The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
12-02-2021
17,000-Year-Old Musical Instrument Is “Discovered” By Archaeologists
17,000-Year-Old Musical Instrument Is “Discovered” By Archaeologists
During a recent inventory of items held at a museum of natural history in Toulouse, a team of archaeological researchers took the opportunity to re-examine a conch (sea snail) shell retrieved in 1931 from the Marsoulas cave in southern France. Based on its curvature and enclosed shape, it was long believed that the conch shell has been used as a communal or ceremonial cup by the Magdalenian hunter-gatherers who roamed the region surrounding the Pyrenees Mountains near the end of the last Ice Age. After studying the shell more closely, with the assistance of modern, high-tech imaging technology, the researchers realized that what they held in their hands wasn’t a ceremonial cup but a musical instrument. They discovered that the shell had been reshaped and engineered to create a fully functional musical instrument, which they eventually found could produce three distinct musical notes: C, D, and C sharp.
Previous carbon dating analysis had dated the conch shell to approximately 15,000 BC, which meant it had been deposited in the cave during the Upper Paleolithic era. Marsoulas itself is best known for its impressive collection of cave wall paintings, which link it to the European cave painting cultures of that time.
It seems that the shell’s apex had been deliberately removed to create room for a mouthpiece, which had been anchored inside the shell in two small holes that had been chipped out in the shell’s interior. The shell had been drilled to create two openings, one for the entrance of air and one for its exit, enabling it to produce musical notes. Its lip had also been modified, presumably to create hand holds for the conch player. Additionally, faded red ochre pigment fingerprint markings were found on the interior of the shell, meaning the shell had been decorated in the same style as the cave walls.
Conch shells crafted into wind instruments have been found during excavations at ancient sites in various regions, and other musical instruments traceable to the Upper Paleolithic period have been found previously as well. But the latter were flutes and whistles made from bone; none were made from conch shells, or from any similar materials.
“Conch shells have served as musical instruments, calling or signaling devices, and sacred or magic objects depending on the cultures,” the archaeologists wrote in their article introducing their discovery in the journal Science Advances . “To our knowledge, the Marsoulas shell is unique in the prehistoric context, not only in France but at the scale of Paleolithic Europe and perhaps the world.”
A Magdalenian-period red-ochre painting of a bison from the Marsoulas cave, France, where the musical instrument conch shell was found.
Cave Music, Altered States, And Upper Paleolithic Shamanism
It is notable that the musical conch shell was discovered at an Upper Paleolithic site that hosts an extensive display of cave paintings .
The artwork that decorates the walls at Marsoulas is typical of that produced by Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers, which can be found in caves throughout southern Europe. The 330-foot (100 meter) long gallery of red-pigment paintings includes numerous images of animals (with the bison hunted by Magdalenian hunter-gathers featured most prominently), abstract anthropomorphic figures with mask-like faces, and a variety of geometric shapes that don’t represent real-world objects or life forms.
In recent decades, establishment experts and maverick researchers alike, ranging from Mircea Eliade to Graham Hancock to David Lewis-Williams , have popularized the theory that such art is modeled after hallucinogenic imagery glimpsed by shamans or medicine men experiencing altered states of consciousness.
The South African archaeologist David Lewis-Williams descending into a part of Chauvet Cave, France, which is also famous for its cave paintings and where, according to Lewis-Williams, ancient shamans may have held hallucinogenic musical gatherings.
Lewis-Williams, a South African archaeologist recognized as one of the world’s foremost experts on ancient rock art has perhaps done the most to promote this intriguing and controversial hypothesis. According to his neuro-psychological model, the shaman would enter a trance state, either by ingesting psychoactive substances or through immersion in a musically stimulating environment, where the shaman and companions would be dancing, drumming, singing, or playing musical instruments over an extended period of time.
Once an altered state of consciousness was achieved, the shaman or medicine man would experience vivid and memorable visual hallucinations, which were considered sacred and were used as inspirations for the drawings on the cave walls. The shaman might create the cave drawings themselves while still in an altered state, or perhaps other artists would make the drawings later on based on the verbal descriptions provided by the shaman.
These mind-altering ceremonies would be held inside caves in part because of their association with the spiritual realms of the underworld and in part because their acoustics were perfect for inducing expanded consciousness through immersion in a musical wall of sound.
If shamanistic explorations of altered states of consciousness did inspire Upper Paleolithic cave art, it could explain why the conch shell wind instrument was created and why it was found inside the Marsoulas cave. The shell may have been carefully and painstakingly customized to produce specific musical notes (C, D, and C sharp) that could help provoke a dramatic shift in conscious awareness, if played continuously inside an enclosed space and accompanied by drumming, singing, and the playing of other sound-producing instruments.
Noting the red-ochre imprints found on the inside of the conch shell, one member of the Marsoulas conch shell research team has added legitimacy to this hypothesis.
“We are supposing that the shell was decorated with the same pattern as was used in the cave art of Marsoulas, which establishes a strong link between the music played [by] the conch and the images on the walls,” stated Gilles Tosello , an archaeologist and cave art specialist from the University of Toulouse. “This, to our knowledge, is the first time that we can see such a relationship between music and cave art in European prehistory.”
The Marsoulas conch shell research team plans to arrange a visit to Marsoulas, so they can listen and make recordings while the shell is played in the environment where it was originally used. If this plan comes to fruition, it will be interesting to see if they report any mind-altering effects as a consequence of their experiments.
Top image: Reconstruction of the conch shell musical instrument being played. In the background, a red dotted buffalo decorates the walls of the Marsoulas Cave; similar motifs decorate the instrument.
In 1931, archaeologists stumbled upon a 17,000-year-old conch shell in a richly decorated cave in the Pyrenees. For more than eight decades, the ancient artifact had been gathering dust in the storeroom of a French museum until it was re-examined by researchers. They found that the shell was drilled purposefully to turn the shell into a musical instrument. Remarkably, they even managed to play near-perfect instruments out of the horn, showing that it still works after all these years.
Hunter-gatherers of musical notes
Originally, the shell belonged to some living organism, perhaps a sea snail called Charonia lampas, judging from its characteristics. It measures 31 centimeters in length and 18 centimeters in width.
Initially, when excavators found the shell in the Marsoulas cave, which was adorned with all sorts of marvelous prehistoric art, they thought it must have served a ceremonial purpose as a fancy drinking cup.
In reality, the conch shell is a lot more interesting than meets the eye. When scientists at the French National Centre for Scientific Research re-analyzed the artifact, they identified deliberate modifications that enabled the production of sounds with musical pitch. Besides holes drilled at certain intervals, the artisan also removed the apex of the shell, as well as the outermost lip of the shell, enabling a player to insert their hands to modulate the sound.
The Charonia shell bears the traces of important modifications of human origin. Credit: Science Advances.
The prehistoric musical instrument that looks like a normal conch shell but isn’t.
Essentially, the modified conch shell is a musical horn, the oldest known instrument of its type. Only bone flutes have been retrieved from an earlier date.Get more science news like this...
The Sound of an 18,000-year-old Conch Shell Instrument.
When the researchers realized the shell’s true purpose, they enlisted a trained horn player to offer some feedback. The musician was able to play three clear notes, very close to C, D, and C#.
“We already know that prehistoric people transformed many shells into portable ornaments and that they thus attributed substantial corporal symbolism to them. This seashell horn, with its unique sonority, both deep and strong with an enduring reverberation, sheds light on a musical dimension until now unknown in the context of Upper Paleolithic societies,” the authors wrote in the journal Science Advances.
The inner part of the conch is decorated with red pigment of the same kind as that used on the fingerprint artworks on the walls of the cave. This means that the hunter-gather musician who originally used the conch must have also participated in the painting of the images on the walls — making this perhaps the earliest combination of music and illustrative art in history.
Mars and Earth lined up neatly last summer, and three separate space agencies seized their opportunity.
Left: An illustration shows the United Arab Emirates orbiter "Hope." Center: An illustration shows the skycrane lowering NASA's rover Perserverance to the Martian surface. Right: A still shows a Chinese Long March 5 rocket hefting Tianwen-1 into space.
It's a busy February for Mars, with three probes from three separate countries arriving at the Red Planet over the course of just nine days. But this Martian party didn't happen by coincidence — it has to do with the mechanics of both Earth and Mars’ orbits.
The United Arab Emirates' first interplanetary mission, the Hope probe, achieved Mars orbit Tuesday (Feb. 9), as Live Science sister site Space.com reported. China's first interplanetary mission, Tianwen-1, is scheduled to enter its own Martian orbit Wednesday (Feb. 10). The Chinese probe includes both an orbiter and a lander with a rover onboard, which is expected to try to land on the surface in May. And on Feb. 18, NASA's first-of-its-kind descent vehicle will reach Mars and plunge directly through its atmosphere. If all goes according to plan, the vehicle will shed its outer shell and use rockets to stop its descent at the last moment. Then it will hover above the surface to lower the rhinoceros-sized, nuclear-powered, $2.7 billion Perseverance rover to the dirt via skycrane.
All these robots showing up at almost the exact same time is no coincidence, said Jonathan McDowell, a Harvard University astrophysicist and spaceflight expert.
Mars and Earth are like "runners on a circular racetrack," he said. "And the really fast runner [Earth] regularly laps the runner just on the outside [Mars]. So sometimes they're right next to each other, and sometimes they're on opposite sides of the track." This Earth-Mars cycle, meaning Earth completely laps Mars, takes about two years to complete.
It would take an enormous rocket, tons of fuel and much more time to reach Mars from Earth while the planets are far away from each other, McDowell told Live Science. But launching while the planets are at their absolute closest — when they are 38.6 million miles (62.1 million kilometers) apart on average — isn’t the most efficient way to get to Mars either.
There's an earlier point in the planets' two-year cycle where the journey takes less time and requires less fuel. At that point, which occurs once during the two-year cycle, Earth is a bit behind Mars but continues to move faster than its neighbor. This positioning allows the spacecraft to enter a so-called "Hohmann transfer orbit," named after German engineer Walter Hohmann, who worked out the underlying mathematics in 1925.
An animation shows the path NASA's InSight lander took from Earth to Mars, an example of a Hohmann transfer orbit. (Image credit: Phoenix7777 - Own work Data source: HORIZONS System, JPL, NASA/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/))
No rocket carries enough fuel to burn all the way between Earth and Mars, a distance that ranges between tens and hundreds of millions of miles.
That means any interplanetary adventure begins with a brief, intense period of acceleration, followed by a long stretch of coasting. The job of the rocket engines during that initial period of acceleration is to put the spacecraft into an orbit around the sun that will intersect with Mars as soon as possible. The most efficient path between the planets is therefore the solar orbit intersecting with Mars that can be reached with the least expenditure of fuel, and that orbit becomes available once every two years.
But space agencies don't have to nail that day exactly. As long as they launch during a window of a couple weeks around the date,they can place their spacecraft on Hohmann transfer orbits. Tarry longer than a couple weeks, however, and the trip starts getting much more difficult very quickly.
The Hope orbiter launched July 19, 2020, Tianwen-1 on July 23 and Perseverance on July 30. The gaps between the spacecrafts' arrivals don't exactly line up with their launch dates due to minor differences in their rocket technology, trajectories through space and destinations, McDowell said. (It takes a different angle of approach, for example, to plunge directly into the planet's atmosphere than it does to enter a high orbit as Hope has done.)
It's not the first time Martian orbital space has been this crowded, McDowell pointed out. The Soviet Union launched four spacecraft to Mars in 1973, though one failed to attain orbit and none of the other three worked as intended upon arrival. Two Soviet spacecraft and one American spacecraft launched to Mars in 1971, and all had at least partially successful missions. (Both nations planned additional probes that year, but the American Mariner 8 probe failed during launch and the Soviet Kosmos 419 never escaped low-Earth orbit.)
What's different this year, McDowell said, is the sheer diversity of spacecraft reaching Mars, and the fact that several additional probes are already active around the planet. NASA has three orbiters active in Martian orbit, the European Space Agency (ESA) has one of its own and one orbiter that's a joint project with the Russian Roscosmos, and the Indian Space Research Organization has an active orbiter as well. NASA's Curiosity rover and InSight lander are also still active on the Martian surface.
Despite that relatively crowded situation, McDowell said he doubts any of the probes will even come within tens of thousands of miles of each other, even if none of the countries had checked their trajectories with each other in advance.
This artist's depiction shows the first validated Earth-size planet to orbit a distant star in the habitable zone identified by NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope. In the hunt for life outside the Earth, astronomers are keen to spot planets in the "habitable zone," — the region around a star where liquid water can exist on a planet. But the true test for whether or not a planet could host life may, in fact, rest in the most noble of gases: nitrogen.
In the hunt for life outside the Earth, astronomers are keen to spot exoplanets in the "habitable zone," — the region around a star where liquid water can exist on a planet.
While most research about the habitable zone has focused on a star's brightness (as temperature dictates whether water on a planet could be liquid, ice or gas), new research is showing that this is an extremely simplified and naive picture. The true test for whether or not a planet could host life may, in fact, rest in the most boring of gases: nitrogen.
As far as we understand life (and, since we only have one example to work with (life on Earth), we don't have much to go on), life needs liquid water.
Water is the ultimate solvent and it's the place where all the interesting life-sustaining chemical reactions can take place. And while water — the familiar combination of two parts hydrogen to one part oxygen — is the most common molecule in the universe, it's unfortunately only rarely in a liquid state suitable for life.
Most water is either frozen, locked up in comets, on vast ice sheets blanketing frigid worlds or trapped in a gas, evaporated by the intense heat pumped out by stars. Liquid water is exceedingly rare, found only in certain special circumstances.
One of those certain special situations is the state that Earth has found itself in. Our home planet is not too far from the sun for its water to turn to ice, and it's not too close that it gets blasted into gas. Earth is at just the right distance from the sun to allow for liquid water to remain on its surface.
This is the so-called "habitable zone" (also called the "Goldilocks zone," because the solar soup is neither too hot nor too cold). Every star has its own habitable zone, depending on its size, temperature and brightness.
In the game of hunting for life outside the Earth, the first place astronomers look for planets is in the habitable zone of their parent star. Sure, there could be other places where life flourishes, but since Earth is the only example of life we've actually seen, it's our best bet to find an extraterrestrial friend.
Using a suite of computer simulations to recreate atmospheric conditions on exoplanets, or planets outside of our solar system, the researchers behind the paper studied a plethora of potentially habitable systems. They changed the size and type of the planets' parent stars, the characteristics of their planetary orbits, the amount of liquid water already available to the planets when they formed and, most importantly, their atmospheres.
Researchers have previously studied the impact of a planet's atmosphere on its climate. The most notable gas is, of course, carbon dioxide, which is a greenhouse gas that has garnered quite a bit of attention here on Earth as it's a leading driver in climate change. Greenhouse gases are capable of trapping heat within a planetary atmosphere, and by changing that just a little, you can drastically alter the temperature history of an entire world.
For example, consider our sister planet Venus, which also sits within the habitable zone of the sun. However, thanks to an overload of carbon dioxide in its distant past, it experienced a runaway greenhouse event and now has the hottest surface temperatures of any planet in the solar system. And it's most definitely not habitable.
But carbon dioxide isn't the only gas to float around planetary atmospheres. There's also nitrogen. Nitrogen is pretty much inert and doesn't participate in many active biological processes. Yet, it makes up over 80% of Earth's atmosphere, and without it, we … well … wouldn't have an atmosphere.
We know very little about the history of nitrogen on Earth. We're not sure how much of the gas our planet was born with, and some geologic evidence even indicates that, as recently as 2 billion years ago, we had as little as half the nitrogen we do today. And, since we don't know much about nitrogen on Earth, we certainly don't know much about nitrogen on other planets.
The researchers behind the simulations in this new study found that nitrogen plays a huge role in determining the overall temperature of a planet — and, therefore, its habitability. What's even more complicated: it's not a simple relationship, more nitrogen doesn't necessarily just make a planet warmer.
For example, if a planet's atmosphere isn't too thick and there's lots of water present, adding nitrogen can cause significant heating, because the added atmospheric pressure increases the effectiveness of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and water vapor. On the other hand, on a relatively dry world, more nitrogen more easily scatters starlight away, leading to dramatic cooling.
The end result is that two worlds orbiting identical stars with identical orbits with similar surfaces but different amounts of nitrogen can have dramatically different temperatures and can be seriously hard to predict.
Nitrogen also doesn't emit or absorb radiation at visible or infrared wavelengths. This makes it frustratingly difficult to detect in the atmospheres of alien worlds. So, even if a planet sits in the Goldilocks zone of its star, unless we get a handle on its nitrogen supply, we won't know if it's truly habitable.
Correction:A previous version of this story referred to nitrogen as a noble gas. Nitrogen is not a noble gas; it is an inert gas.
On March 5, wave hello to the most infamous asteroid that won't slam into Earth in 2029. Scientists sure will.
Astronomers first spotted the space rock now known as Apophis in 2004. It's precisely the sort of object that most humans probably want to know about: It's awfully big and occasionally comes uncomfortably close to Earth. April 13, 2029, is one such occasion, when Apophis will skim so close to Earth that it will pass through the realm of particularly high-altitude satellites.
(It will not hit Earth. Do not panic. Carry on.)
Scientists are excited. They've calculated just how rarely an object this large passes this close to Earth. "This something that occurs about once every 1,000 years, so obviously, it is generating a lot of interest," Marina Brozović, a radar scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California, told Space.com.
The March flyby won't be nearly as stunning as the 2029 close approach; Apophis will come only one-tenth of the average distance between the Earth and the sun, more than 40 times as distant as the moon is from Earth. But scientists have big goals for Apophis' 2029 flyby, and in order to get the most out of that opportunity, they need to know as much as possible about the space rock.
And next month is their last real chance to study Apophis before the big day.
"Apophis in 2029 is going to be a really incredibly observing opportunity for us," Brozović said. "But before we get to 2029, we are preparing."
Meet Apophis
Like all near-Earth asteroids, Apophis has been rattling around the inner solar system for millennia, unnoticed by humans. Scientists believe it is more than 1,000 feet (300 meters) wide, around the height of the Eiffel Tower. It's a mix of rock and metal, according to NASA, and may be shaped a bit like a peanut, two uneven lumps smooshed together.
Astronomers spotted Apophis for the first time in 2004. The asteroid's discovery is a perfect example of planetary defense, the task dedicated to spotting asteroids around Earth, tracing their precise orbits, and determining whether they pose any risk of hitting Earth. Forewarned is forearmed, so the theory goes, and scientists hope that if they can identify a large future impactor with enough warning, humans can find a way to defend themselves.
And for a brief moment, Apophis seemed to run nearly 3% odds of colliding with Earth on April 13, 2029. (Even the best observations have some uncertainty, and the farther ahead in time an orbit is plotted, the more that uncertainty piles up.) That early concern inspired its name, which refers to an Egyptian "demon serpent who personified evil and chaos," as NASA puts it.
Some of Apophis' flybys are perfectly mundane, others quite close. But more precise observations pushed any collision fears first to 2036, then to 2068, when scientists can't quite positively rule out a collision yet.
If Apophis and Earth ever do collide, hope you aren't around to see the day. Two asteroids of note have hit Earth in the past century or so. One flattened the Siberian forests of Tunguska in 1908, the other shattered in the skies above Chelyabinsk, Russia, in 2013.
They're nothing compared to Apophis. "Apophis is 300 times more massive than Tunguska, 5,000 times more massive than Chelyabinsk, so this is an object that certainly gets your attention," Richard Binzel, a planetary scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, told Space.com.
Tunguska vs Chelyabinsk meteor size. Picture shows a comparison of sizes Tunguska and Chelyabinsk meteoroids to Eiffel Tower and Empire State Building.
Right now, Apophis is minding its own business like thousands of other pieces of cosmic rubble, trekking around the sun every 323.6 Earth days. Hurtling through space, the asteroid's existence is utterly uneventful.
That will change.
Nine or so more loops around the sun for Apophis and eight more for Earth will bring the objects just within about 19,800 miles (31,900 kilometers). Scientists know that Apophis will not hit Earth this time. But depending on precisely how the two rocks whiz past each other, Apophis may never look the same.
The same gravity that keeps our mundane lives anchored to Earth's surface will tug at Apophis throughout the close encounter. Scientists think there's a chance Earth's gravity will be strong enough to scatter boulders on the surface of Apophis, or perhaps even stretch the asteroid, as if it were saltwater taffy instead of rock.
How dramatic the stretch will be depends on a host of factors. First, the precise shape of Apophis. Then, its orientation during the flyby: If a broad side faces Earth, each patch feels less gravity; if a narrow head does, the asteroid is set up for a game of tug-of-war. Then, what's inside: Solid, dense rock would resist Earth's gravity more, a loose cluster of smaller boulders would give more.
Some of those characteristics scientists can study from Earth. But the interior of Apophis is impenetrable at a distance — except, perhaps, through the 2029 flyby.
"How Apophis itself responds, that's physically about how Apophis is put together. And that's something we don't know — we don't know how asteroids are put together, we've never been able to peer inside an asteroid," Binzel said. "We see the asteroid outside looking in. This is a chance where we could have the asteroid inside looking out. In other words, is the inside of the asteroid revealing itself by some measurement we can make on the outside?"
It's an incredible experiment arranged purely by the coincidences of orbits.
Scientists have been here once before. In 1993, astronomers spotted a new comet, dubbed Shoemaker-Levy 9 — only to realize the discovery was in fact a clutch of comet fragments, the debris of a comet that passed too close to massive Jupiter to survive the experience. But the real highlight? Those fragments were on course to slam into the planet the next year.
"The predictions for the impact of Shoemaker-Levy 9 ranged from nothing will happen — it'll be a dud, a flop — to pretty much parallel to what we actually observed," Binzel said. "There was enormous uncertainty as to what the outcome of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact was going to be simply because it challenged the state of our knowledge. And so the parallel with Apophis is that there is a wide range of predictions for what will happen physically to Apophis itself during the encounter: Apophis might go by the Earth and not care, or Apophis might go by the Earth and be tugged on so significantly that it seismically shakes."
But in the 1990s, astronomers rallied spacecraft and telescopes alike to gawk at a week of collisions that scarred Jupiter's clouds for a few weeks. All told, the Shoemaker-Levy 9 observations taught scientists about not just those comet fragments and the icy lump they once made up, but also about Jupiter and its atmosphere.
"I think Apophis is a lot like Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9: It's an extremely rare natural experiment that we discovered with a short lead time," Binzel said. "This is something that rarely happens. Nature is doing something amazing for us as a natural experiment, and the challenge is how do we take advantage of that natural experiment."
And Apophis observations would tell scientists about a different flavor of close encounter than Shoemaker-Levy 9, since Earth's gravity won't be strong enough to tear the rock apart.
"It won't cause this kind of big event but it is still meaningful to understand how the object can be affected by this a-little-bit-distant close flyby," Yaeji Kim, a doctoral student in aerospace engineering at the University of Auburn in Alabama, told Space.com. "There is no object which has been observed in this kind of phenomenon. From that kind of view, Apophis is a really rare case."
Making the most of the 2029 flyby will rely on baseline data: what scientists know about Apophis before its dramatic encounter with Earth. That means the observations gathered this year matter. Apophis will be at its closest to Earth this year on March 5 at 8:15 p.m. EST (0115 GMT on March 6).
"Closest" here is a relative term: the asteroid will remain a healthy 0.11 astronomical units (the average distance between the Earth and the sun, or about 93 million miles or 150 million km). That's nearly 44 times the distance between Earth and the moon.
But that's close enough for scientists' most powerful tool for studying asteroids from Earth: planetary radar. Take a powerful radar beam, point it at a mysterious object, then wait. Use a sensitive radio telescope to catch the echo that bounces back, run it through some complicated processing, and the result is a sonogram-like image.
"We like asteroids that come close but, you know, just enough so that we can get a really good signal and we can get really great images," Brozović said.
With good radar images, scientists can tell, for example what shape an asteroid is: potato, peanut, or even a pair of cherries bound only by gravity. Under particularly friendly circumstances, radar can detect boulders on the surface of a space rock. It also hones scientists' ability to track an asteroid's orbit.
Scientists' top priority while preparing for the 2029 Apophis flyby is sharpening their view of the rock's shape and its intricate rotations, Binzel said. "We know Apophis is in a very complicated spin state, it's sort of spinning and tumbling at the same time," he said. "The 2021 encounter gives us an epoch in time."
When scientists look to make predictions about what precisely will happen to Apophis during the 2029 encounter, they'll feed the current best wisdom of the object's shape and twisted rotation into models — but the resulting predictions will only be as robust as the data.
Inconveniently, Earth lost its most powerful planetary radar system in December, when Arecibo Observatory's radio telescope in Puerto Rico collapsed. Each radar system has its strengths and weaknesses, and Arecibo would have shone during this preparatory close approach. Without it, scientists aren't sure how much they'll be able to improve existing radar observations of Apophis.
But they'll try, thanks to the planetary radar system at NASA's Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex in California, which is due to study Apophis from March 3 to March 14 to cover this flyby. Researchers also hope to use the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia to catch the echos, rather than having to switch Goldstone's settings back and forth between send and receive; if they can use two telescopes, the data will be sharper.
"Arecibo was really a powerhouse, the most powerful radar on the planet, so we just can't make that up," Brozović said. "But we're still going to get good data."
Email Meghan Bartels at mbartels@space.com or follow her on Twitter @meghanbartels. Follow uson Twitter @Spacedotcom and on Facebook.
Filer’s Files 6, 2021 Pilot Spots UFO and China War - PART I
Mt. Juliet, Tennessee disc – January 25, 2021
Filer’s Files 6, 2021 Pilot Spots UFO and China War - PART I
Vice President of Medcor Inc,. Princeton, NJ
Major George A. Filer III ret. USAF
New Jersey State Director
MUFON Eastern Region Director
In special reports, this week’s files cover: Tic Tac UFO Flies over Blackhawk, US Navy’s ‘UFO Patents’ or a ‘Space-time Modification Weapons’, ‘ Mar’s Rat, Martian Minerals found in Antarctic, Storms Caused by Jet Stream Manipulation. Taiwan reports large incursion by Communist Chinese air force, C-60 and the book Seven
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over California, Colorado, Florida, Minnesota, Montana, New México, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, and Tennessee.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over Australia, Canada, Check Republic, Oman, New Zealand, and England in the United Kingdom.
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force investigated UFOs publicly for more than twenty years under Project Blue Book; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFO’s are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
Forward these files to your friends and neighbors.
Special Projects
Tic TAC UFO Flies over Blackhawk
Pilot writes, “Good evening gentlemen. I recently retired from the NJANG with 32 years of aviation experience. Pt was a fantastic experience and an honor to serve my country.”
Back in 2011 while flying in our South Jersey training area under goggles I witnessed an event that was life changing. Up until this point I had already been flying for 25 years and never saw anything in the air that I could not identify. Well on a clear fall night that all changed. I had just finished flying and had switched out with another pilot. I was sitting in the back left side jump seat, the crew chief in the right jump seat. We were hovering just above the trees when the crew chief yelled over the intercom that his goggles had just shut down due to a bright flash of light coming from the sky.
Just then I saw while looking out the left side this huge 2 by 4 looking object. It was long and had semi squared off corners. No wings, no landing gear, no lights. It flew right over our helicopter, probably five hundred feet above us and headed toward Philadelphia in about three seconds. I estimate that object was moving over 20,000 mph. Remember I saw this while wearing night vision goggles. The object appeared to be lit up from inside. Unfortunately the two pilots in from never saw the craft.
The story you have in the issue of the Tic Tac looking object is similar to what I saw. I did file a report with MUFON. Anyway, I just thought I would share my story. CW4 Rick McClelland 153DI Blackhawk Helicopter Pilot NJANG (retired)
The object seen in the “Tic Tac” video is actually an F18 just beyond the ranging ability of the ATFLIR pods laser range finder. The video was filmed by Chad Underwood. You will note that Chad’s wingman is unaccounted for during his flight even though they launched together. In the video link below you will see Chad’s video on the left and a much closer F18 on the right but the outline is nearly identical. Take into account one is much further away. No one will debunk my video and as with all my statements I will just sit back and wait until the location of Chad’s wingman or some other F18 pilot is shown on the actual data which was taken by the USAF to AFRL and if you remember I know about that data, where it went and some of what it shows.
Commander Fravor did not video anything but what he saw was an inflatable object made by Raytheon that was launched from a submarine, held by a tether briefly and then let go. Fravor ended up destroying it.
As I’ve said the entire time is the United States Air Force was testing spoofing technology back during that time frame. Who better to test it on than the United States Navy who just received brand new SPY-1B phased array radar? The sub’s disturbance in the water was spotted by Fravor and he was able to spot the “Tic Tac” balloon on a tether darting around in the air from the light waves and slight wind. Imagine a balloon being held by a string 50 feet over the surface of the ocean with the other end attached to a sub.
So Commander Fravor sees this and starts his decent and as he is coming down the balloon is released. As the balloon comes up he thinks it is matching his moves when it is merely floating up. No wings, no signs of propulsion etc. So he decides to cut the circle and fly directly to it not realizing he is much closer to it then thought. As he gets near it he mistakenly believe it accelerated and he flies so close he pops it. The balloon falls to the ocean but he believes it continued on the same path and must have disappeared over the horizon at ludicrous speed. Now all these spoofing balloons mimic each other making it appear they are moving incredibly fast. If you don’t believe we are using this technology to fool the enemy then you need to go read up on it. Here I will help you.
Fast forward to Jacksonville, Florida and 2014-2015events with the same deal. NAVY Carrier group training in the Atlantic Ocean and with new SPY-1B radar sees more UFOs, Gimbals and Go Fast. Jack in all seriousness, which makes more sense? We have alien technology or we learned how to make it look like we do? How do you confuse everyone into believing the BS? Introduce impossible patents and hope people bite on them instead of using the secret patent process that they use all the time. Mike Turber <miketurber@gmail.com> wrote:, Well Mr. Time Traveler I may be a moron in your eyes but remember who was the first to leak exactly what these objects actually are. So mudslinging aside let me know if you, and guests on this list, would like to know the next item up for bids on the price is wrong. Sometimes morons have info that intellects need
Pais is the puppet. I know who the puppet master is. Ask yourself why they would publish and/or allow this info to be released in a simple FOIA request? What is the real reason behind all these patents? Follow the yellow brick road…..Best Regards, Mike Turber
Editor’s Note: I have been informed there is effective radar spoofing technology that will paint a fake craft on the radar screen. However this technology has no effect on photos, video, or visual sightings. Also the technology is not effective against all radars. Conversely UFOs may not appear on all radars. Russia and other countries have similar technology.
Jack Sarfatti writes, “I am quite willing to entertain the possibility that all the Navy videos are fake or are misinterpreted.” However, you are accusing Commander Fravor, Kevin Day and other US Navy military of intentionally lying. Fravor and other Navy pilots had visual close encounters. Your account below about Fravor is not what I heard him say about seeing incredibly fast accelerations. Leave that all aside; I am talking about the entire UFO phenomenon not specifically those fuzzy videos.
JACK SARFATTI wrote: Didn’t you see my email from yesterday why totally demolished this nonsense? It’s a bunch of crap in the Navy people who are behind it or either incompetent or it’s some kind of disinformation operation, in any case it’s a scandal and it needs to be investigated of course it won’t be under Biden’s fake admin run by China’s Xi Jinping. Only a complete dunce who doesn’t understand elementary physics will be fooled by this kind of nonsense. The only thing good about it is what they say about the military threat of such technology know how which I have but the Navy doesn’t.
Mike Turber wrote Navy “UFO Patent” Documents Talk of “Space-time Modification Weapon,” Detail Experimental Testing. The Navy spent three years and considerable sums of money testing the “Pays Effect” and may have transferred the program to another agency.
US Navy’s ‘UFO Patents’ files reveal experiments for a ‘Space-time Modification Weapons’ ‘
Dr. Salvatore Cezar Pais.
The Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD) conducted the experiments, exploring the work of Dr. Salvatore Cezar Pais. ‘UFO patents’ had been vouched for by the head of the Navy’s aerospace research enterprise. Navy was filing them as Chinese entities worked on similar technology advancements
The inventions are enabled through the ‘Pais Effect’ – a theoretical physics concept based on the ‘controlled motion of electrically charged matter’. Approximately $466,810 was spent conducting experiments for the project between the Fiscal Years 2017 and 2019
The Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD) conducted the experiments, exploring the work of Dr. Salvatore Cezar Pais – an aerospace engineer who works for the U.S. Navy
A U.S. Navy file dubbed the ‘UFO patents’ has revealed how military scientists spent hundreds of thousands of dollars on experiments involving nuclear fusion and electromagnetic fields as part of research into devastating future weapons. The documents claim a ‘Space-time Modification Weapon’ could make the Hydrogen bomb seem like a ‘firecracker.’
The Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division (NAWCAD) conducted the experiments, exploring the work of Dr. Salvatore Cezar Pais – an aerospace engineer who works for the U.S. Navy.
The head of the Navy’s aerospace research enterprise said Chinese entities were working on similar technology advancements, the War Zone reports.
Figure 1 shows an image from Pais’s ‘Craft Using an Inertial Mass Reduction Device’ patent
Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator (HEEMFG)
Documents released through the Freedom of Information Act contain hundreds of pages about the Naval Innovative Science and Engineering – Basic & Applied Research Program and the tests, photographs and other related material associated with it. The program was referred to as ‘The High Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator (HEEMFG).
Dr. Pais’s inventions are enabled through the ‘Pais Effect’ – a theoretical physics concept that is based on the ‘controlled motion of electrically charged matter (from solid to plasma) via accelerated spin and/or accelerated vibration under rapid (yet smooth) acceleration-deceleration-acceleration transients.’
Documents released through the Freedom of Information Act contain hundreds of pages about the Naval Innovative Science and Engineering – Basic & Applied Research Program and the tests, photographs and other related material associated with it. The program was referred to as ‘The High Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator (HEEMFG)
As a result, according to Pais, incredibly powerful electromagnetic energy fields can ‘engineer the fabric of our reality at the most fundamental level.’ This can lead to revolutionary changes in power and propulsion, quantum communications, energy production and weaponry.
These documents mention how Pais’s Plasma Compression Fusion Device patent could be used to design the ultra-powerful ‘Space-time Modification Weapon.’
‘Under uniquely defined conditions, the Plasma Compression Fusion Device can lead to development of a Space-time Modification Weapon (SMW- a weapon that can make the Hydrogen bomb seem more like a firecracker, in comparison)’ the documents read.
High Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator
An overview of Dr. Salvatore Pais’s ‘High Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator’ technology
‘Extremely high energy levels can be achieved with this invention, under pulsed ultrahigh current (I) / ultrahigh magnetic flux density (B) conditions (Z-pinch with a Fusion twist).’
The NAWCAD explained that the technology has ‘National Security importance in leading to the generation of thermonuclear Fusion Ignition
.A 2018 quad chart for the High Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator (HEEMFG) project. $466,810 was spent conducting experiments for the project between the Fiscal Years 2017 and 2019. Photographs from one of the spin tests performed
He devices that were tested seem to have been preliminary versions of Pais’s HEEMFG model. They used spinning capacitors to ‘demonstrate the experimental feasibility of achieving high electromagnetic field-energy flux values toward the design of advanced high energy density / high power propulsion systems.’
The documents also highlight that the HEEMFG could be continued by the Naval and Air Force Research Laboratories
Note:We worked closely with the Russians chasing the UFOS.
Scientists boring more than a mile deep into Antarctic ice have unearthed a mineral that’s rarely seen on Earth but found in abundance on Mars. The yellow-brown mineral, called jarosite requires both water and acidic dust conditions to form, according to NASA — conditions that are hard to find now on the Red Planet. Nonetheless, after the Opportunity rover first discovered jarosite on Mars in 2004, the mineral turned up in several Martian locations, leaving scientists to wonder how the mineral became so common, Science reported.
Some theorized that, when ice covered the planet dust containing the required minerals — iron, sulfate and potassium, may have been trapped inside.
“Mars is such a dusty place — everything is covered in dust,” study author Giovanni Baccolo, a geologist at the University of Milan-Bicocca.”. But while ice could have provided the wet environment needed for acidic dust to transform into jarosite, scientists have never actually seen dust and ice chemically reacting to form the mineral.
On Earth, jarosite is a rare mineral that crops up in mining waste exposed to air and rain, near the vents of volcanoes. Baccolo and his colleagues never expected to find the mineral in Antarctica, but when the team pulled a mile-long (1,620 meters) ice core from the ground, they found trace particles of jarosite, smaller than grains of sand, buried in the deepest layers of the ice.
After examining the particles with an electron microscope, the team deduced that the jarosite had formed in pockets within the ice. These ultra-thick slabs of jarosite may have formed on Mars because it is far dustier than Antarctica, providing more raw materials to form jarosite, Baccolo noted. “This is just the first step in linking deep Antarctic ice with the Martian environment,” he said. Editor’s
Note: The Martian dust containing the required jarosite minerals may have come to Earth from Mars in a meteorite or even a space ship.
Worst Storm in Years Hits Midwest and East
Storms Caused by Jet Stream Weather Manipulation
The most intense cold snap to affect the United States descended upon parts of the Midwest and East last week and is expected to linger through this week. New York City’s Central Park had a storm total of 17.2 inches. The storm’s maximum snow total so far is 33 inches in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. The greatest additional accumulations Tuesday were in northern New England.
New Yorkers were digging out from under piles of snow that shut down public transport, canceled flights and closed vaccination sites. It was the city’s biggest snowstorm in five years. Thirteen states were covered in snow and another storm is expected Sunday.
The storm is the 16th-biggest snowstorm on record there dating back to 1869. “The storm’s maximum snow total so far is 33 inches in Nazareth, Pennsylvania. The core of that cold air mass was shunted southward by the jet stream.
Weather Model – Global Jet Stream Wind and 250 mb Pressure February 1, 2021 chart
Weather Model – Global Jet Stream Wind and 250 mb Expect unusually cold temperatures and large snow storms caused by air chilled in Northern Canada being blown south with the jet stream into the U.S. after passing through China.” The jet stream is a band of strong wind that blows in the upper level of the atmosphere and acts as a kind of boundary between cold air in the north and warm air to the south. The jet stream typically blows relatively straight west to east, but every so often a kink forms that changes its direction. This kink can occur naturally or by design perhaps in China. The shape of this kink is a little bit unusual. We haven’t seen something like this in about 10 year and suggest a nation such as Communist China is controlling the jet stream. http://www.stormsurfing.com/cgi/display_alt.cgi?a=glob_250
The US Midwest and East has been suffering from massive cold and snow storms. It is my opinion we are in a weather war with massive cold weather being diverted from Canada to the US. This flow is very unusual bringing the cold temperatures jet stream flow across the top of the world.
Allegedly HAARP units in Russia, or China, can disrupt the world’s weather patterns. There is strong evidence our weather is being manipulated or GeoEngineered. Weather modification is resulting in the extreme conditions that we are witnessing with unusual early cold and snow this winter. It appears to be designed to physically harm the US, Canada and Western European Nations.
China launched the world’s largest weather-control machine, with the ability to modify the weather in an area similar to the size of Alaska in 2018. China has never shied away from doing things on a massive scale and this is yet another example of the Chinese Communist military government working on an unprecedented scale.
China’s state-owned Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation after invading Tibet are implementing a plan to send thousands of rain-inducing machines across the Tibetan Plateau to increase rainfall along the region.
The Tibetan Plateau is the source of much of China’s water, running down from the mountainous highlands via the Yangtze, Mekong, and Yellow rivers into the fertile Chinese farmlands.
The South China Morning Post recently revealed plans for a new Chinese radar facility .Described as “high-powered incoherent scatter radar,” this installation will bounce radio waves off the Earth’s high-altitude layer of charged gas ionosphere and may be affecting the jet stream.
China and Russia have modified an important layer of the atmosphere to test a controversial technology for possible military application, according to Chinese scientists involved in the project. A total of five experiments were carried out in June that caused physical disturbance over an area as large as 49,000 square miles. Creating extreme weather conditions is a “bloodless tool of war,” and there is good chance both Russia and China are using it. Beijing has 37,000 people working on whether manipulation and there is more personnel all over China.
During tests in Vasilsursk, a small Russian town experienced an electric spike 310 miles high with 10 times more negatively charged subatomic particles than surrounding regions that can cause jet stream anomalies. An experiment on June 12, the temperature of thin, ionized gas at high altitude increased more than 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit). It is though this action can change the jet stream direction to create cold and disastrous weather patterns over the US. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/china-and-russia-band-together-on-controversial-heating-experiments-to-modify-the-atmosphere/6
One of the Russian HAARP ionosphere heater installations can routinely manipulate the jet stream. There is growing evidence heating the ionosphere it is used to manipulate weather systems.
Dr. Nick Begich writes, “HAARP will zap the upper atmosphere with a focused and steerable electromagnetic beam. It is an advanced model of an “ionosphere heater.” Chinese weather modification heating system
The ionosphere is the electrically-charged sphere surrounding Earth’s upper atmosphere. It ranges between 40 to 60 miles above the surface of the Earth. Put simply, the apparatus for HAARP is a reversal of a radio telescope; its antennas send out signals instead of receiving. HAARP is the test run for a super-powerful radio wave-beaming technology that lifts areas of the ionosphere by focusing a beam and heating those areas. “Weather modification is possible by altering upper atmosphere wind patterns by constructing one or more plumes of atmospheric particles which will act as a lens or focusing device.” From Angels Don’t Play this HAARP:http://haarp.net/
Russia has more HAARP ionosphere heater installations than any other country and is likely manipulating the jet stream that flows around the world.
HARP Facility
Electrical engineer Brooks Agnew began researching the secretive Project HAARP in 1997 for the documentary Holes in Heaven, and learned that the technology was capable of weather manipulation, and possible use as a weapon. “HAARP alters the climate by heating the ionosphere and pushing it out into space, leaving voids that are filled in by the stratosphere and troposphere, and allowing for the jet stream to be redirected,” Agnew explained.
There is a mountain of data including already conducted experiments, satellite imagery which points solidly to the conclusion that cold, snow storms, and tornadoes are being engineered by the jet streams. See more at: http://www.haarpstatusnetwork.com/#sthash.8Xu5rSjQ.dpuf
Taiwan reports large incursion by Communist Chinese air force
Four Shenyang J-16 fighters coped from US. F-15s
Chinese President Xi Jinping has called on troops to “put all (their) minds and energy on preparing for war What China actually did was cheat, steal, and duped us on their
way to prosperity by building a mighty treasure chest of technology and money in trade with the U.S. On January 23, 2021, a formation Chinese Communist H-6K bombers and Four J-16 fighters flew into Taiwan’s Air Defense Identification Zone.
Taiwan’s air force deployed missiles and fighters to “monitor” the incursions almost daily. President Biden’s newly sworn-in administration on Saturday reaffirmed the US’s “rock-solid” commitment to helping Taiwan against Communist China.
Taiwan’s Colonel Lee Ching-shi told Reuters their jets usually go up armed with guns, Sidewinders and Taiwan-made Sky Sword missiles when reacting to Communist Chinese jets and they can respond “at any time”. Taiwan has designed and built the F-CK-1A fighters but has asked the US to provide more modern aircraft. The Taiwan Air Force has about 600 aircraft compared to more than 3000 Communist aircraft.
China, which claims Taiwan as its own territory, has conducted almost daily flights over the waters between the southern part of Taiwan and the Taiwan-controlled Pratas Islands 276 miles south of Taiwan in the South China Sea in recent months. Taiwan’s Air Force is well trained, but has far fewer combat aircraft than China and has strained under the pressure of almost constantly having to scramble in recent months, responding to stepped up Chinese activity near the island.
The same day, a large force of Chinese military aircraft, including fighters and bombers, flew past Taiwan and into the waterway. The Chinese aircraft conducted 6 days ago The McCain Destroyer sailed through the Taiwan Straits for the first time since Biden became President.
Jan 26, 2021 · Three days after President Joe Biden took office, the Chinese People’s Communist Army Air Force a powerful formation of new H-6K bombers toward Taiwan. The same day, the U.S. Navy sailed…
13 Chinese combat aircraft, (including eight H-6 bombers) entering Taiwan’s ADIZ last Saturday and were carrying out a mock attack on USS Theodore Roosevelt.
A total of 28 aircraft, including as many as eight PLAAF (People’s Liberation Army Air Force) H-6 bombers, “intruded” into Taiwan’s ADIZ (Air Defense Identification Zone) between Jan. 23 and 24, 2021.
The package of 13 Chinese combat aircraft, (including eight H-6 bombers) entering Taiwan’s ADIZ shortly after Biden took office .China has conducted potential attacks on Taiwan while its ally Iran has conducted attacks of Saudi Arabia. Biden says he supports Saudi against Iran but has stopped supporting Saudi in Yemen. It appears they feel Biden is weak and will not help defend these countries. www.forbes.com/sites/davidaxe/2021/01/25/shortly…
Jan 24, 2021 · Thirteen Chinese combat aircraft (including 8x H-6K bombers, 4x J-16 fighters and 1x Y-8 Anti-Submarine Warfare aircraft), followed the following day by 15 aircraft (2x Su-30, 4x J-16, 6x J-10, 2x Y-8…
Jan 25, 2021 ·A nuclear-powered attack submarine usually also accompanies American aircraft carriers. Against this force, the Chinese military mustered some.
Shenyang J-16 fighters with Possible UFOs on Chinese TV
of its best warplanes On Saturday, eight H-6K.Made a practice run to attack the carrier. Obviously either side could decide to shoot to protect themselves. Naturally fake Nightly TV News appears to ignore the story since Chinese billions buy advertising.
Jan 30, 2021 ·the same day, a large force of Chinese military aircraft, including fighters and bombers, flew past Taiwan and into the waterway. and conducted a simulated attack on the US Navy aircraft.
Chinese state media on Monday threatened to attack the “frenzied” United States over “anti-China decisions” made by Trump to support Taiwan.
Tibet was invaded in the Battle of Chamdo and Taiwan is next. China will soon have a world-leading military as its Army and Navy are larger than the U.S
The Chinese Dream is a set of personal and national goals and ideals to be the world’s greatest power promoted by the Chinese society and by Chinese Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping since 2012.
Communist Party General Secretary Xi Jinping since 2012.
It is used by journalists, government officials, and activists to describe the role and goals of the Communist Chinese nation.
In April 2019, the Chinese state media declare the Chinese People’s War against the US. Xi Jinping General Secretary of the Communist Party ordered the destruction of churches and temples and essentially made himself god and developed the corona virus in the Wuhan Laboratory.
Since then Philippine fishing boats have been sunk, 20,000 Indian military personnel have been killed by China and the corona virus has been spread around the world with China developing a vaccine a year ago.
Paramount leader “Isaac Stone Fish, founder of Strategy Risks said, “The United States is comparatively less strong vis-a-vis China under Biden than a few years ago, and China is likely to continue to close that gap.” China relations and the coming “duel of the century” for economic, military, and cultural dominance in the world.
The goal is to surpass the US in every way using every method imaginable such as stealing technology, spying, sending its space ships to the moon, conducting bio warfare with the corona virus, and conducting weather manipulation. Xi declared in2017 that China is raising quickly to world superpower status, capable of challenging the US economically, politically, and, militarily, too. Chinese President Xi Jinping has called on troops to “put all (their) minds and energy on preparing for war” in a visit to a military base . Xi Jinping warns Biden of ‘new cold war’ if US keeps up protectionism. China’s president, Xi Jinping, has sent out a warning to Joe Biden that he risks a new cold war if he continues with the protectionist policies of his predecessor.
In an address to the virtual World Economic Forum event, Xi called for a multilateral approach to solving the economic crisis caused by Covid-19 and said the pandemic should not be used as an excuse to reverse globalization in favor of “decoupling and seclusion”.
China is on its way to becoming the only nation that can challenge the US on the military front is China so Biden warns Russia. Not to interphone in elections. Three days after President Joe Biden took office, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Air Force sent a powerful formation of new H-6K bombers with YJ-12 anti-ship missiles toward Taiwan. Four J-16 fighters protected the bombers. There are more than 200 H-6s I m China.
The dispute with China has left relations frayed with a constant threat of a violent flare up that could drag the US into the fray.
Many Soldiers and police with their back turned as Biden drives by on day is explained ha watching the thousand peopling in the inauguration crowd
Don’t expect the fake TV nightly news to keep you up to date even on the 40 Executive Orders the President has written, all of which hurt jobs and many cases kill millions by sending large amounts of money around the world for abortions. He also opened the borders to illegal immigrants where large numbers will be raped and die inside overheated trucks. The illegal immigrants are forced to carry large amount of illegal drugs to US cities where nearly a 100,000 will die from drug overdoses. Although he claims to be a Roman Catholic he is acting against the word of God. Thanks to REUTERS, Utubue, and Navy
#2 in SEVEN Trilology
Shadows, Fred Ellis Brock’s second novel of The Seven trilogy, has been released. It is a cross-genre thriller involving kidnapping, murder, romance, and UFO conspiracies. It is published by Wyatt-MacKenzie Publishing. The third novel, Secrets, will be published in the summer of 2021. The first novel, The Seven, came out last June. Shadows and The Seven are available wherever books are sold, but if you’re looking online at places like Amazon, many books have “seven” and “shadows” in the title. Best to search for the author’s name. More information at www.fredellisbrock.com.
In Shadows, best-selling author Bill Sanders reluctantly returns to his hometown almost a year after an old Friend, Paul Watson, was murdered while the two were searching for Paul’s missing ten-year-old daughter. Paul had sworn to Bill that the girl was abducted by a UFO. Only after Paul’s death did Bill come to know that his friend was telling the truth. Bill also learns of the existence of an ultra-secret group called The Seven and its shocking role in the UFO phenomenon.
Bill also makes an astonishing discovery about his and Paul’s pasts with UFOs and aliens. This, along with a letter from a dead man about the earlier death of Bill’s wife, sets him on a collision course with The Seven. Cell: 520-288-2104 www.fredellisbrock.com
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Filer’s Files 6, 2021 Pilot Spots UFO and China War - PART II
Mt. Juliet, Tennessee disc – January 25, 2021
Filer’s Files 6, 2021 Pilot Spots UFO and China War - PART II
Vice President of Medcor Inc,. Princeton, NJ
Major George A. Filer III ret. USAF
New Jersey State Director
MUFON Eastern Region Director
In special reports, this week’s files cover: Tic Tac UFO Flies over Blackhawk, US Navy’s ‘UFO Patents’ or a ‘Space-time Modification Weapons’, ‘ Mar’s Rat, Martian Minerals found in Antarctic, Storms Caused by Jet Stream Manipulation. Taiwan reports large incursion by Communist Chinese air force, C-60 and the book Seven
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over California, Colorado, Florida, Minnesota, Montana, New México, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, and Tennessee.
Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings were reported over Australia, Canada, Check Republic, Oman, New Zealand, and England in the United Kingdom.
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force investigated UFOs publicly for more than twenty years under Project Blue Book; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFO’s are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
Forward these files to your friends and neighbors.
UFO Sightings in the United States
Sightings are from MUFON CMS and zoomed in
California Object
Alpine – on January 9, 2018, I was driving and wanted a shot of the sunset. Only later did I notice this super fast moving thing. It’s a live shot with my iPhone, so you can slide frames and see how fast it is moving when compared to the car below it moving in the same direction it passes it in a blink of an eye. I was driving approximately 60mph oh the 8 Freeway west.
San Diego– January 28, 2021
1, caught this on our outdoor security camera was taken at 7:06 PM, so maybe you can explain what it is? It was definitely something that you don’t see every day.
Note:This bright object could be a regular aircraft, but it is difficult to see any blinking lights characteristic of aircraft. Also the object appears to be possibly two objects moving in unison. Thanks to Will Pucket/www.ufosnw.com/newsite/
Colorado Objects
Denver– January 31, 2021, I observed 3 large white objects traveling at a high rate of speed. They maintained their formation and had long tails. The best description is that they looked like cloud tear-drops at 10:45 A.M. in the morning. I observed these very large objects appear to “fall” to move east at a high rate of speed. They maintained their brightness and formation until I lost sight of them.
Florida Lights
Miami– On November 29, 2020, I felt the need to take photographs, but never realized anything until I got home and saw a cigar shaped craft drop out of the sky. I tried to video but was unable to capture anything. You can’t see anything until you zoom in.
Minnesota Disc
Coon Rapids– on June 16, 2020, I was doing grounds work at school when it started raining for about 25 minutes and I noticed the sun shining. There is an opening in the clouds and took a picture of it. Later that evening I was telling my wife about it and showed her the picture when she noticed a dark spot in the picture. I zoomed in on the image and can’t tell if it’s a UFO?
Montana Light
Ferndale– January 30, 2021 –took this video at 10:20 PM, and I saw the light above the Bigfork Gun Club on the east side of the Swan Mountain Range.
Note: It appears from the video that the object is rising. The object also appears to be quite large. Thanks to Will Pucket/www.ufosnw.com/newsite/
New Mexico Lights
Albuquerque – January 30, 2021, my sister and I were outside looking at the stars and I noticed this thing in the sky that looked weird. The lights were blinking in the shape of a triangle that was moving. I took pictures of the blue it lights on my phone.
Truth or Consequences – on December 27, 2020, object changed shape.
New York Lights
Phelps — On November 1, 2020, I first saw it with my grandson as this huge thing came up from behind the house, where there is a huge Pond. I took a short video and still am, positively, 100% sure we saw a UFO with 2-3 s orange color orbs. It shot off; at nana seconds speed and was gone.
North Carolina Disc
Raleigh– January 30, 2021, this is from Face book. Where a good friend took a picture of her kids on her roof. Afterwards, she notices the object in the top left. It looks a lot like the objects captured by the Navy. I don’t know what the object in the photo is.
Ohio Object
Sidney– January 19, 2021, driving on Dingman Slagle Road in Port Jefferson it was playing cat and mouse with us. We were chasing it and we were able to get close driving 95 miles an hour to keep up. It ended up back where we first found it. I got out of the car and took 13 photos and 5 videos on my cell phone.
Oregon Lights
Keizer – January 30, 2021, took a photo of the moon and later when I looked at the picture I noticed the lights in the sky. I don’t know what it was or how long it was in the sky
Tennessee Disc
Mt. Juliet – January 25, 2021, this is my first UFO experience, which took place between 6:00 a.m. and 6:30 a.m. at my home about 12 miles east of Nashville. I got up and looked out the east window and saw a very large bright white-blue light on the distant horizon. After a few minutes, I noticed six star shaped points with three at the top and three at the bottom moving fast, toward Nashville.
Worldwide UFO Sightings
Australia Lights
Croydo – on February 5, 2021, in the video it is hard to tell what these lights are, but I swear to you I know what a plane and helicopter looks like and that was not one. I took my dogs out and heard this very loud humming/aircraft noise and I see the circles of red and green literally above me. It has continued to come back and forth and I can still hear it and it has been about 25 minutes.
Canada Light
Hanilton – on February 4, 2021, I’ve seen this 3 times in the same location and once an hour away from my home. Begin feeling anxious and irritated each time I hear a loud humming/pulsating noise which drives me to notice the object.
Check Republic
Havířov– September 22, 2020, I’ve experienced more light poses and I’m just enjoying them and I don’t need to shoot them. I had the greatest experience with a friend in 2016; we had the opportunity to enjoy the black triangle “tr3b/ at a height of 30 meters. And since then I have experienced dozens of posing. It has something to do with the vibration you live with. T the attached photos are funny.
New Zealand Objects
Auckland – on January 22, 2021, at 10.52pm we observed 7-10 single orange glowing round lights, the size of a small car, travelling at a steady, fast rate, at low altitude which veered off and disappeared. Also included are 2 photographs taken on November 2nd, at 2.51pm (NZ time) that show a moving triangular object. When zoomed in they look to be 3 diamond shaped objects in a triangular formation.
Oman Object
Muscat— on the evening of 30th January 2021, I was capturing the rise of the moon on a remote beach. Later I was surprised to notice an identified DNA shape.
UK/England Objects
Stoke on Trent – on December 22, 2020, a Black plume of smoke was seen south east of the city centre either going up or down
Horsham – January 31, 2021, I have seen this object before but I didn’t have my camera. I decided to film it, but only managed to get 2 minutes before my camera run out of battery. I do not know what this is, I hope it is a UFO as it changes shapes and has electric vibes all through it. The video is pixilated.
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Filer’s Files salutes our fighting men and women; God Bless Our Troops, and Georgie, Elizabeth, and Victoria Filer, and Eddie Pedrick. May the Angels be your guide and take you to paradise.
Put another way, a young person in the U.S. is nearly 11 times as likely to die in a swimming pool than in a school shooting. Few public officials would say pools are doing a poor job protecting swimmers, but the statistics suggest that we need “more lifeguards at pools, as opposed to guards at schools,” Fox said
The Filer Research Institute feels the scientific study of UFOs is for the benefit of humankind and is an important endeavor. The US Air Force investigated UFOs publicly for more than twenty years under Project Blue Book; and I continue this advanced research. I believe the God of the universe has spread life throughout the cosmos and UFO’s are visiting us in ever-increasing numbers.
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Filer’s Files salutes our fighting men and women Georgie Filer and Eddie Pedrick my grandsons who both drowned. We pray that God will bless those who read these files spiritually.
Verste object in ons zonnestelsel ontdekt: de rots ‘FarFarOut’
Aan de rand van ons zonnestelsel draait een rots rond de zon. Het is het verste object in ons stelsel dat tot nu toe bekend is. Het object heeft de bijnaam FarFarOut gekregen, oftewel ver, ver weg.
FarFarOut werd in januari 2018 voor het eerst waargenomen met een telescoop op Hawaï. Daarna is het object gevolgd om zijn baan rond de zon te berekenen.
Volgens het Amerikaanse sterrenkundige centrum NOIRlab doet de rots ongeveer duizend jaar over een rondje rond de zon. Soms komt hij dichter bij dan de planeet Neptunus, maar op het verste punt is de afstand tot de zon 26,2 miljard kilometer. Dat is 175 keer de afstand van de aarde tot de zon.
Momenteel staat hij op 19,75 miljard kilometer van de zon, 132 keer zo ver als de aarde van de zon staat.
Pluto
Het rotsblok is moeilijk te zien. De ontdekkers denken dat hij ongeveer 400 kilometer in doorsnee is. Dat betekent dat het misschien net een dwergplaneet is, zoals bijvoorbeeld Pluto.
De ontdekkers verwachten dat het record van FarFarOut niet lang in stand blijft, omdat er in zijn omgeving waarschijnlijk meer van zulke rotsen te vinden zijn.
Het is het verste object in ons stelsel dat tot nu toe bekend is.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:HLN.be - Het Laatste Nieuws ( NL)
Musician Deletes Footage of "UFO" Captured from Airplane Window
Musician Deletes Footage of "UFO" Captured from Airplane Window
A still image of the object from Capelle’s video.
(Leah Capelle / Twitter)
Los Angeles-based musician Leah Capelle shared a video to Twitter on February 3rd of what appears to be an unidentified flying object outside the window of a passenger jet leaving Chicago.
"Okay y'all, when I was flying home from Chicago I saw something spooky; my gut instinct was UFO but figured that couldn't be possible so then I thought military drone, but [I don’t know]," the accompanying caption read. "Thoughts?"
Capelle has since deleted the video, but not before it was taken and uploaded to the Latest UFO Sightings (LUFOS) YouTube channel.
The speed with which Capelle deleted the video had some wondering why she did so.
"Why was it already deleted from Twitter?" one viewer asked. "This is weird to me, if it was a hoax for attention they would leave it up as long as possible."
"Especially the [woman who shared the video] being a young musician and trying to gain a following," replied another viewer. "You would think she would leave it up for exposure. But instead, it seemed she got spooked or overwhelmed by people storming her with questions. She may also be questioning herself on what exactly was seen."
Other commenters on the LUFOS YouTube page wondered if the government or “men in black” were responsible for pressuring Capelle into removing the video.
Capelle had been responding to comments prior to the video’s deletion sometime on or before February 5th, including the following exchange.
"I saw something very similar in 2014," Bayardo Gonzalez said. "It was three white spheres/orbs in triangle formation. I did not see them move as fast as yours. They just followed the plane for a bit."
"So crazy, dang," replied Capelle.
"It makes you think...Did I just see what I think I saw?" Gonzalez asked. "Good you got it on video. How many did you see? I couldn’t tell if it was just one. I did not have a smartphone back in 2014 so I do not have video."
"I only saw one but it was moving so fast it’s hard to tell," replied Capelle.
“This needs to be news,” said Capelle during another Twitter exchange.
She did not reply to comments regarding the video’s authenticity or inquiries regarding its deletion.
In the video, Capelle first seems to notice the object hovering above some solar panels, while someone next to her is filming. She then grabs the camera to better record the image herself.
Capelle can be heard speaking with another person, whose voice is muffled, while viewing the object.
“Oh sh*t,” Capelle says. “Whoa, what is that?”
“Do you see that?” asks the other person.
"It’s like teleporting, it’s like a vacuum," Capelle says. "That’s insane."
A white object can be seen in the video entering the frame before disappearing and then reappearing onscreen. After reappearing, it quickly flies offscreen and the video ends.
Many who’ve seen the video are convinced that it represents authentic footage of an unexplained phenomenon.
Debunkers, in the absence of corroborating evidence from other passengers, have asserted that it’s a hoax created with video editing software.
The Singular Fortean Society’s photo and video analyst Emily Wayland said it’s too soon for definitive judgments.
"It’s impossible to know for sure without the original footage, but this could have been done with relatively common computer software," she said. "However, it’s not that easy to do. You’d have to be decently skilled to do it."
Investigator Tobias Wayland reached out to Capelle to ask if she would agree to an interview, and any subsequent response will be publishedas it is received.
Three robotic explorers launched by three different nations are due to reach Mars within days of each other, after hurtling hundreds of millions of miles through space.
The United Arab Emirates' orbiter, called Hope, reaches Mars on Tuesday, followed less than 24 hours later by China's orbiter-rover combo, Tianwen-1.
NASA's rover, Perseverance, will arrive a week later, on February 18, to collect rocks for return to Earth – a key step in determining whether life ever existed on Mars.
The $3 billion Perseverance mission is the first leg in a US-European effort to bring Mars samples to Earth in the next decade.
Hope, Tianwen-1 and Perseverance all launched within 12 days of each other in the second half of July last year.
The UAE, China and the US took advantage of a period last July when Mars and Earth were favourably aligned to launch their exploratory missions to the Red Planet.
Scroll down for video
This illustration provided by NASA depicts the Mars 2020 spacecraft carrying the Perseverance rover as it approaches Mars. Perseverance's $3 billion mission is the first leg in a U.S.-European effort to bring Mars samples to Earth in the next decade
Hope, which was the first of the three to launch, on July 19 from Japan's Tanegashima Space Center, will not land on the Martian surface but take readings from the Red Planet's atmosphere.
It will help answer key questions about the Martian atmosphere and the loss of hydrogen and oxygen gases into space over the span of one Martian year or nearly two Earth years.
Called Amal, or Hope in Arabic, the Gulf nation's spacecraft is seeking an especially high orbit – 13,500 by 27,000 miles high – to monitor Martian weather.
'We are quite excited as engineers and scientists, at the same time quite stressed and happy, worried, scared,' said Omran Sharaf, project manager for the UAE, in anticipation of the first of the three scheduled arrivals.
Six spacecraft currently are operating around Mars – three from the US, two from Europe and one from India. The UAE hopes to make it seven with its mission.
Illustration provided by Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre depicts the United Arab Emirates' Hope Mars probe
Meanwhile, China's craft, which consists of an orbiter, lander and rover, measures just over six feet in height (1.85m) and weighs 530 pounds (240kg).
Called Tianwen-1, or 'Quest for Heavenly Truth', it is due to enter Mars orbit on Wednesday, February 10, but it will remain paired in orbit until May, when the rover separates to descend to the surface.
Once the rover gets to Mars, it will survey the composition, types of substance, geological structure and meteorological environment of the Martian surface, and look for signs of alien life.
China successfully launched Tianwen-1 on July 23 aboard a Long March 5 Y-4 carrier rocket from Wenchang Space Launch Centre on the southern island province of Hainan, China.
China's mission includes a Mars orbiter, that will carry the lander and rover until release, a lander, that will parachute down the the surface carrying the rover, and a rover that will study the planet's soil and atmosphere for signs of life
If all goes well, Tianwen-1 will make China only the second country to land successfully on the Red Planet.
Both the UAE and China are newcomers to Mars, where more than half of Earth's emissaries have failed.
This is not China's first attempt at Mars – in 2011, a Chinese orbiter accompanying a Russian mission was lost when the spacecraft failed to get out of Earth's orbit after launching from Kazakhstan, eventually burning up in the atmosphere.
This image made available by the China National Space Administration on Wednesday, December 16, 2020 shows the Tianwen-1 probe en route to Mars
Lastly, Perseverance, which was the last of the three to blast off last July, will land on the Martian surface on February 18.
The one-ton Perseverance rover is larger and more elaborate than Tianwen-1's rover, but it will similarly prowl for signs of ancient microscopic life.
'To say we're pumped about it, well that would be a huge understatement,' said Lori Glaze, NASA's planetary science director.
About the size of an SUV, the rover will dive in straight away for a harrowing sky-crane touchdown at the 30-mile-diameter Jezero Crater – an ancient river delta that seems a logical spot for somewhere that once harboured life.
Perseverance rover fires up its descent stage engines as it nears the Martian surface in this NASA illustration
This image made available by NASA depicts a possible area through which the Mars 2020 Perseverance rover could traverse across Jezero Crater. This mosaic is composed of aligned images from the Context Camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Perseverance rover, bottom, landing on Mars. Hundreds of critical events must execute perfectly and exactly on time for the rover to land safely on February 18, 2021
This landing zone in Jezero Crater is so treacherous that NASA cancelled it for Curiosity, but so tantalising that scientists are keen to get hold of its rocks.
'When the scientists take a look at a site like Jezero Crater, they see the promise, right?' said Al Chen, who is in charge of the entry, descent and landing team at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.
'When I look at Jezero, I see danger. There's danger everywhere.'
Steep cliffs, deep pits and fields of rocks could cripple or doom Perseverance, following its seven-minute atmospheric plunge.
With an 11-and-a-half-minute communication lag each way, the rover will be on its own, unable to rely on flight controllers.
The odds are in NASA's favour, however, as it has nailed eight of its nine attempted Mars landings.
Illustration of NASA's Perseverance rover beginning its descent through the Martian atmosphere, with its heat shield facing the 'Red Planet' (issued 08 February 2021). Entry, Descent, and Landing (or EDL) begins when the spacecraft reaches the top of the Martian atmosphere, travelling nearly 20,000 kph
NASA engineers watch the first driving test for Perseverance in a clean room at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California in December 2019
Once landed, the six-wheeled Perseverance will drive across Jezero, collecting core samples of the most enticing rocks and gravel.
Perseverance is carrying seven instruments that will analyse samples from the surface, including an advanced panoramic camera, a ground-penetrating radar and an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer for analysis of chemical elements.
The NASA rover, which launched from Florida on July 30, will set the samples aside for retrieval by a fetch rover launching in 2026.
Under an elaborate multi-billion plan still being worked out by NASA and the European Space Agency, the geologic treasure would arrive on Earth in the early 2030s.
There are multiple missions to Mars in 2020 due to its optimum position relative to Earth, making journeys shorter than they would be otherwise
A handout photo released by the China National Space Administration (CNSA) on 05 February 2021 shows the first image of Mars captured by China's Tianwen-1 unmanned probe (issued 06 February 2021). According to CNSA, the image was taken about 2.2 million kilometres from Mars
Scientists contend it is the only way to ascertain whether life flourished on a wet, watery Mars three billion to four billion years ago.
NASA's science mission chief, Thomas Zurbuchen, considers it 'one of the hardest things ever done by humanity and certainly in space science'.
The US is still the only country to successfully land on Mars, beginning with the 1976 Vikings. Two spacecraft are still active on the surface – Curiosity, which landed in 2012, and InSight, which landed in 2018.
Smashed Russian and European spacecraft litter the Martian landscape, meanwhile, along with NASA's failed Mars Polar Lander from 1999.
Mars fly-bys were the rage in the 1960s and most failed. NASA's Mariner 4 was the first to succeed in 1965.
THREE MISSIONS TO MARS IN THE SPACE OF 10 DAYS
There are three major missions bound for Mars in the space of just 10 days this month - the UAE's Hope orbiter, China's Tianwen-1 craft and NASA's Perseverance rover.
The countries are taking advantage of a period when Earth and Mars are favourably aligned for a relatively short journey.
July 19: Hope (UAE)
The 3,000lb (1,350kg) craft (pictured) will complete one orbit every 55 hours for a total of one Martian year — 687 Earth days
- The 2,970-pound probe was built entirely within the Emirates, launched from Japan and will take seven months to reach the Red Planet.
- When the orbiter gets there in February 2021, it will stay in orbit for a whole Martian year – 687 days.
- Hope will not land on the Martian surface but take readings from the Red Planet's atmosphere.
- Hope will help answer key questions about the Martian atmosphere and the loss of hydrogen and oxygen gases into space over the span of one Martian year – called a 'sol'.
- Three instruments mounted on the probe will provide a picture of Mars's atmosphere throughout the year, and all of the data gathered will be made widely available.
- This includes an infrared spectrometer to measure the lower atmosphere and temperature, a high-resolution imager to study the ozone and another to look at levels of hydrogen and oxygen up to 27,000 miles from the surface.
July 23: Tianwen-1
The Chinese space exploration authority introduced the nation's first Mars rover Tianwen-1 (pictured) at a grand ceremony earlier this month. The rover measures just over six feet in height
- This robotic spacecraft consists of an orbiter (stationed in the atmosphere), a lander (stationary on the planet's surface) and a rover (roaming the surface).
- The craft measures just over six feet in height (1.85m) and weighs 530 pounds (240kg).
- It will survey the composition, types of substance, geological structure and meteorological environment of the Martian surface.
- The solar-powered machine is designed to work on Mars for three Martian months, about 92 Earth days.
- It includes a geological camera, a multispectral camera, a subsurface detection radar, a surface composition detector, a surface magnetic field detector and a weather detector.
- A poem pondering on the stars and planets written over 2000 years ago was the inspiration for the name of China's first exploration mission to Mars.
- Called Tianwen (天问), the poem was written by ancient Chinese literati and politician Qu Yuan (339-278BC), who lived in the Chu State (770-223BC).
July 30: Perseverance
NASA's Mars 2020 Rover will pick up samples of rock and soil from the red planet, deposit them in tubes and leave them on the ground for a future mission to return them to Earth.
- NASA's Perseverance rover is the heaviest payload yet to go to the Red Planet - at a car-sized 2,259 pounds (1,025kg).
The mission will seek signs of past microbial life on Mars and collect rock and soil samples for eventual return to Earth.
- The Mars Perseverance rover introduces a drill that can collect core samples of the most promising rocks and soils and set them aside in a 'cache' on the surface of Mars.
- The rover will travel using an ultraviolet laser to determine what minerals and compounds are present in the soil, based on the way the light scatters.
- The Mars 2020 rover, which was built at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California., is now at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida for final preparations.
- It launches to space on July 30 and is set to touch down on Mars in 12 months.
- It has a mission duration of 1 Mars year (668 sols or 687 Earth days) and will touch down on the planet's Jezero crater on Mars in February 2021.
Best UFO Video From A Plane: Incredible Speed, Size And Movement
Best UFO Video From A Plane: Incredible Speed, Size And Movement
One woman witnessed on her flight out of Chicago something she will never forget – a mega-fast UFO, reports wbznewsradio.iheart.com.
She filmed the flying saucer, pointing it out to those next to her. In the clip, she says it is “right over by those solar panels” and then an object zips into view, hovers, and dashes away at a very high rate of speed.
Sounds of shock and amazement can be heard before the UFO returns and curves upward, flying off in the distance.
The video was originally tweeted out by a musician who captioned it “Okay y’all, when I was flying home from Chicago I saw something spooky; my gut instinct was UFO but figured that couldn’t be possible so then I thought military drone, but idk… thoughts?”
She has since removed the video from her Twitter, but didn’t give an explanation as to why. Some commenters think maybe it was because someone, maybe even from the government, suggested she pull the footage.
The ISS Recorded Again A Fleet Of Hundreds Of UFOs Approaching Our Planet
The ISS Recorded Again A Fleet Of Hundreds Of UFOs Approaching Our Planet
We have long believed, even claimed, that we are not alone in the cosmos, and scientists said a few months ago that there may be hundreds of intelligent alien societies not far from Earth. Any of them might also be enough advanced to engage with us.
Scientists at the University of Nottingham, UK, estimate that there are at least 36 extraterrestrial cultures highly advanced in the Milky Way, according to a report published in the science journal The Astrophysical Journal last June.
But they go on to claim that the calculation is simply conservative: it is based on the premise that intelligent life, using what they call the Astrobiological Copernican Limit, forms on other planets in a similar fashion as it does on Earth.
Researchers believed that the World is not special: if an Earth-like planet developed around a Sun-like star in an orbit identical to our planet, hosting a society that evolves technologically similar to humans, in our galaxy there will be around 36 civilizations.
In this scenario, in a timeframe close to that of humanity, other advanced cultures will also be transmitting messages, such as radio broadcasts from satellites and televisions, seeking to discover other modes of life. So if scientists are so convinced of the alien presence of our galaxy, images showing a fleet of hundreds of UFOs above Earth shouldn’t be shocking to us.
Fleet Of UFOs
Another A fleet of over 150 unidentified flying objects in Earth’s orbit has been captured by the International Space Station (ISS) camera. This is not, though the first time in recent months that a similar sighting has occurred.
The ISS was traveling in an undetermined location on Earth last April, as we had already published exclusively, but as the camera captured the progress, hundreds of formation lights were emerging in our path. Uh, earth.
In August, even the Russian cosmonaut Ivan Vagner, currently onboard the International Space Station (ISS), noticed the appearance of a number of unusual lights. The 60-second film, taken from inside the ISS, showed, from Vagner’s viewpoint, at least five unidentified objects traveling in formation, emerging behind Earth.
The arrival of the UFO fleet was caught by the ISS camera in this new sighting during the night of November 15. The appearance in the orbit of Earth of unusual objects is so many that they do not reach the field of view of the camera, but it can be seen that there are at least more than 150.
The most cynical Internet users have indicated that some city lights are these UFO formations, but because the ISS circles the Earth in about 93 minutes, doing 15.5 orbits every day we can see these types of supposed city lights every day on the live stream, but that’s not the case.
But it’s obvious that mysterious luminous objects are not the lights of major cities, and they’re not fishing boats or Starlink satellites because of their height.
It can also be added that on ISS live broadcasts, these light formations do not continuously appear, but rather appear suddenly and then vanish as if they never were.
Today, the question that many are wondering is where do they go and in such numbers for what reason do they travel?
There are numerous hypotheses at this stage that might justify its real intent.
One explanation is that owing to the coronavirus pandemic, it is alien spacecraft leaving our world in shape.
Another hypothesis, and one of the most famous, is that they are conclusive proof that some otherworldly civilization is preparing for a quiet attack, strategically positioning its fleet as if it were a chessboard.
We should not rule out that it is the US Space Force, however.
It must be said that the Space Delta 9 unit of the Space Force was formally awarded its first mission: orbital warfare. It formally took charge of the enigmatic experimental unmanned mini space shuttle X-37B, which completed a number of classified orbits for unspecified reasons, the latest of which involved a Space Force mission, as part of the strengthening of the armament of the Space Force.
So it should come as no surprise that hidden Space Power instruments are the hundreds of objects stealthily flying about in Earth’s orbit.
The fact is that if more than 150 unexplained space objects travel in our planet’s orbit, apart from all these hypotheses, why does the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) or the European Space Agency (ESA) not feel it appropriate to clarify the mysterious objects that appear in the live broadcast of the ISS?
Comment l'ESA se prépare à négocier avec la Nasa la présence d'un Européen sur la Lune
Comment l'ESA se prépare à négocier avec la Nasa la présence d'un Européen sur la Lune
Rémy Decourt - Journaliste
[EN VIDÉO][4K] Mission Artémis Les Hommes de Retour sur la Lune en 2024 (Nasa) - les lancements de la mission ArtemisFin 2021, le nouveau lanceur lourd de la Nasa, le SLS (Space Launch System), lancera la première mission Artemis I à destination de la Lune. Voici à quoi ressemblera son premier vol.
L'Agence spatiale européenne, principale partenaire de la Nasa dans l'exploration humaine et robotique de la Lune, veut qu'un de ses astronautes marche sur la Lune. Afin de convaincre la Nasa d'en amener un avec elle lors d'une mission Artemis, l'ESA développe un atterrisseur lunaire polyvalent, autonome et de forte capacité (EL3) qui pourrait servir à la logistique des missions Artemis. Le fret et le matériel ainsi transportés le seraient en échange d'un Européen sur la Lune dès le début de la décennie 2030.
L'Agence spatiale européenne qui a conclu des accords à long terme avec la Nasa pour construire une station spatiale lunaire (Gateway) et garantir sa participation à un prochain voyage sur la Lune a d'ores et déjà négocié et obtenu trois places pour ses astronautes à bord du Gateway.
Aujourd'hui, l'ESA réfléchit quelle contrepartie elle pourrait proposer à la Nasa pour faire atterrir sur la Lune un de ses astronautes d'ici 2030 ! Cette monnaie d'échange pourrait être l'atterrisseur lunaire polyvalent, baptisé European Large Logistics Lander (EL3). Bien que destiné à une diversité de missions pour la communauté scientifique, ce système de transport autonome pourra servir à la logistique de support des missions Artemis avec la capacité de transporter jusqu'à 1,7 tonne de fret vers n'importe quel endroit de la surface lunaire.
À la conquête de la Lune avec des programmes forts
L'Agence spatiale européenne a indiqué, lors de l'édition 2020 du Congrès international d'astronautique (IAC), avoir sélectionné Airbus Defense and Space et Thales Alenia Space pour deux études parallèles. Ce n'est seulement que lors de la prochaine réunion du Conseil des ministres de l'ESA, actuellement prévue fin 2022, que les États membres décideront de financer le développement de cet atterrisseur lunaire polyvalent, voire de le compléter avec le croiseur lunaire CLTV (Cis-Lunar Transfer Vehicle), dont deux études ont été confiées à Airbus et Thales Alenia Space. Ce Véhicule logistique polyvalent et autonome, s'appuyant sur l'héritage des modules de service d'Orion et du véhicule de transfert automatique (ATV), pourrait ravitailler le Gateway dès 2027.
Différents concepts à l'étude d'alunisseur logistique lourd européen (EL3) sous ses différentes configurations, en fonction du scénario de mission (transport de fret, dépose d'un rover, retour d'échantillons lunaires). Cette étude est réalisée par Airbus pour le compte de l'ESA.
Dans le contexte d'un programme d'exploration lunaire accéléré au niveau international, l'ESA s'est engagée dans plusieurs projets pour permettre à l'Europe de jouer un rôle à court et à moyen terme. Pour l'ESA, ce retour sur la Lune offre non seulement des opportunités scientifiques fondamentalement importantes pour la compréhension du Système solaire, mais permet également de tester le matériel et les procédures opérationnelles pour l'exploration et l'utilisation de l'espace au-delà de l'orbite terrestre basse (LEO), de façon à démontrer les technologies et les processus qui seront nécessaires à une mission future vers Mars.
Silvio Sandrone, directeur des nouveaux programmes chez Airbus, dont l'entreprise est engagée dans les études de l'EL3 et du CLTV (Commercial Lunar Payload Services), nous explique en quoi ces deux systèmes de transport « pourraient répondre aux besoins de la Nasa pour son programme Artemis ». Si avec l'EL3 le but de l'ESA est d'effectuer des missions autonomes européennes sur la surface de la Lune, au rythme de trois à cinq sur une période d'au moins dix ans à partir de la fin des années 2020, cet alunisseur peut servir de « véhicule de logistique lourd pour les missions Artemis avec équipage sur la Lune ». Avec 1,7 tonne de charge utile, une très grande variété de cargaisons et de fret peut être livrée à la surface de la Lune, comme « des expériences scientifiques, des fournitures d'équipage ou des rovers non pressurisés ».
L'atterrisseur lunaire EL3 de l'Agence spatiale européenne. Ce système de transport autonome pourra servir à la logistique de support des missions Artemis avec la capacité de transporter jusqu'à 1,7 tonne de fret vers n'importe quel endroit de la surface lunaire.
Du fait de ces performances, EL3 se différencie nettement de la multitude de projets de sociétés privées américaines qui « développent des atterrisseurs lunaires de 150 à 200 kg de charges utiles, dans le cadre du programme Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) de la Nasa ».
L'EL3 en support des missions Artemis de la Nasa
Pour comprendre l'intérêt de la Nasa à utiliser EL3, « qui ne sera évidemment pas un lander lunaire de plus », il faut savoir que dans le schéma actuel des missions Artemis, le système d’atterrissage habité HLS (Human Landing System) de la Nasa est « un peu court en matière de performance ». Qualifié pour le transport d'astronautes, le HLS, actuellement développé par le secteur privé, permettra aux astronautes d'atteindre la surface lunaire, de vivre et d'opérer au sol pendant quelques jours au maximum, avant de rejoindre l'orbite lunaire. Si l'Europe peut, par exemple, « prédisposer au sol carburant et ressources, les missions Artemis sur la Lune pourraient alors durer plusieurs semaines » ! Dans ce scénario, les astronautes de la Nasa arriveront sur le site à explorer avec le HLS, mais l'essentiel de la logistique sera apporté par l'EL3.
Concept à l'étude de l'alunisseur logistique lourd européen lunaire de l'Agence spatiale européenne (EL3). Dans cette configuration, l’EL3 pourrait permettre une mission de retour d’échantillons lunaires.
Le but de l'ESA est de se rendre « incontournable auprès de la Nasa pour la logistique des futures missions habitées » et donc de négocier auprès de la Nasa cette capacité de transport par l'atterrissage d'un astronaute européen sur la Lune.
Le saviez-vous ?
Alors qu’EL3 permettra une diversité de missions pour la communauté scientifique, les missions les plus étudiées sont une exploration du pôle Sud de la Lune, à l’aide d’un laboratoire robotisé dérivé du rover collecteur d’échantillons (Sample Fetch Rover de la mission MSR) et un retour d’échantillons lunaires. Dans ce schéma, EL3 emportera avec lui sur la Lune un élément d’interface abritant un rover de 330 kilogrammes et un élément d'ascension lunaire (LAE) qui renverra les échantillons à la passerelle lunaire. Le rover sera conçu pour parcourir plus de 100 kilomètres à une vitesse relativement élevée et survivre à la nuit lunaire. Quelque 15 kilogrammes d’échantillons pourraient être rapportés sur Terre en transitant par le Gateway. Ils seraient chargés à bord d’une capsule Orion de la Nasa.
Une quinzaine de kilogrammes de roches, de pierres de toutes tailles et de régolithes, c’est bien. Mais, « une centaine de kilogrammes c’est bien mieux » ! Pour Airbus, le CLTV pourrait être utilisé pour une ambitieuse mission de retour d’échantillons lunaires. « Un rendez-vous en orbite lunaire avec le CLTV et EL3 permettrait de rapporter plus de cent kilogrammes de matière lunaire », toujours en transitant par le Gateway.
Mais, souligne Silvio Sandrone, l'Europe ne doit pas seulement se « contenter d'être un partenaire qui apporte des modules pour les engins spatiaux des autres ». L'apport européen comprend notamment des missions internationales vers Mars, des éléments importants pour les stations spatiales habitées (ISS et Gateway), ainsi que le module de service européen du véhicule Orion de la Nasa, dont six exemplaires ont d'ores et déjà été commandés, qui transportera les astronautes jusqu'au Gateway et sur la Lune.
Crédits : NASA.
Représentation d'artiste du vaisseau Orion en approche de la station Gateway dans sa version internationale (après 2024).
Crédits : NASA.
Illustration d'activités scientifiques et technologiques sur la Lune lors de missions Artemis.
L'Europe a aussi besoin de se « doter de capacités suffisantes pour mener ses propres missions en toute autonomie ». L'atterrisseur lunaire polyvalent EL3 est une première étape. La deuxième pourrait être le « croiseur lunaire de transfert cislunaire, s'appuyant sur l'héritage des modules de service d'Orion et de l'ATV », dont l'ESA a trouvé ce concept intéressant, « notamment parce qu'il permet une grande variété de missions pas seulement à destination de la Lune ». D'où ces deux études attribuées à Airbus et Thales Alenia Space.
Concept de croiseur lunaire pour desservir l'orbite basse, le Gateway ou la Lune.
Avec ce CLTV, l'Europe pourrait se doter d'un « véhicule spatial capable de faire la navette entre l'orbite terrestre et la Lune pour contribuer à la logistique du Gateway » avec une capacité d'emport non négligeable de plus de 4,5 tonnes jusqu'au Gateway. Cet ATV-Lunaire pourrait fournir, par exemple, « un soutien opportun et efficace à la Nasa et à l'ESA dans la mise en œuvre des futures missions lunaires Artemis », voire être une « alternative crédible au SLS et autres lanceurs commerciaux en particulier pour ce qui concerne toutes les missions de logistique, comme le transfert de fret, l'assemblage en orbite, le retour d'échantillons, de l'orbite terrestre basse à l'espace cislunaire ». Par ailleurs, la polyvalence de CLTV lui permettra également de soutenir des « missions d'infrastructure orbitale post-ISS en orbite terrestre basse ainsi que des missions dans le domaine des services aux satellites géostationnaires ».
Plutôt que de choisir entre EL3 ou le CLTV, l'ESA serait bien inspirée de financer à la fois l'alunisseur multirôle et le véhicule cislunaire lors du prochain Conseil ministériel en 2022. Avec des ambitions moins fortes, l'ESA pourrait néanmoins sélectionner seulement l'EL3 en vue d'une première mission scientifique, vraisemblablement une mission de retour d'échantillons lunaires du pôle Sud qui servira également de démonstration technologique. Dans ce schéma elle déciderait de consolider le projet de croiseur lunaire, sans l'annuler donc, ce qui permettrait aux équipes travaillant sur ce véhicule de poursuivre leur effort sans toutefois avoir la garantie qu'il volera un jour.
VIDÉOS LIÉES, sélectionnées et posées par peter2011
THREE REPORTS, Plane Investigates UFO Over West Palm beach, Florida, 2-9-2021, UFO Sighting News.
THREE REPORTS, Plane Investigates UFO Over West Palm beach, Florida, 2-9-2021, UFO Sighting News.
Update, US news reports this as a military test missile from a submarine, but this seems to be a cover up, since it came so close to being over Florida risking millions of lives. Either the US is preparing for nuclear war with China and Russia...or this was a UFO. I believe it to be the later. SCW
Date of sighting: Feb 9, 2021
Location of sighting: West Palm Beach, Florida, USA
Source: MUFON
Now here is something you don't see everyday. In Florida a man and woman were driving down West Palm Beach when they noticed a white cone in the sky with a shiny object moving around it. The small object is a single engine plane that happened to be in the area and got curious about this huge white cone in the sky. The white cone begins to fade and the shiny object which has wings and a light at each wingtip, seems to be investigating the white cone. But the white cone quickly fades more and more as if it were a UFO cloaking to hide itself. This is a common practice of UFOs that believe they are going unnoticed, but when they realize they were wrong and that someone was watching them on the ground, they cloak which looks like the object becoming transparent more and more until its totally gone. Absolute proof UFOs can cloak...right in front of our own eyes and totally get away with it.
Scott C. Waring
Eyewitness states:
Orb look like it was traveling slowly after a few minutes and airliner seem to be headed right for it The Airliner had to make a hard bank left to avoid it just then it disappeared This is all verified in the video. The video is in a text file from my wife not sure how to send it to you other than by text.
Second report on this same UFO caught on video.
Third report from MUFON on this UFO came in...only photos and description.
MUFON: #113614
I was driving down the road and I noticed an airplane in the sky, just behind the airplane I noticed a stationary disc, very brightly lit with a cloud formation around it. The disc and cloud formation appeared to be perfect, like something out of this world. The disc was stationary, although I cannot tell whether it rotated in place as I was driving but the disc did not move in a line, it then disappeared and so did the cloud shortly thereafter in the same exact location which I observed it.
Strange light descends near the Popocatépetl Volcano (Video)
Strange light descends near the Popocatépetl Volcano (Video)
On January 18, 2021 the Popocatépet Volcano live webcam recorded an eerie light apparently descending near the volcano.
The Popocatépetl volcano area located in the states of Puebla, Mexico is well known for its UFO Sightings and eerie lights moving above and near the volcano and now with this strange descending light we can add a new mystery to the many unexplained events happening in this area.
Richard Dolan: The astonishing 1961 Abduction Case
Richard Dolan: The astonishing 1961 Abduction Case
Everyone knows about the 1961 UFO encounter of Betty and Barney Hill. But three months prior to that, another (mostly unknown) event took place involving two young people on Long Island, Peter Robbins and his sister Helen.
While Peter went on years later to become a well-known UFO researcher, Helen became a famous Punk Rock star. Here, in a well-illustrated video interview, Peter describes what happened to Helen, and how it affected both of their lives in a powerful way.
The Lonnie Zamora incident was an alleged UFO sighting that occurred on April 24, 1964 near Socorro, New Mexico when Socorro police officer Lonnie Zamora claimed he saw two people beside a shiny object that later rose into the air accompanied by a roaring flame.
The six-wheeled robotic explorer, which remains on track to touch down on Mars on Feb. 18, has been reproduced by Mattel as a Hot Wheels toy. The release of the 1:64th-scale vehicle has been timed to precede the real rover's landing on the red planet so fans of both the mission and the miniatures can reenact the event as it happens.
"We want the car to be out there so kids have it in their hands when the actual rover lands in February," said Manson Cheung, staff sculptor and lead 3D modeler for Mattel Hot Wheels. "We want kids to be like, 'Oh, I have the rover in my hand and I can see it on Mars,' so there is a connection for the kids, not only with Hot Wheels, but space as well."
Launched from Earth on July 30, 2020, Perseverance is nearing its destination and beginning NASA's first mission dedicated to searching for and caching signs of life for a future return to Earth. Should the rover survive its plunge into Mars' atmosphere and a seven-minute descent to the surface that requires an aeroshell, parachute, retro-rockets and a "sky crane" to all autonomously work as designed, then the Perseverance rover will explore Jezero Crater on the western edge of a giant impact basin, just north of the planet's equator.
"NASA's Perseverance rover, just in its name, goes hand-in-hand with Hot Wheels' spirt of 'Challenge Accepted," Scott Shaffstall, senior public relations manager for vehicles, action figures and licenses at Mattel, said. "It's very much tied that vision of try, fail, repeat until it is done right."
"So in our mind, this mission is already a success as it is moving the needle and getting us one step closer to Mars," said Shaffstall.
Hot Wheels Mars Perseverance Rover is arriving in stores ahead of the car-sized rover arriving at Jezero Crater to search for signs of past life on Mars and cache samples for return to Earth. (Image credit: Mattel)
Like the real Perseverance, which was based on the design of NASA's previous and still active rover, Curiosity, the Hot Wheels Perseverance reuses the mold for Mattel's 2012 toy of the earlier-landed, car-sized explorer.
But the two rovers are not identical. Perseverance is equipped with a different set of science instruments, including a redesigned robotic arm, and has more robust wheels after the lessons learned with Curiosity's mobility system.
"We were in talks with JPL [the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California] and NASA and we worked out that the differences at our scale, at 1:64th or about 3 inches [8 cm], would be very close in appearance. So we were able to reuse the Curiosity mold and brand it as Perseverance," Cheung told collectSPACE.com.
Identical to the Hot Wheels Curiosity, the Perseverance version of the toy includes NASA's insignia on its undercarriage and features a rotating camera mast. Mattel also incorporated the reddish-brown Mars "soiled" wheels that it first introduced on a reissue of the Curiosity rover toy in 2014.
"So with Curiosity/Perseverance, it is sort of following the same model as what we do generally in Hot Wheels, reusing the same sculpt that is very similar and just rebranding it as something else," said Cheung.
Persistent partnership
Hot Wheels Mars Perseverance Rover features a rotating camera mast and reddish-brown "soil" stained wheels (Image credit: Mattel)
The Mars Perseverance Rover, which retails for $1.09, is part of the Hot Wheels "Space" line for 2021, an assortment of five different vehicles each with a space or cosmic theme.
"The space mini-collection was brought back in 2021 due to the increased interest from kids and the general public in regards to space exploration. The rover was an obvious fit and we knew that it would be touching down on Mars," said Shaffstall.
The Perseverance toy continues a long history of Hot Wheels celebrating NASA's missions and working with the engineers at JPL in Pasadena, California.
In addition to the Curiosity rover, Hot Wheels sets have also been modeled after NASA's Mars Pathfinder mission in 1997, John Glenn's return to space in 1999 and the Galileo mission to Jupiter that same year. NASA and Hot Wheels began collaborating in the 1980s with the development and release of the Space Shuttle Ground Support Hiway Hauler.
The partnership has led to Mattel designers visiting and touring JPL to get a look at real space vehicles and to deliver their Hot Wheels toys of the same spacecraft to the missions' team members.
"I don't think we are going to be there on landing day because it is all going to be hectic, but we definitely will get the [Hot Wheels Perseverance Rover] samples to them when we can," Shaffstall said.
Even the greatest of us have to take those around us into account. It’s true on a social level and, as new research shows, it’s true on an astronomical level as well.
Image via Pixabay.
Planets and the moons that orbit them form interdependent systems in which both influence one another. We see this with our Moon being tidally locked to our planet, while it, in turn, exerts its gravitational influence on Earth’s oceans.
These are undeniably massive effects that the two bodies exert on one another. But they’re not the most dramatic ones we’ve found so far. A new paper reports that Saturn, one of the titans of our Solar system, has a tilted rotation axis — and, according to the team, this is the doing of its moons.
Bowing to influence
The team, with members from CNRS (France’s national research center), Sorbonne University, and the University of Pisa working with the Paris Observatory report that Saturn’s satellites can explain the mystery of its tilted axis. They also predict that the planet will keep tilting in the future for a few billion years.
This tilt is caused by the gravitational pull of Saturn’s moons as they migrate away from their host planet. Titan, Saturn’s largest natural satellite, bears the lion’s share of the blame, they add.
Saturn’s moons are gradually wrestling free of the giant’s gravitational influence and are slowly inching away from it. While we were aware this was happening, the study showcases that the process is unfolding much faster than previously estimated. By using the new migration rate into our models and calculations, the team concluded that it is, in fact, tied to the planet’s tilt. Furthermore, as Saturn’s moons get further away from the planet, its tilt will keep increasing.
However, a decisive event (in regards to Saturn’s tilt) likely occurred recently in cosmological terms, the team adds. For around three billion years after its formation, Saturn’s axis was only slightly tilted; however, around one billion years ago, the tilting process took root.
At that time, the team explains, the movement of Saturn’s moons triggered a “resonance phenomenon” that continues to this day. We’re seeing the middle stages of this phenomenon currently. While this was already known as well, it was assumed that it started four billion years ago due to a change in Neptune’s orbit and that Saturn’s orbit today is stable — now we know neither are true. Over the next billion years or so, Saturn’s inclination relative to its axis could more than double.
Jupiter, the team adds in a different paper, is likely to undergo a similar tilting with the migration of its own moons due to the influence of Uranus. This process will likely take place over five billion years, says the team, and could take it from its current inclination of 3° to more than 30°.
The first paper “The large obliquity of Saturn explained by the fast migration of Titan” has been published in the journal Nature Astronomy.
The second paper “The future large obliquity of Jupiter” has been published in the journal Astronomy & Astrophysics.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
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