Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS NEARLY 13 YEARS AND 4 MONTH.
ON /30/09/2024 MORE THAN 2.230.520
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
12-03-2021
La Chine et la Russie signent un accord pour la construction d'un village lunaire
La Chine et la Russie signent un accord pour la construction d'un village lunaire
Rémy Decourt - Journaliste
[EN VIDÉO] Bientôt une base permanente sur la Lune ?La Lune est l’astre le plus proche de la Terre. Pourtant, depuis la fin du programme Apollo, notre satellite naturel n’a plus connu de visite. Cela pourrait bientôt changer car l'Agence spatiale européenne (Esa) prépare la construction d’une base permanente à sa surface. La chaîne Euronews nous parle de ce projet ambitieux dans ce nouvel épisode de Space.
Pour ne pas laisser les États-Unis, seuls sur la Lune, s'accaparer des ressources naturelles et s'approprier de grands territoires comme le permet le Space Act of 2015, la Chine et la Russie ont décidé de coopérer dans la réalisation d'une station internationale de recherche lunaire. Cette station pourrait soit être une base en dur installée au pôle sud, soit une station spatiale orbitale. Un mémorandum d'accord vient d'être signé entre les agences spatiales chinoise et russe qui invitent également tous les pays à y participer.
ObjectifLunepour la Chine et la Russie. Les deux puissances spatiales veulent également leur « part de la Lune » mais aussi ne pas trop se faire distancer par les États-Unis dont les ambitions lunaires inquiètent les deux pays, traditionnellement opposés à Washington.
Ce 9 mars, dans un communiqué conjoint, Zhang Kejian, directeur de l'Agence spatiale chinoise (CNSA, China National Space Administration), et Dmitry Olegovich Rogozin, directeur général de Roscosmos (Russian National Aerospace Corporation), ont annoncé avoir signé un « Mémorandum d'accord entre le gouvernement de la République populaire de Chine et le gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie pour la construction en coopération d'une station internationale de recherche lunaire. »
S'inspirant du concept de « village lunaire » ou « Moon Village » proposé par le directeur général de l'ESA, l'Allemand Jan Woerner, ce projet sera ouvert à tous les pays intéressés. Des partenariats internationaux qui « visent à renforcer la collaboration en matière de recherche et à promouvoir l'exploration et l'utilisation de l'espace à des fins pacifiques dans l'intérêt de toute l'humanité », souligne le communiqué. Cela dit, la Chine et la Russie cherchent surtout à fédérer autour d'elles les puissances spatiales des pays émergents d'Asie, d'Afrique et d'Amérique du Sud qui ne participent pas au programme Artemis des États-Unis. Quant à l'Agence spatiale européenne, il ne fait guère de doute qu'elle participera d'une manière ou d'une autre à cette initiative russo-chinoise. Difficile d'imaginer l'ESA faire l'impasse sur un projet aussi ambitieux, avec d'importantes retombées technologiques, scientifiques et économiques, elle qui coopère déjà avec ses deux puissances spatiales sur plusieurs programmes d'exploration et d'observation de la Terre et qui participe à de nombreuses activées liées aux vols habités.
Concept d'une base lunaire au pôle sud de l'Agence spatiale chinoise.
Incertitude sur la nature de cette future station de recherche : base au sol ou station en orbite
Cette annonce, qui ne surprend pas les spécialistes, est tout de même assez vague. Bien que cela fasse plusieurs années que Russes et Chinois tendent à se rapprocher autour d'ambitieux programmes spatiaux, on peut s'étonner que ce mémorandum ne précise pas s'il s'agit d'une base habitée sur la surface ou d'une station en orbite à proximité de la Lune. Le communiqué conjoint se borne à préciser qu'il est question d'une « Station internationale de recherche lunaire (ILRS, International Lunar Research Station) [qui] consiste en un ensemble d'outils de recherche expérimentaux créés à la surface ou en orbite de la Lune et conçus pour mener des travaux pluridisciplinaires.»
À cela s'ajoute qu'aucun calendrier n'a été annoncé et encore moins le budget que les deux puissances prévoient d'allouer à ce projet. Cependant, une feuille de route devrait être rendue publique « sous peu » fixant des objectifs calendaires avec, en point de mire, une date de mise en service, vraisemblablement dans le courant de la décennie 2030.
Cela dit, on imagine mal les Chinois, voire les Russes, se cantonner à l'orbite lunaire et ne pas débarquer des taïkonautes et des cosmonautes sur la Lune alors qu'Américains y séjourneront et travailleront d'ici moins d'une décennie. Il faut savoir que les plans de l'Agence spatiale chinoise prévoient la construction d'une base lunaire près du pôle sud qui devrait être mise en service vers 2035, suivie d'une présence humaine prolongée et permanente pour la période 2036-2045. À suivre donc.
CE QU'IL FAUT RETENIR
Ensemble, la Russie et la Chine souhaitent conquérir la Lune.
Bien que la Chine ait rattrapé son retard sur la Russie, certaines technologies lui manquent, mais elle pourra peut-être les acquérir à bon compte grâce à ce partenariat spatial.
De son côté, la Russie, en se tournant vers la Chine, se prépare à la fin de la Station spatiale internationale (ISS) et de ses obligations vis-à-vis des partenaires occidentaux liés à ce programme.
POUR EN SAVOIR PLUS
Pour explorer la Lune, la Chine renforce ses partenariats avec la Russie
La Chine et la Russie ont décidé de renforcer leurs liens dans le domaine spatial. Cette coopération sera officialisée cet automne. Elle engagera les deux pays sur des programmes emblématiques et d'envergure, notamment l'exploration de la Lune.
Les sanctions occidentales mises en place contre la Russie suite à l'annexion de la Crimée en mars 2014 pénalisent l'économie russe à court terme. Toutefois, ces mesures éloignent la Russie du monde occidental et la poussent vers d'autres pays, comme la Chine et l'Inde. Dans le domaine spatial, malgré des relations de travail excellentes avec la Nasa et l'ESA (le programme de la Station spatiale internationale est un exemple de relations pragmatiques et intelligentes entre tous les partenaires), la Russie se tourne vers les Brics (Brésil, Russie, Inde, Chine et Afrique du Sud) et d'autres pays comme l'Indonésie, les Émirats arabes unis, le Vietnam et l'Iran.
Dans ce contexte, la Russie et la Chine ont décidé de renforcer leurs partenariats dans le secteur spatial. Cet automne, ces deux pays signeront des accords de coopération pour la période 2018-2022 dans de nombreux domaines. Ils prévoient notamment une exploration commune de la Lune, d'importants transferts de technologies et des partenariats dans le domaine de l'accès à l'espace et le partage de données liées à l'observation de la Terre. Cependant, la Russie ne va évidemment pas réduire son avantage technologique en matière de nouvelles technologies spatiales.
Résoudre certains problèmes technologiques
Ces deux pays ont également décidé de rendre compatibles entre eux les systèmes de navigation et positionnement par satellites Glonass (Russie) et Beidou (Chine). Des stations sol de ces GPS russes et chinois seront notamment installées sur le territoire de chacun.
Pour la Chine, ces futurs partenariats arrivent à point nommé : ils pourraient l'aider à résoudre un certain nombre de problèmes technologiques clés pour les étapes futures de son programme spatial. En s'associant à la Russie, la Chine choisit ainsi une manière de contourner les effets des embargos et autres restrictions Itar auxquelles elle est encore soumise.
Wetenschappers willen Ark van Noach bouwen op de maan
Wetenschappers willen Ark van Noach bouwen op de maan
Wetenschappers van de universiteit van Arizona hebben een opmerkelijk voorstel uitgewerkt dat het leven op Aarde zou kunnen redden mocht het ooit tot een Apocalyps komen. Ze willen een Ark van Noach bouwen in de lavatunnels op de maan, waarin erfelijk materiaal bewaard zou worden van 6,7 miljoen schimmel-, plant- en diersoorten. Inclusief menselijke zaad- en eicellen.
Het idee werd gepresenteerd op de IEEE Aerospace Conference, die momenteel (virtueel) plaatsvindt. Zelf noemen de wetenschappers het een “verzekeringspolis voor de Aarde”. Volgens professor Jekan Thanga is de kans groot dat de Aarde ooit geconfronteerd wordt met een natuurramp of een menselijke bedreiging zoals een globale nucleaire oorlog, waardoor een groot aantal soorten in korte tijd uitgeroeid zal worden.
De oplossing is volgens zijn team de bouw van een Ark van Noach op de maan. En dat plan is verrassend realistisch. De Ark zou ondergebracht worden in de lavatunnels op onze satelliet. Die werden voor het eerst ontdekt in 2013, zitten 80 tot 100 meter onder de grond en er heerst een vrij constante temperatuur van -25 graden Celsius. Ze zouden al drie tot vier miljard jaar ongerept gebleven zijn. “Ze zijn ook maar vier dagen van de Aarde verwijderd”, aldus Thanga. “En ze zijn een perfecte schuilplaats tegen de temperatuurschommelingen aan de oppervlakte van de maan, kosmische straling en het inslaan van kleine meteorieten.”
Doomsday Vault
De Ark zou het aardse leven bewaren in speciale modules, bij een temperatuur van minder dan -180 graden Celsius. Op die manier kan het honderden jaren overleven, volgens de wetenschappers. Het zou om een opzet gaan dat te vergelijken is met de Doomsday of Global Seed Vault. Die zit een paar honderd meter onder de eilandengroep Spitsbergen vlakbij de Noordpool en herbergt 556 miljoen zaden. De zaden zouden daar veilig moeten zitten voor het geval een gigantische ramp alle gewassen op aarde zou vernietigen. Een soortgelijke kluis op de maan zou echter nóg veiliger zijn, volgens de Amerikaanse wetenschappers.
Energie opwekken voor het project zou geen probleem mogen zijn op de maan. Met amper 190 vierkante meter aan zonnepanelen zou het moeten lukken, volgens de wetenschappers. Zowel de levering als de constructie van de Ark zou niet evident zijn, maar ook niet onmogelijk.
Het vervoeren van de stalen naar de maan zou volgens Thanga met 250 vluchten geklaard kunnen worden. Ter vergelijking: de bouw van het internationaal ruimtestation ISS gebeurde met 40 vluchten. Zelf vindt hij dat dit meevalt. “We hadden verwacht dat het er veel meer zouden zijn”, zegt hij.
Hindernissen
Maar eerst moeten nog een aantal praktische hindernissen overwonnen worden. “Ons onderzoek leert ons dat er nieuwe technologieën nodig zijn om dit tot een goed einde te brengen", klinkt het. “Er zijn ook investeringen en nieuwe ontwikkelingen nodig in de robotica, om onder de extreem koude temperaturen te kunnen opereren.”
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60 jaar oude fysicavoorspelling komt uit: universum spuugt deeltjes uit met enorme energie
60 jaar oude fysicavoorspelling komt uit: universum spuugt deeltjes uit met enorme energie
Ons universum spuugt deeltjes uit met energieën die wij op aarde nooit zouden kunnen bereiken. Dat blijkt uit onderzoek van de VUB-groep astrodeeltjesfysica, waarvan de resultaten in het gerenommeerde tijdschrift Nature gepubliceerd werden. Daarmee is een 60 jaar oude fysicavoorspelling realiteit geworden.
In 1960 voorspelde Nobelprijswinnaar Sheldon Glashow een proces binnen het Standaardmodel, het belangrijkste model van de deeltjesfysica. De theorie beschrijft de interactie van een antineutrino (spookachtige subatomaire deeltjes, onder meer afkomstig uit de meest extreme omgevingen in het heelal) met een elektron waarbij een nieuw deeltje geproduceerd wordt. Maar geen enkele deeltjesversneller op aarde is in staat dit proces te laten plaatsvinden, omdat dit extreem hoge deeltjesenergie vraagt.
Het IceCube Neutrino Observatorium, een enorme telescoop die in de gletsjer van Antarctica is ingegraven, heeft nu echter waargenomen dat er in ons universum toch natuurlijke versnellers zijn. Er werd een (anti)neutrino ontdekt dat vanuit de ruimte naar de aarde raasde en 6,3 peta-elektronvolts (PeV) aan energie vervoerde. Diep in de ijskap op de Zuidpool botste het tegen een elektron en produceerde een deeltje dat snel verviel in een douche van secundaire deeltjes. IceCube had daarmee de Glashow-resonantie waargenomen, het fenomeen dat in 1960 werd voorspeld door de Nobelprijswinnaar.
Daarmee is bewezen dat er in ons universum wel degelijk natuurlijke versnellers zijn. Superzware zwarte gaten in de centra van melkwegstelsels en andere extreme kosmische gebeurtenissen kunnen deeltjes opwekken met energieën die onmogelijk op aarde kunnen worden gemaakt. “Dit toont duidelijk het belang van de astrodeeltjesfysica bij fundamenteel onderzoek op de hoogste energieschalen”, aldus Nick van Eijndhoven, leider van de VUB-groep astrodeeltjesfysica. “En niet enkel dat: de technologieën die voor dergelijk onderzoek ontwikkeld worden, zoals dataverwerking of radiotechnologie, vinden hun toepassing in de hele maatschappij.”
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Anunnaki *****Breaking news*****
Anunnaki *****Breaking news*****
ANUNNAKI….
The Annunaki are the ones that began civilization on Earth, by creating Man with part of their own DNA. And yes, Man was initially created as a goldmining slave. The Annunaki then upgraded Man to become sentient and gave him this world to have dominion over.
The Reptilians then came to Earth, and they have secretly enslaved Man ever since. The Annunaki have returned to free Man from this bondage….there was a lot of Pleiadian seeding in the Nordic lines, but since the Pleiadians and
Annunaki are essentially the same base race, there isn’t a lot of difference.
If you are Rh-, you have a direct connection to the Annunaki. If you are Rh+, your line is one of the created lines.
High IQ, eyes in the hazel, blue to green spectrum, industrious/innovative, protective of family, very high ethical and moral code, physically attractive (though this is of course in the eye of the beholder). But again, one should not assume that any of these traits denote “superior” genetics, because the infusion of other seeder groups has made such an assumption impossible.
There’s an old saying… “What you are is God’s gift to you. What you make of yourself is your gift to God.”
Because the body affects the spirit.
A man born in Iceland is different than a man born in Africa. These differences affect how a person will be embraced by those around him. Each world that created seedlines here, wanted to harvest souls that would fit into their world’s homogenous culture. Since mixed seedlines have learned to live harmoniously together her (occasionally), then this world will be used for mixed seeds that are found worthy.
Annunaki teleportation technology isn’t quite the same as what you’ve seen on Star Trek. The Annunaki are masters of transphasic technology, which is the science of changing the molecular vibration of an object, so it can operate within the laws of a different phase… I’ll explain.
If you wanted to transport from the planet to an orbiting ship, a transtator beam would vibrate your body at the molecular level, taking you out of phase with your surroundings, this allows you to pass through solid matter. A second magnetic (tractor) beam would lock onto the magnetic poles of your molecules.
The magnetic beam lifts and delivers you to the waiting ship, where a third transtator beam returns your vibration to its original phase.
We often use a variation of this that doesn’t change the phase of the person, but instead changes the phase of anything the person passes through during transport.
The Galactic Federation of Light (GFL) just takes UFO footage and claims it for themselves. The UFO wave that is now filling your skies, came right after Lord RayEl announced their imminent arrival, so those ships are NOT GFL, they are Annunaki ships, under Lord RayEl’s command….our Lord wants you to love and learn, but this is also the time of judgment, so there will be fear in the hearts of those who are not worthy.
Enki stayed after Enlil left, so history recorded his version of events, but it was Enki that caused the worker revolt so that the necessity of creating slaves would arise, then Enki made the slaves in such a way, that they would be part Annunaki, and thus, an obligation to preserve them was forced upon the Annunaki. And why did Enki do all of this? Because he wanted to create a kingdom on Earth for himself, with obedient slaves. Hardly humanity’s hero.
Enlil was the responsible one, he was the one against creating a retarded version of the Annunaki, simply to enslave them, his decisions were based on morality and mercy. Once there was no turning back, it was Enlil who nurtured humanity along its path to sentience.
2 Timothy 3:1-3 Is absolutely today’s world
What are angels?
“Angel” is an occupational designation within the Annunaki Empire. There are people who have volunteered for angelic duty from many races within the Empire.
Transtator technology is behind our interstellar communications and the way in which our ships travel faster than light. The visible light spectrum you all see is only the smallest fraction of light’s full spectrum, and at different levels in the light spectrum, light travels at different speeds. We change the phasic state of a wave or an object, to match the vibration of these higher
levels, and then we can move an object within those physical laws of speed. When we return to this phase, we’ve, by relativity, traveled farther and faster than the speed of light in this spectrum.
What are Reptilians?
The Reptilians are the armies of Satan, and the Anunnaki fleet has arrived to assist Lord RayEl to remove Satan and his legions from Earth.
Reptilian cloaking technology
Eyes and teeth are quickly covered and uncovered by lids and lips. The visual masking device the Reptilians use sometimes has a short lag time because of the rapid lid and lip movement. It’s basically a system glitch.
This is why in the old days, commoners were forbidden to look royalty in the eyes.
Everything is energy, and when broken down to its base form, one could call it a hologram.
Almost every public figure is either Reptilian or under Reptilian control. This has been a very large operation, and influencing/educating the masses has been their priority one, so they have left nothing to chance.
The Nephilim
The Nephilim were the giants, they were crossbreeds between Annunaki men and Earth women.
Genesis 6:1-4 When man began to multiply on the face of the land and daughters were born to them, the sons of God saw that the daughters of man were attractive. And they took as their wives any they chose. Then the Lord said, “My Spirit shall not abide in[a] man for ever, for he is flesh: his days shall be 120 years.” The Nephilim were on the earth in those days, and also afterwards, when the sons of God came in to the daughters of man and they bore children to them. These were the mighty men who were of old, the men of renown.
Yeshua’s imprint on the Shroud of Turin
The imprint on the shroud was caused by the old-style transporters the Annunaki used. Back then they were not used on living things, only for transporting cargo, because the process of molecular acceleration used to make an object change its phasic state, allowing it to pass through another object, caused the accelerated object to heat up considerably. As most of you know from basic physics, molecular acceleration produces heat, hence the scorching of the shroud. Fortunately, the modern transporters use a cool-beam technology….the acceleration process does release light. And no, there is no published information on the cool-beam method the Annunaki uses… At least not yet….it is a matter of degrees, but there is a level that is acceptable to the rest of the neighborhood. Man has been quarantined here, so he could reach that level, and not pose a danger to others in this region of space.
In fairness, your species started off from a deficit position, and you’ve come a long way in a relatively short period of time.
The Pleiadians are real, they are “cousins” of the Anunnaki, and they have been working on Earth for a long time. Most of their work involved seeding the Nordic lines. The video is not made by real Pleiadians though. They are both capable of both good and evil, but they possess an enlightened moral core that drives them to do good.
Lord RayEl is half Anunnaki, and half Human. His body is Human, but (as we all watched during the Jerusalem Holy Spirit event) his Spirit is Anunnaki. Lord RayEl announced “The Armies of Heaven are fast approaching” on May 21,
2011 address. They were still about 6 months away, traveling toward Earth at high speed. The majority of the fleet arrived in November through January, and have been parked in orbit by Earth, Mars, and the Sun ever since.
One must be careful not to turn the Anunnaki into magicians. They are immensely powerful, but they do obey most of the laws of physics. When they needed gold, they dug for it.
The heaviest Anunnaki and Pleiadian strains are usually found in caucasian lines, but the Reptilians spread their seedline almost everywhere, so there really isn’t a good way to differentiate seedlines by sight. We know how people love to segregate themselves and assume superiority/inferiority, based on things that don’t matter as much as a person’s quality of character, so we are saving this for last, so as not to put another reason for discrimination on the table.
Anunnaki spirit yes, but that doesn’t change the fact that his last incarnation on Earth was as a British King. The reason that the last language on Earth shall be English, is because the Anunnaki speak this as their preferred language. It was introduced and promoted on Earth for this reason.
Zephaniah 3:9 “For then will I turn to the people a pure language, that they may all call upon the name of the LORD, to serve him with one consent.”
Different groups have made individual contacts, but not to create human ambassadors or channels. The Anunnaki run the show on Earth, so no alien group is going to speak unauthorized. Now that Christ is here, everything official comes through us.
As to the aliens in question, there is no such thing as “interdimensional beings”, we all have height, width, and depth, which means that we all occupy 3-dimensional space. What is described as interdimensional beings, are simply aliens using transphasic technology. This technology allows them to vibrate at different frequencies, thereby removing themselves from your visible light spectrum.
Time does not exist, it is not a dimension nor a physical construct, it is an artificial metric used for measuring growth and duration. Do not be fooled by physicists with unquantifiable theories. Gravity is simply magnetism, and localized gravitational fields can interrupt the pull of the Earth’s field.
The NSA conducts covert operations of this nature, as a branch of the U.S. Intelligence infrastructure, they engage in both active and responsive projects under the umbrella of National Security. The FBI is a law enforcement agency.
Some have asked why seedline mixing was so hated among the ancients? As we’ve explained, the groups that seeded this world wished to harvest matured souls at the end of this process and return them to their worlds. Their worlds are homogenous, so as to keep them peaceful, and here is an example of why they prefer a homogenous society. Iceland is one of the most homogenous societies on Earth, and a society that carries some of the strongest concentrations of Annunaki/Pleiadian seedlines. It is modern, peaceful, and nearly free of violent crime.
Unfortunately, racism does creep into homogenous societies, but it is also in non-homogenous societies, the difference being that in non-homogenous societies, racism often leads to violence. Don’t worry, a good soul is a good soul, and that is the criteria by which residency in the New Kingdom shall be judged.
The Annunaki were somewhat like humanity at one time, but they will better explain their history later. God is divine, but Man doesn’t fully understand what that means. The Bible never says that God created the universe. He created the Heavens and the Earth. Heavens are settled planets within the Empire, as Earth shall soon be. Satan is not God’s enemy, Satan is Man’s adversary. There are other rulers of planets, but they are part of the Council of the Empire. Yes, Lord RayEl can and will save the world.
The Empire is vast, but the Council exists because of different ideologies. There are worlds outside of the Empire, but I don’t personally know of anyone desiring to be among them. The Empire is mostly centered in this galaxy, but there has been tremendous expansion recently. I really should leave it to them to explain fully.
Once souls have reached a safe level of sentience, maturity, and enlightenment, they are allowed to join the greater communion of worlds.
The people of Earth (those who have reached this level), are about to graduate into this communion. There is a cooperative agreement between all of the seeders, but the original plan was to segregate the seed-lines, so the harvest would be simple. Mature souls from each seed-line would just go back to their homeworld, but the mixing of seed-lines has forced other options.
As anyone who has studied the history of the gods knows, the Anunnaki were/are very incestuous, which is why today’s royal families are so incestuous. BUT… The Anunnaki see people as spirits, not bodies, to them the body is only a suit that can be easily changed, so to them, it isn’t incest like humans see it. Actually, we are debating which form of transportation to use at the moment. If things are still relatively calm, then we will just use standard transportation, but if things are really bad, the Annunaki fleet is on standby.
And you will all have the opportunity to meet and work alongside Lord RayEl at the Ops Center. Triangles are the easiest shape to create and maintain with force fields when ships gate through stars. The biggest hassle for moving ships through interstellar space is fuel storage, but when using stars as “gas stations”, one can fuel up at one star and use that fuel to travel to the next star, so travel then becomes quite efficient.
Generally, the only fuel stored when “gating”, is the fuel that will be used while traveling at the destination system. When ready to travel to the next star, the course is plotted, a rather large thrust is engaged, and because of the relatively low drag of space, it is like riding a bullet from one star to the next. This method is not the same as subspace (warp) travel, which takes a ship into a higher spectral bandwidth, allowing it to reach near-light speed in that bandwidth, and faster than light speed (relative) in this bandwidth.
Black people are part Anunnaki, but “Humans” came later. The original creations were called “Man”, but when the Reptilians took over the project,
they infused their DNA into parts of the population, creating HU-Man (HU is an ancient word for serpent gods). Man and HU-Man later intermixed naturally, creating “human beings”, which were considered monsters by early society. Enki wanted to keep black people as slaves, so he refused to give them enough Anunnaki DNA to evolve them genetically, so the only way to get more of the Anunnaki DNA, was to integrate black people into Western societies, where natural intermixing increased the infusion of Anunnaki DNA. If you look at a black man from Canada, compared to one whose family line has never left.
Africa, you can really see the difference. It was a rough process, but the black man has made it. As disgusting as slavery is, it was the fastest way to force integrate Africans into Western society. There was no other way the white man would have accepted the black man into Western culture at the time… This way, as harsh as it was, both sides gave the other something needed. Because it most closely resembles Anunnaki society. The New Kingdom will closely resemble a modern and matured version of the West. I’m glad to help brother.
Satan does what he does because God wants him to strengthen Man through adversity because adversity does build character. There is of course a limit to that. A child starving to death in an Ethiopian desert isn’t learning anything that will make him worthy of the New Kingdom, he is only suffering needlessly… But his suffering is teaching a valuable and terrible lesson to others.
The reason for all the madness in the world is because Christ/Isa/HaMashiac has returned and is walking the earth today. And the media & governments are trying to cover it up.
'World's oldest impact crater' isn't an impact crater at all! 62-mile-wide Maniitsoq structure was created by geological processes 3 billion years ago and NOT a meteorite strike, scientists claim
'World's oldest impact crater' isn't an impact crater at all! 62-mile-wide Maniitsoq structure was created by geological processes 3 billion years ago and NOT a meteorite strike, scientists claim
Experts argued in 2012 that the Maniitsoq area of Greenland was an impact site
The crater had been eroded away, but deep signs of shock remained, they said
Such included signs of rocks being pulverised and a large magnetic anomaly
However, researchers led from Canada have rebutted this controversial concept
Some rocks in the 'crater' are identical to those found outside of the 'impact' site
And there was not evidence of impact shock in tiny grains of the mineral zircon
The 'world's oldest impact crater' — the vast Maniitsoq structure that lies on the coast of west Greenland — is actually nothing of the sort, geologists have claimed.
In 2012, an international team of researchers proposed that the 62 mile (100 kilometre) -wide structure was formed by a giant impact some 3 billion years ago.
There is no crater-shaped bowl in Maniitsoq. This, the researchers argued, eroded away, as the present surface was buried 14 miles down at the time of the impact.
Instead the team pointed to a magentic anomaly as well as signs of circular deep-crustal crushing — which they said was evidence of the penetrating impact shock.
This was met with scepticism, however, with some experts claiming that the Maniitsoq structure did not meet enough of the criteria to be classified as a crater.
Now, researchers led from Canada have shown that the structure was indeed created by the exact same, regular geological process as the surrounding area.
In fact, some of the magmatic rocks at the core of the alleged crater were identical to those found in an adjacent region, outside the proposed impact zone.
The 'world's oldest impact crater' — the vast Maniitsoq structure that lies on the coast of west Greenland — is actually nothing of the sort, geologists have claimed. Pictured: Finnefjeld mountain, which researchers claimed back in 2012 was the core of a remnant impact structure
In 2012, an international team of researchers proposed that the 62 mile (100 kilometre) -wide structure was formed by a giant impact some 3 billion years ago. Pictured: a geological (main) and aeromagnetic (inset) map of the Maniitsoq region on Greenland's western coastline
THE ARCHEAN EON
The Archean is the second of Earth's geological eons, spanning from around 4–2.5 billion years ago.
At this time, the planet had cooled sufficiently for the continents to form and life on Earth was just beginning.
Rock outcrops dating back to the Archean eon have been found in various places across the globe — including Australia, Greenland, Scotland and Wyoming in the US.
They usually appear as granite-rich remains of continental crust, or heavily metamorphized deep-water sediment.
The hunt now continues for impact craters from the Archean eon, 4–2.5 billion years ago, when the continents were newly minted and life on Earth was just beginning.
Evidence for intense impact activity during this period can be found in the iconic craters on the moon's surface — but their terrestrial counterparts remain elusive.
It is possible than none actually remain, and that any evidence that once existed has been long ago eroded away or buried underneath much younger rock.
The study debunking the impact hypothesis was undertaken by geologist Chris Yakymchuk of the University of Waterloo, in Canada, and his colleagues.
'Our results conclusively rule out the proposal that much of the rock mass in the Maniitsoq region formed by an Archean meteorite impact,' the team wrote.
This, they added, 'leaves the 2.23 billion-year-old Yarrabubba structure in Western Australia as the oldest confirmed terrestrial impact structure.'
'The source craters for Archean-aged impact ejecta remain elusive on Earth.'
In their study, Professor Yakymchuk and his team combined mapping of geological outcrops in the field with rock dating and chemical analysis to get to the bottom of how the Maniitsoq structure was formed.
They found that the odd magnetic readings identified in the previous study do not persist over the wider area, as would be expected if this signature was formed by an impact event — and nor did magnetic scans reveal any circular impact structures.
The researchers analysed 5,587 grains of a mineral called zircon, looking for evidence of impact shock on their crystallographic structure.
'Zircon crystals in the rock are like little time capsules,' said Professor Yakymchuk.
'They preserve ancient damage caused by shockwaves you get from a meteorite impact. We found no such damage in them.'
The researchers analysed 5,587 grains of a mineral called zircon, looking for evidence of impact shock on their crystallographic structure — but found none. Pictured: a selection of zircon grains analysed by the researchers, as seen through a scanning electron microscope. The colours indicate the orientation of the crystal structure. Had the grains been subjected to a massive impact shock, this deformation would manifest as different colours in single grains
Moreover, analysis of a oxygen isotopes in zircons revealed no evidence that the rocks in the Maniitsoq structure were ever subject to an influx of hot seawater through impact-forged cracks, as had previously been proposed.
Had water altered the rocks in the area, they would have become enriched in a lighter isotope of oxygen that is relatively more common in seawater than rocks.
The team's investigation also revealed that some rocks that were claimed to have melted and reformed as a result of the high-energy impact were actually some 40 million years younger than previously thought.
Finally, the team found a swathe of rocks cross cutting the proposed impact site that were at least 100 million years younger but had also been subjected to burial, heat and deformation.
It would not be possible, the researchers explained, for these rocks and evidence for an ancient impact to co-exist together in the rock record — the latter would not survive such modification processes.
The study debunking the impact hypothesis was undertaken by geologist Chris Yakymchuk and colleagues. 'Our results conclusively rule out the proposal that much of the rock mass in the Maniitsoq region formed by an Archean meteorite impact,' the team wrote
'I try to keep an open mind about everything in science, especially until you see the rocks themselves,' Professor Yakymchuk told Massive Science.
However, he added, 'after seeing the rocks, it was kind of "Huh? These don't look that different from rocks I've seen elsewhere in the world."
'So either we missed impact structures everywhere on Earth or this wasn't one.'
'You have to take everything together and say, okay, what is the simplest explanation for all the features we see?' Professor Yakymchuk continued.
'And the simplest explanation is that this is not an impact,' he concluded.
If you look at the moon on a clear night through a pair of ordinary, hand-held binoculars, you'll see a multitude of meteorite craters.
Some are larger than 621 miles (1000 kilometres) in diameter and readily visible with the naked eye.
Through the first 500 million years of Solar System history, both the Moon and the Earth were constantly bombarded with a multitude of small and large meteorites and comets.
Some scientists even think that life was brought to the Earth by comets.
The Moon has preserved the remains of thousands of impacts, but on Earth only about 180 such impact structures are known, and most of them are very small, young and rapidly decaying.
Contrary to the Moon, the Earth is a dynamic planet with plate tectonics, mountain belts and erosion.
This means that most impact structures are eroded away, destroyed by mountain building processes or gradually buried by younger deposits over the course of geological time.
World's Oldest Meteor Crater, Not Caused by Impact Meteorite Impact
World's Oldest Meteor Crater, Not Caused by Impact Meteorite Impact
Several years after scientists discovered what was considered the oldest crater a meteorite made on the planet, another team found it’s actually the result of normal geological processes.
Credit: NASA
During fieldwork at the Archean Maniitsoq structure in Greenland, an international team of scientists led by the University of Waterloo’s Chris Yakymchuk found the features of this region are inconsistent with an impact crater. In 2012, a different team identified it as the remnant of a three-billion-year-old meteorite crater.
Archean Maniitsoq structure in Greenland
Credit: University of Waterloo
“Zircon crystals in the rock are like little time capsules,” said Yakymchuk, a professor in Waterloo’s Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences. “They preserve ancient damage caused by shockwaves you get from a meteorite impact. We found no such damage in them.”
Additionally, there are multiple places where the rocks melted and recrystallized deep in the Earth. This process—called metamorphism—would occur almost instantaneously if produced from an impact. The Waterloo-led team found it happened 40 million years later than the earlier group proposed.
“We went there to explore the area for potential mineral exploration, and it was through close examination of the area and data collected since 2012 that we concluded the features are inconsistent with a meteorite impact,” Yakymchuk said. “While we were disappointed that we weren’t working in a structure that was the result of a meteorite hitting the planet three billion years ago, science is about advancing knowledge through discovery, and our understanding of the Earth’s ancient history continues to evolve. Our findings provide scientific data for resource companies and Greenlandic prospectors to find new mineral resources.”
Stirred not shaken; critical evaluation of a proposed Archean meteorite impact in West Greenland.
Chris Yakymchuk, Christopher L. Kirkland, Aaron J. Cavosie, Kristoffer Szilas, Julie Hollis, Nicholas J. Gardiner, Pedro Waterton, Agnete Steenfelt, Laure Martin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2021; 557: 116730 DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116730
UFO Shoots Past helicopter Bangkok, Thailand, March 11, 2021, Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Shoots Past helicopter Bangkok, Thailand, March 11, 2021, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: March 11, 2021 Location of sighting: Bangkok, Thailand
This eyewitness was recording a helicopter flying over the neighborhood just at the right moment. A small black UFO sees the helicopter and shoots close to it, curving slightly, then shooting away before the helicopter pilots notice it. This is 100% typical behavior of alien drones. They are programed to find, investigate, record all data of flying technology. Flying technology is a priority for aliens to gather data on...because this allows them to accurately predict when humans will be capable of long distance space travel.
The 6 Most Mysterious UFO Crashes That Happened BEFORE Roswell
The 6 Most Mysterious UFO Crashes That Happened BEFORE Roswell
Some skeptics would have you believe that the Roswell UFO crash set the trend for reporting this type of strange event. But that’s not true.
Unidentified objects had been falling from the skies years before that. Here are 6 of the most intriguing cases.
6. Aurora, Texas – 1897
A good 50 years before the Roswell event started the craze, a large UFO allegedly crashed in the small town of Aurora, Texas. The object was silver in color and shaped like a cigar.
According to an article published in the Dallas News, the UFO had been steadily losing altitude when it struck Judge Proctor’s windmill. The explosion wrecked the windmill tower and scattered debris over several acres.
The article also reported that a well had been also damaged in the crash and its water tainted, leading the locals to bury it.
The article read:
”the pilot of the ship is supposed to have been the only on board and, while his remains were badly disfigured, enough of the original has been picked up to show that he was not an inhabitant of this world.”
A small ceremony was held at the local cemetery where the small alien body was buried. The tombstone was stolen in 2012 but from the existing photos one can clearly see it depicted a crudely-carved cigar-shaped object with portholes on its sides.
Unfortunately for everyone, at the time of the crash, a spotted fever epidemic was wreaking havoc in the area so the event quickly faded out of view.
Another interesting aspect is that in 1945, Judge Proctor’s property was bought by Brawley and Etta Oates. The entire Oates family began suffering serious health problems because they had re-dug the well. Before her death, etta became convinced the water was radioactive.
5. Indian Ocean – September 1862
This unusual incident was reported in the May 2, 1897 issue of The Houston Daily Post and centered around a story told by one of the few men who had survived to tell the story – a Dutch sailor.
He had been part of the crew aboard a ship called Christine. In the autumn of 1862, following a storm in the Indian Ocean, the ship sank. The crew members who had been lucky enough to survive suddenly found themselves on a small, deserted island completely devoid of life.
While on the island, they witnessed an extraordinary event: a giant UFO fell from the sky, crashing into a jagged cliff. It was as big as a battleship and had four huge wings on its sides.
The men mustered the courage to examine the wreck and, amid the debris, found the bodies of several 12 foot-tall men with strange clothing and bronze-colored silky beards. This gruesome discovery was too much to bear for the starving, desperate men and some of them even went mad.
Only a handful of people survived until rescue came in the form of a Russian trawler, among them, the Dutchman.
While this might be nothing more than a sailor’s story, it makes for a very interesting one nonetheless.
4. Stavropol, Russia – late 1800s
In the 1960s, a Soviet investigation uncovered clues about a UFO crash landing that took place towards the end of the 19th century. Several witnesses reported that “a strange apparition flew into a village of the Stavropol province” and that its passengers had survived the crash.
“Three dark-skinned men came out of it. They were breathing hard, making signs and soon died since they could not breathe air. The village residents quickly pulled apart the thing in which they landed.”
As the investigation progressed, the officials began receiving letters corroborating the story. A woman named Irina Danilova recalled a story told by her grandfather, who had personally witnessed the event.
According to Danilova’s grandfather, the craft was shaped like an arrowhead and was quickly dismantled by the locals, who used the metal to manufacture household goods.
The bodies were “buried without cross or ritual.”
3. Carolinas – 1941
This report comes from noted UFO researcher Leo Stringfield’s book UFO Crash/Retrievals: Search for Truth in a Hall of Mirrors. Stringfield tracked down and spoke with the mother of Guy Simeone, a soldier in the 26th Infantry Division prior to the United States’ involvement into the Second World War.
In October 1941, Simeone was taking part in a military maneuver “in the Carolinas” when an unidentified object crashed in the area. Interests rapidly shifted towards recovering the “crashed round, metallic object” and “little dead bodies from space.”
The craft was taken to a nearby Army post. It measured about 15 feet in width and 10 feet in height and housed a control room with four seats. The silver UFO had otherworldly inscriptions both on its exterior shell as well as inside.
The four recovered bodies were described as small and with large, insect-like eyes.
Unfortunately, there is little evidence to support this incident, apart from the accounts of second-hand witnesses. Nobody knows what happened to the craft or the body of its passengers.
2. Dundy County, Nebraska, 1884
The June 8th, 1884 edition of The Nebraska State Journal ran an article about the crash of a mysterious object and subsequent retrieval of very unusual debris.
According to the journal, local rancher John Ellis and other locals witnessed a burning object similar to a meteor falling from the sky.
The men rode their horses to the crash site in order to investigate the incident. When they arrived, they found a large number of incandescent objects strewn across the crash site.
The objects were so hot and burned so bright that none of the men dared approach them. The ranchers resolved to come back the following day.
When they returned, the men noticed the objects were, in fact, mechanical parts resembling gears, wheels and propeller blades. All of them appeared to have been made from an extremely light and durable metal. No bodies were found.
Nobody knows what became of the wreckage.
1. England – WWII
Former intelligence officer and Flying Saucer Review editor Gordon Creighton launched an investigation into the crash of a UFO on British soil, at the height of the Second World War.
The craft wreckage was reportedly retrieved and studied by British authorities.
He learned about the incident from a 1955 article published in the Los Angeles Examiner by journalist Dorothy Kilgallen.
Here’s an excerpt:
“I can report today on a story which is positively spooky, not to mention chilling. British scientists and airmen, after examining the wreckage of one mysterious flying ship, are convinced these strange aerial objects are not optical illusions or Soviet inventions, but are flying saucers which originate on another planet.
“The source of my information is a British official of cabinet rank who prefers to remain unidentified.
‘We believe, on the basis of our inquiry thus far, that the saucers were staffed by small men—probably under four feet tall. It’s frightening, but there’s no denying the flying saucers come from another planet.’
“This official quoted scientists as saying a flying ship of this type could not have possibly been constructed on Earth. The British Government, I learned, is withholding an official report on the ‘flying saucer’ examination at this time, possibly because it does not wish to frighten the public.”
After the article was published, Creighton attempted to contact Dorothy Kilgallen and ask for further information.
She died shortly after, leading the researcher to believe that “she had been effectively silenced.” But as it turns out, Kilgallen was not the only source of information regarding this incident.
Brazilian UFO researcher Olavo T. Fontes also claimed to found out about this retrieval from sources inside Brazil’s Naval Intelligence but had only sparse details.
Another interesting detail was revealed in 1988 by former CIA pilot John Lear. His sources revealed that the UFO had been “strapped to a Boeing B-17 and transported to the States.”
It seems the British Government managed to keep a tight lid on this enigmatic crash, because nothing else is known about it.
Perseverance keeps notching milestones on the Red Planet.
Our growing list of sounds on Mars now includes lasers.
NASA's Perseverance rover has begun using its rock-zapping SuperCam instrument on the Red Planet, mission team members announced today (March 10). SuperCam is equipped with a microphone, which has picked up the gentle whoosh of the Martian wind as well as the not-so-gentle snaps generated by the laser when it hits a rock target.
"These recordings have demonstrated that our microphone is not only functioning well, but we also have a very high-quality signal for our scientific studies," SuperCam team member Naomi Murdoch, a researcher at the Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace in Toulouse, France, said during a live webcast today.
"In the SuperCam team, we're extremely excited about the perspectives and the scientific investigations that we're going to be able to do with the microphone data," Murdoch said.
Join our forums here to discuss the Perseverance Mars rover landing. What do you hope finds?
The car-sized Perseverance, the centerpiece of NASA's $2.7 billion Mars 2020 mission, landed on the floor of Jezero Crater on Feb. 18. The rover's main tasks involve hunting for signs of ancient life within the 28-mile-wide (45 kilometers) Jezero, which harbored a deep lake and a river delta billions of years ago, and collecting dozens of samples for future return to Earth.
SuperCam, which sits on Perseverance's headlike mast, is one of the seven science instruments the rover will use to do this off-world work. SuperCam fires a laser at targets up to 23 feet (7 meters) away, generating a cloud of vaporized rock, the composition of which can be determined by the instrument's cameras and spectrometers.
As Murdoch and her colleagues announced today, such rock zapping has already begun. SuperCam fired on a target named Máaz, the Navajo word for Mars, on March 2. (Perseverance is exploring a part of Jezero the team has dubbed Canyon de Chelly, after a national monument on Navajo land in northeastern Arizona.)
The SuperCam observations allowed the team to determine that Máaz has a basaltic composition. Basalts are igneous, or volcanic, rocks that are common on Mars as well as Earth. But it's unclear at the moment if Máaz itself is volcanic, said SuperCam principal investigator Roger Wiens of Los Alamos National Laboratory, a U.S. Department of Energy facility in New Mexico.
It's also possible that Máaz "is a sedimentary rock composed of igneous grains that were washed downriver into Jezero Lake and cemented together," Wiens said during today's update.
The SuperCam mic recorded audio of the Martian wind during Perseverance's first few days on Mars, the instrument team announced today. The microphone also captured the countless rapid-fire snaps of the Máaz work, which came from shock waves generated by the heat and vibration of the rock vaporization.
Such audio will be quite useful to the SuperCam team, Murdoch said. For example, details of the snaps will reveal the hardness of each rock target, a detail that cannot be determined from composition alone. (Chalk and marble have the same chemical composition, as Murdoch pointed out.)
SuperCam recordings will also help the Perseverance team keep tabs on the rover and its various subsystems and allow researchers to better understand the thin, carbon-dioxide dominated Martian atmosphere, Murdoch said.
Perseverance carries another microphone as well — one that's built into its entry, descent and landing (EDL) camera system. The EDL mic didn't record sound during the rover's "seven minutes of terror" touchdown on Feb. 18, but it has captured audio on the Martian surface.
These two microphones are the first ever to record true audio on Mars. And they may work together at some point; mission team members have discussed the possibility of operating both mics simultaneously to capture stereo sound on the Red Planet.
Perseverance has not begun its science work in earnest yet. The first big task for the rover involves finding a suitable airfield for the rover's helicopter, a 4-lb. (1.8 kilograms) craft named Ingenuity, to make its technology-demonstrating flights.
Perseverance will attempt to document Ingenuity's forays into the Martian sky. And this might even be a multimedia extravaganza: It's possible that one or both mics could capture the sounds of Ingenuity's rotors churning through the thin Martian air, mission team members have said.
On March 9, the mission released three SuperCam audio files. Obtained only about 18 hours after landing, when the mast remained stowed on the rover deck, the first file captures the faint sounds of Martian wind.
The wind is more audible, especially around the 20-second mark, in the second sound file, recorded on the rover’s fourth Martian day, or sol.
SuperCam’s third file, from Sol 12, includes the zapping sounds of the laser impacting a rock target 30 times at a distance of about 10 feet (3.1 meters). Some zaps sound slightly louder than others, providing information on the physical structure of the targets, such as its relative hardness.
“I want to extend my sincere thanks and congratulations to our international partners at CNES and the SuperCam team for being a part of this momentous journey with us,” said Thomas Zurbuchen, associate administrator for science at NASA Headquarters in Washington. “SuperCam truly gives our rover eyes to see promising rock samples and ears to hear what it sounds like when the lasers strike them. This information will be essential when determining which samples to cache and ultimately return to Earth through our groundbreaking Mars Sample Return Campaign, which will be one of the most ambitious feats ever undertaken by humanity.”
Mike Wall is the author of "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated by Karl Tate), a book about the search for alien life. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall. Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom or Facebook.
No Big Bang? Quantum equation predicts universe has no beginning
No Big Bang? Quantum equation predicts universe has no beginning
by Lisa Zyga , Phys.org
(Phys.org) —The universe may have existed forever, according to a new model that applies quantum correction terms to complement Einstein's theory of general relativity. The model may also account for dark matter and dark energy, resolving multiple problems at once.
The widely accepted age of the universe, as estimated by general relativity, is 13.8 billion years. In the beginning, everything in existence is thought to have occupied a single infinitely dense point, or singularity. Only after this point began to expand in a "Big Bang" did the universe officially begin.
Although the Big Bang singularity arises directly and unavoidably from the mathematics of general relativity, some scientists see it as problematic because the math can explain only what happened immediately after—not at or before—the singularity.
"The Big Bang singularity is the most serious problem of general relativity because the laws of physics appear to break down there," Ahmed Farag Ali at Benha University and the Zewail City of Science and Technology, both in Egypt, told Phys.org.
Ali and coauthor Saurya Das at the University of Lethbridge in Alberta, Canada, have shown in a paper published in Physics Letters B that the Big Bang singularity can be resolved by their new model in which the universe has no beginning and no end.
Old ideas revisited
The physicists emphasize that their quantum correction terms are not applied ad hoc in an attempt to specifically eliminate the Big Bang singularity. Their work is based on ideas by the theoretical physicist David Bohm, who is also known for his contributions to the philosophy of physics. Starting in the 1950s, Bohm explored replacing classical geodesics (the shortest path between two points on a curved surface) with quantum trajectories.
In their paper, Ali and Das applied these Bohmian trajectories to an equation developed in the 1950s by physicist Amal Kumar Raychaudhuri at Presidency University in Kolkata, India. Raychaudhuri was also Das's teacher when he was an undergraduate student of that institution in the '90s.
Using the quantum-corrected Raychaudhuri equation, Ali and Das derived quantum-corrected Friedmann equations, which describe the expansion and evolution of universe (including the Big Bang) within the context of general relativity. Although it's not a true theory of quantum gravity, the model does contain elements from both quantum theory and general relativity. Ali and Das also expect their results to hold even if and when a full theory of quantum gravity is formulated.
No singularities nor dark stuff
In addition to not predicting a Big Bang singularity, the new model does not predict a "big crunch" singularity, either. In general relativity, one possible fate of the universe is that it starts to shrink until it collapses in on itself in a big crunch and becomes an infinitely dense point once again.
Ali and Das explain in their paper that their model avoids singularities because of a key difference between classical geodesics and Bohmian trajectories. Classical geodesics eventually cross each other, and the points at which they converge are singularities. In contrast, Bohmian trajectories never cross each other, so singularities do not appear in the equations.
In cosmological terms, the scientists explain that the quantum corrections can be thought of as a cosmological constant term (without the need for dark energy) and a radiation term. These terms keep the universe at a finite size, and therefore give it an infinite age. The terms also make predictions that agree closely with current observations of the cosmological constant and density of the universe.
New gravity particle
In physical terms, the model describes the universe as being filled with a quantum fluid. The scientists propose that this fluid might be composed of gravitons—hypothetical massless particles that mediate the force of gravity. If they exist, gravitons are thought to play a key role in a theory of quantum gravity.
In a related paper, Das and another collaborator, Rajat Bhaduri of McMaster University, Canada, have lent further credence to this model. They show that gravitons can form a Bose-Einstein condensate (named after Einstein and another Indian physicist, Satyendranath Bose) at temperatures that were present in the universe at all epochs.
Motivated by the model's potential to resolve the Big Bang singularity and account for dark matter and dark energy, the physicists plan to analyze their model more rigorously in the future. Their future work includes redoing their study while taking into account small inhomogeneous and anisotropic perturbations, but they do not expect small perturbations to significantly affect the results.
"It is satisfying to note that such straightforward corrections can potentially resolve so many issues at once," Das said.
Ahmed Farag Ali and Saurya Das. "Cosmology from quantum potential." Physics Letters B. Volume 741, 4 February 2015, Pages 276–279. DOI: 10.1016/j.physletb.2014.12.057. Also at: arXiv:1404.3093[gr-qc].
Saurya Das and Rajat K. Bhaduri, "Dark matter and dark energy from Bose-Einstein condensate", preprint: arXiv:1411.0753[gr-qc].
4. a meteor on januari 16 , 2017 was visible from Missouri to Ontario
3. a meteor over Arizona on June 2, 2016 glowed blue on camera 3
2. a bright, fast meteor over Alberta, canada on februari 22, 2021
1. a fireball scattered around Chelyabinsk, Russia on februari 15, 2013
Feb 15,2013 - A "small" meteorite streaked through the skies above Russia's Urals region. The blast, equivalent to 300,000 tons of TNT, shattered windows, damaged more than 3,000 building and injured over 1,000 people.
8 months after the incident, the meteorite, weighing in at 570 kg, was pulled out of Lake Chebarkul, making it one of the biggest meteorites ever recovered.
Is the future of deep-sea exploration soft? Researchers have developed a new type of soft robot designed to cope with the crushing pressures at the bottom the ocean.
Inspired by the deepest-living known fish, the Mariana snailfish (Pseudoliparis swirei), researchers used soft materials and distributed electronics to create a machine that can withstand extreme pressure. They say that a soft robot could be more versatile and reliable at depth than other machines which require bulk materials or pressure compensation systems.
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This silicone rubber robot can withstand the pressures in the ocean’s deepest abyss
Sperm and egg samples from 6.7 million of Earth's species should be sent to an ark built on the moon as a 'modern global insurance policy', scientists have proposed.
The lunar gene bank — which could also house seed and spore samples — is envisaged as being built under the lunar surface, in a hollow, cooled lava tube.
Specimens deposited in the ark would be kept refrigerated at cryogenic temperatures, with the facility powered by solar panels on the lunar surface.
The ark would preserve Earth's genetic diversity in the event of a global catastrophe, such as might be caused by climate change, a supervolcano or an asteroid impact.
Sperm (left) and egg samples from 6.7 million of Earth's species should be sent to an ark built on the moon (right) as a 'modern global insurance policy', scientists have proposed
The lunar gene bank — which could also house seed and spore samples — is envisaged as being built under the lunar surface, in a hollow, cooled lava tube. Pictured: a cross-section of how the lunar ark might look buried beneath the surface of the moon in a hollow lava tube
HOW WOULD YOU GET 6.7MILLION SPECIES TO THE MOON?
Building a genetic storage facility on the moon would be a significant undertaking — but one that Professor Thanga says would be possible.
According to his 'back-of-an-envelope' calculations, transporting some 50 samples for each of the 6.7 million target species would require 250 rocket launches.
For comparison, it took a total of 40 rocket launches to assemble the International Space Station in low-Earth orbit.
'It's not crazy big. We were a little bit surprised about that,' Professor Thanga said.
'Earth is naturally a volatile environment,' said study author and mechanical engineer Jekan Thanga of the University of Arizona.
'As humans, we had a close call about 75,000 years ago with the Toba supervolcano eruption, which caused a 1,000-year cooling period and, according to some, aligns with an estimated drop in human diversity,' he added.
'Because human civilization has such a large footprint, if it were to collapse, that could have a negative cascading effect on the rest of the planet.'
The idea of creating gene banks to restore lost biodiversity in the future is not new — more than a million seed samples are currently stored in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault on the island of Spitsbergen in the Artic Sea, for example.
However, Professor Thanga and colleagues explained that locating such facilities on Earth leaves them also vulnerable to accidental loss.
Climate change, for example, has the potential to push many species into terminal decline in the future — and, at the same time, the rising sea levels which will accompany global warming will see the Svalbard vault lost beneath the waves.
Removed but still accessible, the moon may present a safer location.
Building a genetic storage facility on the moon would be a significant undertaking — but one that Professor Thanga says would be possible.
The idea of creating gene banks to restore lost biodiversity in the future is not new — more than a million seed samples are currently stored in the Svalbard Global Seed Vault (the entrance to which is pictured) on the island of Spitsbergen in the Arctic Sea, for example
According to his 'back-of-an-envelope' calculations, transporting some 50 samples for each of the 6.7 million target species would require 250 rocket launches.
For comparison, it took a total of 40 rocket launches to assemble the International Space Station in low-Earth orbit.
'It's not crazy big. We were a little bit surprised about that,' Professor Thanga said.
The team propose to establish the lunar ark within a lava tube (pictured, bottom left) — a hollow tunnel formed billions of years ago when molten rock flowed underground, ultimately leaving behind a network of hundreds of tubes each some 100 metres in diameter
The team propose to establish the lunar ark within a lava tube — a hollow tunnel formed billions of years ago when molten rock flowed underground, ultimately leaving behind a network of hundreds of tubes each some 100 metres in diameter.
Despite the sci-fi image of glass habitation domes adorning the lunar surface, it is much more likely that future lunar residents would want to settle underground, where they would be shielded from solar radiation, meteorites and temperature flux.
In the researchers' proposal, the ark facility would be accessible via two or more elevator shafts to the surface — one of which would be dedicated for the moving of construction materials into the base, so it can be extended along the lava tube.
The initial setting up of the base could be aided by another project from Professor Thanga's team, specifically tiny flying and hopping robots dubbed 'SphereX'.
These machines could be used to enter lava tubes in teams to collect samples of lunar dust and rock and collect data on the layout, temperature and makeup of the caverns which could be used to determine suitability for construction.
The initial setting up of the base could be aided by another project from Professor Thanga's team, specifically tiny flying and hopping robots dubbed 'SphereX' (left). These machines could be used to enter lava tubes in teams (right) to collect samples of lunar rock and collect data on the layout, temperature and makeup of the caverns before construction commenced
The main backbone of the base would be a series of cylindrical 'cryo-preservation' modules, in which stacked rows of petri dishes containing the sample material would be neatly archived.
The seeds, the team said, would need to be cooled to a chilly -292°F (-180°C), while stem cells would need to be kept colder at -320°F (-196°C).
(For comparison, the Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine is stored at just -94°F [-70°C].)
Operating a facility at such temperatures comes with its own problems — risking metal base components freezing up, jamming or even cold-welding together.
On the other hand, such conditions could let us to take advantage of a special phenomenon called quantum levitation— allowing shelves of samples to float above metal surfaces, tended to by robots similarly flying above magnetic tracks.
The main backbone of the base would be a series of cylindrical 'cryo-preservation' modules, in which stacked rows of petri dishes containing the sample material would be neatly archived. The seeds, the team said, would need to be cooled to a chilly -292°F (-180°C), while stem cells would need to be kept colder at -320°F (-196°C)
The ultracold conditions needed to store the samples could let us to take advantage of a special phenomenon called quantum levitation — allowing shelves of samples to float above metal surfaces, tended to by robots similarly flying above magnetic tracks (left). Quantum levitation is achieved by placing a cryo-cooled superconductor above a powerful magnet, at which point the former will to float a fixed distance above the latter (as pictured right)
Quantum levitation is achieved by placing a cryo-cooled superconductor material above a powerful magnet, at which point the former will float a fixed distance above the latter, as if they were connected.
'It's like they're locked in place by strings, but invisible strings. When you get to cryogenic temperatures, strange things happen,' said Professor Thanga.
'Some of it just looks like magic but is based on tried and laboratory-tested physics principles at the edge of our understanding.'
Realising such a lunar ark, however, is still a long way off — with researchers first needing to determine, for example, how the facility would communicate with the Earth and what impact the low-gravity environment would have on the samples.
'Projects like this […] make me feel like we are getting closer to becoming a space civilization and to a not-very-distant future where humankind will have bases on the moon and Mars,' added Álvaro Díaz-Flores, also of the University of Arizona.
'Multidisciplinary projects are hard due to their complexity, but I think the same complexity is what makes them beautiful.'
Neil Armstrong made history by becoming the first person to set foot on the moon.
Edwin 'Buzz' Aldrin followed Neil Armstrong on to the surface of the moon. His popular nickname gave itself to the animated characte Buzz Lightyear.
3 + 4. Apollo 12 - November 19 and 20, 1969
Pete Conrad and Alan Bean were the moon walkers on the Apollo 12 mission.
The Apollo 12 crew experienced two lightning strikes just after their Saturn V rocket launched.
5 + 6. Apollo 14 - February 5, 1971
Alan Shepard and Edgar Mitchell who were part of the Apollo 14 mission. They launched on January 31, 1971, and landed in the Fra Mauro region of the moon, the original destination for Apollo 13.
7 + 8. Apollo 15 - July 31, 1971
David Scott and James Irwin landed on the moon and stayed for three days, until August 2nd.
9 + 10. Apollo 16 - April 21 1972
John Young and Charles Duke were the next men to walk on the moon. When the crew reached lunar orbit, the mission almost had to be aborted because of a problem with Command/Service Module’s main engine.
11 + 12. Apollo 17 - December 11, 1972
The final people to walk on the moon were Eugene (Gene) Cernan and Harrison (Jack) Schmitt.
Before he left the moon, Cernan scratched the initials of his daughter Tracy into the lunar regolith. Since the moon does not experience weather conditions like wind or rain to erode anything away, her initials should stay there for a very long time.
Researchers at the University of Arizona have proposed an audacious plan to backup Earth’s biodiversity in the event of a planetary obliteration, i.e. nuclear war. The idea is to store the genetic material from millions of species below the moon’s surface in lava tubes, which could act as a ‘lunar ark’ that preserves Earth’s most cherished resource: the evolution of billions of years of life.
This project is similar to Norway’s “Doomsday” Seed Vault, which hosts more than 850,000 different seed samples in the frigid Arctic. Seeds are kept at -18 °C (-3 °F) and should be protected against a number of potential disasters, ranging from global warming to nuclear war.
Likewise, the lunar ark would deposit cryogenically frozen seeds, spores, sperm, and egg samples from millions of species of animals. In order to protect these precious samples, the ark would be stored inside one of the more than 200 lava tubes identified so far beneath the moon’s surface.
A lava tube, or pyroduct, is a natural conduit formed by flowing lava from a volcanic vent that moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow.
These yawning, subterranean caverns can have heights that dwarf Dubai’s Burj Khalifa. Untouched for the last billions of years, these lava tubes provide the perfect shelter from punishing solar radiation, which is why they’ve been identified as sites for future human bases.
But if we ever colonize the moon in a lava tube, why not take the extra step and build a genetic ark. Besides the ample space and radiation shielding, the temperature inside the lava tubes hovers around a constant -25° Celsius (-15° F), which is ideal for storing sensitive biological samples.
Earth also has lava tubes formed during its early years, but these are much smaller, about the size of subway tunnels, and have been eroded over time by earthquakes, plate tectonics, and other natural processes. The lunar caverns are much better suited to acting as a genetic vault.
“Earth is naturally a volatile environment,” said Jekan Thanga, a professor of aerospace and mechanical engineering at the University of Arizona College of Engineering. “As humans, we had a close call about 75,000 years ago with the Toba supervolcanic eruption, which caused a 1,000-year cooling period and, according to some, aligns with an estimated drop in human diversity. Because human civilization has such a large footprint, if it were to collapse, that could have a negative cascading effect on the rest of the planet.”
Of course, building an ark on the moon is a huge undertaking. By Thanga’s calculations, it would take at least 250 rocket launches to carry about 50 samples from each of the 6.7 million species on Earth. For comparison, it took about 40 rocket launches to build the International Space Station.
These samples would be housed in an underground facility powered by solar panels positioned on the moon’s surface. Two or more elevator shafts would lead down to the facility where biological samples would be housed in various cryogenic preservation modules.
Inside the modules, the samples would float above metal surfaces thanks to a phenomenon known as quantum levitation. Maintenance would be ensured by robots navigating above magnetic tracks.
All of this may sound wack, but it definitely is in the realm of possibility — we already have the technology at our disposal after all. It’s just a matter of directing resources and gaining public support.
Just the other day, China and Russia announced that they have plans to build a lunar outpost together. Elsewhere, the US has plans for its own lunar base called Artemis after it lands astronauts back on the moon in 2024.
“What amazes me about projects like this is that they make me feel like we are getting closer to becoming a space civilization, and to a not-very-distant future where humankind will have bases on the moon and Mars,” said Álvaro Díaz-Flores Caminero, a University of Arizona doctoral student leading the thermal analysis for the project. “Multidisciplinary projects are hard due to their complexity, but I think the same complexity is what them beautiful.”
An ancient, meteorite, or achondrite, was discovered in the Sahara desert last year that has now been identified as chunk from a protoplanet that formed before Earth came into existence.
The space rock, named EC 002, dates back 4.6 billion years and consists mostly of volcanic rock, leading experts to believe it came from the crust of a very early planet.
The team of French and Japanese scientists determined that the rock was once liquid lava, but cooled and solidified over 100,000 years to form the 70-pound piece that eventually made its way to our planet.
Researchers also note that no asteroids have been found with similar properties, which suggests the protoplanet it came from has since disappeared by either becoming parts of larger bodies or 'were simply destroyed.'
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An ancient achondrite was discovered in the Sahara desert last year that has now been identified as chunk from a protoplanet that formed before Earth came into existence. The stony meteorite, named EC 002, dates back 4.6 billion years
Anchondrites originate from early planetary bodies that have reformed from molten fragments and were flung into space as a result of another collision.
These rocks also resemble those on Earth at first glance, deeming them a rare discovery in the scientific community.
The latest anchondrite has been named after its landing site in Algeria's Erg Chech dune sea, which consist of several meteorites that collectively weight some 70 pounds, Motherboard reports.
Only a few thousands of these have been analyzed, most of which are basaltic, but EC 002 is made mostly of volcanic rock - making it rich in sodium, iron and magnesium.
The rock consists mostly of volcanic rock, leading experts to believe it came from the crust of a very early planet. The team describes EC 002 as 'relatively coarse grained, tan and beige,' noting that it was also spotted with yellow and green bits
The latest anchondrite has been named after its landing site in Algeria's Erg Chech dune sea, which consist of several meteorites that collectively weight some 70 pounds
With this in mind, the team says EC 002 'is also the oldest magnetic rock ever observed.'
Researchers determined its age by studying the rock's magnesium and aluminum isotopes, which showed it formed about 4.566 billion years ago – while Earth is said to be 4.543 billion years old.
The team describes EC 002 as 'relatively coarse grained, tan and beige,' noting that it was also spotted with yellow and green bits.
They also note that when they looked at other celestial bodies, focusing on their wavelengths, they found nothing that matched the wavelength reflected by EC 002.
The meteorite is also 58 percent silicon dioxide, making it even rarer than others previously found on Earth, as this mineral is commonly found in volcanic regions on our planet.
'However, no asteroid shares the spectral features of EC 002, indicating that almost all of these bodies have disappeared, either because they went on to form the building blocks of larger bodies or planets or were simply destroyed.'
Explained: The difference between an asteroid, meteorite and other space rocks
An asteroid is a large chunk of rock left over from collisions or the early solar system. Most are located between Mars and Jupiter in the Main Belt.
A comet is a rock covered in ice, methane and other compounds. Their orbits take them much further out of the solar system.
A meteor is what astronomers call a flash of light in the atmosphere when debris burns up.
This debris itself is known as a meteoroid. Most are so small they are vapourised in the atmosphere.
If any of this meteoroid makes it to Earth, it is called a meteorite.
Meteors, meteoroids and meteorites normally originate from asteroids and comets.
For example, if Earth passes through the tail of a comet, much of the debris burns up in the atmosphere, forming a meteor shower.
The meteorite, which was discovered in the Algerian part of the Sahara Desert, dates from 4.6 billion year ago — before the Earth was truly formed. It’s one of the first building blocks of our solar system. It’s not just any old meteorite: analysis shows it formed volcanically so it was once part of a proto-planet, maybe even one that never really made it.
“Numerous stones containing distinctive large greenish crystals were found in May 2020 near Bir Ben Takoul, southern Algeria, within the Erg Chech sand sea,” reads a rather dull entry regarding the meteorite. But right from the get-go, researchers knew something was unusual.
No known asteroid looks like EC 002 (the official name of the meteorite) — because almost none of these ancient relics still exist. Since they were formed so long ago, they’ve been either reintegrated into planets or smashed to bits. Meteorites like EC 002 are also very rare, due to its composition.
Most meteorites we’ve found so far are chondritic: stony (non-metallic) meteorites that haven’t been melted. Meanwhile, EC 002 is essentially anigneous rock— an andesite, to be more precise, which is also unusual. Out of theover 50,000 meteoritesdiscovered so far, just3,179are not chondrites. Out of these, most are basalts, which makes EC 002 very rare.
Basalt is a common igneous rock not just on Earth but also elsewhere in the solar system. It’s formed by the rapid cooling of basaltic lava, often at the surface (or very close to the surface).
Andesite shares some similarities to basalt, but it has a different chemical make-up and is characteristic of areas where tectonic plates are either sliding by each other or being destroyed one under another. This makes it even rarer because it takes a very special set of circumstances for andesite to reach meteorites. But the surprises kept coming in.
The rock was once molten, and it solidified some 4.565 billion years ago, in a parent body that accreted 4.566 billion years ago. The Earth is 4.54 billion years old, so it’s already older than the Earth. We’re not sure where it formed, but whatever celestial body it formed on, it must have been in its very early days, a part of its primordial crust.
“This meteorite is the oldest magmatic rock analysed to date and sheds light on the formation of the primordial crusts that covered the oldest protoplanets,” the researchers wrote in their paper.
Further analysis also showed that it took the lava over 100,000 years to solidify, indicating that the lava must have been unusually viscous. A lava’s viscosity is given by its temperature, chemical composition, and volatile gas content, so already, geologists can infer certain properties.
It’s always difficult when studying something so old, but finds like this can help shed new light on how our corner of the universe formed and evolved.
Gareth Dorrian, Post Doctoral Research Fellow in Space Science, University of Birmingham
Harrison Schmitt and Eugene Cernan blasted off from the Taurus-Littrow valley on the Moon in their lunar module Challenger on December 14 1972. Five days later, they splashed down safely in the Pacific, closing the Apollo 17 mission and becoming the last humans to visit the lunar surface or venture anywhere beyond low-Earth orbit.
Now the international Artemis programme, lead by Nasa, is aiming to put humans back on the Moon by 2024. But it is looking increasingly likely that this goal could be missed.
History shows just how vulnerable space programmes, which require years of planning and development spanning several administrations, are. After Apollo 17, Nasa had plans for several further lunar Apollo missions, even including a possible flyby of Venus. But budget cuts in the early 1970s and a reprioritising of human spaceflight to focus on the Skylab project precluded any further lunar missions at that time.
It was not until July 20 1989, the 20th anniversary of the Apollo 11 landing, that President HW Bush inaugurated the Space Exploration Initiative. This involved the construction of a space station called Freedom, which would later become the International Space Station, aimed at returning humans to the Moon, and eventually undertaking crewed missions to Mars.
The project was to take place over an approximately 30-year time frame. The first human return flights to the Moon would take place in the late 1990s, followed by the establishment of a lunar base in the early 2010s. The estimated cost for the full programme, including the Mars missions, was US$500 billion (£350 billion) spread over 20-30 years. This was a fraction of what would be spent on the Iraq War in 2003 but, the project nevertheless ran into opposition in the Senate, and was later cancelled by the Clinton administration in 1996.
Orion, optimised for extended trips beyond low-Earth orbit, was to be developed by 2008, with the first crewed mission no later than 2014, and the first astronauts on the Moon by 2020. To lift the Orion and Altair spacecraft a new series of launchers would be developed under the name Ares, with Ares V having lift capability more akin to the massive Saturn V rockets of the Apollo era.
President Obama took office in 2009 and in 2010 instituted a review of US human spaceflight - the Augustine Commission. It found that the Constellation programme was unsustainable with current Nasa funding levels, was behind schedule, and that a human Mars mission was not possible with current technology. The prototype of the Ares I rocket was nonetheless launched on a successful test flight from the Kennedy Space Centre on October 28 2009.
The Constellation program was cancelled by President Obama in 2010. This was the same year in which private company SpaceX made their first flight with the Falcon 9 rocket. Obama’s space plans were praised by some, including SpaceX’s founder Elon Musk, but criticised by others, including several Apollo astronauts.
The only significant survivor of Constellation was the Orion spacecraft which was repurposed and renamed the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle or Orion MPCV. The Augustine Commission recommended a series of more modest space exploration goals for the US, which included Orion flights to near-Earth asteroids or to the moons of Mars, rather than the planet’s surface. Orion’s first, and so far, only test flight in space (without astronauts) took place on December 5 2014.
The future of Artemis
In December 2017, President Donald Trump signed “Space Policy Directive 1”, which reoriented Nasa to a lunar landing by 2024. Nasa implemented the Artemis programme in the same year and it has been endorsed by the new Biden administration. This is the first time in decades that a new US administration has continued with the deep space human spaceflight policies of the previous one.
Artemis is also an international programme, with the Lunar Gateway - an international orbital outpost at the Moon - being an essential part of the project. The international nature of Artemis might make the programme more robust against policy changes, although the Lunar Gateway has already been delayed.
Officially, the first uncrewed test flight of Orion to lunar orbit, Artemis 1, is scheduled for later this year, with the 2024 return to the lunar surface still on the books. The effects of the pandemic and recent engineering concerns with the new and still unflown Space Launch System, may push this back. Furthermore, in 2020 Nasa requested US$3.2 billion (£2.3 billion) in development costs for the Human Lander System, a critical component of the first lunar landing mission, Artemis 3. Congress approved only a fraction of what was requested, putting the 2024 landing date in further jeopardy.
A delay of any more than a year would move Artemis 3 beyond the end of President Biden’s first term in office. This would make it vulnerable to the many vagaries of US deep space human spaceflight policy that we have seen for most of the spaceflight era.
By contrast, Nasa’s Mars Exploration Program, which began in 1993 and whose goals are driven primarily by scientists rather than politicians, has resulted in a series of highly successful robotic orbiters and landers, most recently the spectacular landing of the Perseverance Rover at Jezero Crater. Undoubtedly, the robotic exploration of Mars carries less political weight than human missions and is considerably cheaper – with no inherent risks to astronauts.
If the current Artemis 3 schedule holds, then 52 years will have passed between Cernan and Schmitt departing the lunar surface in Challenger and the next human visitors to the Moon, in 2024.
Follow all of the Expert Voices issues and debates — and become part of the discussion — on Facebook and Twitter. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.
Severed Head of Stone Age Woman Found Lodged in Rocks of Italian Cave
Severed Head of Stone Age Woman Found Lodged in Rocks of Italian Cave
Archaeologists arrived at Marcel Loubans cave near Bologna, Italy, in 2017 to embark on a unique rescue mission . Their goal was to extract a solitary human skull that had somehow become marooned on a rocky ledge deep inside the cave, at the top of a 40-foot (12 m) vertical shaft that could only be reached with specialized climbing equipment. Fortunately, the archaeologists were able to successfully retrieve the severed head, which consisted of a cranium with no jawbone attached. It was found encrusted within multiple layers of sediment and covered with a thin layer of calcite cave rock, suggesting that water had been flowing over the top of it for centuries.
After retrieval, the cranium was shipped to the Laboratory of Physical Anthropology at the University of Bologna. Over the past three years a team of researchers from the Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences at the University of Bologna have been playing the role of historical detectives, applying the very latest in advanced exploratory technology to unlock the secrets of the detached skull, and reveal more about the life and experiences of its former owner. In a study just published online in the open access, peer reviewed journal PLOS ONE , the scientists have revealed their full findings to the public for the first time—and they have quite the tale to tell.
Archaeologist Lucia Castagna recovered the ancient severed head within the Marcel Loubans cave in Italy.
Severed Head Provides Clues to a Stone Age Life and Death
Through radiocarbon dating, the researchers were able to establish that the person it belonged to died sometime between the 3630 and 3380 BC. This meant she lived during a period of the Neolithic Age known as the Eneolithic Age (or alternatively as the Copper Age , in recognition of the metalworking practices most common to that time).
By performing a CT (computed tomography) scan, they were able to determine that the skull had belonged to a young female, who was between the ages of 24 and 35 when she met with her demise. There was no way to tell exactly how her head had become disconnected from her body. But a set of lesions on the cranium revealed that the tissue on her face had been cut and scraped off sometime shortly after she had died.
These scrape marks, plus the separation of the head from the body, allowed the researchers to make a definitive conclusion about the cranium’s origin and the young woman’s fate. They knew that her head had been severed from her body, and the skin and underlying tissue removed from her face, in preparation for an elaborate Neolithic era funeral ritual . Her head would have been buried separately from the rest of her skeletal remains, which also may have been split up and buried in multiple locations.
The scientists have done an in-depth analysis of the severed head discovered in a cave in Italy to understand more about its unique history.
Similar Funerary Practices Discovered in Northern Italy
Other Neolithic finds in the same region of Northern Italy had already provided evidence of this type of funeral practice. In Re Tiberio cave, in Italy’s Emilia-Romagna region, the arm and leg bones of 17 deceased Neolithic Age individuals were found neatly arranged, in a manner that suggested ritual significance. But their heads were nowhere in sight.
In other caves in the region, Neolithic Age skulls with post-mortem cutting and scraping marks had been found, in contexts that indicated they had been prepared for interment. Combining geological knowledge with anthropological insight, the Italian scientists developed a plausible story to explain how the young woman’s skull had ended up in its final precarious resting place.
The shaft with the ledge where her skull had been resting had once been located near the entrance to a sinkhole, where water and mud had rushed in continuously until it had carved out a larger cave beneath the initial opening. If the woman’s head had been buried nearby, the regular runoff and flooding that created and gradually deepened the sinkhole could have washed the skull loose from its original resting place. From there, the skull would have ridden on a wave of flowing water and mud on down into the earth, where its descent was halted when it became lodged on a rocky ledge.
Based on a careful analysis of the sediment layers deposited on top of the cranium, and on the thickness of the calcite rock that covered the sediment, the scientists concluded that the skull must have plunged over the edge of the sinkhole approximately 1,370 years earlier. And there it had remained stuck in the accumulating muck for centuries, waiting to be discovered.
A Perilous Journey through the Neolithic Age
According to Live Science , study of the severed head has revealed additional details about the life of its owner. The Marcel Loubens skull belonged to a young woman. Overall, it seems her health had not been good. The woman had miniscule holes on the top of her skull, which may have been a side effect of inflammation caused by chronic anemia.
She also had two thick, ivory spots on her skull, an effect consistent with the presence of benign tumors. In her mouth she had multiple cavities and poorly developed tooth enamel, indicating that she suffered from malnutrition during childhood and had continued to consume a less-than-optimal diet in adulthood.
An additional indentation was found on the skull, surrounded by parallel grooves that indicated possible cranial surgery . She may have undergone an ancient medical procedure known as trepanation, which involves the intentional drilling or scraping of holes in the head to relieve pressure caused by head injuries or painful inflammation.
Somewhere between five and 10 percent of all Neolithic skulls recovered from across the world exhibit damage consistent with trepanation, which highlights just how common this practice was at that time. It is impossible to tell for sure how the woman died. But this cave discovery has uncovered a life was filled with peril—as was the journey of her disembodied skull after she had passed away.
Top image: The new study explores how the severed head ended up within the Marcel Loubens save in Italy.
Major Megalithic Cemetery Discovered with Dozens of Tombs
Major Megalithic Cemetery Discovered with Dozens of Tombs
Archaeologists have discovered a large and unique megalithic cemetery in south-central Poland. It has been dated to 5,500 years old, contains dozens of tombs, and researchers say, “a similar establishment is unknown in Poland.”
How Did Archaeologists Find the Megalithic Cemetery?
Researchers first noticed the site by studying satellite imagery of a field. A geophysical survey of the area and excavations carried out in the summer of 2019 and 2020 revealed a megalithic tomb and dozens of burials surrounding it.
Researchers first noticed the megalithic cemetery by studying satellite imagery.
Archaeologist Marcin M. Przybyła, part of the megalithic cemetery discovery team, says that this may be “one of the largest megalithic cemeteries in Poland.” He describes the site as having “longer walls reinforced with wooden palisades , while the short eastern walls contained the entrance to a kind of tomb chapel - a vestibule.”
Discovery Highlights
The megalithic cemetery is near a village called Dębiany in Świętokrzyskie Province.
It is 5,500 years old and one of the largest megalithic cemeteries in the country.
Unlike other Polish megalithic cemeteries, this one was lined with wooden poles, not stone.
The raised burial mound has an elongated trapezoid shape and a wooden palisade with outer ditches that are 40-50 meters long (131.23-164.04 ft.)
Most of the remains and grave goods are gone.
A square defensive feature found around some of the tombs suggests the site may have served as a temporary military camp in 9th-10th century BC.
The site is believed to be 5,500 years old and one of the largest megalithic cemeteries in Poland.
Speaking on the lack of artifacts at the site, Przybyła said, “Unfortunately, most of the remains of the deceased and grave goods were removed from these burials while the cemetery was still in use. It was a ritual behavior that we often encounter in cemeteries from that period.”
Most of the human remains and grave goods are gone, but this was a common ritual behavior at the time.
Another Polish megalithic complex is currently making archaeological news – the so- called “Polish pyramids” in Kujawy. This site has been studied for over 100 years, but it is only now that archaeologists have discovered the builders’ settlements. Polish News reports that archaeologists have identified 150 small settlements which probably housed no more than 10 families each. Archaeologists say that the inhabitants of several villages likely banded together to build the large tombs.
Megalithic Polish burial mounds discovered in the forest area of Góry in Wielkopolska have also made the headlines over the years. But unfortunately, that set of 5,500-year-old megalithic tombs was built on top of a coal deposit . This has sparked debate between people who want to save the structures built by the Funnel Beaker culture and those who back the coal mining company.
The so-called “Polish pyramids” are an important part of the country’s history and researchers plan to continue studying the megalithic cemetery near Dębiany, where they expect more tombs will be discovered.
Top Image: Excavations at the megalithic cemetery found in south-central Poland.
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Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
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