Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS NEARLY 13 YEARS AND 4 MONTH.
ON /30/09/2024 MORE THAN 2.230.520
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
28-11-2021
7 Mysteries About the Universe That Have Baffled Scientists
7 Mysteries About the Universe That Have Baffled Scientists
The cosmos contains countless unsolved mysteries. Is there alien life? What exactly is the universe? And why does it exist?
Scientists are currently grappling with some of the biggest unsolved questions out there.
Here are 10 that they are working on the answers to right now:
1. Dark Matter
The distribution of dark matter throughout the Universe as suggested by a numerical simulation. A new study suggest that the effects of dark matter could actually be the result of an discovered form of gravity.HERSCHEL/ESA
Planets, stars, galaxies and everything we can see make up less than 5 percent of the total universe. Scientists think 26.8 percent is a substance they call "dark matter."
This matter doesn't interact with light or visible matter, but everything moves to its gravitational tune.
According to the European Space Agency (ESA), "although thought to be invisible, neither emitting nor absorbing light, dark matter can be detected through its gravitational influence on the movements and appearance of other objects in the Universe, such as stars or galaxies."
And based on this indirect evidence, "astronomers believe that dark matter is the dominant type of matter in the Universe – yet it remains obscure," says ESA.
2. Dark Energy
This stunning image shows the galaxy Centaurus A in great detail revealing tendrils of gas and dust that surround it. The tendrils are home to star forming regions and are believed to have been triggered by a collision between two galaxies 100 million years ago.CTIO/NOIRLAB/DOE/NSF/AURA/M.SORAISAM/NOIRLAB
So, what about the other 68 percent of the universe? Cosmologists think it's "dark energy."
If dark matter seems to join galaxies together, dark energy wants to push everything apart. However, no one is quite sure what dark matter or energy are comprised of.
According to the American Space Agency, "we know how much dark energy there is because we know how it affects the universe's expansion. Other than that, it is a complete mystery. But it is an important mystery."
3. Quantum Entanglement
Quantum entanglement (the idea that pairs of particles separated even across great distances are inextricably linked) is key to developing tomorrow's secure communications channels.DAVID PARKER/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY
Albert Einstein once called quantum entanglement, "spooky action at distance."
It is the phenomenon by which two particles in totally different parts of the universe can be linked to one another, reproducing the behaviour of their partner.
For particles to be connected across such distances, they must be sending signals that move faster than the speed of light—something the known rules of physics judges impossible.
Objects are only supposed to be affected by their surroundings, so the notion of a particle being affected by something on the other side of the universe is baffling.
4. What's Inside Black Holes?
An illustration showing a merger between two black holes. Researchers may have explained where massive black holes over 40 times the size of the sun come from.NASA
Black holes are regions of space in which the force of gravity is so powerful that everything near it is drawn in—not even light can escape its pull.
Scientists predict there are millions of black holes in our galaxy, but no one knows what is inside it. At its center, many suspect a singularity—a region of zero size and infinite density.
Understanding what is inside, could help explain quantum gravity. While physicists can predict the influence of gravity sizeable objects, when it comes to minute particles (quanta), it's a mystery.
5. What Caused the Big Bang?
The Big Bang is the most widely accepted theory for the origin of the universe.
From an almost infinitely dense state, a huge expansion expanded space like a balloon.
"Time, space and matter all began with the Big Bang," the European Space Agency explains. "In a fraction of a second, the Universe grew from smaller than a single atom to bigger than a galaxy. And it kept on growing at a fantastic rate. It is still expanding today."
Using the Hubble Space Telescope, scientists have been effectively able look back in time to shortly before the event, about 13.8 billion years ago, because light from the earlier universe taking so long to reach Earth.
So what caused this Big Bang? Nobody knows.
6. Space Roar
In 2006 when scientists began to look for distant signals in the universe using a instrument fixed to a huge balloon that was sent to space, they detected a mysterious roar.
The powerful signal caused great puzzlement and scientists still don't know where the roar is coming from.
7. Cosmic Rays
Cosmic rays are high energy atom particles that rain down on the Earth from outer space at the speed of light. Cosmic rays are thought to be harmless as Earth's atmosphere protects us from them but they have been blamed for electronics problems in satellites and other machinery.
These high energy particles can disrupt electronic data, leading to system crashes and scientists are trying to find a solution.
Discovered in 1912, cosmic rays remain a mystery and we still don't know their origin.
ALL RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011
Alien bugs could hitch a lift on spaceships to Earth and attack humans, researchers warn.
These extraterrestrial viruses may be a 'danger' to our immune systems, potentially killing large numbers of people.
Scientists say rock and ice samples brought back from Mars or Jupiter’s moon Europa should be isolated forever to mitigate the threat.
Scroll down for video
Alien bugs could hitch a lift on spaceships to Earth and attack humans, researchers warn. These extraterrestrial viruses may be a 'danger' to our immune systems, potentially killing large numbers of people
Dr John Rummel, a senior scientist at the Seti Institute in Mountain View, California spoke about his fears of space contamination at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) annual meeting in Boston.
Dr Rummel said it was 'pretty easy' for alien pathogens to survive space journeys because they are shielded from the sun's ultraviolet radiation.
He said it was therefore hugely important to isolate material that comes from other planets.
'If we bring samples back from either Europa or Mars, we will contain them until hazard testing demonstrates that there is no danger and no life, or continue the containment indefinitely while we study the material', he said.
Scientists believe Europa has a salty ocean beneath its crust which may harbour simple life.
Extraterrestrial viruses could be a 'danger' to our immune systems and top scientists have said samples from other planets might have to be contained forever for public safety
(stock image)
A patch of land in an ancient valley on Mars may once have been home to salty groundwater – and it could now be a prime target in the search for past life.
'Introduced to the intense radiation around Europa, exposed microbes should die off in hours to days to weeks, but organisms protected inside the spacecraft would still be alive as long as the silicon chips are functioning.'
'Microbial life, as a whole, is pretty immune to cold, dry conditions,' he said.
'It is assumed that such life would be hardy – to survive the trip to Earth; not easy – and precautions taken would provide a very high degree of containment.'
A 'COSMIC ZOO' OF ALIEN LIFE
In a recent paper published to the journal Life, researchers from Washington State University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology describe how the evolution of life on Earth could predict what we find on other planets.
The researchers argue that the universe may be a ‘cosmic zoo’ of plant and animal life with functions similar to those seen on our planet – though with the possibility of different anatomy and chemistry.
In the study, they examined the key innovations that drove the development of life on Earth.
This includes the transition from single cell life to multicellular life, the rise of photosynthesis, the evolution of macroscopic beings, and the rise of intelligent life.
The team determined that these innovations were ‘invented’ several times, originating independently at different points of history.
They say this suggests that once life originates, it will likely follow a natural evolutionary path toward complexity, given enough time and the proper environment.
If life has arisen on an alien world and a sufficient energy flux exists, the researchers say animal-like life could develop.
Scientists say rock and ice samples brought back from Mars or Jupiter’s moon Europa (pictured) should be isolated forever to mitigate the threat of alien life invading Earth
The scientist also raised concerns about space equipment from Earth contaminated these foreign worlds.
Dr Rummel said it was essential that there were systems in place to prevent contamination of pristine planets with microbes from earth.
If organisms from Earth contaminated Europa it would make it much harder to find out the origins of the planet.
'Earth organisms in the Europan ocean could hide the origin of Europan life from science, forever,' said Dr Rummel.
Mars has such harsh conditions that it was less likely to be affected by bugs carried on spacecrafts.
Alien invasions don’t necessarily mean swarms of greenish-gray creatures in flying saucers taking over the planet.
If there is microbial life out there, and it exists anywhere humans may venture in the future, we could be in for a pandemic we never saw coming. The past two years have obviously told us we are barely ready to deal with new Earth pathogens. So what would happen if pathogenic or otherwise invasive organisms from another planet hitched a ride on a returning spacecraft, an astronaut’s space suit, or — if space tourism becomes a thing — someone’s suitcase?
Invasive species that spawned right here have done enough damage where they don’t belong. Pathogens that keep mutating have done worse. Now that there is so much discussion around humans eventually going (boldly or otherwise) where none of our species have gone before, invasion ecologist Anthony Ricciardi of McGill University in Montreal, Canada, is nervous. He coauthored a study recently published in BioScience.
“Unprecedented risks are posed by a new era of space exploration aimed at targeting areas most likely to contain life,” Ricciardi told SYFY WIRE. “The concern is not only about alien pathogens, but about organisms that could colonize and proliferate Earth environments.”
The opposite also applies. Back contamination would involve unwanted organisms landing and breeding on Earth, while forward contamination means Earth organisms could populate another planet. Forward contamination is a current concern for NASA and other space agencies. This is why all spacecraft and payloads have to be sterile before taking off. Microorganisms like e.coli and black mold have survived the punishing conditions of outer space while crawling on the ISS, so they might be able to make it through a mission to the Moon or even Mars.
Back contamination will become more of a problem to face when the samples that Perseverance is collecting on Mars right now are returned to Earth. It seems unlikely that anything is still alive on the Red Planet, but there could be hypothetical life-forms that somehow eluded the killer radiation everything else is exposed to and burrowed deep beneath the surface. Upcoming missions to Europa, Titan, and possibly Enceladus are riskier because those moons are thought to have greater habitability potential. For now, Ricciardi has thoughts on how to prevent spreading Earth microbes.
“Early detection and rapid response are keys to biosecurity,” he said. “Early detection could be aided by DNA sequencing technologies and thorough databases on organisms found in the ‘clean rooms’ in which spacecraft are assembled.”
The problem is that we might not recognize life from elsewhere as something alive. Life as we don’t know it, which evolved somewhere far from here, could have adaptations and genetic structures so different from anything on Earth that nobody sees it for what it is. By the time the alien thing starts wreaking havoc on an ecosystem, it could be too late. Invasive species can cause extinction of endemic species even if the invaders aren’t pathogenic (like cane toads). Prevention is the most effective weapon we have against forward or back contamination.
Something we do know is that ecosystems considered insular, such as Hawaii, Australia, Madagascar, and Antarctica, evolved in isolation and are particularly vulnerable to invasive species. Cane toads devastated Australia when they were introduced. Ricciardi and his colleagues believe that planets and moons where life may be hiding should be treated like insular ecosystems, so both forward and back contamination are prevented.
“Early detection and rapid response measures developed to manage the risks of invasive species on Earth could be applied to planetary biosecurity,” he said.
While there is the possibility of microbes from Earth having gone along for the flight to Mars, chances they would survive in a place constantly bombarded with solar storms and cosmic rays are not high. That still doesn’t mean we should not be on the lookout. If signs of life are unearthed on Mars, astrobiologists must be able to be sure that they are actually Martian and not Earth organisms that either survived and multiplied or survived and mutated as they multiplied. Whether this can happen remains speculative because we have no precedent.
“It is impossible to predict how disruptive microbial contamination could be without knowing the traits of both the invading species and the receiving environment,” said Ricciardi. “We have no information to anticipate whether they could survive on Earth and what effect, if any, they could have.”
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If Alien Probes are Already in the Solar System, Maybe we Could Detect Them Calling Home
If Alien Probes are Already in the Solar System, Maybe we Could Detect Them Calling Home
It’s been seventy years since physicist Enrico Fermi asked his famous question: “Where is everybody?” And yet, the tyranny of the Fermi Paradox is still with us and will continue to be until definitive evidence of Extraterrestrial Intelligence (ETI) is found. In the meantime, scientists are forced to speculate as to why we haven’t found any yet and (more importantly) what we should be looking for. By focusing our search efforts, it is hoped that we may finally determine that we are not alone in the Universe.
In a recent study, two researchers from the University of Liège and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) recommended that we look for evidence of transmissions from our Solar System. Based on the theory that ETIs exist and have already established a communications network in our galaxy, the team identified Wolf 359 as the best place to look for possible interstellar communications from an alien probe.
This illustration shows how gravitational lensing works. The gravity of a large galaxy cluster is so strong, it bends, brightens, and distorts the light of distant galaxies behind it. Credit: NASA/ESA/L. Calcada
Additional insight and support came from Prof. Jason Wright, a Penn State Center for Exoplanets and Habitable Worlds member and the director of the Penn State Extraterrestrial Intelligence Center (PSETI), who is now a co-author on the paper. Like many proposed resolutions to the Fermi Paradox, Gillon and Burdanov began their study with the assumption that extraterrestrial life has had a significant head start on humanity. From a cosmological standpoint, this is a pretty safe assumption.
According to accepted models, the Milky Way Galaxy formed roughly 13.51 billion years ago, followed by the first planets 500 million years later. Our Solar System is a relative newcomer, having formed 4.5 billion years ago, and humanity has only existed for the last 200,000 years. It stands to reason that intelligent species have already emerged and have had the necessary time to colonize the Milky Way.
For the sake of their study, the team built upon a 2014 study by Gillon that showed how an ETI could have filled our galaxy with self-replicating probes (von Neumann machines). This idea is similar in theme to the “Berserker Hypothesis,” but with the caveat that these probes were built for peaceful exploration. These probes, he argued, could form a galaxy-spanning communication network using stars as gravitational lenses to maximize their communication efficiency.
As Gillon told Universe Today email, this activity would constitute a viable technosignature that could be detected:
“In this hypothesis, every star of the Milky Way should host such probes, including the Sun. This hypothesis tells us where to look for these probes: at the “solar gravitational line” (SGL) of the nearest stars, i.e., at the opposite coordinates to the nearest stars. I explored this hypothesis further by considering different possible methods to detect these probes.
“The problem is that the SGL is very far from the Sun, as it starts at 550 astronomical units, so any communication device out there would be extremely difficult to detect. This was the main conclusion of my 2014 work: searching for these probes is worth a try, but we would need to be very lucky to detect anything.”
In this study, Gillon, Burdanov, and Wright focused on how humanity might detect interstellar messages coming from these probes – which they refer to as Focal Interstellar Communication Devices (FICDs). For this, they identified Wolf 359 – an M-type (red dwarf) star located with two possible exoplanets – as the best target for such a search. At a distance of about 7.9 light-years, Wolf 359 is the third closest star system, Alpha Centauri and Barnard’s Star – excluding Luhman 16 (a Brown Dwarf 6.5 light-years away).
According to research published in 2019, Wolf 359 is suspected to be very similar in structure to Proxima Centauri, the closest star system to Earth (4.24 light-years away). Both systems consist of a low-mass red dwarf star with one closely-orbiting planet (up to a few times as massive as Earth) and a more distant larger planet (possibly a gas giant). However, unlike Proxima b and c, Wolf 359’s system of planets has not yet been confirmed.
After releasing his 2014 study, Gillon noticed that this Wolf 359 happens to lie in the ecliptic, the orbital plane of Earth. In short, Wolf 359 is viewed edge-on from Earth (and vice versa), which means that observers around Wolf 359 could see planets (including Earth) transiting in front of the Sun. This alignment, says Gillon, would also allow FICDs to send interstellar messages with regular frequency:
“Due to this particular position, the Earth should lie once per year in the communication beam of at the putative solar probe emitting towards Wolf 359. I made some computations that made me conclude that if the probe emits to Wolf 359 in the optical range when the Earth is in its beam, we should be able to detect its emission even with a modest-size telescope.”
Planets everywhere. So where are all the aliens? Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser
To test this hypothesis, Gillon consulted data from the TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope – South (TRAPPIST-South) and the Search for habitable Planets EClipsing ULtra-cOOl Stars-South (SPECULOUS-South). These telescopes are located at the European Southern Observatory’s (ESO) La Silla and Paranal Observatory (respectively) in northern Chile. Using these instruments, Gillion observed Wolf 359’s SGL for signs of communication emissions at the corresponding time of year.
Burdanov explored the data further for signs of a slow-moving object whose motion conformed to what one would expect from such a probe. Unfortunately, neither the telescope data nor Burdanov’s targetted search indicated FICDs in Wolf 359. “Interpreting this null result is difficult, as tons of hypotheses could explain it,” said Gillon. However, he also explained how these results could create new opportunities for future SETI surveys:
“While considering this null result, I realized that the emitting probes could be “off-axis” and much closer to Earth than the SGL, and that they could maybe be detected directly in imagery. The possibility of off-axis emitting probes opens a new avenue for the search for alien devices in our solar system. We intend to explore it further, observing the antisolar coordinates of the 10-20 nearest stars with our telescopes. We’ll also observe the ones of “our” system TRAPPIST-1, just for fun ..."
Surveys for extraterrestrial probes will also benefit from the many next-generation instruments available in the coming years. These include the Vera C. Rubin Observatory that will survey our galaxy, measure the expansion of the cosmos, and map out the objects of the Solar System – including interstellar objects (like ‘Oumuamua). There’s also the James Webb and Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescopes, which will be able to visualize objects with far greater sensitivity and precision.
There’s also the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT), and other ground-based observatories that will become operational in the coming years. These observatories will study objects that are too faint for existing telescopes using a technique known as Direct Imaging. When these instruments begin gathering light in the next few years, adding possible FICDs to the list of potential targets could prove very beneficial!
As we await more signs of alien life on Mars, scientists at NASA have captured a rare photo of the Red Planet.
A colorized image created using photos captured by NASA's Mars Curiosity rover on Mount Sharp on November 16, 2021.
NASA/JPL-CALTECH
The black-and-white image taken by Curiosity in the martian afternoon.
NASA/JPL-CALTECH
The monochrome image taken by Curiosity in the martian afternoon.
NASA/JPL-CALTECH
Last week (November 16), engineers working on NASA’s Curiosity Rover – the agency’s largest rover ever, set out to investigate the possibility of microbes on Mars – decided to update the device’s low quality images, hoping to capture a realistic look at the planet’s beauty.
On Rover’s 3999th day of exploration, the scientists commanded it to take two sets of panoramic images in the morning and afternoon. From there, they combined the photos in an artistic re-creation – using the contrasting lightings to bring out landscape details.
“Curiosity captures a 360-degree view of its surroundings with its black and white navigation cameras each time it completes a drive. To make the resulting panorama easier to send to Earth, the rover keeps it in a compressed, low-quality format,” NASA captioned a post on Instagram, revealing the postcard. “When Curiosity saw the view from its most recent stopping point, the scene was just too pretty not to capture it in the highest quality that the navigation cameras are capable of.”
“The beauty of the landscape was so inspiring, in fact, that the mission team decided to add a little flair: they combined two versions of the black-and-white images from different times of the day and added colours to create a rare postcard from the Red Planet.”
Visible in the centre of the postcard is Mars’ five km-tall rock formation, Mount Sharp – which Curiosity has been driving up since 2014. On the right is Rafael Navarro mountain, a craggy rock formation that was named after a Curiosity scientist who passed away earlier this year.
Details from the original morning photo are captured in orange, details from the afternoon photo are captured in blue, and those shared from both images are displayed as green.
Earlier this year, scientists working on NASA’s Perseverance Rover – a smaller rover, looking for signs of life on Mars in soil and rocks – discovered that rock samples taken from an ancient river delta on Mars may contain signs of now-extinct life on the planet.
“One day, we may be able to work out the sequence and timing of the environmental conditions that this rock’s minerals represent. This will help answer the big-picture science question of the history and stability of liquid water on Mars,” said NASA’s Mitch Schulte.
See NASA’s postcard below.
NASA’s Curiosity rover sent a magnificent panoramic photo on Mars in honor of the rover’s tenth year on Mars. The photo was uploaded to NASA’s Instagram account last Thursday.
RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011
Mars screenshot from Celestia 3D astronomy program.
When one hears talk of flying cars, one generally pictures them as looking like automobiles with wings, planes with small cabins and a trunk, large quadcopter drones, or some combination of all of these. A company in Tacoma, Washington, has unveiled a design for a one-person aerial vehicle that can only be described as an electric flying saucer or disc — and its full-scale prototype is ready for free flight at 160 miles per hour. Did he say one-person electric flying saucer? Will it be ready by Christmas?
“The ZERO is a personal flying machine that transitions from hover mode to forward flight mode and cruises comfortably at 160mph. ZERO is a new class of aircraft that blends the best features of multi-copter with streamlined wing-body for improved range and efficiency.”
The Zeva Zero can best be described as a combination electric vertical-takeoff-and-landing (EVTOL) vehicle and flying saucer. (See videos here.)
Imaging a flying saucer balanced vertically on its edge and you have the Zero’s takeoff position. How does it stay balanced? Zeva envisions docking stations attached to the side of a building – you walk through a door (or crawl through a window) into the Zero, strap in and fire it up (assuming it’s fully charged). The Zero detaches and ascends vertically with the pilot standing up. Once it is clear of the building, it rotates to the horizontal position with the pilot lying on their stomach and peering forward, up and down out of the window. (Simulation and tethered test video here.)
No room for hitchhikers
Is that not quite the way you envisioned piloting your personal flying saucer?
Zeva actually sees these one-person EVTOLs as primarily for the military, law enforcement, first responders and search-and-rescue project requiring quick entry and takeoff. Personal air travel, pizza deliveries (it’s the perfect shape!) and other applications will undoubtedly come later, especially when the ranged can exceed the current 50-mile limit. In its review of the Zeva Zero, New Atlas measures the carbon-fiber disc body at 8 ft. (2.4 m) in diameter and weighing 700 pounds (317 kg) – 900 with a maximum weight 200-pouind passenger. There are two propulsion housings on the front and two on the back with two electric props on each mounted coaxially. This simple design means the body is also the wing, and the vertical entry and takeoff eliminated the need for large airports or hangars – just stick them to the outside walls of buildings like flying saucer refrigerator magnets.
“But the result, I think, is an interesting product for things like first responder, search and rescue, hot extraction, resupply … We’ve got civil applications and DOD applications, and people are getting pretty excited about it. So yeah, we’re zigging where others are zagging, but my consideration is that where these things are needed, and where they can be used straight away, is not in the urban environment.”
Who knows what you’ll meet in your one-person fling saucer
CEO Stephen Tibbits saved the best part of his unique Zeva Zero for last – the price. With so few parts – moving or otherwise – Tibbits envisions the Zero being stamped out quickly in factories and selling for $250,000 each.
It should be ready by the time you save your pennies and convince your landlord to attach a Zero to the side of your apartment building.
There are a limited number of ways to determine where a meteorite has landed/crashed. A crater is the obvious sign, unusual minerals is another, while a woman in British Colombia knew from the hole in her ceiling and the hot rock on her pillow. However, lacking those obvious signs, geologists, archeologists and historians are at a loss to find evidence of meteorite strikes … until now. A University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) scientist has discovered that rocks in New Mexico hit by meteorites were magnetically changed forever and that lack of natural magnetism can lead hunters to other missing meteorites.
“When you have an impact, it’s at a tremendous velocity. And as soon as there is a contact with that velocity, there is a change of the kinetic energy into heat and vapor and plasma. A lot of people understand that there is heat, maybe some melting and evaporation, but people don’t think about plasma. We were able to detect in the rocks that a plasma was created during the impact.”
Associate research professor at the UAF Geophysical Institute Gunther Kletetschka led a team to New Mexico to study a known meteor impact site – the Santa Fe impact structure, a 1.4 billion-year-old bolide crater in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains northeast of Santa Fe discovered in 2005. Because of its age, the crater has eroded into a structure made of shatter cones – rare geological features caused only by the massive pressure of meteorite impacts or underground nuclear explosions. While most rocks have a 2% to 3% natural magnetization, Kletetschka found that the human-sized shatter cones contained less than 0.1% magnetism. What changed it?
“We present a support for a newly proposed mechanism where the shock wave appearance can generate magnetic shielding that allow keeping the magnetic grains in a superparamagnetic-like state shortly after the shock’s exposure, and leaves the individual magnetized grains in random orientations, significantly lowering the overall magnetic intensity.”
In his paper published in the journal Scientific Reports, Kletetschka explains that a meteor impact sends a shockwave through the rocks beneath it – blasting the magnetic grains inside them and altering their magnetism. Under most circumstances, the rocks return to their normal magnetism right away. However, massive impacts like the one in Santa Fe create plasma – a gas containing gas free-floating negative electrons and positive ions – inside the rocks that could be detected by the researchers. The plasma increased the rocks’ electrical conductivity and formed a shield which blocked the natural magnetism from returning. And that, according to the study, is a big deal for meteorite hunters.
“This represents a new mechanism and new indicator that can be used for identifying the substrate rock affected by an impact in the absence of diagnostic indicators, such as crater morphology or shatter cones. The degree of DS we found cannot be achieved by regular igneous/metamorphic rock terrestrial processes within the geomagnetic field.”
DS is rock that is “Demagnetization by Shock,” so the new sign that an area was once impacted by a massive meteorite is rocks that have an unnaturally low level of magnetism — .01% or less – rather than the normal 2% to 3%.
How do you detect a lack of magnetism in a rock – press it against a refrigerator door? Or send it on a blind date?
The order came five months after aclassified US intelligence reporton possible alien UFOs came up inconclusive: it could explain some reported incidents but was unable to account for other phenomena, some filmed by pilots near military testing areas.
Honestly, they are far more likely to be from, oh I don’t know, China perhaps, than outer space. Still…
The US military is worried some of the unidentified aerial phenomena (UAPs) spotted by military pilots in the past may represent technologies of strategic rivals unknown to US scientists.
“Incursions by any airborne object into our SUA pose safety of flight and operations security concerns, and may pose national security challenges,”the Pentagon said in a statement.
Well no *hit Sherlock. But don’t worry, the DoD is on it.
The Defense Department “takes reports of incursions – by any airborne object, identified or unidentified – very seriously, and investigates each one,” it added…
Well that certainly makes me feel better – them taking these “incursions” seriously that is. I would hate to think they were ignoring it because they were too busy ensuring that our 21st century military is a dues-paying member of WOKE INC™.
While speculation over alien life has long been a cottage industry for conspiracy theorists, the sheer number of what the Pentagon terms unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) has made it a serious issue, amid worries that US adversaries like China and Russia may be using unknown, highly advanced military and surveillance technologies.
Hmmm, I wonder if they could possibly be something like – this?
China launches Shenzhou hypersonic missile, October, 2021
China’s July test of a globe-circling hypersonic vehicle that was able to launch a separate missile while traveling at more than five times the speed of sound alerted Washington that Beijing might have technologies the United States has yet to develop.
Perhaps if the Pentagon stopped spending so much time spreading the gospel of CRT, getting rid of traditional gender roles, making sure everyone’s preferred pronouns were being used and otherwise trying to defeat the patriarchy that has managed to keep America safe for nearly 250 years they could focus on identifying and defeating our enemies incoming UFOs. Minimally I expect they would be able to at least identify our enemies as such instead of collaborating with them as if they were old friends and business partners.
Of course it might have nothing to do with China. I could just be felines from the Cat’s Paw Nebula
messing with our stuff again (and you thought I forgot it was Caturday).
Glow With Tail Over Tallahassee, Florida 11-27-2021, UFO Sighting News.
Glow With Tail Over Tallahassee, Florida 11-27-2021, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: November 27, 2021
Location of sighting:Tallahassee, Florida, USA
Source: MUFON
This bright glowing object in the sky was recorded yesterday in Florida. The woman was walking along and noticed a beautiful glow in the clouds. The sun was in the opposite direction so it wasn't the sun. Also please notice that this glowing object is curved and well defined on its front, but on its back it has a very long tail. That means this is a UFO cloaked inside of a cloud, because the UFO is moving against the wind, causing a tail to drag behind it. Awesome catch over Florida!
Scott C. Waring - Taiwan
Eyewitness states:
Bright Light I’m the sky! Saw this today! It’s left of the sun, so it’s not the sun!
Are aliens among us? Michio Kaku on UFOs and China-US space race
Are aliens among us? Michio Kaku on UFOs and China-US space race
From UFOs to hypersonic weapons and China in space, American theoretical physicist and futurist Michio Kaku covers it all in the fourth episode of Talking Post with SCMP chief news editor Yonden Lhatoo. Nothing is off limits for the co-founder of string field theory and author of the new book The God Equation: The Quest for a Theory of Everything (AMAZON LINK).
There’s Enough Oxygen in the Lunar Regolith To Support Billions of People Living on the Moon
There’s Enough Oxygen in the Lunar Regolith To Support Billions of People Living on the Moon
Aristarchus Crater on the moon.
Credit: NASA/GSFC/Arizona State University
When it comes to the future of space exploration, a handful of practices are essential for mission planners. Foremost among them is the concept of In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU), providing food, water, construction materials, and other vital elements using local resources. And when it comes to missions destined for the Moon and Mars in the coming years, the ability to harvest ice, regolith, and other elements are crucial to mission success.
In preparation for the Artemis missions, NASA planners are focused on finding the optimal way to produce oxygen gas (O2) from all of the elemental oxygen locked up in the Moon’s surface dust (aka. lunar regolith). In fact, current estimates indicate that there is enough elemental oxygen contained in the top ten meters (33 feet) of lunar regolith to create enough O2 for every person on Earth for the next 100,000 years – more than enough for a lunar settlement!
While the Moon does have a very tenuous atmosphere that contains elemental oxygen, it is so thin that scientists characterize the Moon as an “airless body.” But within the lunar regolith, the fine powder and rocks that cover the surface, there are abundant amounts of oxygen in lunar rocks and regolith. Also known as “Moondust,” this fine dust permeates the lunar surface and is the result of billions of years of impacts by meteors and comets.
According to John Grant, a lecturer in soil science at Southern Cross University, Australia, the Moon’s regolith is approximately 45% oxygen by content. However, this oxygen is bound up in oxidized minerals – particularly silica, aluminum, iron, and magnesium. The isoptic composition of these minerals is almost identical to minerals on Earth, which led to theories that the Earth-Moon system formed together billions of years ago (aka. the Giant Impact Hypothesis).
However, for that oxygen to be usable by future astronauts and lunar inhabitants, it needs to be extracted from all that regolith, which requires a significant amount of energy to break the chemical bonds. On Earth, this process (known as electrolysis) is commonly used to manufacture metals, where melted-down oxides are subjected to electrical current to separate the minerals from the oxygen.
In this case, the oxygen gas is produced as a byproduct so that metals can be produced for the sake of construction and fabrication. But on the Moon, oxygen would be the main product while the metals would be set aside as a potentially useful byproduct – most likely for habitat construction. As Grant explained in a recent article in The Conservation, the process is straightforward but suffers from two major roadblocks when adapted for space:
“[I]t’s very energy hungry. To be sustainable, it would need to be supported by solar energy or other energy sources available on the Moon. Extracting oxygen from regolith would also require substantial industrial equipment. We’d need to first convert solid metal oxide into liquid form, either by applying heat, or heat combined with solvents or electrolytes. We have the technology to do this on Earth, but moving this apparatus to the Moon – and generating enough energy to run it – will be a mighty challenge.”
ESA lunar base concept.
Credit: ESA/Foster + Partners
In short, the process needs to be much more energy-efficient to be considered sustainable, which could be accomplished through solar power. Around the South-Pole Aitken Basin, solar arrays could be positioned around the rim of the permanently-shadowed craters to provide an uninterrupted flow of energy. But getting the industrial equipment there would still present a monumental challenge.
But if and when we did establish the infrastructure, there’s still the question of how much oxygen we could extract. As Grant indicates, if we consider just the regolith that is easily accessible on the surface and factor in data provided by NASA and the Lunar Planetary Institute (LPI), some estimates are possible:
“Each cubic metre of lunar regolith contains 1.4 tonnes of minerals on average, including about 630 kilograms of oxygen. NASA says humans need to breathe about 800 grams of oxygen a day to survive. So 630kg oxygen would keep a person alive for about two years (or just over).
“Now let’s assume the average depth of regolith on the Moon is about ten metres, and that we can extract all of the oxygen from this. That means the top ten metres of the Moon’s surface would provide enough oxygen to support all eight billion people on Earth for somewhere around 100,000 years.”
Illustration of Artemis astronauts on the Moon.
Credit: NASA
In many ways, estimating how an astronomical body will present opportunities for ISRU is like mineral prospecting. For example, NASA recently announced that the metallic asteroid Psyche II might contain as much as $10,000 quadrillion worth of precious metals and ores. In 2022, the Psyche orbiter will rendezvous with this asteroid, which could be the core remnant of a planetoid that lost its outer layers, to study it closely.
Naturally, some disagree with this assessment, citing that Pysche II’s composition and density are not particularly well-constrained. For others, estimates of this nature ignore the sheer cost of extracting that wealth, which would require that extensive infrastructure be built beforehand. And even then, hauling that kind of mass from the Asteroid Belt to Earth presents numerous logistical issues.
The same goes for asteroid mining, a potentially-lucrative venture that could result in trillions being mined from Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs) in the near future. However, this is also contingent on creating a robust space-mining infrastructure that is still very much in the conceptual stage. Luckily, when it comes to establishing ISRU-related infrastructure on the Moon, proposed methods and pathways have been in place since the 1960s.
In the coming years, multiple missions will be sent to the Moon to investigate these possibilities further, two of which Grant cites in his article. In early October, NASA signed a deal with the Australian Space Agency to develop a small lunar rover that could be sent to the Moon as early as 2026. The purpose of this rover will be to collect samples of lunar regolith and transfer them to a NASA-operation ISRU system on a commercial lunar lander.
Artist’s illustration of the new spacesuit NASA is designing for Artemis astronauts. It’s called the xEMU, or Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit.
Credit: NASA
Also, the Belgium-based startup Space Applications Systems (SAS) announced this past summer that it was building three experimental reactors for on the Moon. They were one of four finalists contracted by the European Space Agency (ESA) to develop a compact technology demonstrator that can harvest oxygen to manufacture propellant for spacecraft, air for astronauts, and metallic raw materials for equipment.
The company hopes to send the technology to the Moon as part of a planned ESA ISRU Demonstration mission, which is currently scheduled to go to the Moon by 2025. These and other technologies are being pursued to ensure that humanity’s long-awaited return to the Moon will be to say.
The SETI Institute’s Allen Telescope Array (ATA) is hunting for radio signals from hypothetical intelligent alien life in our galaxy.
µ(Image credit: SETI Institute)
E.T. was the perfect extraterrestrial: Cute, smart, and — best of all — a perfect pacifist.
Unfortunately, scientists aren’t so sure that an actual intelligent alien would be so benign. In a recent interview with El País, famed physicist Stephen Hawking posited that an alien visitation would put Earthlings in the same position as Native Americans when Columbus landed on their shores.
“Such advanced aliens would perhaps become nomads, looking to conquer and colonize whatever planets they can reach,” Hawking speculated.
The likelihood that intelligent life is out there is up for debate; less discussed are the conditions necessary to evolve a life-form that’s both smart and nice. But the lessons from Earth suggest that intelligence and aggression might evolve hand-in-hand.
Social pressure
Would smart aliens have energy-intensive brains? Hard to say — perhaps E.T. could evolve a more efficient, yet just as clever, organ. But if aliens were sending signals into space or building rockets, they’d have to have achieved an intelligence that far exceeds what is needed to survive.
Humans have done the same, and researchers can’t quite figure out why. The brain could have evolved to allow humans to use tools, but chimpanzees use tools without developing complex languages, art, and culture.
One provocative theory holds that pathogens play a role: The brain is vulnerable to infection, wrote Hungarian researcher Lajos Rózsa in a 2008 article in the journal Medical Hypotheses. Showing off one’s cleverness may be a way of showing off how resistant one is to infection. After all, if you’re smart enough to invent language and art, you must be pretty good at battling brain parasites.
So perhaps intelligent aliens might be subject to alien parasites. Flinn and his colleagues favor another theory, though. They argue that humanity underwent a runaway cycle of brain evolution because of hominins’ social nature.
The ecological dominance-social competition hypothesis works like this: Human ancestors reached a point in which their interactions with one another were the most important factor in whether they’d survive and pass on their genes. Finding food and shelter was still important, Flinn said, but it wasn’t the main factor determining evolutionary success. The difference between clever humans and, say, caribou, is that intraspecies relationships drove evolution the fastest in humans, Flinn said. A herd of caribou has social interactions, to be sure: Males have to fight for mates, for example. But a more pressing concern would be avoiding predators and finding food. For hominins, these external issues became relatively less important, the theory goes, while their ability to form coalitions, to have empathy, and to behave in such a way as to win friendships from others became key to their survival. In this heavily social context, it became very important to be smarter than the competition. Each generation got a little smarter and a little better at building complex social relationships, which created a feedback loop in which even smarter brains were beneficial.
“The thing about social competition is it’s a dynamic challenge and it’s also creative,” Flinn said. “You need to have the better mousetrap every time. The competition adjusts to the current winning model, so you need to be one better than the current winning strategy.”
The model seems to work with other clever animals, too, he added. Dolphins, orcas, and chimps all form social coalitions with each other and depend on their social groups to survive. It’s possible that this social factor would hold for species on other planets, too.
Kind aliens
If intelligence evolves in the context of social competition, and aggression is the natural outcome of the competition, it’s hard to imagine that clever aliens could also be kind. Is this the end for hopes of sweet little E.T.?
Maybe not. The social competition model doesn’t work without cooperation, after all. Humans fight wage war and sometimes murder each other. But humans also form coalitions, care for each other and even build coalitions of coalitions, such as nation-states.
“There are two sides to our nature,” Carrier said. “It’s not that one is any more real than the other. It’s just who we are.”
Humans are unique among Earth life in forming long-lasting alliances between groups, not just individuals, Flinn said. Chimpanzees can’t pull that off, he said, so it’s not clear that aliens could, either.
“On Planet X, it may not be inevitable that social competition results in a morality and a creativity of the sort that allows this intelligent life-forms to negotiate with us for a mutually beneficial outcome,” Flinn said.
On the other hand, chimpanzees don’t explore space. Perhaps a civilization that can band together to reach for the stars has to be cooperative by definition. If that’s the case, humanity might be a greater threat to aliens than aliens are to humanity. Luckily, evolution has given humans the tools for peace.
“We can, in effect, rise above the design, potentially,” Flinn said. “If we understand what our brains are designed to do, we are going to be way more capable of rising above those tendencies that we have.”
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Astrobiologist: “Surely We Will Meet Humans From Other Worlds”
Astrobiologist: “Surely We Will Meet Humans From Other Worlds”
Imagine that the humans of the future manage to travel to other worlds and meet… more humans. According to an astrobiologist at the University of Cambridge, that scenario may be more likely than you think.
In a new interview with the BBC’s Science Focus magazine, Simon Conway Morris, an evolutionary paleobiologist in the BBC’s Department of Earth Sciences, stated that researchers can “say with reasonable confidence” that a similar evolution has occurred. the human in other places in the universe.
The core of Morris’s belief comes from the theory of convergent evolution, which states that “random effects eventually average so that evolution converges, tending to produce similar organisms in any given environment.”
The scientist used the examples of flight, which “has evolved independently on Earth at least four times: in birds, bats, insects and pterosaurs.”
In short, the theory of convergent evolution posits that evolution itself is a law of nature and, as a logical end point, it is likely to operate in the same way on different planets as it does here on Earth.
In other words, it is theoretically possible that the blue and green a̳l̳i̳e̳n̳ humanoids you see in Star Trek or Star Wars may be out there – and may have even visited us as multiple witnesses to close encounters claim.
Morris is not the only Cambridge man who believes that e̳x̳t̳r̳a̳t̳e̳r̳r̳e̳s̳t̳r̳i̳a̳l̳ life would have evolved “analogous to that of a human.”
Arik Kershenbaum, a zoologist at the aforementioned British institution, wrote a complete book on the concept of e̳x̳t̳r̳a̳t̳e̳r̳r̳e̳s̳t̳r̳i̳a̳l̳ evolution.
“Because evolution is the explanatory mechanism for life everywhere, then the principles we discovered on Earth should be applicable to the rest of the universe,” Kershenbaum told Quanta magazine earlier this year.
Kershenbaum argued that while it is “tempting” to imagine a̳l̳i̳e̳n̳ races that do not have the same cultural interests as humans, such as philosophy and literature, we must remember that they did not emerge from a vacuum as advanced technological beings.
Even e̳x̳t̳r̳a̳t̳e̳r̳r̳e̳s̳t̳r̳i̳a̳l̳ life forms with higher technology than humans, Kershenbaum noted, would have “evolved from a pre-technological species.”
“If that pre-technological species went on to develop all the things we have now, it is likely that they were built on building blocks that served that social purpose, things like bonding between group members, passing on useful information and ideas. between them, “he added.
“A pre-tech a̳l̳i̳e̳n̳ c̳i̳v̳i̳l̳i̳z̳a̳t̳i̳o̳n̳ could be singing, dancing, and telling stories like the pre-tech human c̳i̳v̳i̳l̳i̳z̳a̳t̳i̳o̳n̳ did, because it has the same purpose.”
It is compelling to imagine other worlds where humanoid life forms, in Kershenbaum’s words, are “singing, dancing and telling stories” as on Earth.
And if the laws of evolution are as strong as Darwinists like Kershenbaum and Morris believe, that increases our propensity to interact and communicate with a̳l̳i̳e̳n̳s and, unfortunately, to fight against them as well.
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Spaceship Moon Theory: Is The Moon An Artificial Alien Satellite
Spaceship Moon Theory: Is The Moon An Artificial Alien Satellite
Over the years, it has been scientifically observed that the Earth’s Moon holds some strange characteristics.
The Moon is the 5th largest natural satellite in the Solar System. It is believed to have been created by a giant impact between the young Earth and a Mars-sized body.
After examination, it has been noted that the Moon is apparently in the wrong orbit for its size, according to its current assumed density. Astronomy data indicates that the internal regions of the Moon are less dense than the outer, giving rise to the inevitable speculation that it could be hollow.
Speculative cutaway model of a Spaceship Moon
Some of these claims come from the fact that when meteors strike the Moon, it rings like a bell. More specifically, when the Apollo crew, on November 20, 1969, released the lunar module, after returning to the orbiter, the module impact with the Moon caused their seismic equipment to register a continuous reverberation like a bell for more than an hour.
In July of 1970, members of the then Soviet Academy of Sciences, Michael Vasin and Alexander Shcherbakov, proposed the Spaceship Moon Theory.
The pseudoscientific theory claims that the Earth’s moon may actually be an alien spacecraft. Vasin and Shcherbakov’s thesis was that the Moon is a hollowed-out planetoid created by unknown beings with technology far superior to any on Earth.
Huge machines would have been used to melt rock and form large cavities within the Moon. The Moon would, therefore, consist of a hull-like inner shell and an outer shell made from metallic rocky slag.
The “Spaceship Moon” was then placed into orbit around the Earth. Proponents of this theory point to the increased reports and pictures of UFOs taken by NASA on their missions to the moon.
The moon has tens of thousands of craters of various sizes covering the surface; however, all of the craters have the same depth. This suggests to scientists that there may be some sort of metallic barrier underneath the surface protecting it from damage.
It has been found that asteroids and meteors not only create shallow craters on the Moon’s surface, but produce a convex floor to the crater instead of concave as expected, supporting the idea of a rigid shell.
The moon is far older than previously expected, maybe even older than the Earth or the Sun. The oldest age for the Earth is estimated to be 4.6 billion years old, while Moon rocks were dated at 5.3 billion years.
The chemical composition of the dust upon which the rocks sit is remarkably different from the rocks themselves. This indicates that the lunar surface may have been moved from somewhere else and placed on the Moon.
Some of the Moon’s craters originated internally, yet there is no indication that the Moon was ever hot enough to produce volcanic eruptions. Hundreds of moonquakes are recorded each year that cannot be attributed to meteor strikes. Some of the quakes seem to follow a specific schedule.
The moon’s crust is much harder than originally presumed. When NASA was recorded drilling down a few inches into the Moon’s surface, it appeared that metal shavings were visible.
Earth’s moon is the only natural satellite in the Solar System that has a stationary, near-perfect circular orbit. How does one explain the coincidence that the moon is just the right distance, coupled with just the right diameter, to completely cover the sun during an eclipse?
Professional astronomers have been gradually discouraged from investigating a phenomenon that has been reported on the Moon for 1,000 years. It is short-lived light, color, or other changes in the appearance of the lunar surface, referred to as Transient Lunar Phenomena.
The moon is also known to contain a unique combination of metals. According to Ancient Code, it includes traces of metals that are not naturally occurring, such as brass. The amount of titanium that is found on the moon is also 10 times what is found on Earth. Scientists call this ratio “mind-blowing.”
The mysteries of the moon and the universe are far from being solved and the possibilities of what lies beyond our earth’s atmosphere may not be discovered in our lifetime.
The facts and theories that define the universe are malleable with every new thought, technological advancement and scientific discovery. It’s just a matter of what’s next.
UFOs: Nuclear Missile Warheads Shut Down Insiders Account of UFO Shutting Down 18 Nuclear Warheads
UFOs: Nuclear Missile Warheads Shut Down Insiders Account of UFO Shutting Down 18 Nuclear Warheads
"For the sake of that airman I spoke with, and for all the other officers and men in the Air Force who have had to keep silent about what they experienced with these objects, I, without reservation, accuse the U.S. Department of the Air Force of a blatant, pervasive and continuing cover-up of the facts, deception, distortion, and lying to the public about the reality of the UFO phenomenon. Below is solid evidence to support my accusation." ~~ Captain Robert L. Salas, USAF, on shut down by UFOs of nuclear missile warheads at Malmstrom AFB
Dear friends,
Captain Robert L. Salas of the USAF is one of the many brave military officers who have come forward to share their personal experience of a major cover-up around UFOs. I had the privilege of spending some time with him personally in February 2010. He came across as a quiet, warm man who was still disturbed by his experience. We have stayed in contact, and he later sent me an essay describing his detailed research into a most amazing – even inspiring – UFO incident he experienced, which I've posted with his permission below.
Captain Salas states he was present in March of 1967 at Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana when a large, saucer-shaped craft at a very close distance was reported to him at the same time as numerous nuclear missile warheads were deactivated. Could this have been a message from extraterrestrial beings not to engage in nuclear conflicts?
Why have this and many other UFO incidents reported by high-ranking officials not been given major news coverage? Don't miss Capt. Salas' excellent essay below, and then visit the links listed in the "What You Can Do" section at the end for more on this fascinating topic.
Note: We were threatened with a lawsuit by a certain individual to take this webpage down. I refused, and thankfully we did not have to deal with a lawsuit.
Back to Montana By Captain Robert L. Salas
On March 25, 1967, I woke up groggy from my 24-hour "tour in the hole," as we referred to duty in the underground capsule. As I recall that morning, I picked up the Great Falls Tribune and read accounts of UFO reports around the area.
Later that afternoon, I received a call from one of the airmen who had seen the object at Oscar Flight where we had experienced the strange incident of multiple warheads being disabled the morning before. He pleaded, no begged me to meet with him to talk about what had happened. All he wanted to do was talk about it.
He had been one of the security guards who had to stand in abject terror in front of this large red pulsating ball of light by our front gate with only a rifle in his hands. He told me unashamedly that he was confused and frightened by what he had seen, and he was desperate to speak with me about it. I had to tell him that I had taken an oath not to speak about the incident to anyone and could not meet with him.
As much as anything that has transpired in my life, that conversation has consistently haunted me to this day. I was unaware at that time that the entire flight of ten Minuteman I missiles was also disabled while UFOs were observed over the launch facilities of nearby Echo Flight on March 16, 1967. They too were not allowed to talk about it. Only later did I discover the intense policy of secrecy around UFOs throughout the Air Force.
James Klotz and I have documented these events in our book Faded Giant. There are multiple witness statements and documentation to support these claims. At least for the sake of that airman I spoke with, and for all the other officers and men in the Air Force who have had to keep silent about what they experienced with these objects, I, without reservation, accuse the U.S. Department of the Air Force of a blatant, pervasive and continuing cover-up of the facts, deception, distortion, and lying to the public about the reality of the UFO phenomenon. Below is solid evidence to support my accusation.
Note:For Captain Salas' background and a much more detailed description of his personal experience with the above event, click here. For personal research he later conducted into this astounding incident, read on.
Background and Assessment of Malmstrom AFB incidents of 1967
The following is an accounting and assessment of the unique and fascinating period in the history of the UFO phenomenon involving the Malmstrom AFB (Air Force Base) incidents of 1967. It is based in part on Dr. Roy Craig's own handwritten notes, and excerpts from his book, "UFOs – An Insider's View of the Official Quest for Evidence." In addition, actions by Lt. Col. Lewis Chase, Malmstrom AFB, Base UFO Officer, will also be reviewed. And, since I was on station and a witness to one of the incidents, this essay started with a very brief description of my own recollection of the facts of these significant events.
I gratefully acknowledge that much of the material used in this report was obtained through the efforts of investigators James Klotz, Dr. Michael Swords, Robert Powell and Raymond Fowler. The hand-written notes of Dr. Craig and other documentation are also archived at Texas A&M University Library, and we are grateful for their use. I would like to dedicate this article to the memory of Dr. James McDonald, a true scientist who, by right of his abilities and intense interest, deserved to have been the principal investigator of a real scientific study of the UFO phenomenon.
On August 9, 1967, Dr. Roy Craig made a visit to the home of Raymond Fowler to discuss some reports of sightings. Craig was part of the U.S. Air Force financed University of Colorado UFO Study Group (Condon Committee) chaired by Dr. Edward Condon. The final report of this committee is held up today as the reason why the U.S. government no longer examines UFO cases.
Fowler had been assigned the title of an "Early Warning Coordinator" for the group by virtue of the fact that he was an investigator for National Investigations Committee on Aerial Phenomenon (NICAP). He was also on the Sylvania Minuteman Production board in support of their contract for the Minuteman Missile ground electrical systems.
Fowler had received reports of missile equipment failures at missile sites in Montana. He told Craig about the reports he had received from sources on site that these failures were associated with the appearance of unidentified aerial objects around the missile sites. Craig was interested because he was assigned to look into such incidents as part of the study.
Background of Dr. Roy Craig and his position with Condon Committee
Craig received his Ph.D. in physical chemistry. In 1966 he was an Associate Professor at the University of Colorado when the university was awarded $500,000 by the Air Force to do a scientific study on the UFO phenomenon. Craig had no experience or training in investigative procedures and only had a passing interest in UFOs. He knew little of the history of the phenomenon when he began working with the group. Yet, he was assigned as one of three principal investigators for the study. "My assignment would be to investigate the physical aspects of current UFO reports, working with a staff psychologist, who would study the psychological aspects of the report… My associate would look into the minds of the persons reporting the sightings."
So, even before looking into cases, Craig was tasked to work with a psychologist. The clear implication here is that the group leadership had a pre-disposition to thinking that the reports of UFOs could be explained as delusions of the mind. In addition, he had stipulated to Condon that he would accept the assignment if he did not have to deal with any classified information. "If an investigation led to a requirement for access to secret information, which seldom happened, I turned the case over to another member of the project and accepted his judgment regarding the extent of UFO pertinence to the case."
As the committee was organized, Condon deputy Robert Low was the only member (presumably other than Condon) who was authorized to review classified material. That was also problematic from the beginning, since prior to the start of the study, Robert Low had written a now infamous memo in which he had characterized the study as being done by non-believers and to trick the public into believing it was objective. When it counted the most, Robert Low failed to push the Air Force for the release information on a classified investigation that very much involved UFOs.
A Visit to Malmstrom AFB (October 9-14, 1967)
According to his notes written during his visit, Craig had four objectives. First, he wanted to review with Lt. Col. Lewis Chase regarding his UFO encounter in 1957 while flying a training mission as aircraft commander of an RB-47. The Missile site shutdowns and the possibility of UFO involvement was also on his list. Craig knew of the Shutdowns at missile sites from Ray Fowler. It is significant that he lists the date of the shutdowns as March 24, 1967. That significance will be discussed later.
We note that the civilian agencies involved, such as Sylvania and Boeing were not allowed to talk about it. In fact Fowler has told me that he only mentioned the rumors of the Echo Flight shutdown of 10 Minuteman missiles to Craig with some trepidation of losing his job and security clearance. The report of the shutdowns was cloaked in secrecy even before Craig arrived at Malmstrom. The depth of that secrecy would soon be escalated after his arrival.
In Craig's book on his experience with the Condon Committee, he describes an encounter with Lt. Col. Chase, whose position description included the title of Base UFO Officer. The fact that the position of base UFO officer even existed is revealing in itself. Here's what Craig had to say about his encounter with this officer (click for verification):
"After Colonel Chase and I had exchanged pleasantries in his office, I asked him about the Echo incident. The Colonel caught his breath, and expressed surprise that I knew of it. 'I can't talk about that.' … If I needed to know the cause of this incident, I could arrange through official channels, to see their report after completion of the investigation. … Although local newspapers carried stories of UFO sightings which would coincide in time with Echo, Colonel Chase had assured me that the incident had not involved a UFO. … I accepted the information as factual and turned review of Major Schraff's report (on the Echo Incident) over to Bob Low, who had received security clearance to read secret information related to the UFO study."
Low, in turn, had to interface with his Air Force liaison in Washington, Col. Hippler. A portion of the memo he wrote to Low is shown here. Low's note at the bottom of this handwritten memo states: "Roy, I called Hippler and he said he would try to get this, but he suspects it's going to be classified too high for us to look at it. Says he thinks interference by pulses from nuclear explosions is probably involved."
The tone of this note indicates that Low was simply accepting this rationale for classifying the missile shutdowns as a non-UFO event. According to records of Dr. McDonald, Robert Low never followed up on this request. If Low had followed up on his request and asked for more details, such as the possibility of nuclear explosion EMP (electromagnetic pulse) from the Air Force, he might have discovered that the U.S. did not test any nuclear weapons in the period from March 10 through April 4, 1967; the time period of the shutdowns (source: D.O.E. Report DOE/NV-209 rev. 15, December 2000, U.S. Nuclear Tests 1945 – 1992).
Even on the face of it, Low should have realized that if nuclear EMP was truly involved, it would have created widespread havoc throughout our strategic missile forces. Clearly the reasons given by Hippler were simply intended to give cover to Low and others to back away from any further investigation by the Condon Committee.
Craig's notes indicate that he knew the names of many individuals whom he could have interviewed with respect to "rumors" of UFO involvement in the missile shutdowns. There were civilian representatives from Sylvania and Boeing who knew the sources of the "rumors" of UFOs. Their names had been given to him by Fowler.
Fowler also gave Craig the name of Dan Renualdi, a member of the Site Activation Task Force (SATAF) who was a very credible eye-witness. He reported being within a few feet of the object. In addition, one of the NCOs on the Air Force Technical Evaluation team admitted to seeing a saucer. There is no record of Craig interviewing these men.Craig did not ask to know the names of any of the Echo Flight crew on duty at the time of the shutdowns or any maintenance or security personnel at Echo.
It is important to emphasize that, although he was charged with investigating this incident, Craig failed to conduct or document interviews with any principal witnesses, including me. This is verified by his notes and his own book. By his own admission he simply took the word of Col. Chase that there was no UFO involvement and did not pursue an in-depth investigation as he was authorized and responsible to do.
The Secret World of Lt. Col. Lewis D. Chase, Base UFO Officer
On the evening of September 19, 1957 (or July 17, 1957 – there is some confusion on the date) Major Lewis D. Chase was piloting an RB-47 aircraft on a training mission that started out over the Gulf of Mexico near Louisiana then headed north. As the aircraft approached Jackson, Mississippi, Chase and other crew members saw a lighted object above them at 35,000 ft. They determined pretty quickly that the object was not an aircraft because it was emitting an intense electromagnetic signature on their equipment; similar in intensity to a ground based radar. As they turned to the west toward Texas, the object followed them.
When they contacted Air Defense Command ground control (GCI) at Ft. Worth, they confirmed that they had radar contact with both the object and his aircraft. As the RB-47 continued north toward Kansas, the object appeared at the 11 o'clock position of the aircraft. Suddenly the object started closing on them. As it approached it accelerated at high speed and passed directly in front of the RB-47. The object then stopped and hovered in mid-air about ten miles from the aircraft's low 2 o'clock position.
As the RB-47 passed over the stationary object, Chase watched it blink out. The object simply disappeared! The object later re-appeared in another position. These maneuvers continued for over 2 hours. Chase wrote a detailed report of the incident at the request of AFOSI (Air Force Office of Special Investigations), whose representatives met him and his crew on arrival at Forbes AFB, Kansas. Chase told Craig that there was a voice recording of his communications with his crew during the incident which was confiscated by AFOSI.
Chase and his crew were told by AFOSI not to talk about the incident.
Some of the details of this incident were told to Roy Craig during his visit to Malmstrom AFB, who included them in the Condon Report. Others were recorded in an interview with Chase by Dr. James McDonald on January 30, 1969, just a short time after the public release of the Condon Report.
Chase had asked Craig and Major Quintanilla, head of Blue Book in 1967, to check if there was an incident report in the Blue Book files during their meeting of June 12. Quintanilla reported that there was no file of the incident. Later, after completion of the Condon report, a "summary" report of the incident appeared in the Blue Book files. Dr. James McDonald had found that the report of this incident had been classified during Craig's search for it.The Air Force essentially admitted to McDonald, after the termination of the study, that they indeed had some "classified" UFO incident reports that were not made available to the Condon Committee investigators for the study!
Soon after the Condon Committee began work in earnest, they convened a meeting with the Air Force at the University of Colorado on June 12, 1967. By this date, the Malmstrom UFO incidents had taken place and Lt. Col. Chase had been involved with the handling of those incidents. The Air Force had established "special contacts" for UFO matters at some of their bases. Those contacts were called Base UFO Investigators and were "requested" to attend this meeting by Major General Otto Glasser, Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff of the Air Force.
Major Chase held the highest ranking of these investigators, who were mostly junior grade officers. Chase wrote a trip report of this meeting and parts are quoted here, verbatim. "Much effort was expended in explaining the methods that have been used to discount approximately 95% of the UFO sightings to date, i.e., optical mirage, stars, satellites, temperature inversion, etc. No time was devoted to the 5% of sightings on the Project Blue Book list that remain admittedly unexplained to date." (Project Blue Book was an earlier UFO report)
In another paragraph he stated: "It was also quite clear that, for the study to be effective, there is almost total dependency upon base UFO officers to sort the multitude of reports and to identify those cases worthy of detailed examination." Apparently the Air Force was going to be able to choose how they would be investigated.
The last paragraph of his trip report reveals much about how the Condon Committee and the Air Force were intending to orchestrate this program. "Although the University study has approximately 8 months to run, and barring any dramatic events, the conclusions in the initial formal report will most likely read as follows: a. There is no evidence to support a hypothesis that extraterrestrials have visited earth. b. Certain events have occurred that are difficult to explain due to lack of conclusive data and/or instrumentation and state of the art investigative procedures."
He concluded by saying, "However, it is reemphasized that there will be no big change in the UFO program, unless it is a civilian/military sharing of charges of concealing information from the public. The program for some lengthy period will remain under Air Force control due to the dependency upon Blue Book files and individual base UFO officers."
Since Chase was the highest ranked officer at this meeting, he was effectively representing the Air Force brass. He had been directed to attend the meeting by a Major General at the highest levels of Air Force headquarters. And with his trip report, he was prepared to respond to any inquiries from headquarters about the meeting and whether or not the Condon Committee would cooperate in the manner the Air Force desired. It seems that those questions were answered for him.
By this time, Chase had already been clued in on how the Air Force wanted the UFO question handled. Chase was Chief of the Operations Division at Malmstrom AFB during the missile/UFO incidents in 1967. On March 16, 1967 Echo Flight was disabled while UFOs were observed near the missile launch sites by multiple witnesses. The Air Force considered this incident one "of grave concern to this headquarters."
A week later on the morning of March 24, 1967 Oscar flight was disabled as a UFO hovered by the front gate of the Launch Control Facility as verified by myself and other witnesses. On the evening of March 24, 1967 a civilian truck driver, Ken Williams, observed a large domed shaped lighted object while driving near Belt, Montana (not far from Great Falls, MT). The object was about a mile to his left and seemed to be pacing his truck at the same speed. Soon the object stopped and hovered for a moment, then dropped into a ravine and landed. Williams observed it as it pulsated with a very bright white light. Later the object was also seen by Montana Highway patrolman Bud Nader before it finally flew off at high speed.
Lt. Col. Chase was notified of this incident about an hour later because of all the UFO sighting reports coming into the base. After discussions with the base commander, Col. Klibbe, he decided to investigate the situation. By 3:30 am, there had been numerous reports of sightings, including some over Malmstrom AFB. That morning, details were put into a message sent to various Air Force offices, including the Office of the Air Force Chief of Staff and the Foreign Technology Division at Wright-Patterson AFB (TDET).
Four months later word had filtered back to TDET that there had been some equipment problems during the March 24th sightings. They sent an inquiry to Chase. It stated that "Our office has been informed that during the sightings there were equipment malfunctions and abnormalities in the equipment. One individual stated that the USAF instructed both military and civilian personnel not to discuss what they had seen, as it was a classified government experiment. Request information on the validity of such statements. If some type of experiment did occur on or about 24 March 1967, please advise."
Within a few days, Chase replied. "This office has no knowledge of equipment malfunctions and abnormalities in equipment during the period of reported UFO sightings. No validity can be established to the statement that a classified government experiment was in progress or that military and civilian personnel were requested not discuss what they had seen."
These are blatantly false statements since I and others can attest that we were ordered not to talk to anyone about our incident and that our equipment certainly did malfunction. And, if it had been a military experiment, we would have since had the capability of easily disabling nuclear missiles at will.
This correspondence was written after the Condon Committee meeting with the Air Force Base UFO officers. Since Chase was obviously not disclosing the missile shutdown incidents even to another Air Force office, clearly the cover-up was ongoing, and he was in the middle of it. By the time Roy Craig came to ask questions about the Echo Flight incident, Lt. Col. Chase would know what he was expected to do.
The Non-Scientific Study
In August 1966, Lt. Col. Robert Hippler, representing the Air Force Office of Science and Technology and serving as the study group's contact with the Pentagon, stood before the highly educated group Edward Condon had selected to participate in the study and said, "You see, first of all, we (the Air Force) have not charged you, and you have not promised, to prove or disprove anything."
He may not have realized it, but he was telling his audience not to perform a scientific study. The scientific method is understood by anyone who has ever passed a science class in high school. A scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses (Wikipedia). By their own admission, the Air Force did not give the study group any hypothesis to prove or disprove. They did not provide the group with all the data they had in their possession or access to witnesses.
As was pointed out, they had classified UFO files and reports which were not made available to the study group. Thus, the scientific method could not have been used. The Air Force did not really want the scientific study they had promised Congress and the public. They simply wanted to divest themselves of the responsibility of responding to public inquiry on the subject of UFOs.
James McDonald who had investigated sightings throughout the U.S. and in Australia had provided the study group with a list of twenty best cases. The study group declined to look at them.
As Lt. Col. Chase had pointed out, it would be up the Air Force to decide which cases ought to be investigated. And, while Blue Book opened up their files to the group, the classified cases were not made available for investigation. Chase lied to Craig about UFO involvement in the Echo incident and did not mention the fact that Oscar flight was disabled on March 24. Craig was told that Echo Flight was disabled on the 24th, and that was never corrected to him (the actual date was March 16) by anyone in the Air Force, because then they would have had to admit that a second flight (Oscar) was disabled under similar circumstances.
Roy Craig had refused to look at any cases which might involve a security classification. He simply bought into Chase's explanation and did no further investigation of an incident that was referred to him by credible sources. Therefore, one of the most important cases, the Malmstrom AFB missile shutdowns, which could have had a major impact on the results of the study, was not even considered.
As has been stated many times before, The Condon study was a whitewash of the UFO "problem," and that paint job was bought and paid for by the Air Force. This was a critical period in time on the question of public disclosure of information held by our government about the phenomenon.
As a result of the "findings" of the Condon Study, the Air Force took and has ever since taken the position that the phenomenon has no bearing on our national security interest, and therefore no relevance to the Air Force or any other government agency. Therefore, they claim, they no longer investigate UFO reports.
This policy has, of course, allowed the withholding of facts and information from the public to continue. It has allowed the making of policies and government intervention with and about these unknown objects without oversight, public discourse or approval. It has allowed an intolerable abuse of secrecy in our government.
Note:
The fact that UFOs possibly disabled nuclear warheads may be a message from extraterrestrial forces for us not to play with such dangerous toys. Hundreds of military and government witnesses have gone on record claiming a major cover-up around UFOs. Among them are a former chief of the CIA, the former chiefs of defense of the UK and Canada, and two NASA astronauts, including Edgar Mitchell, the sixth man to walk on the moon. Why is it that so few people are aware of this and other amazing and even inspiring facts around UFOs?
Eight Cylinder Shaped UFOs Spotted By The Orion Nebula Have Also Been Seen in 5 Different Locations!
8 cylindrical shaped UFO spotted through a C-14 Edge HD telescope with a 14 inch diameter lens by the Running Man Nebula. Is it the same Cylinder shaped UFOs that have been seen around our star and Saturn?
Original Witness Statement
On 11/14/21, I was taking images of the Orion Nebula including NGC-1977 (the Running Man Nebula), using a Mallincam 26ctec camera attached to my C-14 Edge HD telescope (14 inch diameter lens) at f/1.8 focal ratio. At 1.8 focal ratio, astrophotography imaging and light collection in general, is significantly increased with a much larger field of view.
At approximately 2:58 am in Lafayette, LA, I observed several UAPs moving from Southwest to Northeast. The objects did not have colored lights and were not blinking, so I can assume they were not commercial aircraft. After the first UAP flew across the Orion Nebula a bright area showed up in my field of view followed by additional UAP’s in succession.
I have witnessed a single object with similar characteristics before but not that many in succession. I would appreciate if anyone could tell me what these objects could be and come up with a possible scenario related to this event.
Disc Shaped UFO Sighted During an Air India Flight From New Delhi To Riyadh On November 24, 2021
While Neeraj Singh was traveling on his Air India flight that he caught at New Delhi in India and was landing at Riyadh in Saudi Arabia he noticed this object in the distant about midway into the flight and filmed this "Disc Shaped" craft.
What i found interesting with this footage is the way the UFO drops in altitude and this drop was straight down only for the object to climb in altitude but doing a straight up maneuver.
Thanks to Neeraj Singh for allowing me the use of his footage and to view the original:
The U.S. Department of Defense appeared to be shocked in the summer and fall when it detected two tests by China’s military of hypersonic missiles circling the globe in low-Earth orbitat five times the speed of sound before heading to their alleged targets. You’d better sit down for this … especially if you work for the Pentagon. These tests of “fractional orbital bombardment” “hypersonic glide vehicles” just got worse. A new report says the test in July showed the vehicle itself may not have been the weapon — the hypersonic glider vehicle fired a projectile at five times the speed of sound … something thought to be impossible.
“Experts at Darpa, the Pentagon’s advanced research agency, remain unsure how China managed to fire countermeasures from a vehicle travelling at hypersonic speeds, said the people familiar with details of the demonstration.
Military experts have been poring over data related to the test to understand how China mastered the technology. They are also debating the purpose of the projectile, which was fired by the hypersonic vehicle with no obvious target of its own, before plunging into the water.”
The Financial Times revealed that Pentagon scientists don’t know what the projectile was – it could have been an air-to-air missile or possibly a defense or decoy system to protect the primary hypersonic missile. While the National Security Council says it has a “concern about many military capabilities that the People’s Republic of China continues to pursue,” the Chinese embassy said it was “not aware” of the missile test and pointed the finger back at the U.S., as it did after one of the alleged tests, accusing the U.S. of deploying secret weapons in space like the X-37B space plane.
The web site The War Zone has been on top of this story and cautions that neither the hypersonic glider nor the object it fired have been positively identified as missiles. However, it strongly resembles a reusable vehicle with the ability to carry and deploy a payload that could be nuclear. It could also be a modification of the hypersonic missile, allowing it to hit two targets on one trip.
General John Hyten, vice chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has referred to this as “a first-use weapon” that is “pretty impressive” and “probably should create a sense of urgency” – “first-use” refers to a first strike missile. That sounds pretty bad. Let’s hope things don’t get worse.
Simpler times?
“The wind tunnel can meet the test requirements of hypersonic aircraft such as conventional force/pressure measurement, air inlet, dynamic simulation, weapon separation and release, aerodynamic heat and flow display.”
China Aviation News reported this week that the country’s state-owned Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) announced its FL-64 wind tunnel passed a series of calibration tests that will eventually allow it to simulate hypersonic speeds between Mach 4 and Mach 8.
Worried yet?
Special thanks to The Financial Times and The War Zone for their excellent coverage of these events.
You know the U.S. Pentagon is serious about something when it opens up a new department and actually announces it to the public instead of keeping it a secret. If you were wondering whether the Pentagon is serious about Unidentified Flying Objects or Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon, wonder no more – it has announced the Airborne Object Identification and Management Synchronization Group (AOIMSG) to look at reports of UAPs near U.S. military facilities and operations. Could they have at least come up with an easier-to-remember acronym?
“The AOIMSG will synchronize efforts across the Department and the broader U.S. government to detect, identify and attribute objects of interests in Special Use Airspace (SUA), and to assess and mitigate any associated threats to safety of flight and national security. “
The Pentagon
Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen Hicks began working with the Director of National Intelligence in June 2021 to authorize the new group to address the national security risks from the many UAP encounters with U.S. military personnel that the public became aware of in 2019 with the release of the ‘Tic Tac’ UFO videos taken by pilots and personnel on the USS Nimitz. As more encounters have been made public, the Pentagon can no longer ignore the demand form the public for disclosure of these and past UAP events.
“To provide oversight of the AOIMSG, the Deputy Secretary also directed the USD(I&S) to lead an Airborne Object Identification and Management Executive Council (AOIMEXEC) to be comprised of DoD and Intelligence Community membership, and to offer a venue for U.S. government interagency representation.”
One of the problems the Pentagon has had in this area is a lack of coordination among the various armed forces branches and departments when UAP encounters are reported. The AOIMEXEC (that acronym at least sounds like an ET’s name) will provide that coordination as well as replace the current UAP Task Force.
Will they REALLY tell us what it is?
Does the establishment of the AOIMSG really show the Pentagon is serious about UAPs? It only officially investigates incidents near U.S. military facilities. While it could be said that most of the U.S. is near at least one military facility, it appears it will only investigate those reported by military personnel, not the general public. The announcement also doesn’t say what the AOIMSG will make public, how it will be released, how often, and how it will be accountable. At best, we can call Deputy Secretary of Defense Kathleen Hicks’ AOIMSG a good start and hope it will grow and remain in the public eye. At worse, it could just be busy work and a smoke screen to deceive the public into thinking something is being done.
Astronomers Find a Planet That Orbits its Star in Just 16 HOURS!
Astronomers Find a Planet That Orbits its Star in Just 16 HOURS!
Mercury is the speed champion in our Solar System. It orbits the Sun every 88 days, and its average speed is 47 km/s. Its average distance from the Sun is 58 million km (36 million mi), and it’s so fast it’s named after Mercury, the wing-footed God.
But what if instead of Mercury, Jupiter was closest to the Sun? And what if Jupiter was even closer to the Sun than Mercury and far hotter?
In a remote solar system about 855 light-years away, there’s a planet that makes Mercury seem like a slow, chilled, distant neighbour of the Sun. This planet orbits its star in only 16 hours, giving it one of the shortest orbits ever measured. At that distance and speed, and with the planet’s extremely high surface temperatures, it’s one of the most exotic planets ever found.
The planet’s name is TOI-2109b, and it’s what astronomers call an “Ultrahot Jupiter.” Hot Jupiters are gas giants that orbit extraordinarily close to their stars and have extremely high surface temperatures. Ultrahot Jupiters are even more extreme. Their surface temperatures are greater than 2200 Kelvin (1900 C, 3500 F). Astronomers estimate that TOI-2109 b’s dayside temperature is greater than 3500 K (3225 C, 5840 F), as hot as some small stars.
A new paper published in The Astronomical Journal presented the discovery. The paper’s title is “TOI-2109: An Ultrahot Gas Giant on a 16 hr Orbit.” The lead author is Ian Wong, currently at NASA’s Goddard SpaceFlight Center, but a postdoc at MIT during this research.
NASA’s TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) found the planet in May 2020. TESS started observing it on May 13th and kept watching for almost a month. Over the next year, multiple ground-based observatories performed follow-up observations in different wavelengths. All those observations confirmed that TOI-2109b is a rare and unusual planet.
“Everything was consistent with it being a planet, and we realized we had something very interesting and relatively rare,” said study co-author Avi Shporer from MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research.
TOI-2109 b’s 16-hour orbital period is the shortest ever measured for a gas giant. (The previous record-holder has an 18-hour orbit.) The planet is about five times more massive than our own Jupiter, and it orbits an F-type star about 1.5 times more massive than our Sun. It’s difficult to imagine what this arrangement would look like to any observer in the same system.
Artist’s impression of a transiting Jupiter-mass exoplanet around a star that’s slightly more massive than the Sun. Image Credit: NASA
The planet is so hot because it’s an average of only 2.4 million km (1.5 million mi) from its star. It’s probably tidally locked to its star like other Hot Jupiters and Ultrahot Jupiters. The extremely high dayside temperature can tear molecules apart into their constituent atoms. Theoretical modelling shows that this can happen to molecular hydrogen. If the night side is significantly cooler, the hydrogen can combine into molecules again.
A month of TESS observations meant that the team could observe the planet as it orbited its star. They watched the secondary eclipse—when a planet passes behind its star—in multiple wavelengths. That helped them determine that the daytime temperature likely exceeds 3500 K. But the researchers aren’t sure what happens on the nightside because TESS isn’t sensitive enough. If it’s true that molecular hydrogen is torn apart on the dayside and recombines on the nightside, then that could contribute to more efficient temperature mixing in the atmosphere and could mean the temperature isn’t as extreme.
“Meanwhile, the planet’s night side brightness is below the sensitivity of the TESS data, which raises questions about what is really happening there,” said Shporer. “Is the temperature there very cold, or does the planet somehow take heat on the day side and transfer it to the night side? We’re at the beginning of trying to answer this question for these ultrahot Jupiters.”
The researchers found that TOI-2109b is slowly spiralling into the star at about 10 to 750 milliseconds per year. Astronomers have found other Hot Jupiters whose orbital decay draws them into their stars, but nothing as fast as this.
Artist’s concept of Jupiter-sized exoplanet that orbits relatively close to its star (aka. a “hot Jupiter”). Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech)
TOI-210 b’s extreme nature helps confirm the status of Ultrahot and Hot Jupiters as one of the most extreme types of exoplanets. More powerful telescopes will reveal more of the planet’s nature, and the team hopes that the Hubble will be able to study it, along with the soon-to-be-launched James Webb Space Telescope. Watching what happens as the planet gets closer and closer to the star is especially interesting to astronomers.
“Ultrahot Jupiters such as TOI-2109b constitute the most extreme subclass of exoplanet,” Wong says. “We have only just started to understand some of the unique physical and chemical processes that occur in their atmospheres — processes that have no analogs in our own solar system.”
Future observations of TOI-2109b may also reveal clues to how such dizzying systems come to be in the first place. “From the beginning of exoplanetary science, hot Jupiters have been seen as oddball,” Shporer says. “How does a planet as massive and large as Jupiter reach an orbit that is only a few days long? We don’t have anything like this in our Solar System, and we see this as an opportunity to study them and help explain their existence.”
In the distant past, Jupiter may have migrated to within 1.5 AU of the Sun before reversing course to the orbital path it follows now. That’s called the Grand Tack Hypothesis. That would’ve been something for human eyes to behold.
Shortly after forming, Jupiter migrated toward the Sun. Saturn did too, and eventually, their fates became linked. When Jupiter was about where Mars is now, the pair turned and moved away from the Sun. Scientists have referred to this as the “Grand Tack,” a reference to the sailing maneuver. Credit: NASA/GSFC
Finding extreme and unusual exoplanets teaches us a lot about the range of planet types out there. Exoplanet surveys find lots of Hot Jupiters and Ultrahot Jupiters because they’re huge and close to their stars. But they’re actually scarce.
The authors point out that only about 0.5% of Sun-like stars host these extreme planets. But even though their numbers are few, they make a massive contribution to our understanding of exoplanets overall. “Their large size in relation to their host stars and high temperatures enable a broad range of intensive studies that extend far beyond the rudimentary measurements of planet mass and radius,” the authors explain.
“Over the past two decades, a wide arsenal of observational techniques has been leveraged to probe the atmospheric properties of hot Jupiters in ever-increasing detail,” they write in their paper. Things like temperature distribution, chemical composition, condensate clouds, photochemical hazes, and heat transport mechanisms are becoming easier to study.
Astronomers are learning that Ultrahot Jupiters are “… characterized by a number of distinct physical and dynamical properties that set them apart from the rest of the hot gas-giant population.”
No article on exoplanets can be complete without looking ahead to the James Webb Space Telescope. The JWST will have the power to probe exoplanet atmospheres more rigorously than any other tool currently at astronomers’ disposal.
Part of the search for and study of exoplanets is centred around finding Earth-like planets in habitable zones. But Ultrahot Jupiters like TOI-2109b can teach us a lot about planets at their most extreme and about planet-star interactions that we can’t study in our Solar System. And the JWST will make a considerable contribution to our knowledge.
“While future advances in telescope capabilities will allow for comparably in-depth explorations of smaller and cooler exoplanets, ultrahot Jupiters will continue to be among the most fruitful candidates for impactful efforts at characterization, providing crucial insights into the nature of planets at their most extreme,” the authors write.
This NASA Photograph Was Discovered In An Old Album But Nobody Expected To Find This Hiding Inside via Unexplained Mysteries
This NASA Photograph Was Discovered In An Old Album But Nobody Expected To Find This Hiding Inside via Unexplained Mysteries
This NASA photograph was discovered in an old album but nobody expected to find this hiding inside. Today, we take a look at what this old NASA photograph was hiding. Back in 2017 a series of strange photographs were shared online. They show what look like large structures on the Moon surface.
Those who went on to further investigate the claims said that six towers have been discovered on the moon, and after these photographs were shared online people started to give their opinions on what they thought they were. The images were taken from Google Moon, which is collected by Nasa satellites orbiting the moon….
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
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