn since Major Marcel's family revealed they had kept his personal secret Roswell journal which contains “hitherto unknown clues about the crash.” The secret diary and its equally secret contents will soon be presented on History Channel´s History's Greatest Mysteries series in an episode called Roswell: The First Witness . The episode was released on December 12th, Saturday, 2020 AD. The show host, Ben Smith, is a former CIA operative and the show's lead investigator. He thinks it is very unusual that the day after the government claimed they had recovered a UFO they switched stories and maintained it was merely “a weather balloon,” Smith told Live Science .

• Censorship and why discoveries do not go public
• The Aztec UFO Incident: The Case, Evidence, and Elaborate Cover-up of One of the Most Perplexing Crashes in History
• Miniature UFO Wreckage Discovered in Science Museum Archive?

This story is another in a long line of recent reports pertaining to UFOs. According to The Guardian in 2017 AD a former Pentagon official confirmed the existence of a federal agency that had been “secretly investigating UFOs since 2007.” Then, in 2018, U.S. Navy pilots reported “three encounters with fast-moving UAP, or unidentified aerial phenomena” better known to us civies as UFOs. And building up this emerging alien narrative, officially declassified videos of these occurrences were published in April of this year, as previously reported on Live Science .

Secret Roswell Journal: A Problem Of Might, May And Could

Let´s now return to Major Jesse Marcel, the author of the secret Roswell journal. He investigated the site at Roswell and recovered what he believed to be debris from a flying saucer . In 1997 AD, Time published an article saying Marcel told an interviewer at the time that “he believed” the object that crashed in the New Mexico desert had extraterrestrial origins. Now, a forensic analysis of Marcel´s secret Roswell journal “could reveal” coded messages that he wrote about the crash at the time that it happened, Ben Smith said.

When it comes to UFOs and aliens there are believers and there are skeptics. But no one really knows.

( Alperium / Adobe Stock)

This application of the word “could” will no doubt have skeptics raging, because they all know what’s most probably coming here. If the diary really contained any actual evidence that the Roswell incident was nothing more than a collapsed weather balloon we would certainly have heard about it by now. Unless of course thousands of unpaid interns and staff at the network have all kept quiet, doubters can argue. Perhaps the skeptics greatest argument is presented in plain sight in the newspaper photograph of Marcel on the evening of the crash. To all but the most committed believers in extraterrestrials it is perfectly clear that Marcel is holding a piece of a crumpled (crashed) weather balloon.

When the History Channel episode airs and unavoidably “no evidence” of extraterrestrials is offered, perhaps then maybe some “believers” will consider the content of the Ancient Origins news article I wrote about this only last month.

A team of Oxford University researchers recently applied statistics to the question “are we alone” and concluded that “life on earth is probably a unique universal phenomena, and that it´s ‘extremely unlikely’ that any other intelligent life exists anywhere else in the universe.” This is a profound claim that sceptics love and believers loathe.

And the same extreme opinions are likely to flood across social media channels when the details of Major Marcel's secret Roswell journal are revealed.

• Top image: A UFO flying over the New Mexico desert. The secret Roswell journal may provide new information about what actually happened in Roswell in 1947 AD. ( aleciccotelli / Adobe Stock)

By Ashley Cowie

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/general }

18-01-2021 om 22:34 geschreven door peter  

18-01-2021 om 20:31 geschreven door peter  

The truth is in there! CIA declassifies TWO THOUSAND documents on UFOs dating back to 1970s that reveal a mysterious object was analyzed by agency's chief scientist in 1976

• A dossier with more than 700 files about Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs) was published on The Black Vault website on Thursday

• Black Vault founder John Greenewald Jr spent two decades suing the CIA to release the records and then scanning the pages one by one

• A DailyMail.com review of about one-tenth of the files in the Black Vault database revealed a few perplexing examples of UAP sightings

• One of the reports describes how seemingly urgent UFO information was hand-delivered to the CIA's deputy director for science and technology in 1976

• In another report, CIA officials discuss the possibility that UFOs were behind a 'mysterious blast' in the small Russian town of Sasovo in 1991

By MEGAN SHEETS FOR DAILYMAIL.COM 

A treasure trove of newly-unsealed CIA records has revealed chilling accounts of hundreds of UFO sightings across the globe dating back to the 1950s - along with international intelligence agencies' efforts to understand them.  

The XXXX dossier with nearly 3,000 pages of documents about Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAPs) - the government's official term for what are commonly called UFOs - was published on The Black Vault website last week.  

Thousands of paranormal enthusiasts have already started poring through the collection of more than 700 individual documents, according to Black Vault's founder John Greenewald Jr, who has spent the past two decades suing the CIA to release the records and then scanning the pages into his database one by one.  

The CIA purports that the files account for its 'entire' collection of declassified UAP intel, but Greenewald cautions that there's no way to verify that claim and has vowed to continue searching for further records.  

The dossier was released ahead of a June deadline for US intelligence agencies to reveal everything they know about UFOs to Congress under a clause slipped into the $2.3trillion coronavirus relief bill signed into law by President Donald Trump in December.   

An ongoing DailyMail.com review of the files has uncovered a bevy of perplexing - yet unverified - accounts of mysterious disks tracking across the sky, spewing beams of light across small towns, causing explosions and even a few claims of military officers confronting aliens that come out of outlandish vehicles.  

Other documents show correspondence between CIA officers about the UFO sightings. Sometimes the officers brush off observers' stories as purely superstitious, even when another explanation isn't clear. But in several instances the officers show genuine concern that perhaps something XXXXX is at play. 

Russian airliner crew describes coming within 50 kilometers of a yellow disk shooting beams of light in Belarus in 1985 

Many of the documents included in the Black Vault archive describe UFO sightings in the former Soviet Union - but this one is particularly detailed. 

An article from Moscow's Trud newspaper dated January 30, 1985, describes how an airline crew en route from Rostov, Russia, to Tallinn, Estonia, came upon what they perceived to be a UFO about 120 kilometers from Minsk, Belarus, at about 4am.  

The article dramatically recounts the incident from the perspective of the crew. 'Glancing over his portion of the sky, the copilot noticed a large star that was not flickering on his upper right. But this is no star, this yellow speck the size of a 5-kopeck coin, stretched out along the edges.

'"No matter..,"' he told himself calmly, "refraction of light in the atmosphere or something else..." A very thin beam of light emerged from the speck and fell vertically down to the ground itself.' 

The pilot nudged his three comrades in the cockpit and they watched as the 'beam of light suddenly opened up, turning into a luminous cone. ... A second cone emerged, wider, ... then a third one, broad and quite bright.' 

 The pilot recommended that they report the sight to the ground, but the commander stopped him, unsure of how they would even describe it.  

The men estimated that the object was only about 40 to 50 kilometers away. The copilot pulled out a paper to draw it before 'the beam of the "projector" rose from the ground and focused on the aircraft.'

'The commander was still hesitating: should he report what is taking place or not? But something that put an end to his doubts happened here. The white spot flashed up, and a green cloud emerged in its place.'

The commander recalled seeing the object rush toward his plane, before it suddenly disappeared. 'Well, now they will say we weren't in our right minds.' 

The article goes on to describe the crew's conversations with dubious ground controllers.  

It concludes with a statement from N. A. Zheltukhin, deputy chairman of the Commission on Aerodynamic Phenomena, who said: 'The commission is conducting a systematic study of [UFO] sightings over the territory of the Soviet Union. 

'However, we have to note that regrettably, all the accounts which we have at our disposal suffer from being one-sided or fragmentary to one degree or another.' 

Swedish pilot and flight mechanic spot a 'completely unorthodox, metallic object' flying at 'the speed of sound' outside Stockholm in 1953

A CIA report from April 1954 includes three newspaper articles about a purported UFO sighting five months earlier in Sweden. 

Captain Christiernsson and flight mechanic Olle Johansson were flying a Trasnair Airlines plane between Malmo and Stockholm on December 17, 1953, when the object appeared in the sky in front of them. 

'I do not doubt for an instant that it was not a jet plane,' Christiernsson told the Dagens Nyheter newspaper. 'What I saw was a completely unorthodox, metallic, symmetric, round object which was unlike anything I have seen before.  

'The silhouette was thin and it approached me at a very high velocity. Olle Johansson and I have discussed the matter of its speed, and we have estimated the speed to be about that of sound. The whole business took place fantastically quickly, but I believe that I was able to see the object for four to five seconds.' 

Johansson said: 'What I saw was an ellipse with sharp outlines and something between silver and white in color. It was approaching from the north in a direction opposite to ours, at a speed of about 1,200 kilometers per hour. It was flying entirely above the clouds. Since we had the automatic pilot on, we had no chance to turn quickly enough to see where the object went.' 

More than 700 declassified CIA reports about UFOs dating back to the 1970s were published on The Black Vault website on Thursday (file photo)

Urgent UFO information is hand-delivered to the CIA's top scientist for review in 1976 

Asked about which documents had piqued his interest, Greenewald highlighted a report about seemingly urgent UFO information being hand-delivered to an Assistant Deputy Director for Science & Technology at the CIA in April 1976. 

Most details about the information were redacted in the document, but Greenewald said he is determine to uncover more through further FOIA requests. 

The name of the deputy director was also redacted but records indicate that Carl Duckett served in that position at the time.  

The document states: 'We contacted A/DDS&T (Dr [redacted]) to see if he knew of any UFO program and also to answer the questions posed by [redacted]. 

'Dr [redacted] exhibited interest in [redacted] which was handcarried to his office. After a short examination of its contents Dr [redacted] advised us that he would personally look into the matter and get back to us.' 

A second document from June of 1976 appears to request an update on the review, but there is no record of the ordeal after that.  

The heavily redacted report above describes seemingly urgent UFO information being hand-delivered to an Assistant Deputy Director for Science & Technology in April 1976

CIA officials discuss the possibility that UFOs were behind a 'mysterious blast' in the small Russian town of Sasovo in 1991 

In another report, CIA officials discuss the possibility that UFOs were behind a 'mysterious blast' in the small Russian town of Sasovo - about 400 kilometers southwest of Moscow - in 1991. 

Residents reported seeing a 'fiery sphere' descend from the sky before a shockwave tore through the town, leveling an entire block. 

The report said investigators had failed to come to a conclusion about the cause of the explosion, leaving open the possibility of UFOs. 

It states: 'Some people are talking about munitions left buried since the last war, while others claim that a powerful bomb fell. A third group blame it on a meteorite, and a fourth group blame UFOs... There are people who supposedly saw a moving "fiery sphere".' 

Among the more than 700 files in the Black Vault database is this report, where CIA officials discuss the possibility that UFOs were behind a 'mysterious blast' in a small Russian town

UFO enthusiast hounds the CIA for information about a sighting at Ohio Air Force Base 

Several of the files appeared to reference the same incident, in which a possible UFO was sighted at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio in 1978. 

The reports refer to someone named Dr Leon Davidson who made multiple requests for information about the matter and did not appear to be getting any response. 

He is believed to be the same Dr Leon Davidson who studied UFOs for decades beginning in 1949, according to Columbia University, which was gifted a collection of the engineer's research on the subject after his death in 2007. 

One report states: '[Redacted] received a letter from Davidson [redacted] in which Davidson asked if the [redacted] tape had been analyzed at Wright Field.

'[Redacted] replied that the tape was forwarded to proper authorities for evaluation and no information was available concerning results. 

'[Redacted] then received a second letter dated 19 March from Davidson in which he said since [redacted] was not in a position to make enquires he would like the address of proper parties to make them to. 

'[Redacted] replied that he understood the proper address for forwarding information on "flying saucers" is Air Technical Intelligence Center, Wright Patterson Air Force Base. 

'Subsequently, [redacted] learned that Davidson made enquiries there. Apparently they stalled him.'

In May of that year another report asks: 'What progress has been made? This correspondence is more than a month old. I am afraid the longer we procrastinate the more fuel we add to the fire. Also, the people at Wright Field are holding their breaths awaiting advice.'

A third report, for which the date is illegible, says: 'Davidson is on our backs again. He wants a verbatim translation of the "space" message and the identification of the transmitter from which it came.'  

In a fourth report - which indicates that the case is 'closed' - the author states that Davidson was writing an article about the incident entitled: 'The Air Force and the Saucers, Part Three: The Central Intelligence Agency becomes involved with Saucers.'

It indicates that the CIA did provide Davidson with some information, but does not disclose what that information was. 

In the final report on the matter, the author indicates that the CIA will no longer be responding to Davidson's correspondence. 

Wright-Patterson AFB has long been linked to conspiracy theories about alien life, after serving as the headquarters of an Air Force program- dubbed 'Project Blue Book', which studied UFOs from 1947 to 1969.  

Over the course of those two decades the project garnered more than 12,600 reports of UFO sightings - 701 of which were never 'identified', according to the Dayton Daily News.  

Several of the files appeared to reference the same incident, in which a possible UFO was sighted at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Ohio in 1978. The reports refer to someone named Dr Leon Davidson who made multiple requests for information about the matter and did not appear to be getting any response

In May of that year another report asks: 'What progress has been made?'

A third report, for which the date is illegible, says: 'Davidson is on our backs again. He wants a verbatim translation of the "space" message and the identification of the transmitter from which it came'

In a fourth report - which indicates that the case is 'closed' - the author states that Davidson was writing an article about the incident entitled: 'The Air Force and the Saucers, Part Three: The Central Intelligence Agency becomes involved with Saucers'

In the final report on the matter, the author indicates that the CIA will no longer be responding to Davidson's correspondence

UFO sighted in Morocco in 1976 

One of the most heavily-redacted documents reviewed by DailyMail.com is dated September 23, 1976, and features the words: 'To immediate director - with personal request to investigate UFO sighted in Morocco.' 

The full-page report is covered in 25 black lines that appeared to have been made directly with a pen. 

The report was first approved for release in February of 2010, a footnote indicates. 

One of the most heavily-redacted documents reviewed by DailyMail.com is dated September 23, 1976, and features the words: 'To immediate director - with personal request to investigate UFO sighted in Morocco'

Many of the files are similarly redacted to remove nearly every little detail beyond the word UFO. 

Some in the mix merely mention the keywords 'UFO', 'UAP' or 'extraterrestrial' in the context of unrelated topics, offering little to no insight about the CIA's overall knowledge about those keywords. 

For example, one document entitled 'Hypervelocity Test Techniques Discussed' describes a French study of a force which could be used to deflect UFOs - defined in the document as 'undesired flying objects' - not unidentified ones. 

Another document joined the pile because it features a newspaper column about a Bosnian fugitive, in which the author mocks the Pentagon's failure to find the man despite 'communicating regularly with extraterrestrial beings'. 

One document entitled 'Hypervelocity Test Techniques Discussed' describes a French study of a force which could be used to deflect UFOs - defined in the document as 'undesired flying objects' - not unidentified ones

Another document joined the pile because it features a newspaper column about a Bosnian fugitive, in which the author mocks the Pentagon's failure to find the man despite 'communicating regularly with extraterrestrial beings'

'It was like pulling teeth': Greenewald recounts the 20 years he's spent fighting for access to CIA records on UFOs 

Black Vault's founder John Greenewald Jr (pictured) has spent the past two decades suing the CIA to release the records and then scanning the pages one by one

Greenewald began investigating the US government's research on UFOs when he was just 15 years old in 1996. 

He described his painstaking efforts to Motherboard on Monday, saying he filed countless Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests to unseal the records. 

'Around 20 years ago, I had fought for years to get additional UFO records released from the CIA,' Greenewald said.

'It was like pulling teeth. I went around and around with them to try and do so, finally achieving it.

'I received a large box, of a couple thousand pages, and I had to scan them in one page at a time.'

The dossier contains both the records that Greenewald requested and others that the CIA had already released publicly and compiled into a CD, which Black Vault purchased last year. 

In a blog post Greenewald noted that while the CIA claims it has released all of its UAP documents, there is no way to verify whether some documents may have been withheld.  

In a Twitter thread on Tuesday he explained how the records available on the CIA's website are incomplete, despite the agency 'giving the illusion' that everything is there. 

He posted screengrabs of a CIA site search which produced 415 results for UFO-related FOIA requests - compared to the 713 files on the Black Vault.  

In a Twitter thread on Tuesday Greenewald explained how the records available on the CIA's website are incomplete, despite the agency 'giving the illusion' that everything is there

Greenewald also emphasized how the CIA releases its records in a format that is far from user-friendly. 

'The CIA has made it incredibly difficult to use their records in a reasonable manner,' Greenewald told Motherboard.

'They offer a format that is very outdated (multi page .tif) and offer text file outputs, largely unusable, that I think they intend to have people use as a "search" tool. 

'In my opinion, this outdated format makes it very difficult for people to see the documents, and use them, for any research purpose. 

'Researchers and curious minds alike prefer simplicity and accessibility when they look at data dumps such as these.' 

Despite the inconvenience, Greenewald said thousands of people had already downloaded the archive on the first day it was posted on the Black Vault.  

He's offering the archive for free but set up a Patreon account for anyone who wants to donate money to support his past and future efforts to uncover CIA records. 

'Plain and simple, the public has a right to know,' Greenewald said. 

'When I began researching nearly 25 years ago at the age of 15, I knew there was something to this topic. Not because of viral internet hoaxes. Not because of back door meetings wherein I can’t tell you who, but I promise it was mind-blowing information. No, none of that. 

'It was simply because of the evidence that I got straight from the CIA. And the NSA. And the Air Force. And the DIA. I feel I am achieving what I set out to do. Easy access, to important material, for people to make up their own minds on what is going on.'

Greenewald (pictured) began investigating the US government's research on UFOs when he was just 15 years old in 1996. His Black Vault database is the result of countless different Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests

US intelligence faces six-month deadline to submit unclassified UFO report to Congress 

UFO detectives like Greenewald may soon have even more intel to sift through, with the upcoming deadline for US intelligence agencies to submit an unclassified report about 'unidentified aerial phenomena' to congressional intelligence and armed services committees.

The director of National Intelligence and the secretary of defense have just under six months to do so, after a stipulation in the 'committee comment' section of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 was included in the huge bill, according to CNN.

The Senate intelligence committee's directive said that the report should be unclassified, but it can contain a classified annex. Therefore, it is unlikely to reveal the discovery of extra-terrestrial life reaching earth.

It does, however, state that the report must contain detailed analysis of UFO data and intelligence collected by the Office of Naval Intelligence, the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force and the FBI. 

Detail of 'an interagency process for ensuring timely data collection and centralized analysis of all unidentified aerial phenomena reporting for the Federal Government' must be included, and it should designate an official responsible for that process.

A spokesperson for the Office of the Director of National Intelligence confirmed the requirement for the report to the fact-checking website Snopes. 

Navy pilots believe they spotted a UFO just off the coast in Jacksonville in 2015 (pictured)

In April last year, the Pentagon released three short videos - one from 2004 and two from 2015 - that showed 'unidentified aerial phenomena', which had earlier been confirmed to be real by the US Navy. 

The videos, recorded by infrared cameras, showed what appeared to be unidentified flying objects quickly moving across the sky.

In the background of two of the videos, service members can be heard reacting as they watch the objects, with one speculating it could be a drone.

In August, the Pentagon announced that it was setting up a task force to investigate the objects, but it is still unclear what the objects are or where they came from.

Both Pentagon officials and members of Congress have been concerned about the appearance of unidentified objects flying over US military bases, with some suggesting the objects in the video could be drones collecting intelligence.

In June last year, the Senate Intelligence Committee voted to have the Pentagon and intelligence community provide public analysis of such encounters.

This is not the first time the Pentagon has investigated aerial encounters with UFOs, having previously studied recordings of such incidents as part of a classified program launched by former Senator Harry Reid, that has since been shut down.

That program was launched in 2007 and closed in 2012, the Pentagon says, after it decided there were higher priority areas that required funding.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

18-01-2021 om 18:42 geschreven door peter  

CIA releases entire collection of UFO-related documents to truth-seeking website

By Brandon Specktor  

The 'Black Vault' documents cover everything from mysterious Russian explosions to top government officials being hand-delivered UFO intel.

U.S. Navy videos of alleged UFO sightings were declassified in 2020.

(Image: © U.S. Navy)

More than three decades' worth of government UFO records are now yours to download and peruse, thanks to the efforts of some intrepid truth-seekers.

The massive data dump includes more than 2,700 pages of UFO-related documents declassified by the CIA since the 1980s. (The U.S. government also calls them "unidentified aerial phenomena, or UAP). According to The Black Vault — an online repository of UFO-related documents operated by author John Greenwald Jr. — the documents were obtained through a long string of Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests filed over the last quarter century .

Over time, so many requests piled up that the CIA created a CD-ROM full of declassified documents, known as "The UFO collection." In mid-2020, Greenwald purchased the CD-ROM, and he recently finished uploading its contents as a series of searchable PDF files on his website. (You can find them at The Black Vault.)

• Related: Flying saucers to mind control: 22 declassified military & CIA secrets

The documents cover dozens of incidents, including the 1976 account of the government’s then-Assistant Deputy Director for Science & Technology being hand-delivered a mysterious piece of intelligence on a UFO, to the description of a mysterious midnight explosion in a small Russian town.

"Although the CIA claims this is their 'entire' [declassified] collection, there may be no way to entirely verify that," Greenwald wrote in a statement on The Black Vault website. "Research by The Black Vault will continue to see if there are additional documents still uncovered within the CIA's holdings."

The data dump arrives months before officials from the U.S. Department of Defense and intelligence agencies are due to appear before Congress and spill their guts on everything they know about UFOs, the New York Post reported. A provision attached to the nearly 5,600-page COVID-29 relief bill passed in late December 2020 requires the agencies, "to submit a report within 180 days … to the congressional intelligence and armed services committees on unidentified aerial phenomena."

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The provision follows a banner year for UFOs, when startling footage of an unidentified object darting around several U.S. Navy planes in 2004 and 2015 was finally declassified.

While the new data dump is significant, it's also just a drop in the bucket of The Black Vault's enormous archive. The website reportedly contains more than 2.2 million pages of UFO-related material in its archive, which Greenwald obtained through more than 10,000 FOIA requests. According to the Vault website, Greenwald filed his first FOIA request in 1996, when he was just 15 years old.

• Originally published on Live Science.

{ https://www.space.com/ }

18-01-2021 om 18:17 geschreven door peter  

Artist’s concept of a red giant star scorching a planet in orbit around it.

Image via ESO/ L. Calçada.

Earth exists thanks to our sun, having formed in orbit around it from a huge cloud of gas and dust in space, 4.5 billion years ago. Likewise, the sun will ruin Earth for living things, some 5 billion years from now. As the sun evolves, it’ll expand to become a red giant star and fry our planet to a cinder. What’s more, the death of the Earth will happen against a backdrop of change on a galactic scale. Our Milky Way galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy will be in the midst of a colossal collision that’ll forever alter our galactic home in space.

Our sun is a G-type star currently about halfway through its life cycle. This type of star is very stable for the majority of its life, quietly fusing hydrogen into helium in its interior for billions of years. One day, the hydrogen in the sun’s interior will be depleted. At that point, the inward pressure of gravity will win out over the outward pressure of the sun’s internal fusion, until the sun heats up enough to start fusing helium. At that point, the sun will balloon outward to become a red giant star.

• EarthSky lunar calendars are back in stock! We’re guaranteed to sell out. Get one while you can!

As the sun heats up and expands, its outer layers will envelop the innermost planets, Mercury and Venus. The outer edge of the sun will grow to reach roughly the orbit of Earth. Our planet’s water and atmosphere will boil away, leaving nothing behind but a charred, lifeless rock. Mars will take a while to heat up, but, eventually, Mars will be outside the habitable zone for humans, too. At that point, the moons of the outer planets – like Jupiter and Saturn – will be the only places left in our solar system for human colonies.

But these locations, too, will be only temporary fixes in the search for a new home.

As our sun expands into the red giant phase, the habitable zone around it will be pushed outward in the solar system.

Image via NASA/ Wendy Kenigsburg.

The red giant phase of the sun might continue for a billion years or so, but eventually the helium will run out, too. Then the sun will blow off an envelope of gas. Astronomers peering through telescopes in other star systems will see our sun as what we call a planetary nebula, a great shell of gas surrounding a dying star. Ultimately that shell will dissipate off into space, and what’s left of our sun will become a white dwarf star.

Earth’s astronomers can look outward into space to glimpse of Earth’s future. For example, 400 light-years away, a star known to astronomers as SDSS J1228+1040 is a white dwarf with its gas nebula funeral shroud, and within it astronomers have found the signature of a planetesimal still orbiting its home sun long after its calamitous death.

And what of the Milky Way galaxy itself, the great island of stars containing our Earth and sun? By the time our sun is ballooning into the red giant phase – long before it settles down as a white dwarf – the Milky Way itself will be undergoing a long process of inevitable collision with the giant spiral galaxy next-door, the Andromeda galaxy. The last humans on Earth – if any humans are left a couple of billion years from now – will see the Andromeda galaxy growing larger and brighter in the night sky. It’s currently barely visible to the unaided eye from a dark-sky site. But, a couple of billion years from now, the Andromeda galaxy will be a breathtaking, unmistakable whirl of stars easily visible in the night sky of any and all Earthly inhabitants.

As Andromeda and the Milky Way move closer to each other, the Andromeda galaxy’s great mass will begin to affect the stars in our Milky Way. Our galaxy is wide and flat, like a pancake. We on Earth currently see its stars on a dark August evening as a great hazy band across the sky. But as the gravity of Andromeda distorts their paths, the Milky Way’s stars will be strewn across our sky.

It may seem incredible, but stars within galaxies are so far apart that even when the two giant spirals collide there will be few fireworks from collisions between stars. However, gas clouds in the two galaxies will likely collide, forming vast conglomerations of new stars.

This series of illustrations shows the predicted merger between our Milky Way galaxy and the neighboring Andromeda galaxy.

Image via NASA.

Ultimately, the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies will settle down to form a new massive blob-shaped galaxy. By this point, Earth, our sun and the rest of our solar system might be in some entirely new location with respect to the galactic center. At present, Earth lies some 25,000 light-years from the center of the Milky Way. After Andromeda and the Milky Way merge, astronomers believe our home in space will have been ripped outward to a new galactic orbit some 100,000 light-years from the center of the new, large Andromeda-Milky Way combo galaxy. As theorist T.J. Cox of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics said:

You could say that we’re being sent to a retirement home in the country.

And what will be the fate of humanity? That’s impossible to say. If it survives, humanity’s future will depend on our ability to travel away from our dying sun and set up camp elsewhere.

Fortunately, we have a few billion years to figure out how to accomplish this monumental task.

• Bottom line: What will be Earth’s fate? Earth is bound to become a dry, scorched rock, as our sun becomes a red giant star. What’s more, as the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies collide, our sun and Earth (and the rest of our solar system) are expected to be hurled outward, away from the galactic center, to the outskirts of a new large galaxy created in the collision.

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18-01-2021 om 17:42 geschreven door peter  

Megalodons – the extinct giant sharks that lived in most of Earth’s oceans about 3 million years ago – gave birth to babies that were larger than adult humans, scientists say.

Megalodons are the biggest predatory sharks ever discovered.

Image via Shutterstock.com.

By Tom Fletcher, University of Leicester

Made famous by the 2018 blockbuster “The Meg,” the largest predatory shark ever discovered, the megalodon, is a bit of a mystery. We know it lived between 15 and 3.6 million years ago and it reached at least 45 feet (14 meters) in length, more than double the size of an adult great white. But learning any more about the giant shark requires a bit of detective work.

Because of its soft cartilaginous skeleton, only a few parts of the shark’s body are mineralized and preserved, including its teeth, skull and spine. This means the fossil record is very poor for this animal. Unsurprisingly, the predator’s 7-inch (17-cm) teeth have received a lot of attention from researchers. But in a newly published study, Professor Kenshu Shimada of DePaul University and colleagues sought clues elsewhere.

• EarthSky 2021 lunar calendars now available! Order now. Going fast!

By examining the spine of the now extinct megalodon, the team found it gave live birth to babies 6.5 feet (2 meters) long, larger than an average adult human. Exactly how the babies got so big was likely due to cannibalism, eating their unhatched siblings in the womb.

Secrets in the spine

Like humans, sharks have a spine made up of lots components called vertebrae, which grow as the animal gets older. The researchers measured the vertebra of a megalodon from the Miocene epoch, which lasted from 5 to 23 million years ago.

By comparing it to modern great white sharks, the team estimated that the megalodon it came from was around 30 feet (9 meters) long when it was alive, but they didn’t stop there. Sharks deposit rings of hard tissue on their vertebra each year, and like the trunk of a tree these can be used to estimate age.

To count these rings inside the scientists would have had to cut through the fossil, damaging it forever. The solution was to use detailed X-ray scanning to study the internal structures, without causing any harm to the priceless specimen, revealing this shark died when it was 46 years old.

Megalodon babies grew bigger than adult humans by eating their siblings in the womb.

Image via DePaul University/ Kenshu Shimada/ The Conversation.

Looking down through the layers, the team could see how large this vertebra was when the shark was born. Astonishingly, the size estimate at the first growth ring imply the shark was two meters (over 6 feet) when born, meaning it was larger than an average adult human at birth.

Some sharks lay eggs, while others give birth to live young. In most sharks, however, the eggs hatch inside the mother, where the young feed on the egg yolk and fluids that she secretes until they are born fully formed.

The enormous birth size estimate for this particular megalodon provides strong evidence that this species had the same reproductive mode, with a great deal of investment in a smaller number of huge offspring. The dark secret of the megalodon is that to achieve this size in the uterus, the developing young must have been eating a lot.

Eating their siblings

It is very likely, this new study argues, that the babies’ growth was fueled by cannibalism of their unhatched siblings, a sinister conveyor belt of high protein snacks for hungry pups.

It is unknown exactly how many megalodon embryos were produced. In basking sharks today, millions of eggs are created and sent to be fertilized. The hatched embryos begin to eat the surrounding eggs and in some cases, like the sand tiger shark, they eat other embryos too. Sharks can hold one or more pups in each of their two uteri, so it is likely at least two megalodons were born at a time.

This grim survival mechanism is not unique. All living sharks of the lamniform order, a group which includes great white, mako, and thresher sharks, use this strategy, which has existed for at least 70 million years.

This study also conservatively estimates the life expectancy of the species at 88-100 years old, using their spine data and well-established growth patterns of the teeth. This is in line with estimated ages for great white and whale sharks, only falling short of the record breaking 500-year-old Greenland sharks, known to live life in the slow lane of cold northern seas.

It seems the start of a megalodon’s life was a tale of two halves. They were protected by a wonderful mother sacrificing time and energy to her pups, while they wrought havoc in the womb.

• Tom Fletcher, Honorary Research Fellow in Palaeobiology, University of Leicester
• This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
• Bottom line: A new study says the giant extinct megalodon shark’s enormous babies ate their siblings in the womb.

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18-01-2021 om 17:18 geschreven door peter  

2020’s sea ice minimum in the Arctic Ocean came on September 15. Arctic sea ice on that date covered an area of 1.44 million square miles (3.74 million square km). It was the 2nd-lowest Arctic sea ice extend since modern record keeping began. How do we know? Scientists at NASA and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) determined 2020’s sea ice minimum via an analysis of satellite data. 

See an animation of this image, from NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio.

• Originally published by NASA Earth Observatory on January 6, 2021

Throughout 2020, the Arctic Ocean and surrounding seas endured several notable weather and climate events. In spring, a persistent heatwave over Siberia provoked the rapid melting of sea ice in the East Siberian and Laptev Seas. By the end of summer, Arctic Ocean ice cover melted back to the second-lowest minimum extent on record. In autumn, the annual freeze-up of sea ice got off to a late and sluggish start.

But any single month, season, or even year, is just a snapshot in time. The long view is more telling, and it is troubling.

Image via NASA Earth Observatory.

Forty years of satellite data show that 2020 was just the latest in a decades-long decline of Arctic sea ice. In a review of scientific literature, polar scientists Julienne Stroeve and Dirk Notz outlined some of these changes: In addition to shrinking ice cover, melting seasons are getting longer and sea ice is losing its longevity.

The longer melting seasons are the result of increasingly earlier starts to spring melting and ever-later starts to freeze-up in autumn. The map above shows trends in the onset of freeze-up from 1979 through 2019. Averaged across the entire Arctic Ocean, freeze-up is happening about a week later per decade. That equates to nearly one month later since the start of the satellite record in 1979.

The change is part of a cycle called the ice-albedo feedback. Open ocean water absorbs 90% of the sun’s energy that falls on it; bright sea ice reflects 80% of it. With greater areas of the Arctic Ocean exposed to solar energy early in the season, more heat can be absorbed, a pattern that reinforces melting. Until that heat escapes to the atmosphere, sea ice cannot not regrow.

Image via NASA Earth Observatory.

The chart above demonstrates another way the Arctic is changing: the average age of sea ice is becoming younger. At the start of the satellite record, much of the ice covering the Arctic Ocean was greater than four years old. Today, most of the ice covering the Arctic Ocean is “first-year ice,” ice that forms in winter and does not survive a single summer melt season. (After sea ice reaches its minimum extent each September, the remaining ice graduates to second-year status.)

Dominated by thin first-year ice, along with some older ice thinned by warm ocean water, the Arctic sea ice pack is becoming more fragile. In summer 2020, ships easily navigated the Northern Sea Route in ice-free waters, and even made it to the North Pole without much resistance.

Fortunately, summers are still not entirely ice-free. Stroeve, a researcher at University of Manitoba, said:

We’ve been hovering for some time around 4 million square kilometers [1.5 million square miles] of Arctic sea ice each summer.

She added that she intends to examine which conditions and processes could push sea ice to the next “precipitous drop,” when the extent of summer ice cover drops to a new benchmark of 3 million square kilometers (1 million square miles).

Ice floes in the Laptev Sea, which lies north of the Siberian coast. This part of the Arctic Ocean is usually a factory for new sea ice. But sea ice in the Laptev Sea reached a record low in 2020.

Image via Olenyok/ Shutterstock.

• Bottom line: Satellite data show that 2020 was just the latest in a 40-year-long decline of Arctic sea ice.
• Source: Changing state of Arctic sea ice across all seasons
• Via Earth Observatory

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18-01-2021 om 16:43 geschreven door peter  

La fin de l'énigme de l'origine des trous noirs supermassifs avec la découverte du plus lointain quasar connu ? - Part I

Comment sont nés les trous noirs supermassifs, dont certains sont à l'origine des quasars, tapis au centre des galaxies ? Ils ne se seraient formés à partir d'étoiles géantes qui se seraient ensuite effondrées en trous noirs géants, germes des trous noirs supermassifs. C'est ce que suggère maintenant la découverte du plus lointain quasar connu à ce jour qui accrédite une autre hypothèse.

Il y a presque 50 ans, les astrophysiciens ont commencé à soupçonner qu'au cœur des grandes galaxies on trouverait des trous noirs supermassifs. La montée en puissance des moyens d'observation à toutes les longueurs d'onde depuis plus d'une décennie a confirmé cette intuition. Nous pensons aussi que derrière les prodigieux quasars, ces noyaux actifs de galaxies si brillants qu'on peut les voir à des milliards d'années-lumière de distance, se trouvent également ces mêmes astres compacts accrétant voracement de la matière dont on pense savoir maintenant qu'elle provient de courants de matière baryonique froids, canalisés par des filaments de matière noire.

Mais une énigme en a découlé. Ces trous noirs contiennent de plusieurs millions à plusieurs milliards de masses solaires, de sorte qu'ils ne peuvent résulter de l'effondrement d'étoiles ordinaires dont toutes les observations montrent qu'elles ne dépassent que rarement les 100 masses solaires.

Plusieurs mécanismes ont été proposés depuis environ un demi-siècle pour produire des germes de trous noirs supermassifs, germes dont les tailles vont croître avec les apports des courants froids et les collisions galactiques conduisant à la fusion des trous noirs géants que les grandes galaxies contiennent.

Trous noirs primordiaux, amas stellaires relativistes ou...

Ainsi, la naissance de l'Univers observable devait s'accompagner d'un plasma dense et turbulent de matière dont la densité fluctuait chaotiquement localement. Parfois, cette densité devait être suffisamment élevée pour s'opposer, par son champ de gravitation et tout aussi localement, à l'expansion du cosmos et à la pression du plasma de particules élémentaires. Des trous noirs primordiaux, de tailles très différentes, pouvaient donc prendre naissance en s'effondrant gravitationnellement. Malheureusement, ce scénario, bien que toujours autorisé par les observations, est devenu sévèrement contraint, et il n'est pas certain que ce soit vraiment ne serait-ce qu'une partie de la solution de l'énigme des trous noirs supermassifs.

Une autre hypothèse, moins connue, fait intervenir la naissance d'amas globulaires si denses que la théorie de la relativité générale est nécessaire pour rendre compte de leur comportement. Ces amas relativistes d'étoiles sont instables et peuvent s'effondrer gravitationnellement en trou noir. On se pose des questions sur eux depuis les années 1960, comme le montre l'exemple du prix Nobel de Physique Kip Thorne. À l'époque, certains pensaient même qu'ils pouvaient expliquer les quasars. En générant un important décalage vers le rouge du fait de leur champ de gravitation, on pouvait croire par erreur en appliquant la loi de Hubble-Lemaître qu'ils étaient très distants et donc très lumineux, ce qui pouvait expliquer la vraie nature des quasars. On sait aujourd'hui que ce n'est pas le cas et ces amas stellaires relativistes attendent encore un vrai contact avec les observations.

Troisième hypothèse, celle de l'existence tôt dans l'histoire du cosmos d'étoiles supermassives, elles aussi instables en raison d'effets relativistes. Comme Futura l'expliquait dans le précédent article ci-dessous, des simulations numériques crédibles font effectivement naître ce genre d'étoiles qui va rapidement donner naissance à des trous noirs intermédiaires entre les trous noirs stellaires classiques et les trous noirs supermassifs, contenant de l'ordre de 10.000 à 100.000 masses solaires.

Un trou noir 1.000 fois plus brillant que la Voie lactée

Aujourd'hui, une publication dans Astrophysical Journal Letters et que l'on peut trouver en accès libre sur arXiv semble en mesure de départager les scénarios avancés. Elle provient d'une équipe internationale d'astronomes qui annonce en tout premier lieu avoir établi un nouveau record de distance avec la découverte du plus lointain quasar connu à ce jour. Il a été débusqué dans les observations du réseau de radiotélescopes de l'Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (Alma) au Chili.

Dans un catalogue, le quasar porte le nom de J0313-1806 et il est observé alors que le cosmos n'avait encore que 670 millions d'années environ. Or, la masse du trou noir derrière ce quasar, environ 1.000 fois plus brillant à lui seul que notre Voie lactée, est estimée à environ 1,6 milliard de fois celle du Soleil. Les observations d'Alma permettent d'estimer également que la galaxie hôte du quasar forme de nouvelles étoiles à une vitesse 200 fois supérieure à celle de notre Galaxie, et que la luminosité du quasar indique que le trou noir accrète et avale une quantité de matière équivalente à 25 Soleils chaque année.

Selon les chercheurs, un trou noir aussi massif, et né aussi tôt dans l'histoire du cosmos observable, serait donc apparu bien trop vite pour avoir démarré son existence suite à l'effondrement d'une étoile supermassive ou d'un amas stellaire relativiste.

Il ne resterait qu'une hypothèse en liste et ce n'est pas celle des trous noirs primordiaux bien qu'elle soit une cousine. Non, le trou noir derrière J0313-1806 se serait formé directement par l'effondrement d'un immense nuage d'hydrogène et d'hélium après le Big Bang.

Une coupe de l'intérieur d'une étoile supermassive d'environ 55.000 masses solaires débutant son explosion. Il s'agit d'une simulation montrant les courants de matière qui s'élèvent tels des panaches dans un volume dont le rayon est celui de l'orbite de la Terre.

© Ken Chen, UCSC 

Les trous noirs supermassifs sont-ils nés d'étoiles supermassives ?

Article de Laurent Sacco publié le 08/06/2020

Comment sont nés les trous noirs supermassifs, dont certains sont à l'origine des quasars, tapis au centre des galaxies ? De nouvelles simulations numériques sur le superordinateur japonais ATERUI II confortent le scénario où ils se seraient formés à partir d'étoiles géantes de quelque 10.000 masses solaires. Ces astres se seraient ensuite effondrés en trous noirs géants, germes des trous noirs supermassifs.

Le premier succès de la collaboration Event Horizon Telescope avec la première image d'un trou noir, en l'occurrence M87*, en sera sans nul doute suivi de bien d'autres, à commencer par une image d'un autre trou noir supermassif, celui au cœur de notre Voie lactée, Sgr A*. Mais cette réussite éclatante ne doit pas nous faire oublier que nous ne savons toujours pas vraiment comment sont nés les trous noirs, contenant de quelques millions à quelques milliards de masses solaires, que l'on observe depuis des décennies au centre des galaxies, qu'elles soient spirales ou elliptiques.

Il semble de plus en plus clair qu'ils sont nés à partir de trous noirs déjà bien plus massifs que les trous noirs stellaires, qui ne peuvent naître qu'à partir d'étoiles contenant une centaines de masses solaires tout au plus, et que la croissance de ces germes des trous noirs supermassifs se serait ensuite largement poursuivie, tout comme pour les galaxies, en raison de l'existence de courants froids de matière ordinaire canalisés par des filaments de matière noire. Mais quid de l'origine de ces germes eux-mêmes ?

Des nuages de matière géants qui s'effondrent directement en trou noir ?

Plusieurs hypothèses ont été avancées, par exemple, celle faisant intervenir des trous noirs cosmologiques primordiaux, vestiges de la phase à haute densité du Big Bang où de grandes quantités de matière pouvaient s'effondrer gravitationnellement en donnant directement ces trous noirs. Mais, il est aussi possible de faire intervenir des étoiles exotiques très massives faisant partie des toutes premières étoiles du cosmos observable, celles dites de Population III. Ces étoiles seraient nées dans les conditions particulières de l'Univers au moment des âges sombres, alors que la matière baryonique à l'origine de toutes les étoiles était constituée d'un mélange presque pur d'hydrogène, d'hélium et leurs isotopes, sans aucune trace d'éléments lourds comme le carbone, le silicium et le fer.

Cette différence est d'importance, depuis des milliards d'années, l'existence de poussières silicatées et carbonées est nécessaire pour permettre l'effondrement des nuages moléculaires et poussiéreux où naissent des pouponnières d'étoiles. En effet, en s'effondrant sous leur propre gravité, ces nuages s'échauffent et il apparait une pression qui stoppe l'effondrement, sauf si un agent dissipe une partie de la chaleur dans ces nuages, les conduisant à se refroidir. Au sortir du Big Bang, sans ces poussières, la formation des étoiles ne pouvait pas être la même, et de fait, on a également des problèmes pour faire naître des étoiles supermassives qui, après avoir explosé en supernovae, pourraient laisser des trous noirs géants contenant bien plus que quelques centaines de masses solaires, les germes des trous noirs supermassifs.

Il se trouve qu'une équipe d'astrophysiciens japonais de l'Université de Tohoku (Japon) vient d'apporter une nouvelle lumière sur la genèse possible de ces étoiles supermassives comme elle l'explique dans un article publié dans Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society mais que l'on peut aussi trouver en accès libre sur arXiv.

{ https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/ }

18-01-2021 om 14:52 geschreven door peter  

Des étoiles de 10.000 masses solaires

Sunmyon Chon et son collègue Kazuyuki Omukai ont ainsi utilisé le superordinateur ATERUI II pour effectuer des simulations 3D haute résolution qui étaient impossibles à faire auparavant et qui concernaient certaines variantes des scénarios envisagées pour la formation des étoiles supermassives. Rappelons que la théorie de ces objets nécessairement décrits au moyen de la théorie de la relativité générale d'Einstein a une longue histoire qui remonte au début des années 1960 avec les travaux de Hoyle, Chandrasekhar, Feynman et Zel’dovich pour ne citer qu'eux. Certains espéraient rendre compte avec elles des quasars nouvellement découverts. Par nature très lumineuses, elles devaient aussi subir un fort effet de décalage spectral vers le rouge à cause d'un fort champ de gravitation les faisant donc passer pour très lointaines en raison de la loi de Hubble-Lemaitre.

Il se trouve que les précédentes simulations de formations d'étoiles massives en faisaient naître trop peu à partir du gaz primordial du Big Bang. Ensuite, le début de l'enrichissement très rapide de ce gaz en éléments lourds inhibait leur formation. Les calculs montraient en effet que ces éléments lourds conduisaient des nuages atomiques d'hydrogène à se fragmenter en donnant des étoiles nettement moins massives.

Un extrait de la simulation des chercheurs japonais. Trois étoiles supermassives en noir sont bien visibles, les autres, en blanc et jaune, sont des étoiles ordinaires. L'échelle est donnée en unité astronomique (1 au valant 150 millions de km environ ).

© NAOJ 

Mais, avec les moyens de calculs modernes, les algorithmes des modèles qu'ont implémentés Chon et Omukai sur ATERUI II se sont mis à raconter un tout autre scénario. Les nuages atomiques enrichis en éléments lourds par les premières explosions de supernovae se fractionnaient en étoiles non-supermassives. Mais l'existence d'un fort flux de gaz en direction des régions les plus denses de ces nuages conduisent les jeunes étoiles vers ces régions où elles fusionnent en donnant des étoiles 10.000 fois plus massives que le Soleil !

Au final, il semble bien que ce scénario soit en mesure de rendre compte de la population de trous noirs supermassifs observée car le taux de leur formation est fortement augmenté. Mais il reste du travail à faire pour vraiment le confirmer. Ce qui est sûr, c'est qu'une nouvelle voie de recherche a été ouverte.

Trous noirs supermassifs : des étoiles supergéantes en seraient à l'origine - PART II

Article de Laurent Sacco publié le 13/03/2017

Comment sont nés les trous noirs supermassifs, dont certains sont à l'origine des quasars, tapis au centre des galaxies ? De nouvelles et récentes simulations numériques consolident une des hypothèses avancées : ils se seraient formés à partir d'étoiles géantes de quelque 100.000 masses solaires. L'étude des ondes gravitationnelles pourrait confirmer, ou pas, ce scénario.

Dès le début des années 1960, l'existence d'étoiles supermassives a été postulée pour expliquer les observations étonnantes concernant les quasars qui venaient tout juste de faire leur apparition en astrophysique (voir article ci-dessous). La luminosité intrinsèque de ces objets semblait difficile à admettre étant donné leur décalage spectral vers le rouge qui indiquait qu'ils étaient très lointains. Des quantités prodigieuses d'énergie devaient être libérées chaque seconde et il n'était pas possible d'en rendre compte à partir de réactions de fusion thermonucléaire. Il était alors plus confortable intellectuellement de supposer l'existence d'étoiles géantes proches de la Voie lactée, voire dans notre Galaxie, mais avec un champ de gravitation si élevé qu'il produisait l'important décalage observé. Cette hypothèse aida à la création de l'astrophysique relativiste car de telles étoiles devaient nécessairement être soumises à des effets non négligeables de la physique d'Einstein concernant le champ de gravitation.

Les quasars sont expliqués aujourd'hui en postulant l'existence de trous noirs supermassifs possédant entre plusieurs millions et plusieurs milliards de masses solaires. Mais cette hypothèse, qui éclaire de nombreuses observations, a conduit à une nouvelle énigme : comment ces objets se sont-ils formés ?

Des étoiles de 100.000 masses solaires comme graines de trous noirs

Les astrophysiciens et les cosmologistes explorent plusieurs pistes, dont un renouveau de l'hypothèse de l'existence des étoiles supermassives relativistes au début de l'histoire du cosmos observable. Nous n'en avons pour le moment observé aucune mais cela n'empêche pas les astrophysiciens numériciens de simuler leur formation et leur comportement sur ordinateur, à travers divers scénarios. L'un des derniers en date à ce sujet provient notamment de chercheurs du fameux Los Alamos National Laboratory, là où a été conçu et fabriqué la première bombe atomique.

Selon Joseph Smidt et ses collègues, comme ils l'expliquent dans un article déposé sur arXiv, les premiers trous noirs géants pourraient être nés de l'effondrement direct d'importants nuages d'hydrogène moléculaire et d'hélium ayant conduit à la formation, tout d'abord d'étoiles supermassives de... 100.000 masses solaires ! En s'effondrant gravitationnellement, elles vont ensuite donner naissance à des trous noirs qui vont accréter rapidement du gaz et devenir supermassifs, de l'ordre du milliard de masses solaires. Ils étaient déjà nombreux, un milliard d'années après le Big Bang.

D'autres scénarios sont possibles et il est probable qu'ils opèrent simultanément, rendant compte du spectre de masses des trous noirs supermassifs observés. Il est possible ainsi d'invoquer des fusions précoces de trous noirs massifs.

En ce qui concerne l'existence des étoiles supermassives, la mise en orbite en 2018 du télescope spatial James Webb pourrait contribuer à nous les révéler. À plus longue échéance, si l'on en croit des travaux réalisés l'année dernière par des membres de l'Institute for Computational Cosmology (ICC) de l'université Durham au sein du projet EAGLE et qui ont réalisé des simulations, ces différents scénarios conduisent à des émissions d'ondes gravitationnelles distinctes que l'on devrait pouvoir observer et mesurer avec eLISA, ce qui permettrait de les départager (voir la vidéo ci-dessus).

L'origine énigmatique des trous noirs supermassif - PART III

Article de Laurent Sacco publié le 11/11/2013

Une des énigmes de l'astrophysique et de la cosmologie concerne l'origine des trous noirs supermassifs occupant le cœur des galaxies. En faisant revivre une vieille hypothèse à l'aide de simulations numériques, un groupe d'astrophysiciens vient de proposer qu'ils se soient formés au sein d'étoiles supermassives dépassant 10.000 masses solaires. En s'effondrant, elles produiraient même deux trous noirs, ce qui est inédit, qui finiraient par fusionner.

Les trous noirs supermassifs contiennent de quelques millions à quelques milliards de masses solaires. On ne comprend pas vraiment comment ils se sont formés. On admet cependant qu'il y a généralement une relation entre la masse de ces trous noirs et la taille des galaxies qui les abritent. Cela suggère donc que ces astres compacts croissent de pair avec les galaxies. Problème : on ne sait pas très bien non plus comment ces dernières grandissent. On pensait que c'était essentiellement lors de fusions entre galaxies plus petites, mais il semble que des courants d'hydrogène froids soient aussi un mécanisme efficace et peut-être tout aussi important pour la formation des grandes galaxies. Lorsque deux galaxies fusionnent, il doit aussi en être de même pour leurs trous noirs supermassifs et ceux-ci doivent continuer à grandir en accrétant des nuages de gaz ou des courants de matière.

On pourrait croire que pendant le premier milliard d'années de l'univers observable, les trous noirs supermassifs n'étaient pas encore les monstres que l'on connaît et qu'ils ont grandi rapidement à partir de trous noirs beaucoup plus petits. Malheureusement, cette hypothèse résiste mal aux observations et aux calculs. Il faut qu'il ait existé assez tôt dans l'histoire du cosmos des graines de trous noirs supermassifs, de masses déjà très importantes. Des simulations conduites par des astrophysiciens du célèbre California Institute of Technology (Caltech) viennent de donner un nouvel éclairage sur ce problème, en faisant intervenir des astres relativistes théorisés pendant les années 1960 : les étoiles supermassives.

Une alternative à la théorie des quasars

En 1963, alors que l'on venait de découvrir les premiers quasars, Fred Hoyle et Williams Fowler refusaient de les considérer comme des objets aussi lointains que leurs décalages spectraux vers le rouge le laissaient entendre. Ils ont préféré postuler l'existence de ces étoiles plutôt que de commencer à admettre que la théorie du Big Bang de Gamow et Lemaître devait être juste.

Dans le cadre du modèle cosmologique standard de l'époque, dont Hoyle était l'un des créateurs, découvrir que dans le passé (en l'occurrence avec des objets très distants), l'univers était différent d'aujourd'hui, revenait à réfuter l'idée d'un univers éternel sans commencement, ni fin, ni évolution bien qu'en expansion. Avec des étoiles contenant plusieurs millions et même plusieurs milliards de fois la masse du Soleil, le champ de gravitation est si puissant qu'il produit un décalage spectral vers le rouge important. Les quasars n'avaient pas à être situés à des milliards d'années-lumière. Ils pouvaient même être dans la Voie lactée.

Feynman puis Chandrasekhar ne tardèrent pas à découvrir que les effets de la relativité générale rendaient des étoiles aussi massives très instables et qu'elles devaient s'effondrer en trou noir. Les années passant, avec la découverte du rayonnement fossile confirmant la théorie du Big Bang et le développement de la théorie des quasars, les étoiles supermassives ont été reléguées au placard.

Deux trous noirs dans une étoile supermassive

Des chercheurs viennent de les en sortir, comme le démontre l'article qu'ils ont déposé sur arxiv. Ils postulent la formation, par effondrement de nuage de gaz dans un halo de matière noire, d'étoiles ayant des masses comprises entre 10⁴ et 10⁶ masses solaires. En quelques millions d'années, en se refroidissant, ces astres amorcent leur effondrement gravitationnel et tournent de plus en plus vite, et ainsi s'aplatissent et deviennent plus compacts. Il se forme à l'intérieur deux concentrations de matière orbitant l'une autour de l'autre. Devenant plus denses, ces concentrations voient leurs températures grimper. Comme l'avaient déjà prédit en 1965 Igor Novikov et Yakov Zel’dovich, elles finissent par atteindre le seuil d'énergie correspondant à la création de paires d'électron et de positron. Cela rend ces concentrations très instables et elles s'effondrent rapidement pour donner deux trous noirs très massifs.

Ces deux objets vont rapidement se rapprocher l'un de l'autre, car ils perdent de l'énergie cinétique en rayonnant des ondes gravitationnelles. Ils vont finir par fusionner pour donner un trou noir qui a les bonnes propriétés pour grandir suffisamment vite dans le jeune cosmos, et rendre compte de l'existence des trous noirs supermassifs. Si les chercheurs ont raison, il doit exister dans le fond d'ondes gravitationnelles cosmologiques des traces de nombreuses fusions de trous noirs binaires issus de l'effondrement d'étoiles supermassives. Il se peut que l'on puisse les détecter un jour avec des instruments dans l'espace comme Lisa.

{ https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/ }

18-01-2021 om 14:50 geschreven door peter  

A Famous Harvard Professor Says an Extraterrestrial Visited in 2017, and We Can Expect More

When the first sight of intelligent alien life visits Earth from space, it won’t be a massive saucer hovering over New York. The chair of Harvard’s Department of Astronomy favors the possibility that it will be an extraterrestrial civilization’s trash. Avi Loeb believes he’s already found some of that trash.

The professor’s upcoming book, which will be out on January 26, lays out a compelling theory for why the object that recently wandered into our solar system was a piece of alien technology and not just another rock.  Dubbed as ‘Oumuamua,’ the space object measures only about a hundred yards long, but it was a major thing in the scientific community. It was first spotted in Hawaii through the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS).

Oumuamua traveled toward our solar system from star Vega, 25 light-years away from Earth, and intercepted our solar system’s orbital plane on September 6, 2017. It was the first-ever interstellar object detected inside our solar system. No crisp images were taken, but astronomers observed the thing for 11 days using their telescopes.

Scientists believed it was an ordinary comet, but Loeb suggested to have an open mind to another possibility. He explained that a cave dweller who has seen rocks all his life might have thought of a cellphone as just a shiny rock. Multiple strange properties about the space object helped Loeb conclude that it wasn’t a comet but discarded tech from an extraterrestrial civilization.

Firstly, Loeb points out Oumuamua’s dimensions. Scientists said the object was at least 5 to 10 times longer than it was wide, which resembled a cigar’s shape. No naturally occurring space body we’ve ever observed has looked like it or even close. The author also noticed the unusual brightness of the Oumuamua, which was at least ten times more reflective than known solar system comets or asteroids. He likens the object’s surface to that of shiny metal.

But the anomaly that really believed Loeb towards his alien hypothesis was the way the object moved. He says that it pushed away from the sun when it should have sped up toward the sun due to the sun’s gravitational force. Loeb writes that as the object moved away from the sun, it even accelerated slightly to a highly statistically significant extent. In other words, Oumuamua was being pushed by force besides the sun’s gravity.

The explanation seemed simple at first. The comets’ surface is warmed as they approach the sun, releasing once-frozen gases that act like a rocket engine. Those released materials form a comet’s distinctive tail, but scientists did not find any sign of gases or dust that might propel Oumuamua.

According to Loeb, skeptics are quick to assign natural origins of the object, and their explanations don’t stand up to the scrutiny of Oumuamua’s weird properties. Loeb believes that technology will soon find more space travelers, and the mystery of Oumuamua will only be settled if the same object is spotted and more thoroughly investigated with a probe.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

18-01-2021 om 13:38 geschreven door peter  

UFOs: The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Collection

Below you will find a collection of CIA related UFO records. The Black Vault’s connection to the CIA in getting some of these UFO documents released goes back to 1996.

Originally, the CIA would only release about 1,000 pages that had been previously disclosed after a FOIA court case in the 1980s. They never addressed the records that were dated in the years after the case.

Photo of the CD-ROM, as received from the CIA by The Black Vault.

The Black Vault spent years fighting for them, and many were released in the late 1990s. However, over time, the CIA made a CD-ROM collection of UFO documents, which encompassed the original records, along with the ones that took years to fight for.

In an effort to make sure The Black Vault stayed up to date, in mid 2020, this CD-ROM was purchased to have one particular data dump available for all users of The Black Vault. You will find this below for download in its original state, along with a converted/searchable .pdf format. (Although the CIA claims this is their “entire” collection, there may be no way to entirely verify that. Research by The Black Vault will continue to see if there are additional documents still uncovered within the CIA’s holdings.)

• (Please note: Some media channels are reporting I filed 10,000 FOIA requests to get these documents. That is untrue. Over the years there were quite a few, but the reference is The Black Vault has filed 10,000 FOIA requests TOTAL to amass the 2.2 MILLION pages in this entire archive. Not just for the below documents. I’ve submitted corrections to Vice et al for that, but have heard no response yet.)

Entire CIA UFO Collection CD-ROM (2,780 Pages)

The links below offer two downloads. The contents of the original CD-ROM, as received, which is the multi-page .tif files (not searchable) with corresponding text files which are largely useless.

The second link is the converted records, wherein The Black Vault converted each .tif file to .pdf, and made it searchable. This is, by far, the more popular way of downloading and searching, but both are available for download.

 Original CIA UFO Collection CD-ROM Contents [149MB] – This is the entire collection, zipped up, with zero processing. This is in its original form.

 CIA UFO Collection CD-ROM Contents – Searchable .pdf Conversions – [342MB] – This .zip file contains all of the above files, however, they have been converted to searchable .pdf documents. Keep in mind, searchable .pdfs are NOT perfect. Many of these documents are poorly photocopied, so the computer can only “see” so much to convert for searching. However, through various tests, the search capability is MUCH better than the above CD contents with only .txt outputs.

Individual File Downloads (Searchable .pdfs)

Descriptions below are a work in progress. All documents are available, but all descriptions are not yet filled in.

	C05515622.pdf	477K	Two page memo from the CIA’s Domestic Collection Division regarding “UFO Research” – April 26, 1976
	C05515624.pdf	396K	One page document regarding “UFO Research/ORD Request for Additional Information.” The record talks about the work of an unknown individual, along with a system that may assist in the UFO research. The system is redacted. – June 25, 1976
	C05515625.pdf	385K	A one page, “Confidential” message to the HQ of the CIA’s Domestic Collection Division. It is regarding a UFO case, and UFO research, citing material that “should remain classified” but the person wanted the advice of “CIA UFO Experts.”
	C05515646.pdf	551K	A September 1976 record, heavily redacted, which talked about a UFO sighted in Morocco.
	C05515647.pdf	390K	A one page message regarding an unknown case number, seeking progress made. The message refers to the people at Wright Field (present day Wright Patterson Air Force Base) “holding their breaths awaiting advise.” – May 1957
	C05515648.pdf	425K	A one page message, wherein it references Dr. Leon Davidson, and his request seeking an updated on a “tape” being analyzed by Wright Field, likely Project Blue Book. Date unknown.
	C05515649.pdf	382K	A one page message updating on the Leon Davidson situation, and the fact Davidson was sent a letter response. – 1957.
	C05515650.pdf	420K	A 1957 document referencing Dr. Leon Davidson, and his request for an identification of a “Space Message.” The message appears they are frustrated that Davidson will not take the answer that the message was morse code.
	C05515651.pdf	417K	A 1957 document, also referring to Dr. Leon Davidson’s “space message.” Davidson continued to show frustration about the lack of answers he was receiving.
	C05515652.pdf	416K	A 1958 message concerning Leon Davidson, and the articles he was publishing about “flying saucers” and the CIA.
	C05515653.pdf	394K	A 1967 message regarding the film “UFO Fact or Fancy” – likely because the CIA was contacted for the production.
	C05515654.pdf	413K	A 1957 message regarding Dr. Leon Davidson, and his push for answers.
	C05515655.pdf	397K	1957 message concerning Dr. Leon Davidson, and the fact he would get a reply to his inquiries.
	C05515656.pdf	404K	December 1957 letter outline Dr. Leon Davidson’s persistence, and the recommendation he is now ignored.
	C05515657.pdf	406K	A 1958 document that displays the frustration about Dr. Leon Davidson, and the fact that the agency wants to no longer be involved with the matter.
	C05515658.pdf	414K	A 13 August 1957 intelligence report about Unidentified Flying Objects over Iran.
	C05515659.pdf	452K	A 22 October 1959 intelligence report about “Possible Unidentified Flying Object” in the Ukraine.
	C05515660.pdf	402K	A 9 March 1960 intelligence information report about “Rumored Unidentified Flying Objects in the Sary Ozek Region.”
	C05515661.pdf	427K	A 25 May 1962 document, which chronicles Unidentified Flying Objects in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This is utilizing information, as published by the local newspapers at the time of the event.
	C05515662.pdf	423K	A July 1965 document, outlining “Antarctic Flying Saucers” over Deception Island. This intelligence was gathered from the media.
	C05515663.pdf	468K	A 23 September 1977 document, which outlines “Unusual Natural Phenomenon observed in Karella.” For 10-12 minutes, an object described as a star, went over the city and shined down bright light and “very fine rays” which created an image of pouring rain.

Original Releases – Archived

The following are the original releases going back to about 1997. The above CD-ROM should include the records below as well, but they are archived here for reference.

 PDF File #1 (32 Megs) |  PDF File #2 (35 megs)

 Central Intelligence Agency releases multiple documents after a request was filed to the DIA in 2009 [65 Pages, 1.37MB] Released September of 2009 – These records prove the CIA is still collecting intelligence in regards to UFOs, and that material from just the past few years is considered a threat to our national security.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

18-01-2021 om 12:38 geschreven door peter  

UFO Caught Passing Light House On Island, Entering Ocean! South Carolina, Jan 2021, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: January 2021

Location of sighting: Hatteras Island, North Carolina, USA

 

The eyewitness Wes Snyder, a photographer by trade, caught something in his photos that appears to be a rectangle shaped alien craft as it was depending and probably entering the ocean. Since the earth is covered in 75% water, it makes sense that an aline base would be easiest to hide below the ocean floor, yes not on, but 5-6km below the floor. The light house is located on an island called Hatteras Island off North Carolina shore and this UFO was absolutely heading into the ocean. 

 

The object is large, like a 747 jet, but so incredibly fast that its seen only for a few seconds and only appears transparent. The transparentness may be due to a shield being raised to make it hidden, but often, camera filters can cut through such shields. Especially if the IR filter was previously removed from the camera to see true colors. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

Eyewitness states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

18-01-2021 om 11:32 geschreven door peter  

6 space missions to look forward to in 2021

From Martian rover landings to the launch of Hubble's "successor," here are some of the most exciting space missions pegged for next year.

{ https://www.techrepublic.com/ }

18-01-2021 om 01:56 geschreven door peter  

Here are some of the space missions to keep an eye out for in 2021.

The James Webb space telescope’s gold-coated mirror undergoing cryogenic testing. After many delays, the new space telescope – Hubble’s successor – is currently scheduled to launch on October 31.

Image via Ball Aerospace/ Flickr/ The Conversation.

By Ian Whittaker, Nottingham Trent University and Gareth Dorrian, University of Birmingham

Space exploration achieved several notable firsts in 2020 despite the Covid-19 pandemic, including commercial human spaceflight and returning samples of an asteroid to Earth.

This year is shaping up to be just as interesting. Here are some of the missions to keep an eye out for.

Artemis 1

Artemis 1 is to be the first flight of the NASA-led, international Artemis program, whose goal was (originally) to return astronauts to the moon by 2024. Artemis-1, which is still scheduled for launch late this year, will consist of an uncrewed Orion spacecraft which will be sent on a three-week flight around the moon. It will reach a maximum distance from Earth of 280,000 miles (450,000 km), the farthest into space that any spacecraft that can transport humans will have ever flown.

• EarthSky’s lunar calendar shows the moon phase for every day in 2021. Order yours before they’re gone!

Artemis 1 is designed to be launched into Earth orbit on the first NASA Space Launch System, which will be the most powerful rocket in operation. From Earth orbit, the Orion will be propelled onto a different path toward the moon by the rocket’s interim cryogenic propulsion stage. The Orion capsule will then travel to the moon under the power provided by a service module supplied by the European Space Agency (ESA).

The mission will provide engineers back on Earth with a chance to evaluate how the spacecraft performs in deep space and serve as a prelude to later crewed lunar missions. The launch of Artemis 1 is currently scheduled for late in 2021.

• Read more: Joe Biden will likely keep NASA’s Artemis program, but on a different timeline.

Mars missions

In February, Mars will receive a flotilla of terrestrial robotic guests from several countries. The United Arab Emirates’ Al Amal (Hope) spacecraft is the Arab world’s first interplanetary mission. It is scheduled to arrive in Mars orbit on February 9, where it will spend two years monitoring the Martian weather and disappearing atmosphere.

Arriving within a couple of weeks after Al Amal will be the China National Space Administration’s Tianwen-1, consisting of an orbiter and a surface rover. The spacecraft will enter Martian orbit for several months before deploying the rover to the surface. If it succeeds, China will become the third country to land anything on Mars. The mission has several objectives including mapping the mineral composition of the surface and searching for subsurface water deposits.

NASA’s Perseverance rover will land at Jezero Crater on February 18 and search for any signs of ancient life which may have been preserved in the clay deposits there. Critically, it will also store a cache of Martian surface samples on board as the first part in a highly ambitious international program to return samples of Mars to Earth.

Chandrayaan-3

In March 2021, the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) is planning to launch its third lunar mission: Chandrayaan-3. Chandrayaan-1 launched in 2008 and was one of the first major missions in the Indian space program. Comprising an orbiter and a surface penetrator probe, the mission was one of the first to confirm evidence of lunar water.

Unfortunately, contact with the satellite was lost less than a year later. Sadly, there was a similar mishap with its successor, Chandrayaan-2, which consisted of an orbiter, a lander (Vikram) and a lunar rover (Pragyan).

Artist’s concept of the the Chandrayaan-2 lunar mission from India.

Image via Raymond Cassel/ Shutterstock.

Chandrayaan-3 was announced a few months later. It will consist of only a lander and rover, as the previous mission’s orbiter is still functioning and providing data.

If all goes well the Chandrayaan-3 rover will touch down in the lunar south pole’s Aitken basin. It’s of particular interest as it is thought to host numerous deposits of subsurface water ice – a vital component for any future sustainable lunar habitation.

James Webb Space Telescope

The James Webb Space Telescope is the successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, but has had a rocky path to being launched. Initially planned for a 2007 launch, the Webb telescope is almost 14 years late and has cost roughly U.S. $10 billion (£7.4 billion) after apparent underestimates and overruns similar to those experienced by Hubble.

Whereas Hubble has provided some amazing views of the universe in visible and ultraviolet region of light, Webb is planning to focus observations in the infrared wavelength band. The reason for this is that when observing really distant objects there will probably be gas clouds in the way.

The galaxy NGC 2275 seen by Hubble.

Image via ESA/ Hubble/ NASA/ J. Lee and the PHANGS-HST Team.

These gas clouds block really small wavelengths of light, such as X-rays and ultraviolet light, while longer wavelengths like infrared, microwave and radio can get through more easily. So by observing in these longer wavelengths we should see more of the universe.

Webb also has a much bigger mirror of 21-foot (6.5-meter) diameter compared to Hubble’s 8-foot (2.4-meter) diameter mirror, essential for improving image resolution and seeing finer detail.

The primary mission of Webb is look at light from galaxies at the edge of the universe which can tell us about how the first stars, galaxies and planetary systems formed. Potentially this could include some information about the origin of life as well, as Webb is planning on imaging exoplanet atmospheres in high detail, searching for the building blocks of life. Do they exist on other planets, and if so, how did they get there?

We are also likely to be treated to some stunning images similar to those produced by Hubble. Webb is currently scheduled to launch on an Ariane 5 rocket on October 31.

• Ian Whittaker, Senior Lecturer in Physics, Nottingham Trent University and Gareth Dorrian, Post Doctoral Research Fellow in Space Science, University of Birmingham
• This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
• Bottom line: 6 space missions set for 2021.

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

18-01-2021 om 01:37 geschreven door peter  

18-01-2021 om 01:20 geschreven door peter  

Declassified FBI Document Mentions Nikola Tesla’s Contact With “Space People”

• Follow me on Instagram here. Make sure you follow Collective Evolution on Telegram as we have no idea how much longer we will be on Facebook.

Many decades ago Wernher Von Brauns mentor Hermann Oberth, the founding father of rocketry and astronautics, also known as the ‘father of Spaceflight’ stated his belief that “flying saucers are real” and that “they are space ships from another solar system. I think that they possibly are manned by intelligent observers who are members of a race that may have been investigating our Earth for centuries.” He wrote these words in “Flying Saucers Come From A Distant World”, The American  Weekly, Oct 24, 1954. At the time, academics like Oberth were well aware of the UFO phenomenon, and today the topic has gained even more ‘credibility’ given that multiple governments have now confirmed the existence of these objects. There is no shortage of radar tracking data, video evidence, photo evidence and high ranking witness testimony that’s now available within the public domain. This seems to be confusing many people, as “mainstream UFO disclosure” is taking off after a decades long campaign of “ridicule and secrecy.”(Ex-CIA Director Roscoe Hillenkoetter).

Nikola Tesla, who was born prior to Oberth, also had a strong interest when it came to the idea of life on other planets. There are many examples documenting this fact. For example, in an interview he gave to Time at the age of 75, Tesla stated the following:

I think that nothing can be more important than interplanetary communication. It will certainly come someday, and the certitude that there are other human beings in the universe, working, suffering, struggling, like ourselves, will produce a magic effect on mankind and will form the foundation of a universal brotherhood that will last as long as humanity itself.

No doubt that contact, communication and relationships with beings from other worlds would have huge implications and change human consciousness forever. It would truly leave, as I’ve said many times before, no aspect of humanity untouched.

There are many more examples and interesting statements from Tesla which we will get to later, but first I wanted to draw your attention to some declassified Federal Bureau of Investigation Documents (FBI) that were kept by the agency pertaining to Tesla. The document is a record of an “Interplanetary Sessions Newsletter” from 1957. The newsletter seems to be a printed promotion of a lecture to be given by George Van Tassel. The newsletter appears to be written by writer Margaret Storm, along with what appears to be her husband, John. What’s interesting to ask is, why was the FBI so interested to the point where they documented these meetings, discussions and gatherings? Why did they keep records of this specific newsletter? Is it because they had a heavy interest in the UFO/extraterrestrial phenomenon? Remember, this is from the 1950’s, today we now know that governments and intelligence agencies, like the FBI, have had a long and documented interest in the phenomenon.

Part of the document reads as follows,

Margaret Storm has been assigned to certain work with the Space People, she is writing a book – Return of the Dove – a story of the life of Nikola Tesla, scientist, and the part his inventions will play in the New Age. Much of the data for this book has been supplied to Mrs. Storm through transcripts received on the Tesla set, a radio-type machine invented by Tesla in 1938 for Interplanetary Communication. Tesla died in 1943 and his engineers did not build the Tesla set until after his death. It was placed in operation in 1950 and since that time the Tesla engineers have been in close touch with space ships. The Space People have visited the Tesla engineers many times, and have told us that Tesla was a Venusian, brought to this planet as a baby, in 1856, and left with Mr. and Mrs. Tesla in a remote mountain province in what is now Yogoslavia. Tesla’s connection with the Space People…was not revealed until 1950.

Whether or not you believe this is up to you, as there is no real way to verify the claims. The document brings up more related UFO phenomenon.

As far as George Van Tassel goes, he  had a long career in aviation, starting off with Douglas Aircraft and then moving on to Hughes and finishing with Lockheed. In the early 50’s he went public claiming he had contact experiences with people from space. According to him, these beings issued warnings of destruction given humanity’s ways along with messages of universal peace. After this they apparently began instructing Tassel on how to construct a building that could reverse the aging process. It was called “The Integratron and the project consumed all of his time He claimed the instructions for the device came from extraterrestrials from the planet Venus. He apparently died of a heart attack shortly before the first demonstration was set to take place. (source1)(source2)

Having studied the lore of the UFO/extraterrestrial phenomenon for more than 15 years now, one thing I find particularly interesting are the stories and encounters that involve messages of concern about the direction humanity is needed and the urgent need to change our course to avoid poverty, war, hunger, environmental destruction and disaster. There are countless examples of this, one of many would be the encounter more than 60 school children had in Zimbabwe in 1994. I emphasize again that there are thousands of examples, and the corroboration and similarities of these messages of supposed contact experiences is truly interesting to say the least.

If you’d like to dive into the benevolent (“good”) or malevolent (“bad”) discussion, you can do so in an article I recently published here.

Just because the claims in the document cannot be verified, does not mean that Tesla’s interest in extraterrestrial communication is not verified. As mentioned earlier in the article, it is. For example, according to the Library of Congress, Tesla claimed to have received radio communications from Mars. They cite an article from the Richmond Times purported to offer an extensive description and commentary of his supposed discovery. “As he sat beside his instrument on the hillside in Colorado, in the deep silence of that austere, inspiring region, where you plant your feet in gold and your head brushes the constellations — as he sat there one evening, alone, his attention, exquisitely alive at that juncture, was arrested by a faint sound from the receiver — three fairy taps, one after the other, at a fixed interval. What man who has ever lived on this earth would not envy Tesla that moment!” 

A direct quote from Tesla below, taken from his piece, “Talking With Planets.”

I can never forget the first sensations I experienced when it dawned upon me that I had observed something possibly of incalculable consequences to mankind. I felt as though I were present at the birth of a new knowledge or the revelation of a great truth. Even now, at times, I can vividly recall the incident, and see my apparatus as though it were actually before me. My first observations positively terrified me, as there was present in the them something mysterious, not to say supernatural, and I was alone in my laboratory at night; but that time the idea of these disturbances being intelligently controlled signals did not yet present itself to me.

The changes I noted were taking place periodically, and with such a clear suggestion of number and order that they were not traceable to any cause then known to me. I was familiar, of course, with such electrical disturbances as are produced by the sun, Aurora Borealis and earth currents, and I was sure as I could be of any fact that these variations were due to none of these causes. The nature of my experiments precluded the possibility of the changes being produced by atmospheric disturbances, as has been rashly asserted by some. It was some time afterward when the thought flashed upon my mind that the disturbances I had observed might be due to an intelligent control. Although I could not decipher their meaning, it was impossible for me to think of them as having been entirely accidental. The feeling is constantly growing on me that I had been the first to hear the greeting of one planet to another…I was not merely beholding a vision, but had caught sight of a great and profound truth.

Another example of Tesla’s thoughts, in his own words:

Others may scoff at this suggestion…(of) communicating with one of our heavenly neighbors, as Mars…or treat it as a practical joke, but I have been in deep earnest about it ever since I made my first observations in Colorado Springs…At the time, there existed no wireless plant other than mine that could produce a disturbance perceptible in a radius of more than a few miles. Furthermore, the conditions under which I operated were ideal, and I was well trained for the work. The character of the disturbances recorded precluded the possibility of their being of terrestrial origin, and I also eliminated the influence of the sun, moon and Venus. As I then announced, the signals consisted in a regular repetition of numbers, and subsequent study convinced me that they must have emanated from Mars, the planet having just then been close to the earth. (source)

Final Thoughts: 

It’s quite clear that Tesla had a strong interest in extraterrestrial life and attempted communication. It’s amazing how he was the first person to develop equipment that could pick up on signals coming from space as well as other planets. Today, signals of unknown origin are commonplace in the scientific community, massive radio bursts and other anomalies are commonly detected.

We’ve written about this (UFO/extraterrestrial) topic since our inception in 2009, and if you’re interested in browsing through our articles on the subject you can do so here.

As Tesla alludes to early on in this article, contact has huge implications. It will and is currently forcing humanity to look at a broader view of reality and entertain concepts that perhaps once did not fit within the framework of accepted knowledge. Through all stages of human history, plausible concepts and even ones that are backed by evidence and examples have always faced harsh opposition and resistance.

We are still a very young race and no doubt there are truths waiting ‘out there’ for us to discover. One thing is for certain, we definitely do not have our affairs here on planet Earth in order. As we grow it seems we question our lives more and more, what we are doing here and why we do it. We have the potential to create a much better human experience for all life on the planet  We seem to continually put our ability to change the world for the better into the hands of those who may not have our best interests at heart. Somehow, someway, it’s time for us to take responsibility and begin creating a human experience that resonates with all and is in harmony with mother Earth. How do we do this? I don’t know, but I do know that staying silent, not exploring and not expanding our consciousness is not the answer. We need to be able to talk about controversial topics openly, and those who oppose mainstream narratives should not be ridiculed nor censored.

For ages this idea has been proclaimed in the consummately wise teachings of religion, probably not alone as a means of insuring peace and harmony among men, but as a deeply found truth. The Buddhist expresses it in one way, the Christian in another, but both say the same: We are all one. 

Nikola Tesla (source)

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://www.collective-evolution.com/ }

18-01-2021 om 00:21 geschreven door peter  

17-01-2021 om 23:43 geschreven door peter  

Photos sent back by Curiosity show what looks like an armored alien soldier keeping an eye on the curious Rover. Is NASA under surveillance?

While searching through NASA images captured by the SUV-sized explorer, the owner of YouTube channel Paranormal Crucible made a strange discovery that could constitute yet another piece of evidence towards proving Martian life exists. Or once existed.

Sitting amid the dust and boulders on the Martian surface was a figure eerily reminiscent of a buff warrior wearing combat armor and holding what looks like a gun. An alien soldier perhaps?

The weird appearance doesn’t appear to be a living creature but rather a stone sculpture that has somehow managed to stand the red planet’s harsh test of time.

If this is a statue indeed, it was definitely meant to represent something. The menacing look and defiant stance attest to its possible warlike character. That would be quite fitting.

In Roman mythology, Mars was the god of war and the Solar System’s fourth planet was named after him. Seeing Mars in the sky was considered an omen and its apparition often foretold conflict.

Did the ancients know something about Mars, something that was lost over time? Or was the naming just a coincidence?

“This intriguing object looks artificial in nature and in my opinion is an ancient statuette,” the video description reads.

“The odd thing about this one is that it does resemble an alien grey or possibly an insect type species of alien.”

This discovery has given rise to much dissension between alien enthusiasts and skeptics, with one side claiming proof of ancient aliens on Mars has been found and the other invoking the pareidolia pretext.

Pareidolia refers to a psychological phenomenon where the human mind is somewhat tricked by the sensory input it receives and ends up seeing familiar shapes where there aren’t any.

Whenever you look at clouds, for example and you see faces, animals or object, pareidolia is hard at work.

When it comes to rocks, the pareidolia phenomenon becomes even more explicit and there’s even a name for it: mimetoliths.

Rocks that have become weathered through erosion and the passing of time often come to resemble faces. The more complex the rock, the greater the chance of seeing a face hidden amid its features. These types of rocks are referred to as mimetoliths, or rocks that mimic.

Could this phenomenon account for the numerous sightings of controversial figures and forms on Mars? Or is this just what they would want us to believe? Are the particularities of the human mind being used against those searching for evidence that we are not alone?

UFO enthusiasts are convinced this is the case and there really are things we can’t explain on Mars, the Moon and possibly the rest of outer space.

As always, UFO expert Scott Waring expressed his views on the matter.

“It’s a bipedal species that has a uniform on,” he wrote on his alien-centered blog. “The alien soldier is wearing a suit and carrying some weapon of sorts. The important question is, is it a statue, or was this person petrified (turned to stone) by a gruesome, yet powerful weapon?”

Wow, now that compounds the mystery. It’s one (major)or  thing to find evidence of ancient inhabitants in a planet’s distant past in the form of art or artistic depictions such as statues.

But discovering the petrified remains of an ancient warrior forever locked in combat position would be something different altogether.

His stance would seem to suggest he was ready for something when a cataclysmic event, a Martian Pompeii of sorts froze him in the posture we now see.

Going further along this scenario opens up a majestic can of worms filled with largely unanswerable questions.

Was this the result of a cataclysmic but natural event? If so, did it completely wipe out the martians?

Another possibility would be the activation of a horrific weapon capable of petrifying all those it was aimed at. Does this bring to mind yet another ancient myth? Remember the ancient Greeks’ Medusa? Was she of Martian descent? Was she a metaphor for a weapon?

A civilization capable of building such a weapon would certainly be much more advanced than we are today. Its members would probably enjoy amenities far superior to those savored by even the most elitist of earthlings.

Space travel wouldn’t pose a problem so we could expect that civilization to have visited Earth when they were still around. But the question is: were there humans on earth at that time?

If the answer to this question is yes, it would certainly suggest the ancient gods were flesh-and-bon creatures, the only difference between them and their worshippers being the technological level their culture had reached.

The ancient astronaut concept is definitely not alien to alien enthusiasts so this hypothesis keeps its traction with conspiracy and UFO advocacy groups.

In the end, there is no way we can find the truth behind the strange things photographed on Mars save for traveling there and inspecting them ourselves. NASA does not support the alien hypothesis, claiming they are all just rocks. Maybe SpaceX will be more transparent in their disclosures but we still need to wait a few decades until they get there.

In the meantime, we can speculate, so speculate we will.

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17-01-2021 om 23:21 geschreven door peter  

The Air France Flight AF3532 Near Miss UFO Encounter

Did Jean-Charles Duboc witness a UFO while flying?

On January 28, 1994, at the beginning of the afternoon, the crew of Air-France flight AF-3532 (Nice to London) observed an unusual phenomenon. UFOCOM asked some questions to the pilot and commander of the flight, Jean-Charles Duboc.

INTERVIEW OF COMMANDANT DUBOC:

You were a flight commanding officer at AIR France and on January 28, 1994, you have encountered an unusual phenomenon as you were doing the Nice to London flight 3532. Could you tell what you witnessed?

I was indeed commander of flight AF-3532 of January 28, 1994, with copilot Valerie Chauffour, and 24 passengers on board.

I have kept a copy of the "OCTAVE", which is the data-processing follow-up of the flight and I can specify that above the Paris area at the altitude of 11700 meters (FL 390), the outside temperature was of minus 59 Celsius degrees, and with a wind from the North-West had a speed of1 80 km/h (311°/101 kts).

The visibility was of more than 300 km (150 Nm) and the cloud cover consisted of altocumulus. The flight encountered no air shakes. The navigation was under excellent weather conditions, in spite of the facing wind of almost 130 km/h (70 kts). That gave us a ground speed of 650 km/h (350 kts).

The takeoff hour in Nice was 00h56PM UT and the arrival hour in London 02:13PM UT.

It was a particularly calm flight, without particular problem. We arrived above Coulommiers when a steward who was in the cockpit noticed an object which he thought could be a weather balloon. This object was then seen by the copilot and myself a few moments afterwards.

According to their description it seemed to have a variable form and to come very quickly across our road. I first identified it like an aircraft facing us, at approximately 45 km (25 Nm), at an altitude of approximately 10500 meters (25 Nm) and at an angle close to 45°.

I found this slope absolutely abnormal because aircraft are not inclined at this altitude beyond 30 degrees without risking to fall down. This object seemed to us then absolutely abnormal by its size which seemed immense, its dark red color and of the fuzzy edges. I had the impression to observe a gigantic lens in evolution.

It did not resemble anything we had seen in our flying careers.

This object, this phenomenon, remained motionless while we left it on our left side, still at an approximate distance of 45 km. We observed it during a good minute, conscious that we were seeing something utterly anomalous. We continued to observe it when it gradually merged with the environment. We saw it becoming translucent, transparent, diluted in space. That was absolutely amazing.

After some interrogations we contacted the control center of Rheims to announce this unidentified object to them, as we are required by air transportation regulation.

Jean-Charles Duboc

Was this "object" tracked by your instruments? What about he black box of flight 3532? Were the communications between your aircraft and the control center in Rheims recorded?

Our ON BOARD instruments are not intended to locate other aircraft.

The airborne radar is only intended to locate storms in order to be able to avoid the air movements ascending and descending, associated with them, characteristic of these clouds, the cumulonimbus. During this event the radar was not in operation, as it is only necessary in instrument flying (IFR).

In the same way, the black box cannot in any case detect aircraft or phenomena far away from the plane. On the Airbus 320 there is a first recorder which is the Quick Access Recorder (QAR). It records only flight parameters, speed, altitude, mechanics, engines, electric, etc. It is analyzed by the maintenance service.

The second recorder, the DFDR, has the same recordings but must support the constraints of an accident. This recorder is analyzed only if a crash occurs or on request of the crew. As no parameter of our flight has een modified, the tapes were not analyzed because it would have been pointless.

The UFO was at nearly 45 km of our aircraft, and there has been no electric or magnetic disturbances.

On the other hand this UFO was approximately 10 km above Paris, and the Parisian people, under layer of clouds, were much closer to the UFO than we were. If there had been electromagnetic disturbances, a few million people would have noticed it.

The communications were always preserved, and it is the same for the main TV and radio shows!

Which were the continuations of this affair, at a professional and personal level? Have you been interviewed by the civilian or military authorities?

In the immediate, the continuations were non-existent, because I did not submit a written report to avoid being ridiculed. It was three years later, as I read an article from Paris Match, which described how a UFO has been detected above Paris, that I made the connection between this UFO and that what I had seen.

I then submitted a report to the Gendarmerie Nationale (French police, having an SOP for collection of UFO reports).

Was your testimony transmitted to the SEPRA? Which were the continuations brought by this branch of the CNES?

My report was transmitted by the Gendarmerie to the SEPRA, and the UFO Committee, was created within the framework of the Association of the Former Auditors of the Institute for the High Studies of National Defense (IHEDN). I was heard during nearly one hour and half by the group chaired by General Denis Letty.

After discussing about the observation, we concluded that the object was approximately 300 meters in diameter.

I took note of the radar recordings by the CODED (Operational Center of Air Defense). There is a very curious characteristic for the trajectory of the UFO, as it shows that it would have almost collided with us. The minimal distance on the recording is less than 1 Nm, that is to say 10 seconds of flight.

This kind of observation is traditional in electronic war. The modern military aircraft are furtive, and at the same time able to synthesize a virtual image of themselves by delaying the radar echo.

If a missile had been drawn on this UFO, which was above Paris, it would be our A320 which would probably have been hit by the missile.

I think that it is not desirable to shoot fire at this kind of phenomenon.

Did you speak again of your observation with your colleagues of flight 3532? Which is, now, their feeling about this affair?

I never found the steward who was in the cockpit. My various requests to find the list of the crew for this flight were left unanswered by the of the commercial flight crew personal management (PNC).

I had indeed four crew in two days, and I did not keep the lists of the members with me, because they are on the on board documentation.

On the other hand I have reexamined the case several times with the copilot who has a very precise memory of the event, and who wrote a report for the gendarmerie (police) of the Charles De Gaulle Airport.

I can only suggest you asking them about their feeling now.

During your pilot career, have you heard from colleagues or other air personal, of similar phenomena?

I barely speak about this encounter, and I had the surprise to note that about one out of ten pilot had observed a unidentified flying phenomenon.

Your testimony appears in the COMETA Report, page 11, which has been published in a special edition of the VSD magazine, this summer 1999. Were you interviewed by this association? What do you think of this report, from a general point of view?

As I said, I was actually auditioned by the above mentioned UFO Committee, which took shape in an association named COMETA. I have recently met Mr. Denis Letty along with a friend who is flight commander on the Concorde, responsible for the training of pilots at the General Management of Civil Aviation (DGAC), in order to study a regulatory possibility to have a reports form for UFO observations on the board of all French airliners.

Their report seemed to me extremely well conceived, written by high level personalities, and constitutes a reference for UFO question. It still has some restricted diffusion because this subject is still one of the three great taboos of aeronautics.

The first taboo is the cosmic radiation on aircraft. From May 2000 on, the flying personal will have to carry a dosimeter and the amount of radiation received each year will be measured and calculated according to the recommendations of the project SIEVERT which is developed by the General Management of Civil Aviation, the Institute of Protection and Nuclear Safety (IPSN), the Office of Protection against radiation Ionizing (OPRI), and the Observatory of Paris-Meudon.

Flight crew of aeronautics, as well as astronauts will be soon classified among the people who receive amounts of radiations on their workplace. The amount of cosmic radiation received by passengers or members of flight crew during a Europe to US trip and return trip is similar to a lung radioscopy, and this fact is carefully hidden to the crews and the passengers since nearly 35 years.

Indeed, a recommendation of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), back in 1964, requested that the airlines take measurements of on board radiations on airliners.

A modification of the European regulation in May 2000, European directive 96/29 of May 13, 1996, divided by five the maximum amount of radiation applicable to the public, which will be able to take only 1 millisievert per year, instead of five. The airline pilots, hostesses, steward receive between two and five MVS per year, which is more than the majority of the workers in nuclear power plants.

This taboo will disappear when the information circulates in the general public.

The second taboo is the suicide of the airline pilots as they fly, and it will be shattered by the accident of the EGYPTAIR 990 flight, if the assumption of the suicide of the copilot is to be confirmed.

The third taboo is the UFO phenomenon UFO, and in particular the 220 visual observations confirmed by radar, among them is mine. We can thank the COMETA team which, by the quality of its members, its knowledge, its overview, its hypothesis, makes it possible to start to discuss seriously about the sightings from all points of the planet.

On December 7, 1999, TV viewers have an occasion to see you in the "Why? How?" show, animated by Sylvain Augier and Julie Bhaud, for the France3 channel. As I took part myself in the recording of this show, I had the pleasant impression that the questions were not "oriented." The "And CO" team (producing the show) seemed opened, although skeptic, and very sympathetic.

If the editing does not suppress it, do you think that this kind of show can have some utility for general public? What do you think about the attitude of the medias, in general, as for their editing of UFO related information?

As I wrote above, there are several taboos in aeronautics, and the reporters who dare to face these interdict risk to be ridiculed, but also to have trouble finding a job. This type of show require curiosity and courage, and the journalists know that they risk negative reactions, or aggressive reactions, and derision.

This type of emission is very important for it makes it possible to give previously confidential information to the public. Information must pass gradually, whereas we must know that there will be all sorts of reactions.

The bottom line of this problem is the maturity of the public.

Is the public ready to receive the information?

The social psychologists can consider the consequences which an official meeting with an extraterrestrial civilization would have, if they have several million years of technological advance. Which upheavals would be induced? Will there be panic in the population? Which disappointed hopes? Will we find the best, the worst, or both? Which information should be given to the public?

Today, do you think that the origin of the UFO phenomenon is not our planet?

The immensity of the universe, its beauty, its unknown features, the current technological progress, the space travels, the orbiting stations, and what I saw, can only convince me that we are not alone in the universe and that we will take part, if we do not destroy ourselves, in the community of the species which travel across the galaxy.

The true current problem of our planet is not the existence, or not, of extraterrestrial civilizations but all the problems caused by pollution, the accumulation of the weapons of destruction, fanaticism, totalitarianism, the overcrowding of our planet.

Source & References:

• UFOCOM CG), November 22, 1999
• http://www.ufologie.net/htm/duboc01.htm

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17-01-2021 om 22:51 geschreven door peter  

SLS: Nasa's 'megarocket' engine test ends early

By Paul Rincon
Science editor, BBC News website

17-01-2021 om 22:18 geschreven door peter