The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
27-03-2021
UFO In "Madonna and Child" Painting, 1400s, Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO In "Madonna and Child" Painting, 1400s, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of painting: 1480-1515 (exact unknown) Artist of painting: Domenico Ghirlandaio, Filippino Lippi, Sebastiano Mainardi and to Jacopo del Sellaio (artist unknown)
Hey, in this old painting there is a UFO with brilliant shiny light emanating from it. At first I thought it was a mistake, mold growing, a stain, a mistake of some sort. But as I looked closer I realized it was purposely made. What makes me think that? Well, first off the object has golden beams of light shooting from it. Also it has a domed lower bottom area and two antenna sticking from its top. To top it off, there is a man and his dog in the painting, staring up at the UFO in the sky.
I do believe in god and I subscribe to all religions. But I can see that the artist saw not only a similarity but a link between Jesus and aliens. By putting Jesuses mother in the painting its a direct link to Jesus himself and they are being watched and protected by a UFO in the distance. I think there is a fine line between religion and aliens. What I mean is...when a alien species evolves high enough...they will have angelic-like powers and abilities...and the fine line is then gone. Earth is only 4.3 billion years old, but astronomers say the universe is 13.5 billion years old. So there are many species out there that had 9 billion years of evolution ahead of us. I call those species ascended species...species that have survived and evolved beyond the materialistic body to become pure energy and thus take any form they want, traveling without a spaceship, basically...performing miracles in our eyes.
UFOs Seen Streaking Across Oregon and Washington State, 3-25-2021, Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFOs Seen Streaking Across Oregon and Washington State, 3-25-2021, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: 3-25-2021
Location of sighting: Oregon, Washington, USA
Watch this video below and you will see some mysterious glowing objects streaking across the sky. Now the us agencies are trying to spread disinformation by falsely telling the public that this is SpaceX debris falling. I know for a fact that Elon Musk would not allow such debris to fall over America. He instead would aim it at the ocean area where it can crash to earth safely. Elon thinks ahead, he plans ahead and would never ever allow SpaceX parts to crash over American soil, or any land for that matter. So, this is not SpaceX, what is it? Easy...a fleet of UFOs trying to look like meteors...but meteors fall, these are following each other and not falling but moving in a straight line. These are UFOs!
Strange lights taking off recorded by surveillance cam in Hawaii
Strange lights taking off recorded by surveillance cam in Hawaii
On March 22, 2021 the Ring surveillance cam of a resident in Aiea, Hawaii recorded a strange string of lights pulsating and taking off out of the driveway, passes the tree, moved up into the air, flew south-bound over Pearl Harbor and dropped down into the ocean.
Landlocked Bermuda Triangle: The Mexican Zone of Silence
Landlocked Bermuda Triangle: The Mexican Zone of Silence
Of all the sites that are unexplained, the Bermuda Triangle is usually the first one that comes to mind. Located in the Caribbean, it is renowned for the ships and radio signals that have disappeared without explanation in recent years. Yet, there is another, perhaps lesser known region in which the inexplicable occurs. This location is often referred to quite simply as Mexico's Zone of Silence.
A Land Were Radio Signals Die
Located in the Chihuahuan Desert (not titled such for an unexplained number of dogs), Mexico's Zone of Silence is precisely what it sounds like: a pocket of land in which radio signals die, preventing communication to and from the area, and directionality loses all meaning. According to reports from visitors of the area, which is also known as the Mapimí Silent Zone, if one brings a compass as a backup tool, that person is out of luck—the arrow of the compass will spin uncontrollably, confusing all sense of direction. Consider the spinning compass from Disney's Pocahontas…just without the sage old Grandmother Willow to decipher the compass' meaning.
One of the most prominent investigators of the Zone is a man called Benjamin Palacios, known for his somewhat touristy home and the tours of the Zone he provides to visitors to the region. However, it seems that the mysteries of this site were not always known.
Rumors abound that the Mexican government hid the unexplained occurrences, possibly evidenced by the lack of tourist sites, hotels, etc. nearby the desert. Supposedly the site was only exposed to the public as unusual when an American missile mistakenly crashed in the Zone of Silence. While retrieving the missile, United States agents were exposed to the unexplained.
Supposedly the site was only exposed to the public as unusual when an American Athena RTV test rocket mistakenly crashed in the Zone of Silence.
An article regarding the statement from the US government claims that,
"On July 11, 1970, the United States Air Force launched an ATHENA V-123-D rocket from Green River Launch Complex in Utah. While its intended target was the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico, it impacted '180-200 miles south of the Mexican border,' according to a recently released memorandum sent from the desk of Henry Kissinger, then serving as National Security Advisor to President Nixon."
It appears, if this quote is accurate, that a technological error revealed the Zone of Silence as an unexplained, possibly alien, site.
As is the case with most locations described as unexplained, "research" is ongoing to determine what other factors might be playing a role in the strange activity of the site. Reports of plant and animal investigations are plentiful, as well as an examination of the geological make-up of the region.
Zona del Silencio (Zone of Silence) landscape in Mexico.
And, of course, as with all locations in which the words "unexplained" or "inexplicable" are attached to their names, rumors of alien investigations are equally extensive.
It appears that numerous people have reported UFOs in the region, strange lights, and burning bushes, not unlike those described anywhere near Roswell, New Mexico or Area 51. It is also intriguing for theorists to point out the Zone of Silence falls on the same coordinates as the Bermuda Triangle, itself only recently (likely) explained.
Yet, aside from the numerous theories of UFO and alien influence in the Zone's fifty-kilometer (31-mile) radius, the unexplained occurrences might, in fact, have explanations. Scientists have discovered underground deposits of meteorite debris called magnetite. Essentially, magnetics beneath the surface of the desert are what disrupt radio waves and the metal arrow of compasses.
This theory further explains the enigmatic site when one realizes that meteorites striking the Chihuahuan Desert were not uncommon in the 1900s; three have been reported striking the desert between 1938 and 1969. Those that prefer the theory of aliens likely do not hold much stock in the meteorite claims. Perhaps these people prefer to insist on a government cover-up, or an extraterrestrial trick.
Regardless, it appears that the Zone of Silence remains among the list of the unexplained, more than likely because it is far more beneficial for tourist revenue than the title "the Zone of the not-so-unexplained Silence."
'ZOMBIE-GENEN' IN HET BREIN KOMEN NA DE DOOD TOT LEVEN
'ZOMBIE-GENEN' IN HET BREIN KOMEN NA DE DOOD TOT LEVEN
Vivian Lammerse
De ontdekking heeft verstrekkende gevolgen voor postmortaal hersenonderzoek.
Artsen verklaren een persoon ‘dood’ als diegene stopt met ademen en het hart geen bloed meer door het lichaam pompt. Maar dat wil niet zeggen dat alles er in het lichaam ook meteen mee ophoudt. In de uren na iemands overlijden zijn bepaalde cellen in het menselijk brein namelijk nog steeds actief. Sterker nog, in sommige gevallen worden de cellen zelfs actiever.
Studie In de nieuw gepubliceerde studie bogen de onderzoekers zich over de genexpressie in vers hersenweefsel dat verzameld was tijdens hersenoperaties. “We besloten een gesimuleerd doodsexperiment uit te voeren door het hersenweefsel bij kamertemperatuur te bewaren om zo de dood na te bootsen,” legt onderzoeker Jeffrey Loeb uit. “Vervolgens keken we naar de expressie van alle menselijke genen in de daaropvolgende 0 tot 24 uur.”
Zombie-genen De onderzoekers ontdekten dat 80 procent van de geanalyseerde genen 24 uur lang relatief stabiel bleven; er veranderde niet veel. Daarentegen degradeerde een andere groep genen – waarvan bekend is dat ze aanwezig zijn in neuronen en waarvan is aangetoond dat ze op een ingewikkelde manier betrokken zijn bij de menselijke hersenactiviteit zoals geheugen en nadenken – in de uren na de dood snel. Deze genen zijn met name relevant voor wetenschappers die aandoeningen zoals schizofrenie en de ziekte van Alzheimer bestuderen. En dan bestaat er nog een derde groep genen. Deze zogenaamde ‘zombie-genen’ bleken na de dood juist tot leven te komen: ze werden veel actiever. De activiteit van deze zombie-genen bereikte na ongeveer twaalf uur het hoogtepunt.
‘Zombie-genen’ in het brein komen na de dood tot leven.
Afbeelding: Dr. Jeffrey Loeb/UIC
Het zijn interessante bevindingen. “De meeste onderzoeken gaan ervan uit dat alles in de hersenen stopt wanneer het hart stopt met kloppen,” zegt Loeb. “Maar dat is niet zo.” De actief geworden zombie-genen komen binnen één type cel tot expressie: ontstekingscellen die gliacellen worden genoemd. Deze gliacellen blijken dus na de dood tot leven te komen en groeien uit tot lange, armachtige aanhangsels. “Dat gliacellen groter groeien na de dood is op zich niet zo verwonderlijk,” vertelt Loeb. “Het zijn namelijk ontstekingsremmende cellen. Het is hun taak om dingen op te ruimen na hersenletsel, zoals zuurstoftekort of een beroerte.”
Jeffrey Loeb
JENNY FONTAINE/UIC
Implicaties De ontdekking heeft verstrekkende gevolgen voor postmortaal hersenonderzoek. “Wat belangrijk is, zijn de implicaties van deze vondst,” zegt Loeb. “De meeste onderzoeken die postmortaal menselijk hersenweefsel gebruiken om behandelingen en mogelijke genezingen te vinden voor aandoeningen zoals autisme, schizofrenie en de ziekte van Alzheimer, houden geen rekening met de postmortale genexpressie of celactiviteit.”
De bevindingen betekenen volgens de wetenschappers niet dat we onderzoeksprogramma’s naar menselijk weefsel moeten stopzetten. “Wel zouden onderzoekers rekening moeten houden met deze genetische en cellulaire veranderingen,” onderstreept Loeb. “We zouden het postmortale proces zo veel mogelijk moeten verkorten om de omvang van de veranderingen in het brein na de dood te verkleinen. Het goede nieuws is dat we nu weten welke genen en celtypen stabiel zijn, welke degraderen en welke in de loop van de tijd juist meer tot expressie komen. Hierdoor gaan we de resultaten van postmortale hersenstudies steeds beter begrijpen.”
WIST JE DAT…
…onderzoekers al eerder ontdekten dat het breintot wel 10 minuten nadat de dood is ingetreden actief kan blijven? Ondanks dat het hart stopte met kloppen en de bloeddruk in de slagaderen wegviel, maten de onderzoekers hersenactiviteit. Het doet een belangrijke vraag rijzen: want wanneer is iemand nu echt overleden?
Was Pentagon researching on alien and UFO-related incidents?
As space agencies like NASA and non-profit organizations like SETI are trying hard to find proof of alien existence, a top scientist has warned that the crucial first contact may not be that great for humanity. Jacco van Loon, astrophysicist and director of Keele Observatory at Keele University warned that humans should be very cautious while dealing with aliens, as an advanced extraterrestrial species might have the intention to destroy humanity.
Aliens might be hostile
In a recent article written on The Conversation, van Loon claimed that advanced aliens that might be living in the distant nooks of the universe may not be friendly, and sometimes, they might be hostile towards humans. According to van Loon, if aliens may get interested in the earth, they will wipe out humanity from the surface of the blue planet.
Representational ImagePIXABAY
"They may be interested in our planet. Earth has perfect conditions for life. Aliens might need another home, if for some reason – such as climate change, nuclear war, or an enormous asteroid impact – they had to leave their own planet. It's also possible that they would not be looking for friendship. There are plenty of examples from our history of times when humans have traveled somewhere on Earth and acted cruelly, killing or enslaving the people that lived there. Aliens settling on Earth might want us out of their way," wrote van Loon in his article in The Conversation.
Will aliens eat humans?
Alexander Pearce, an Irish convict notorious for cannibalizing his fellow prison escapees had once claimed that human meat is one of the tastiest meats he ever had. Jacco van Loon believes that aliens might eat humans if they find our meat delicious and nutritious.
"Humans are predators who eat other lifeforms. Aliens might find us nutritious or tasty too," the astrophysicist added.
Jacco van Loon also suggested that aliens, if present somewhere in the universe are not contacting humans because they might be considering earthlings as a primitive species. He also made it clear that some advanced extraterrestrial species may not be interested in life outside their planet.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
What do they know? US federal officials gives 'mysterious' response to 'fleet of UFOs'
What do they know? US federal officials gives 'mysterious' response to 'fleet of UFOs'
A BIZARRE fleet of bright lights moving quickly across a sky has sparked a frenzy about a “fleet of UFOs” - leaving experts baffled and even prompting a response from the US government.
A mysterious video of a “fleet of UFOs” has sparked worldwide alarm, with some calling the strange moving lights an “armada”. The bizarre footage, captured in the skies of Casper, Wyoming in the US, has sparked alarm among local officials and questions for the US government. In the video, a continuous stream of white objects can be seen flying over the town of Casper.
A mysterious video of a “fleet of UFOs” has sparked worldwide alarm
(Image: IG)
User comments speculate drones, balloons, lanterns, and possible other-worldly activity
(Image: IG)
“I think it’s possible it was balloons or possibly drones.
"They weren't orbs they look like crafts, I thought drones maybe.
“But, if they were drones they had a really long range because they flew clear over the horizon out of sight but they were completely silent and they were pretty close.
"I figured if they were drones I would have heard the propellers but I have no idea what it was, it was a trip.”
More than a dozen appear to flash, and the objects seem to be moving in formation in one direction
(Image: IG)
Officials at the nearby airport denied any knowledge about the strange lights.
Glenn Januska, Director of Casper Natrona County International Airport said that he wouldn’t be able to identify the lights.
He deferred identification to the Federal Aviation Administration.
The bizarre footage, captured in the skies of Casper, Wyoming in the US, has sparked alarm
(Image: IG)
Allen Kenitzner, spokesperson for the FAA’s Northwest Mountain Region, said that he wasn’t able to offer a positive identification of the phenomenon immediately.
He mysteriously added that there wasn’t anything in the air that the FAA wasn’t able to identify that night.
This has prompted speculation that the US knows what the mysterious lights are.
One viewer of the video suggested it was "the first sign of an alien invasion".
Another wrote that it could be new military technology, adding "that definitely looks like an air assault formation".
Scientists prove how Moon was formed after finding chunk of doomed planet that smashed into Earth in its core
Scientists prove how Moon was formed after finding chunk of doomed planet that smashed into Earth in its core
Charlotte Edwards, Digital Technology and Science Reporter
SCIENTISTS think they've found a 'chunk' of the doomed planet suspected of creating the Moon underneath the lunar surface.
One theory for the creation of the Moon is that a large planet crashed into Earth 4.5 billion years ago and debris that fell from our planet became the Moon.
The Theia collision hypothesis is how a lot of scientists think the Moon was formedCredit: Getty - Contributor
The impacting planet, referred to as Theia, is thought to have fused with Earth but scientists think they've now found a 'chunk' of it buried deep under the lunar surface.
The Theia impact, also referred to as the giant impact or the 'big splash', is a hypothesis which suggests that the Moon was formed from debris that was broken off Earth when a giant planet sized object collided with it.
This planet sized object is known as Theia and is often described as an 'ancient planet' that was the size of Mars.
Analysis of Moon rocks has suggested that the impact was one direct hit and the Moon could actually be a combination of a chunk of Earth and parts of Theia.
This timeline shows how all the debris from the collision could have eventually merged togetherCredit: Wikimedia Commons/Citronade
For the first time ever, scientists believe they've found traces of Theia on the Moon which could confirm the favoured model for explaining its formation.
The researchers, from the University of New Mexico, wrote in their paper: "This model was capable of accounting for the then-recent observations from samples returned by the Apollo missions.
"Which included the Moon's low iron content relative to Earth, depletion in volatiles and enrichment in refractory elements, while avoiding most of the pitfalls of previous lunar origin theories."
The study required an intricate look into the makeup on the Moon and revealed that it's more different to Earth than previously thought.
Previous computer models of the impact have suggested that 70-90% of the Moon should be material from Theia.
Other's suggest the Moon should be similar to Earth.
This should be easy to determine as most bodies in the Solar System have their own chemical makeups that can be differentiated from one another.
The researchers intensely analysed the Moon rock samples and found small differences in the isotopes that make up the Moon and Earth.
Study lead author Erick Cano, a stable-isotope geochemist at the University of New Mexico, told Space.com: "Going into this project, it was expected that our results would likely mirror that of previous studies.
"The most surprising part of our results was finding the amount of variation that we did between the individual lunar samples."
The variation in all samples suggested that the deeper into the Moon's surface, the more similar the Moon becomes to Theia than Earth.
The researchers wrote in their study: "Our data suggest that samples derived from the deep lunar mantle, which are isotopically heavy compared to Earth, have isotopic compositions that are most representative of the proto-lunar impactor ‘Theia’."
The researchers now support the idea that the Theia collision led to mixing between the Mars-sized planet and Earth.
They think this mixing led to the similar but distinct compositions of Earth and the Moon.
Scientists eagerly await new Moon rock samples so that theories like this can be tested further.
The Moon is a natural satellite – a space-faring body that orbits a planet
It's Earth's only natural satellite, and is the fifth biggest in the Solar System
The Moon measures 2,158 miles across, roughly 0.27 times the diameter of Earth
Temperatures on the Moon range from minus 173 degrees Celcius to 260 degrees Celcius
Experts assumed the Moon was another planet, until Nicolaus Copernicus outlined his theory about our Solar System in 1543
It was eventually assigned to a "class" after Galileo discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter in 1610
The Moon is believed to have formed around 4.51billion years ago
The strength of its gravitational field is about a sixth of Earth's gravity
Earth and the Moon have "synchronous rotation", which means we always see the same side of the Moon – hence the phrase "dark side of the Moon"
The Moon's surface is actually dark, but appears bright in the sky due to its reflective ground
During a solar eclipse, the Moon covers the Sun almost completely. Both objects appear a similar size in the sky because the Sun is both 400 times larger and farther
The first spacecraft to reach the Moon was in 1959, as part of the Soviet Union's Lunar program
The first manned orbital mission was Nasa's Apollo 8 in 1968
And the first manned lunar landing was in 1969, as part of the Apollo 11 mission
THERE APPEARS TO BE A HUGE CHUNK OF AN ANCIENT PLANET BURIED INSIDE EARTH
THERE APPEARS TO BE A HUGE CHUNK OF AN ANCIENT PLANET BURIED INSIDE EARTH
THEIA'S IMPACT WITH THE EARTH CREATED THE MOON — AND PERHAPS LEFT SOME SHRAPNEL BEHIND.
Ancient Shrapnel
There are two gigantic blobs of dense material lurking in the lower depths of the Earth’s mantle beneath West Africa and the Pacific Ocean. Thousands of miles wide, the blobs have been one of the planet’s best-kept secrets — and baffled for scientists for decades.
Now, there’s mounting evidence that the blobs might be remnant shards from an ancient protoplanet named Theia that crashed into the Earth around 4.5 billion years ago, Science Magazine reports. Scientists previously suspected there was a link between the blobs, formally known as large low-shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs), and the Moon, but most thought the LLSVPs were planetary scars from Theia’s impact, not pieces of the alien world itself.
Kicking Around
To be fair, this isn’t the first time that scientists have speculated that the underground blobs were remnant shards of Theia, Science reports. But Qian Yuan, the Arizona State University graduate student who presented the idea at last week’s Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, seems to have made the most compelling case yet.
“I think it’s completely viable until someone tells me it’s not,” Arizona State seismologist Edward Garnero, who didn’t work on the study, told Science.
Special Delivery
The smoking gun in Yuan’s work, as it were, is seismological evidence that the LLSVPs are chemically different from the rest of the mantle rock that surrounds them. That suggests that the blobs have extraterrestrial origins — and because they’re six times more massive than the Moon, something as large as a protoplanet would have had to shear them off.
Even though the research remains somewhat speculative, seismologists emboldened by studies like Yuan’s are increasingly convinced that other pieces of otherworldly shrapnel could also be hiding beneath the Earth’s surface, according to Science. Uncovering them, they suspect, could help reveal that Earth’s ancient past was far more violent than what we know so far.
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When an alien lands on the White House lawn, who should greet him (her? it?): someone from the Immigration and Naturalization Service, or someone from the Fish and Wildlife Commission?
How, one might ask, can an extraterrestrial (ET) visitor have any rights at all? The ET is not a member of our society, our species, or our planet. And, loosely speaking, these three qualifications are the most fundamental bases for justice under modern human law. Must we then sadly admit that any ET visitor must necessarily remain totally rightless?
In the most general sense, a right is a power or privilege, a fair claim of freedom of action inherent in one person as against all other persons. It may be based upon any one of a variety of legal theories, ranging from the doctrine of natural rights (“equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family”) and civil rights (equality of treatment for all inhabitants), to civil liberties or legal rights created by law and dependent upon the existence of civilized society (as opposed to natural rights).
In practice, it has proven exceedingly difficult to apply the doctrine of natural rights. In this country, as elsewhere, there exist no absolute privileges for any individual. There is no justice in a legal vacuum or state of anarchy.
Rights must therefore be defined by law. That is, the value society places on a particular right (through its laws) may be measured by the complexity of procedure and burden or proof that must be borne to destroy it. While one’s driver’s license can be revoked rather easily, the right of a person to his life is very highly valued by society, and can only be wrested away by substantial justification before several batteries of juries and appellate courts.
If rights are defined by law, then to whom are rights of various kinds accorded under American jurisprudence? In general, both our Constitution and our statutes speak of “persons” as the entities to whom right may accrue.
Nonpersons, such as animals, trees, rocks and machines, have no rights and are treated as property. Property may not bring legal actions on its own behalf, although the human owner of property may do so to recover his own losses. (Private groups and governmental authorities can also initiate lawsuits against an owner for misuse of his property, such as in nuisance or animal cruelty cases. But the reparation rarely flows to the benefit of the property itself.)
The history of the scope of protection and legal rights in general is most illuminating. In The Descent of Man (1871), Charles Darwin pointed out that among primitive tribal states it was widely accepted behavior to commit what we would regard as serious crimes (robbery, murder) against strangers or innocent travelers.
As an example, he cited the “North-American Indian…[who] is well-pleased with himself and honored by others, when he scalps a man of another tribe…. In a rude state of civilization the robbery of strangers is generally considered as honorable.”
The tales of Homer tell us that Odysseus, returning home after the Trojan wars, summarily executed at least a dozen of his slave girls – for suspected “misbehavior” in his absence. At that time, slave girls were regarded as mere property, possessed of no rights whatsoever. As one commentator put it, “the disposal of property was…a matter of expediency, not of right and wrong.”
In early Roman times prior to the introduction of Justinian law, a father retained jus vitae necisque – the right of life and death – over his children. Male parents could banish or execute their children, or sell them into slavery. Children (nonadult humans) were thus not legal persons, in our modern understanding of the term.
More recently, certain other classes of humans have had less than complete rights under American law. For instance, in the well known Dred Scott v. Sanborn (1857) case, Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney wrote with solemn judicial punctilio that blacks were “a subordinate and inferior class of beings, who had been subjugated by the dominant race.”
A Virginia court (one year later) articulated this position with even greater clarity: ‘So far as civil rights and relations are concerned, the slave is not a person but a thing.” Hence, little more than a century ago in this country, human beings of a particular race were deemed nonpersons (and therefore mere property) in the eyes of the law.
Over the years, the status of personhood has gradually been extended to include blacks, children, women, aliens (foreigners) and prisoners, and has come to signify in most recent times a “human being.” But it should be noted that in each case it was a long, hard battle to extend rights to any new class of entities. It will be no different in the case of the extraterrestrial.
On the other hand, there are a few liberal trends on the horizon. The law has long recognized that groups of humans – such as corporations and municipalities – may be considered as legal persons for some purposes. A corporation is sometimes referred to as a “citizen” of a country, though in reality it is just a fictitious entity. Also, there are many groups working for an increase in the rights of animals. (While enforcement remains a problem, dolphins and other marine mammals may be killed only in very well-defined and specific situations under federal law.) And at least one jurist has suggested that trees and rivers be granted a measure of legal personhood.
There is ample material to construct either a liberal or a conservative view of the ET visitor under American law. In any prima impressionis situation, the legislators and courts must draw upon all arguments available to them. But we must bear in mind that the law is primarily a product of social problems and conflicts. If there are few problems, there is little law. Hence, there is not and cannot be any body of substantive doctrine to direct us in assessing the rights of the ET.
There are, however, a few basic guidelines that have been established. “Metalaw” is that branch of theoretical law which deals with a generalized jus naturale (natural law) relating to all sentient beings, be they on Earth or on other worlds.
Metalaw Today
How should we treat extraterrestrial visitors? This fundamental ethical question must first be dealt with before we may address ourselves to their rights under the law.
As we sift through the mountains of philosophical and sacred writings which represent our species’ collective anthropocentric wisdom, we find the so-called “Golden Rule” cropping up again and again. For example: “What is hateful to thyself, do not unto they neighbor” (Babylonian Talmud); “A man should treat all living creatures as he himself would be treated” (Sutra-Kritanga); “You must expect to be treated by others as you have treated them” (Seneca); “Do naught to others which if done to thee would cause thee pain” (Hindu Mahabharata 5.1517); “We should behave to friends as we would wish friends to behave to us” (Aristotle); “Hurt not others with that which pains yourself” (Buddhist Udanavarga 5.18); and, of course, “As you wish men to do to you, so also do you to them” (Christian Bible, Luke vi. 31). Should we, then, apply the Golden Rule in dealing with sentient extraterrestrial beings?
The world’s first space lawyer, the late Andrew G. Haley, addressed just this question at the Seventh International Astronautical Conference in Rome (September 17-22, 1956). The Washington D.C. attorney stated that Metalaw, defined as “the law governing the rights of intelligent beings of different natures and existing in an indefinite number of different frameworks of natural laws,” would require a different moral basis than present earthly law.
The Golden Rule, Haley observed, is starkly anthropocentric. It promotes as a standard of ethical behavior the subjective needs and wishes of humans. In his paper ‘Space Law and Metalaw – A Synoptic View,” he pointed out that to treat other sentient creatures as we would desire to be treated might well mean their destruction. There is no equitable or ethical basis by which we may be allowed to impose our values on ETs. Instead, we must find out how they wish and require us to treat them.
Haley framed the Great Rule of Metalaw in a deceptively simple form: Do unto others as they would have you do unto them. This is that only way to ensure justice for beings that are “scarcely imaginable.” Absolute equity is the only principle of the laws of mankind that we should permit ourselves to project into our considerations of intelligent extraterrestrial life forms. The Great Rule preserves this principle, by granting individual sovereignty to each sentient race in the cosmos.
What of the possibility of malevolent ETs? Surely we must violate the Great Rule and ruthlessly defend ourselves at all costs? Haley argued not unconvincingly that virtually all extraterrestrial civilizations will either be inferior to us by a fair margin, or will be far superior technologically. (This is also the finding of modern exobiological theory.) Of the inferior ones, we should have little trouble physically restraining them from doing us harm. Of the superior ones, they should have no fear of us whatsoever and will most likely treat us with benevolence as a result.
This is, of course, an old argument – and not fully satisfying, since it solves the problem by defining it away. The solution to our dilemma lies in the Great Rule itself and the principle of absolute equality. Each set of facts must be examined on its own merits. More specifically, we should authorize the use of “reasonable force” in dealing with less-than-benevolent ET visitors: Just enough force to restrain them from damaging us, but only exactly that much, and no more.
The next great leap forward in the development of Metalaw occurred in 1970, with the publication of the first full-length book on the subject. Relations with Alien Intelligences, written by the Austrian jurist Dr. Ernst Fasan, represents an excellent attempt to evolve a sophisticated set of metalaws consistent with jus naturale. Dr. Fasan relies on a theory of absolute equity in the form of an ethical “litmus test” – the Categorical Imperative, as proposed by the 18th century German philosopher Immanuel Kant.
In Kant’s own terminology, the Imperative proposes a moral axiom which is true a priori for every sentient being: “Act in such a way that the maxim of your will can at the same time always be valid as a principle of general legislation.” In other words, when considering a particular course of conduct, judge whether or not it is desirable that it become a general rule. For instance, if one contemplates murder, he should ask: ‘Would it be desirable for everyone to murder?” Clearly it would not, since acceptance of this proposition would lead to the death of the murderer himself.
Using the Categorical Imperative, the Great Rule, and a few very basic assumptions about the character of the extraterrestrial creature (alive, three-dimensional and physically detectable, intelligent and possessing a “will to live”), Dr. Fasan derives eleven fundamental metalaws of general validity. In descending order of importance, they are:
(1) No partner of Metalaw may demand an impossibility.
(2) No rule of Metalaw must be complied with when compliance would result in the practical suicide of the obligated race.
(3) All intelligence races of the universe have in principle equal rights and values.
(4) Every partner of Metalaw has the right of self-determination.
(5) Any act which causes harm to another race must be avoided.
(6) Every race is entitled to its own living space.
(7) Every race has the right to defend itself against any harmful act performed by another race.
(8) The principle of preserving one race has priority over the development of another race.
(9) In case of damage, the damager must restore the integrity of the damaged party.
(10) Metalegal agreements and treaties must be kept.
(11) To help the other race by one’s own activities is not a legal but a basic ethical principle.
Unfortunately, these fine metalegal concepts have not found their way into American law. Fasan’s metalaws provide an elaborate ethical-legal superstructure upon which practical statutes and juridical decisions may eventually be constructed. But the rules do not now have the force of law – hence, they are not directly applicable to the early phases of first contact on planet Earth. What will our government, and our present legal system, do in a first contact situation?
First Contact Jurisdiction
There are innumerable ways in which first contact may occur. Relations may take place with the whole extraterrestrial race, or with representative organizations of their race, or with individual members. Similarly, interaction may occur with all of humanity, a part of humanity, or single persons.
The scenario frequently discussed by exobiologists involving radiotelescope communication would be a case of race meeting race. Murray Leinster’s science fiction classic “First Contact” is an example of a meeting between two representative organizations – a subgroup within each race.
Contact may also be classified according to the intensity of interaction. Remote Contact, probably the safest method, would involve interstellar or galactic radio links. Direct Contact might entail a well-publicized (authorized) landing at an Air Force base, with clear prior notice given us by the ETs – or perhaps an arranged rendezvous on the Moon. The most dangerous and controversial of all, however, is Surprise Contact – a sudden confrontation without warning or advance preparation.
Let us analyze such a case of Surprise Contact: A single extraterrestrial visitor, landed in a relatively conspicuous local (park, open field, etc.) in a typical state.
First of all, unless the ET is buzzing houses in his spacecraft, has a grossly nonhuman appearance, or is wreaking destruction far and wide, his presence may actually go unnoticed for quite some time. But eventually a passing motorist or pedestrian will spot the creature, who perhaps is garbed in a spacesuit or other unconventional attire. The local police will receive a report of a strange creature roaming the streets.
Since local authorities get mountains of crank calls, they probably won’t dispatch a patrol unit until several reports have been received or until the ET inadvertently maims someone. The police cruiser will arrive at the scene shortly thereafter. Depending on the alienness of the extraterrestrial, the policemen may suspect a prankster at first (as has happened many times!), until the creature either reveals its primary physiological differences or displays command of superior technology.
If a large crowd has gathered, the ET may be in trouble. There are cases on record of crowds mobbing and killing “admitted space beings” (who were really human pranksters, as it turned out). The officers will immediately call in local reinforcements, which should arrive in ten minutes or less. The county sheriff will also be notified, as well as the State Police or Highway Patrol – these groups will dutifully respond within twenty minutes, but will make no decisions.
The police will also quickly alert the local Civil Defense authorities. From there the buck passes swiftly up through the county Civil Defense office to the state Civil Defense office, at which point the governor of the state will be apprised of the situation. He has the authority to declare a state of emergency or invasion and call out the National Guard (state militia) for assistance.
The militia maintains local bases equipped with jeeps, tanks, and cannons, should these be required. The Guard can probably be mobilized and on the scene in less than an hour to assist in the apprehension and detention of the extraterrestrial, and in crowd and riot control. The governor, in the meantime, will have notified the Federal Department of Defense, and, of course, the President.
The Defense Department will place the Army Area Commander in immediate charge of maintaining order, and the local Air Force and Naval District authorities will probably also enter the picture, but with clearly subordinate roles. Pending direct Presidential orders, the Army commander remains in temporary control.
The President will undoubtedly notify Congress immediately, calling an emergency session to obtain legislative direction. But it is important to realize that, on his own, the President already possess sweeping authority should he care to exercise it. A vigorous, “expansionist” Chief Executive would be likely to assume far greater personal control than a more passive, wait-and-see President. The personality of the person in the White House may therefore be a decisive factor in the early stages of first contact.
The United States is presently in a state of national emergency. (It has been continuously since the early 1930s!) This fact is not generally known or appreciated by the public. The Presidential proclamations of national emergency issued under Roosevelt (1933), Truman (1950), and Nixon (1970, 1971) were not terminated when the crises that spawned them had passed. Our country remains under four separate active declarations of emergency.
This means that broad Presidential authority is available to dispose of the ET as the Chief Executive sees fit. Another declaration of national emergency could also be forthcoming at this point. But even if the President does assert full, immediate control, considerable confusion will still result.
Federal agencies will jockey for jurisdiction, based on entwining statutes and overlapping authority that would put a Gordian knot to shame. The CIA and FBI, suspicious of the possibility of a foreign hoax and the dangers to national security caused thereby, may try to intervene at the holding area and assert some influence of their own.
Even more important, they will be trying to protect the ET – a potentially valuable military resource – from foreign agents, saboteurs, kidnappers and assassins. (The entire American defense establishment will probably be placed on full alert status.)
The Treasury Department, also suspecting a hoax and fearing for the President’s life, may try to get into the act by sending in Secret Service agents to verify the authenticity of the ET. Of course, Army Intelligence, Naval Intelligence, Air Force Intelligence, and the Defense Intelligence Agency will all be vying for power as well.
The Public Health Service, under the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW), will want to establish local quarantine and detention authority under 42 U.S.C. §264 et seq of the Federal Code. (The Department of Agriculture may try a similar trick under 21 U.S.C. §101 et seq, if they argue that the extraterrestrial is an animal and not a “person” – see discussion below).
The Attorney General, under 8 U.S.C. §1222, has the legal authority to order immigration officers to “temporarily detain” the ET in contemplation of deportation proceedings. And naturally, the Department of Transportation will be anxiously searching for the space traveler’s vehicle, as will the military and various intelligence agencies.
A host of civilian organizations will clamor to be heard, probably within hours of first contact. The SPCA, Humane Society and other animal protection groups will want assurances that the ET is receiving “adequate housing, ample food and water, reasonable handling, decent sanitation, sufficient ventilation, shelter from extremes of weather and temperature” and so forth, as required by the Animal Welfare Act (7 U.S.C. §2131 et seq, as amended to include any warm-blooded animal used for “laboratory purposes”) and state animal cruelty laws.
NASA will probably have some complaints to make, along with the national Academy of Sciences, assorted astronomical and zoological societies, and many other scientific groups. And, sooner or later, the United Nations will get wind of the “capture.” Although the UN has no real authority within domestic borders, vehemently unfavorable world opinion could easily be roused to a fever pitch.
My point is simply this: Our federal laws provide no clear and unambiguous legal direction. Without the leadership of a strong President, tremendous confusion and jurisdictional squabbles will erupt almost instantly. And we have assumed a rather passive, obeisant extraterrestrial. If he is in any sense more active, there could be fearful and unfortunate complications.
The creature will at last be safely in military custody, under very heavy guard and probably under quarantine. (I suspect a contingency plan lies dusty in some half-forgotten Pentagon file.) As for his future legal rights, our visitor must await a final adjudication by Congress.
Animal or Person?
As suggested earlier, an entity cannot be said to hold legal rights unless some judicial or administrative body is authorized to review the actions of those who threaten to usurp those rights. Furthermore, most of our laws, codes, statutes and constitutions afford rights only to “persons.” The distinction between animals and persons is therefore of critical importance.
The strict legal definition of “animal” is: “Any living being, not a human, endowed with the power of voluntary motion.” The ET is clearly not a member of the species Homo sapiens, and is therefore nonhuman. He does, however, appear capable of voluntary motion. Hence, a rebuttable presumption of animalhood will arise: the ET will be considered a legal animal by default.
There are several kinds of animals. Under Roman law all animals were considered ferae naturae (wild animals) – they were regarded as common property having no owner. As the law developed, and animals began to play more important roles in society, the courts created a second class, domitae naturae (domesticated animals).
These were further subdivided into “generous” (of commercial value to man – cows, sheep, and other herbivores) and those of “base nature” (animals not useful for work – household dogs, cats, etc.). Domestic animals can be the subject of ownership, and can therefore be estrays (a kind of wandering property). Estrays may be impounded as public nuisances and destroyed after thirty days if no owner makes a claim.
If the ET visitor is to be regarded as an animal, he will undoubtedly be classified as ferae naturae, no proof of tameness or ownership being evident. A wild animal running loose on private property may be hunted and killed, and thus reduced to personal possession.
Such an animal on federal lands is subject to the Department of the Interior’s Fish and Wildlife Commission: on state lands, it is subject to the state’s department of fish and game. Either authority may declare a “special open season on said game,” or the department itself may destroy the animal causing damage to property.
Even if the extraterrestrial is somehow regarded as being tame, his position is not improved. The fact that animal cruelty laws exist in virtually all states does not alter the creature’s basic rightlessness. Also, most cruelty statutes specifically exclude invertebrate animals. If our ET resembles a cross between a sea scorpion and a grasshopper, he’ll be out of luck.
The whole idea of treating the extraterrestrial visitor as an animal may seem outrageous to many at first, but this is the letter, if not the spirit, of the law. We’ve seen that human beings have often been denied the elementary status of personhood. (It should come as no surprise that in the thirteenth century, a law was passed in England proclaiming humans of the Jewish faith to be “men ferae naturae, protected by a quasi-forest law. Like the roe and the deer, they form an order apart.”)
But with a little luck we can chart a course to legal personhood for the ET. This may best be accomplished by demonstrating the wider implications of humanness. While some may myopically argue that the essence of humanity is strictly defined by the human genome, the sounder view is that the essence of man is mind – the rationality of a sentient organism. Attempts to articulate this elusive characteristic have included “mental ductility,” “ability to transmit culture,” “ability to fashion tools,” “ability to symbol,” “predisposition to learn from experience,” and “self-awareness.”
Raw intellect is not enough, however, to qualify one for personhood. Dolphins and whales, elephants, dogs, pigs, and other animals are able to demonstrate surprisingly high intelligence in certain situations – and the law doesn’t consider them legal persons. Yet infants, drugged people, insane or retarded people, all are considered legal persons, though their mental faculties may be practically nonexistent. Intelligence is perhaps a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for personhood.
High technology is not good enough either. Although they have visited us, and so possess superior technology a priori, this does not presuppose the existence of intelligence. For instance, it is possible that a society of antlike creatures could develop a technology without any single member possessing independent intelligence.
In his book Persons – A Study of Possible Moral Agents in the Universe, Dr. Roland Puccetti, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Singapore, proposes another kind of test for personhood. The basic assumption – and it is a persuasive one – is that “moral persons” should also be considered “legal persons.”
The Puccetti Test thus asks the following of the extraterrestrial: Can he take a moral attitude? Alternatively, is he capable of making moral judgements? If so, if he possesses some system of ethics, Puccetti would class him as a moral and legal person. (Puccetti allows that intelligent machines could be considered persons using this test – a perfectly acceptable result.)
If the ET visitor can pass the Puccetti Test, and demonstrates his intelligence, Congress would doubtless be justified in granting him legal personhood under our laws.
Extraterrestrial Persons
In ancient and medieval times, as well as in primitive tribal states, the general tendency was to view the foreigner as an outlaw, criminal, or enemy. The jus gentium (the equitable law of nations) of the Romans, and the unity of all humans promoted by Christianity (“You shall have but one law for alien and native alike.” Leviticus xxiv. 22), helped to encourage a greater universality of attitude.; However, it was not until modern times that the legal alien acquired significant rights under law.
As far as basic rights for the extraterrestrial visitor are concerned, once he has been declared a legal person he has crossed the most fundamental juridical threshold. Our Constitution speaks of the rights of “people” and “persons,” and the 14th Amendment extends this mantle of protection into state jurisdictions as well. Hence, any person physically present within the borders of our country will be protected by the Bill of Rights – whether citizen, alien, or extraterrestrial.
As far as the specifics of classification are concerned, there are many ways to judicially view the ET. For example, he may be considered a refugee. A refugee is a technically stateless person – he is neither citizen (or national) nor subject of any foreign government on Earth. one definition of the refugee is as follows: “Any person uprooted from his home, who has crossed a frontier – natural or artificial – and looks for protection and sustenance to a government other than his former one.” This seems to fit the extraterrestrial rather well.
In many foreign countries, where the United Nations Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons is operative, refugees are guaranteed minimal legal rights commensurate with foreign nationals. In the United States, however, even stateless persons are protected by the Bill of Rights.
Another way the ET may be viewed is as an alien, defined as “any person owing allegiance to an foreign government.” The home planet of the extraterrestrial is certainly “foreign,” in a very broad sense, and so the ET may be classified accordingly.
There are several kinds of aliens. An illegal alien is one who has entered the country illegally, without passing through the normal channels of admission (i.e., the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service, under the Department of Justice). Our extraterrestrial has certainly made an illegal entry, and theoretically should be subject to immediate deportation proceedings. But a decision to “deport” the ET would create more problems than it would solve.
Another kind of alien is the alien enemy (a citizen of some hostile foreign power). If the President proclaims that the landing of the ET is a prelude to or threat of invasion and war, he is authorized under 50 U.S.C. §21 to order a federal marshal to “apprehend, restrain, secure and remove” all alien enemies. This course of action seems unlikely in the extreme, since the creature is already in Army custody and, in a practical sense, cannot be “removed” (deported – where?).
A way around the immigration problem is to classify the ET as an essential alien. 50 U.S.C. §403h provides that, with the concurrence of the Director of the CIA, the Attorney General, and the Commissioner of Immigration, any alien deemed “ essential to the furtherance of the national intelligence mission” or vital to the interests of national security may be admitted for permanent residence (and ultimately naturalization and citizenship) without regard to admission procedures.
This would seem quite possible in the case of the extraterrestrial, since a major foreign policy consideration will be the creature’s advanced technology. Any nation on Earth in possession of the visitor and his hardware would theoretically gain a significant psychological and military advantage.
The ET might also be classed simply as an alien amy – a friendly alien. Although this normally requires proper immigration, there are ways around this rule. Alien crewmen of foreign vessels, and aliens in transit, are exempt because their stay in the country is very temporary. If the ET is viewed as having entered the country for “business or pleasure,” or as a “bona fide student, scholar, specialist, or leader in a field of specialized knowledge or skill,” he is again exempt under 8 U.S.C. §1101 as a visiting alien.
Another distant possibility is the granting of ambassadorial status to the extraterrestrial. As a full diplomat, the ET would serve as the representative of his own government while on Earth. (Diplomats have full immunity from prosecution.) Or the ET may be seen only as a consul, a mere commercial agent for his government, entitling him to fewer immunities. Normally, however, there must be diplomatic reciprocity before a foreign envoy of any kind is afforded ambassadorial rank. Since we know nothing of the extraterrestrial government, such unilateral diplomatic relations are highly improbable.
As a last resort (in my view the wiser course), Congress may decide to entirely junk the above anthropocentric pigeonholes. A new legal classification might be created – the “extraterrestrial person” or “pseudoperson” – which grants the ET a measure of rights and responsibilities in keeping with the basic principles of Metalaw. At long last, jus naturale, galactic conscience and universal equity may find a home in American jurisprudence.
Robert A. Freitas Jr., “The Legal Rights of Extraterrestrials,” Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact 97(April 1977):54-67
On March 8 of this year I wrote an article here at Mysterious Universe titled “All About Those Flaming UFOs! Literally Flaming!” The article was focused on why I concluded that aliens from faraway worlds would never soar around our skies by using something so primitive (for them) as chemical-rocketry. It’s this particular issue that made me conclude both the Lonnie Zamora “UFO landing” of 1964 and the Cash-Landrum UFO-Helicopter affair of December 1980 – both of which involved crafts spewing out flames – had terrestrial origins. Clearly, there was no highly-advanced technology involved. That means the craft were built and flown by us – and not by incredibly advanced extraterrestrials. In fact, when it comes to looking at matters carefully, it’s ridiculous to even consider that either craft (and crew) came from another planet. The “ridiculous” angle also comes into play when we take a look at the most famous “alien abduction” of all time: the Betty and Barney Hill incident of September 1961. In my view, the Hills had an encounter with humans – almost certainly connected to something akin to the controversial MK-Ultra program that began in the early 1950s.
Betty, Barney and Delsey, the Hill’s beloved dog
One of those who came to believe that the Hills had been subjected to an MK-ULTRA-type encounter was the late Philip Coppens. He said: “It is clear that the Hills were being monitored by USAF [U.S. Air Force] Intelligence before the encounter took place, through Major James MacDonald, who had befriended them some time earlier. Betty Hill wrote to [UFO researcher / author] Donald Keyhoe who, despite the fact that he received over a hundred letters a day, homed in on this initially unremarkable case. Within twenty-four hours, Keyhoe had arranged for the Hills to be visited by top-level scientists, including C.D. Jackson, who had previously (definitely not coincidentally) worked on psychological warfare techniquesfor President Eisenhower [italics mine]. Stretching coincidence far beyond breaking point, Jackson already knew Major MacDonald, with whom he next interviewed the Hills.” Philip continued on: “It seems that Betty and Barney Hill were at the center of a web that involved USAF Intelligence and top military experts in psychological warfare.The evidence suggests that the Hills were the subjects – victims – of a psychological experiment[italics mine].”
More on the matter of ridiculous things, there’s the so-called “Star Map” that Betty was shown on-board the “UFO.” Without doubt, one of the most important – if not, arguably, the most important – of all so-called “alien abduction” cases is that of Betty and Barney Hill, who underwent such an experience in 1961, and who, it can be justifiably said, kick-started abduction research of the type that, today, has come to typify the subject. One of the most important aspects of the story – which, many have asserted, proves the Hill’s encountered real aliens – is that relative to the “Star-Map” that the crew generously showed to Betty. It is the saga of this map that pretty much convinced whole swathes of Ufology that the mysterious abductors were the denizens of a light-years-away locale: Zeta Reticuli. The late Stanton Friedman championed the map in his lectures.
A map? Really? Can you imagine, even in the earlier years of NASA’s space-program, a scenario where – while traveling to the Moon in 1969 – the crew of Apollo 11 took to the skies amid a conversation that went something like this: “Get the map out; we need to see where we’re going.” Such a scenario is manifestly idiotic. And, yet, we’re expected to believe the Hill’s aliens used such ancient means of navigation in a journey to and from another star-system, never mind just to the Moon and back. Now, I don’t dispute that Betty was shown such map-like imagery; but, in my view, the reason for doing so was purely theatrical. The entire event was carefully stage-managed. It was done to convince Betty and Barney that the entities were extraterrestrial. But, as a result of claiming to utilize such a ridiculously outmoded means of navigation, the visitors successfully rendered themselves as laughable and illogical as their simplistic map itself. My conclusion on all of this? I’ll tell you: that nothing less than some kind of home-grown mind-control operation was afoot. And it had nothing to do with aliens.
Many people have heard of the Travis Walton incident, however on this occasion Travis reveals some of the more finer details of his experience of being taken by strange beings for five days. What he experienced has never left him. He recalls his experience with precision and now can confirm there is even further evidence to back up his story. Travis Walton himself delivers a fascinating presentation.
Please remember we all have different opinions, Think Before You Speak or Write Something that is cruel to Others. After all, We are only Humans. Wishing you clear skies and wide eyes. To share your experiences or just leave a comment there is a area below. Read or listen.
We are the change the world has been waiting for!
Have you witnessed an unidentified flying object?
Whether you think UFOs are black projects, extraterrestrial craft, something else altogether, or just don’t know.
Unconditional love. The road we all get to walk. Unconditional love is like the sun.
For more than a decade, scientists have been working to unravel the mysteries of so-called “fast radio bursts” (FRBs), which are sudden and unexplained radio pulses that are mostly observed in distant galaxies.
These bizarre bursts, which last for mere milliseconds and sometimes repeat in odd patterns, have inspired explanations ranging from pyrotechnic interactions between exotic stars to signs of extraterrestrial intelligence.
Now, astronomers have managed to probe a repeating burst at the shortest timescales ever, meaning that a team studied its signature at tiny periods of just 3 to 4 microseconds within those millisecond pulses. This unprecedented analysis revealed a newly observed “microstructure,” or a pattern of variable brightness, revealing that the new technique “can unveil clues into [FRB] emission physics,” according to a study published on Monday in Nature Astronomy.
A team led by Kenzie Nimmo, a PhD student at the Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy at the University of Amsterdam, obtained this “high-time-resolution” data from the European Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network, a vast network of radio telescopes that spans four continents. Their target was FRB 180916, a curious repeating burst that operates on a cycle of 16 days; it actively bursts for four days and goes quiet for 12 days.
“The microstructure that we refer to in the [study’s] title is that we see the brightness of the burst itself vary on microsecond timescales,” said Nimmo in an email. She also noted that the polarized properties of the burst also fluctuate at the microsecond level.
The results are interesting, Nimmo added, because these “short timescale brightness variations strongly constrain the size of the FRB emission region, which dictates what models can work for producing FRBs.”
In other words, studying an FRB at very short timescales provides a means of zooming into the physical space around the unknown source of these radio pulses. The microsecond resolution achieved by Nimmo and her colleagues enabled them to determine that the size of the emission region, meaning the area that is creating these pulses, is about a kilometer (0.62 miles) in scale.
What makes this finding so impressive is that the source of the burst is located some 457 million light years away from Earth. While that actually makes FRB 180916 relatively close compared to other FRBs, it is still mind-boggling Nimmo’s team has captured kilometer-scale details from such an enormous intergalactic distance.
Scientists have previously captured details of FRBs at timescales of about 20 to 30 microseconds, which makes the new study about 10 times more precise than anything before it. At this resolution, the team could make out interesting details about the “polarization position angle” (PPA), which is the angle at which the burst’s polarized light oscillates. This property is important for figuring out details about the FRB source’s spin, and how close the radio emission is to its source, which can in turn shed light on its possible identity.
“We noticed that on very short timescales (less than 100 microseconds or so), we see small variations in the PPA,” Nimmo said. “This could mean that we are starting to resolve the rotation of whatever object is producing FRBs.”
Based on their results, the researchers think that neutron stars, a type of extremely dense dead star, are “the most compelling progenitor model for FRBs,” Nimmo added. These roiling balls of compact matter contain more mass than the Sun, yet they are only about 12 miles in diameter.
As a consequence, neutron stars are extremely volatile and could be capable of the type of extreme radio outbursts seen in FRBs. Indeed, a weak radio burst within our own galaxy, the Milky Way, was traced back to a special type of highly magnetized neutron star located about 30,000 light years from Earth.
Some models of FRBs suggest that their radio pulses originate close to the star, within its magnetosphere, while others suggest that the emission is the result of a relativistic shock that occurs further away from the source, Nimmo said. This new high-time-resolution study favors the former scenario, in which the emission emerges close to the neutron star.
The repeating periodicity of FRB 180916, meanwhile, hints that it may originate in a binary system that contains a precessing (wobbling) neutron star and a massive star that share an orbital period of 16 days. When these objects are closest to each other during this orbit, interactions between them could amplify the bursts, causing the four-day period of activity that we see on Earth.
Ultimately, Nimmo and her colleagues hope to study these mysterious bursts at even shorter timescales, though she notes that pushing these temporal limits will involve a host of observational and data-volume challenges. That said, the payoff could be huge: it’s possible that this line of research could reveal that one-off FRBs might actually be repeaters, assuming scientists can look at them closely enough, in addition to a range of other possible breakthroughs.
“In our study we measure a range of timescales from microseconds to milliseconds and suggest that this might be characteristic of repeating FRBs, so searching for this range of timescales in the future could be a way to identify a repeating FRB (from a non-repeating FRB),” Nimmo said.
“This is very important as it is still debated whether repeating and non-repeating FRBs are the same thing, or if they come from different progenitors/emission physics,” she added. “Having identifiers to distinguish between them, as opposed to simply observing multiple bursts, is invaluable both for our understanding of them, but also to help future observations be more lucrative by studying sources that ‘look’ like repeaters.
Ever seen a silent helicopter? An airplane that doesn’t emit any kind of sound? And how about a strange, unidentified craft in the skies that makes not even a bit of noise? Most people haven’t. But, even so, a sizeable number have. And that’s the theme of today’s article. I’ll begin with a case that dates back to the 1990s. The UK’s Salisbury Times newspaper – on August 23, 1994 – reported on a sighting of a strange craft seen not at all from Stonehenge. The staff of the publication wrote: “A green flying saucer hovered beside the A303 road at Deptford last week – according to a lorry driver who rushed to Salisbury police station in the early hours of the morning. The man banged on the station door in Wilton Road at 1:30 a.m. on Thursday after spotting the saucer suspended in mid-air. ‘He was 100 per cent convinced it was a UFO,’ said Inspector Andy Shearing. The man said it was bright green and shaped like a triangle with rounded corners. It also had green and white flashing lights. Other drivers had seen it and were flashing their car lights at him.
A triangle shaped ufo in the evening sky
A patrol car took the driver back to the spot but there was no trace of the flying saucer. Inspector Shearing said police had been alerted about similar sightings in the same area in the past.” Although the Times called the object a “flying saucer,” the description of it being “shaped like a triangle with rounded corners,” sounds very much like a highly-classified aircraft known as the TR-3A. It’s also a near-perfect description of equally unidentified aircraft that have become known within Ufology as “Flying Triangles.” But here’s the most important issue: the witness reported that the object he saw was “suspended in mid-air.” This is particularly fascinating, as there are longstanding rumors that the TR-3A has hovering capabilities. Apparently, the craft has the ability to fly in silence, too, since in this case the vehicle made no sound at all.
In 1995, the U.S. magazine, Aviation Week and Space Technology, published an article (Vol. 142, No. 6) which, in part, stated that, “…the U.S. military has been working for years on at least two helicopter projects. The more recent is [the] development of a light, very quiet helicopter [italics mine] with a mast-mounted sight.” One of those who had uncovered certain, classified data on this particular Nevada-based program was a conspiracy-theorist named Jim Keith, who died in 1999. The issue of the silent helicopters was one which particularly intrigued Keith. After all, helicopters are known for their deep, thump-thump sound. So, to encounter a helicopter that is near-silent – or, perhaps, even completely silent – would be amazing, indeed. In pursuing the tales of the silent copters, Keith found himself repeatedly pointed in the direction of Nevada. By now, you know the specific stretch of Nevada: Area 51. In February of 1995, the Las Vegas Review-Journal newspaper ran an article titled “Ex-Worker Describes Stealth Copter.” It was written by a journalist named Susan Greene. Commenting on all of this, Keith said: “According to statements of a former worker at Groom Lake Air Force Base, a black budget stealth helicopter was being tested at this facility as early as 1990. The code name for the helicopter was ‘T.E.K,’ which stood for ‘Test and Evaluation Project K.’”
Under the terms of the U.S. Freedom of Information Act, the Defense Intelligence Agency has declassified several hundred pages of documentation on UFOs. Of course, the file does not contain any kind of definitive smoking-gun. It does, however, provide the reader with more than a few intriguing reports on notable incidents. One such incident, described in the DIA’s files, occurred in the summer of 1979. The DIA documentation notes that late on the afternoon of August 8, 1979, “…the Embassy here received information that a strange object had been found on a farm near Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Source stated that the object was about 70 centimeters in diameter and two meters in circumference with a hole in one side and a metal skin covering of approx one-half inch thickness. Later the object was described as ‘about three times the size of a basketball.'” A second fireball fell from the sky early in the morning of the same day that the first one was found near Cotoca. This second one was found 200 kilometers north of the city of Santa Cruz on the farm of Juan Saavedra by the Campesino Gonzalo Menacho Viveras. The place is in the area of Buen Retiro near the Yapacane River. According to the information given by the Campesino, around 12:30 a.m. on Friday last week he heard a loud whistling sound and saw a fireball followed by an explosion. He said that the next eveninga silent aircraft that had three lights was flying over the explosion area.”
In all probability, none of those silent craft were extraterrestrial craft. The likelihood is they were highly-advanced vehicles of scientists and military agencies. In other words, facilities around the world are clandestinely flying craft in our skies that the rest of us know nothing about.
If you believe (or at least want to believe) that fast radio bursts (FRBs) are communications signals from intelligent extraterrestrials, then perhaps you can help astronomers interpret the meaning of a new discovery – measuring at the shortest timescales ever, they’ve found unusual variations in the brightness that allows them to precisely pinpoint not only their source but also the size of the source … and it’s small enough to move the needle for many a bit closer to “It’s aliens!” Is it?
“(These) short timescale brightness variations strongly constrain the size of the FRB emission region, which dictates what models can work for producing FRBs.”
In a Vice interview on a paper published in the journal Nature Astronomy that she co-authored, Kenzie Nimmo, a PhD student at the Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy at the University of Amsterdam, describes how her team used data from the intercontinental European Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network to study FRB 180916, a repeating burst whose 16-day cycle consists of four days of bursts followed by 12 days of quiet. While FRB 180916 has been studied before, Nimmo and her team used a new technique that sliced them into 100 microsecond pieces, which gave them the “polarization position angle” (PPA) at which the polarized light swings back and forth. This data then helps reveal the rotation of the FRB source, how close the radio emission takes place to its source and the size of the emission region or area creating the pulses.
Think about that for a moment. This new data can measure the size of the source of fast radio bursts from a different galaxy 457 million light-years away. The size of the source of FRB 180916 was truly a shocker. Any guesses?
Try approximately one kilometer (0.62 miles) wide. Could that be a transmitter? Nimmo and the other researchers are leaning more towards a neutron star, which can contain more mass than the Sun, yet be only about 12 miles in diameter. The FRB discovered just 30,000 light years away in our own Milky Way galaxy was proven to be a form of neutron star called a magnetar. The repeating periodicity of FRB 180916 points more to a binary consisting of a precessing (wobbling) neutron and a massive star that orbit in other over a 16-day period. The 4-day bursts from FRB 180916 could then be explained by the two stars being closer together, with the dark 12 days when they are farther apart.
Not as exciting as aliens, but this makes more scientific sense. Since they’re not looking for aliens, Nimmo sees these microsecond measurements as a tool to identify repeating FRBs, take another look at one-off FRBs to see if they’re a new kind of repeater and better pinpoint the locations of all FRBs.
If you don’t want your discussion on FRBs to become highly polarized, stay away from bringing up aliens.
Chipinge man falls off bike after encounter with ‘UFO’
Chipinge man falls off bike after encounter with ‘UFO’
By Tamuka Charakupa
A Chipinge man is recovering in hospital after falling from a motor cycle, having been scared by an instant flash light from an alleged unidentified flying object witnessed in parts of Chipinge and Chimanimani on Friday evening.
Now recovering from a leg injury after being admitted at Chipinge District Hospital on Saturday, 47-year-old Chipinge resident, Richman Myambo is yet to come to terms with what he saw on Friday evening following a strange unidentified flying object.
Myambo fell from a motorbike when he witnessed a strange instant flash light and a deafening sound that followed thereafter.
“I was travelling home on my motorbike at around 9am when I witnessed a strange light travelling in the sky. I tried to concentrate on riding, but what made me fall was the sound that followed after the light. I then fell on the bike due to panic. I thought I was dying.”
Myambo initially thought it was one of those weird moments encountered at night before noticing a rocket-like object.
“I was 100% sober, but I was so confused because I thought I had encountered those strange things people see in dark and thick forests. The object looked like a rocket with fire on its back.”
While authorities are yet to establish whether the unidentified flying object landed or not, the feature has set tongues wagging among Chipinge residents.
Residents claim to have seen a bright light that was followed by a huge blow sound and a shaking, while others describe the event as a collision of two stars.
Meanwhile, the district Meteorological Services Department confirmed that indeed the strange feature was witnessed but they are yet to release an official statement.
UFO encounters of the automobile kind are common. Besides the many reports of engines and lights suddenly malfunctioning, there are some more famous and intimate auto encounters, like the 1979 incident in Minnesota by deputy sheriff Val Johnson, whose damaged car is now in a museum. Or the 1969 incident in Sheffield, Massachusetts, when Thom Reed and his family reported beingabducted from their car – a UFO encounter honored by the state’s governor as “historically significant and true.” On the other hand, UFO encounters of the motorcycle kind are pretty rare. In fact, if anyone else has had one, Richman Myambo may want to talk to you about what happened to him recently in Zimbabwe – an incident that left him and his two wheels reeling.
“I was travelling home on my motorbike at around 9 am when I witnessed a strange light travelling in the sky. I tried to concentrate on riding, but what made me fall was the sound that followed after the light. I then fell on the bike due to panic. I thought I was dying.”
Richman Myambo, a resident of the Chipinge Safari Area in eastern Zimbabwe near the Mozambique border, told local media the “object looked like a rocket with fire on its back” and that the sound was deafening. Myambo knows what you’re thinking:
“I was 100% sober, but I was so confused because I thought I had encountered those strange things people see in dark and thick forests.”
The Chipinge Safari Area sounds more like a place for a Bigfoot encounter in a dark park. While no one else was knocked off of their bikes by the UFO (Myambo suffered a leg injury that required a hospital visit), there were other witnesses who reported the incident, including Charles Mugadhuyu who claimed he saw the UFO drop fast, explode into flames and hit the ground with an audible thud. Felistus Magorwa told local media it looked like a star heading eastward across the sky, but the sound was more than a thud.
“It was a frightening explosion-like sound. It also sounded like rain thunder despite the clear sky.”
ZBC News reported other unnamed witnesses reported a bright light resembling the collision of two stars, a huge “blow” sound and ground shaking. Add all of those up and it sounds more like a meteorite than a UFO. In fact, the district Meteorological Services Department confirmed that it witnessed something but issued no official statement as of this writing.
It would be easy to chalk this one up as a meteorite – an encounter close enough to knock a man off of his motorbike – but any discussion of Zimabwe and UFOs always leads to the 1994 incident when 62 children at Ariel School in Ruwa (six hours from Chipinge) reported seeing a shiny flying disc and speaking telepathically with aliens. No one was knocked off of their bikes or trikes or see-saws, but the children are now adults and continue to stick to their story. Did their aliens come back to check up on them?
Probably not. This one is on the “meteorite” side of the explanation dial unless more witnesses or some photos turn up. If you’re heading to Zimbabwe to look for Myambo’s UFO, wear a helmet.
When it comes to the matter of alien abductions, there are more than a few angles that pop up time and again. For example, in just about everything case recorded, there has been a significant amount of what is popularly known as “missing time.” Usually, it’s a period of at least several hours. On occasion, the memories begin to come back during the sleep state; however, it’s rare that complete recall occurs. The experiences of Whitley Strieber and Betty and Barney Hill are classic examples of what defines missing time. Then, there’s the matter of the black-eyed alien “Grays” taking blood, eggs, DNA, sperm and skin cells from those they abduct. Precisely why, we don’t really know. Some say that it’s done to create what are termed “alien-human hybrids;” creatures that look enough like us to move among us. Maybe, even, infiltrate our society. Another familiar – and repeated – angle is that of abductees having apocalyptic nightmares. Usually those same nightmares revolve around nuclear war, the destruction of the planet by our reckless activities, and the likes of a new Ice Age and the wipe-out of the human race. There is, however, another aspect of the alien abduction that not so many are aware of. It is, however, an important angle. And now I’ll share it with you. It’s the immersion of abductees into strange liquids and gels while on-board UFOs.
In one case, the abductee recalled waking up “…naked in a funnel shaped pool filled with a greenish black gel type liquid. The pool had to be 20 yards wide all around. And pretty deep. The pool was made of some kind of shiny metal. With the gel it made the surface very slippery and you would slip under the gel if you tried to get out. I then realized something very odd at that time. I wasn’t alone. There were at least 15 other humans with me. All of them screaming and panicking. This is what scared me. I didn’t know what they were screaming about. I thought they knew something I didn’t, so I got scared. Some were under the gel moving around I could see. Most were trying to escape.”
Here’s a second example: “I found myself inside a clear glass cylinder, totally submerged in some kind of warm fluid, thicker than water, thinner than oil. To my surprise, I was able to breathe this warm fluid without discomfort. I could also open my eyes without a problem. The solution was clear, of a greenish color and the container was softly lit. I remember, still fully submerged in this solution, that I slowly began to recall the abduction that had taken me away from my bedroom, minutes, maybe hours before. (impossible to tell). Then I made the connection with the place I was now in and real fear took hold of me. I remember desperately trying to get out of the container but I could not move a muscle except for my eyelids. Finally, and all at once by sheer force of will, I was able to regain movement of my limbs. I jumped out of the glass container faster than a spring. Apparently, what I had been breathing while submerged was very different than air because I felt the urgent need to take a big breath of air as soon as I came out. I was naked and dripping this fluid/solution that was sort of a slimy gel. The place was dark, very steamy with a strange, unpleasant smell.”
Investigator Helmut Lammer reveals the account of a woman named Lisa, who was “…kidnapped and brought to a military underground facility, where she saw naked humans floating in tubes. Lisa claims that she was forced by humans into some type of pool filled with a golden yellow bubbly fluid, while other humans looked at her. Lisa has traumatic recollections that her kidnappers tried to make her and other victims able to breath in the liquid. In two of the before mentioned cases the abductee was forced to breath the liquid like Lisa. The hypnosis transcripts reveal that the liquid breathing experiences were traumatic for the abductees. Both abductees where totally immersed in the liquid and both reported that they could breath the fluid.”
The late ufologist Stanton Friedman made a valuable observation on this issue: “The amount of acceleration a person can stand depends on many factors; the three most important depends on the duration of acceleration (the greater the force, the shorter the time it can be tolerated), the direction of the force in relation to the body (back to front acceleration is much easier to handle then head to foot acceleration, and for this reason Apollo astronauts have their backs perpendicular to the direction of the thrust, rather then along it as in an elevator), and body environment is important (a person immersed in fluid can withstand greater acceleration than one not so immersed).”
The use of liquids to protect abductees from otherwise dangerous acceleration while in a UFO? Maybe…
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
Newly Forming Stars Don’t Blast Away Material as Previously Believed. So Why Do They Stop Growing?
Newly Forming Stars Don’t Blast Away Material as Previously Believed. So Why Do They Stop Growing?
We thought we understood how stars are formed. It turns out, we don’t. Not completely, anyway. A new study, recently conducted using data from the Hubble Space Telescope, is sending astronomers back to the drawing board to rewrite the accepted model of stellar formation.
What we do know about star formation is that they are born from enormous clouds of hydrogen gas. The gas gets clumped together and compressed by gravity, increasing in pressure and temperature until the mass grows large enough to set off nuclear fusion. But stars don’t seem to absorb all of the gas in their surroundings. Something stops them from reaching enormous sizes.
Until now, the accepted model assumed that the excess gas gets blown away from the star in extremely powerful solar winds, shaped and directed by magnetic fields shooting out from the poles of the star. “There are remarkable ‘U’- or ‘V’- shaped structures extending to the north and south of a protostar,” explains Nolan Habel, one of the researchers from the University of Toledo. “They are actually hollowed-out cavities carved into the surrounding gas by hurricane-like winds or jets of material expelled from the poles of the protostar.”
Protostars being born in the Orion Nebula, as seen by the Hubble Space Telescope. Image Credit: NASA, ESA, STScI, N. Habel and S. T. Megeath (University of Toledo).
These powerful jets were thought to eventually clear out all the excess gas, leaving stars to only absorb about 30% of the material in their surroundings. But the new study turns this theory on its head. The cavities created by the jets do not seem to grow steadily over time, meaning that they alone cannot possibly explain why stars stop growing. There must be some other mechanism that helps clear out the remaining gas surrounding a protostar.
The team made this discovery by studying a sample of 304 protostars at various stages of formation in the Orion Nebula (the closest region of star formation to Earth). The astronomers sorted the stars by age, and then used Hubble imagery to measure the shape and volume of the cavities created by jets. They were expecting to see the cavities grow over time, as the model suggests should happen. But, they didn’t.
“We find that at the end of the protostellar phase, where most of the gas has fallen from the surrounding cloud onto the star, a number of young stars still have fairly narrow cavities,” said Tom Megeath, another researcher on the team. This goes against all common theories of star formation, and is going to require further research to figure out what is happening. Why do stars stop growing, if not because of their polar jets?
A wide view of the Orion Nebula, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope. Image Credit: NASA, ESA, M. Robberto (Space Telescope Science Institute/ESA) and the Hubble Space Telescope Orion Treasury Project Team.
The team has brainstormed a few possible alternatives. The gas clouds in which stars form are not uniformly dense. They have ‘filaments’ of higher density where protostars tend to form, and oscillations in these filaments might fling the protostars away. We also know that stars don’t always form alone: about half of all sun-like stars have a binary partner. It is conceivable that two or more protostars forming close to one another might gravitationally disturb each other, pushing them away from their source material.
For now, these are just theories. It will probably take bigger and better instruments to find a concrete answer. The James Webb Space Telescope, set to launch later this year, might provide astronomers with the clues they need to solve the mystery. In the meantime, there’s a whole lot of astrophysics textbooks out there that are going to need a revised edition.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
