Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS NEARLY 13 YEARS AND 4 MONTH.
ON /30/09/2024 MORE THAN 2.230.520
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
20-04-2022
SETI Researchers can now Scan all Data at the Very Large Array for any Evidence of Alien Transmissions
SETI Researchers can now Scan all Data at the Very Large Array for any Evidence of Alien Transmissions
In recent weeks, the project took a big step forward with the installation of fiber optic amplifiers and splitters on all VLA antennas, which give COSMIC access to the data streams from the entire VLA. Once this digital backend is online, COSMIC will have access to all data provided by the VLAs 27 radio antennas, which will be able to conduct observations 24/7. In the process, COSMIC SETI will examine around 40 million stars in the Milky Way for possible signs of intelligent life.
Located in the deserts of New Mexico, the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array is the world’s largest radio telescope array capable of operating at microwave frequencies. It was featured in the 1997 film “Contact” (based on the original novel by Carl Sagan), where Dr. Eleanor Arroway (played by Jodie Foster) and her colleagues received the first extraterrestrial communication. Interestingly enough, the VLA has never been part of a SETI effort in real life, but that’s about to change.
The end results of the EDFA/Cosmic fiber work. Credit: SETI Institute
Jack Hickish, Digital Instrumentation Lead for COSMIC SETI, explained in a SETI Institute press release:
“Having all the VLA digital signals available to the COSMIC system is a major milestone, involving close collaboration with the NRAO VLA engineering team to ensure that the addition of the COSMIC hardware doesn’t in any way adversely affect existing VLA infrastructure.
“It is fantastic to have overcome the challenges of prototyping, testing, procurement, and installation – all conducted during both a global pandemic and semiconductor shortage – and we are excited to be able to move on to the next task of processing the many Tb/s of data to which we now have access.”
As part of this collaborative effort, the VLA will conduct observations while SETI Institute scientists will analyze that data to look for evidence of technological activity (aka. “technosignatures”). The VLA offers many important capabilities for SETI, not the least of which are its size. Each of its 27 antennas measures 25 m (82 ft) in diameter, yielding a collecting area equivalent to a single-dish antenna measuring 130 m (426 ft) in diameter.
This surface area and large amounts of metal mesh allow for almost unparalleled sensitivity levels, which is always a plus for SETI surveys (where signals are likely to be weak). In addition, each VLA antenna has eight cryogenically cooled receivers that continuously monitor the sky at frequencies ranging from 1 to 50 GHz in the radio spectrum. Some receivers can operate between 1 GHz and 54 MHz, corresponding with frequencies used for television broadcasts.
SETI Institute Post-Doctoral Researchers, Dr. Savin Varghese, and Dr. Chenoa Tremblay, in front of one of the 82-foot diameter dishes that make up the Very Large Array. Credit: SETI Institute
To exploit these capabilities, engineers at the VLA have installed a “splitter” that feeds a copy of the data stream provided by the VLA’s 27 antennas to locally-installed SETI equipment. This equipment consists of software and hardware that computes 64 different beams, which sorts cosmic static into hundreds of millions of narrow-band frequency channels. Said Cherry Ng, a SETI Institute COSMIC Project Scientist:
“I am excited by the ability of COSMIC to conduct the most comprehensive technosignature search ever in the Northern Hemisphere. We will be able to monitor millions of stars with a sensitivity high enough to detect an Arecibo-like transmitter out to a distance of 25 parsecs (81 light-years), covering an observing frequency range from 230 MHz to 50 GHz, which includes many parts of the spectrum that have not yet been explored for ETI signals.”
The COSMIC SETI program, which is expected to be operational by early 2023, will observe around 40 star systems in our galaxy over two years. It will be the most comprehensive SETI survey undertaken in the Northern Hemisphere, a record previously held by Breakthrough Listen. Its first major observational campaign will be conducted in parallel with the ongoing VLA Sky Survey (VLASS), which relies on the VLA to survey 82% of the sky in the 2-4GHz S-bands.
“We look forward to partnering with the SETI Institute on this exciting initiative and are pleased to see this important milestone in the technical work that will make this new science possible,” said NRAO Director Tony Beasley.
In this series we are exploring the weird and wonderful world of astronomy jargon! You’ll be the biggest thing in town after today’s topic: galaxy clusters!
Galaxy clusters are the single largest gravitationally bound structures in the Universe. The “gravitationally bound” part means that the gravity of the individual components of a galaxy cluster is strong enough to hold it together. While larger structures, known as superclusters, exist, they are not gravitationally bound and will eventually disperse.
Galaxy clusters can host a thousand galaxies or more and are typically at least 3-4 million light-years in diameter. The smallest galaxy clusters weigh 1014 solar masses, while the largest are ten to a hundred times more massive.
By far the dominant component of every galaxy cluster is dark matter, the mysterious form of matter that is invisible to light and does not interact with normal matter. Dark matter makes up around 90% of the mass of every cluster.
Of the remainder, 90% is in the form of an extremely hot but incredibly thin plasma called the intracluster medium. This medium is so hot that it emits brightly in the X-ray part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Even though the intracluster medium is so hot, it would register as a vacuum in Earth-based laboratory experiments.
Only 1% of the mass of every galaxy cluster is in the form of galaxies themselves. Those galaxies typically move through the cluster like bees in a beehive with speeds of up to a thousand kilometers per second. Those speeds can be used to weigh the cluster – more massive clusters will support faster galaxy movements without the cluster breaking apart.
The nearest cluster to Earth is the Virgo Cluster, which contains 1,000-2,000 galaxies and sits about 50 million light-years away.
Another famous cluster is the Coma Cluster, about 321 million light-years away. The main galaxies of the cluster are visible in amateur telescopes. In 1933 the astronomer Fritz Zwicky used observations of galaxy motion within the Coma Cluster to discover the existence of dark matter.
In this series we are exploring the weird and wonderful world of astronomy jargon! You’ll be off to a good start with today’s topic: the big bang theory!
The Big Bang theory is the current best understanding of the history of the Universe. The theory is a physical model, based on many lines of evidence, that says that our Universe was once smaller, hotter, and denser than it is today. In fact, according to our best measurements, about 13.77 billion years ago our entire observable Universe – including every star and galaxy that we could ever see – was once crammed into a tiny volume only a few centimeters across with a temperature of over a quadrillion degrees.
The Big Bang theory originated in the early 20th century. The first hints of the theory began with Einstein’s general theory of relativity. When he applied his equations to the study of the whole Universe, he found that a static, unchanging cosmos was highly unusual. Instead, the Universe should be either expanding or contracting. The Belgian astronomer and Catholic priest Georges Lemaître came to a similar conclusion, calling his idea of the origins of the Universe the “primeval atom.”
Scientists, including Einstein, rejected this idea. But in the 1920’s astronomer Edwin Hubble conclusively demonstrated that all galaxies are, on average, racing away from each other. The simplest explanation of this observation is that we live in an expanding Universe.
Since then, multiple lines of evidence have led scientists to conclude that the Big Bang theory is accurate. For example, models of the very early Universe successfully predict the abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. Early cosmologists also predicted the existence of an afterglow light pattern generated when the young Universe transitioned from a plasma to neutral state. This pattern, called the cosmic microwave background, was discovered on accident in the 1960’s.
In the Big Bang model, the primordial Universe expanded and cooled, eventually giving rise to the formation of stars and galaxies.
Today, no other theory of cosmology can successfully explain the wealth of evidence.
UFO Seen Over Las Vegas, Nevada 4-18-2022, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Seen Over Las Vegas, Nevada 4-18-2022, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 18, 2022
Location of sighting: Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
Watch this amazing catch in Las Vegas, Nevada a few days ago. An eyewitness heard something loud that sounds like a jet and opened his phone to record, just in time to catch a strange object passing overhead. The object sounds like a jet, but looks alien made. I believe this craft could be one of USAF top secret evolutions of the TR3B, which started out as a triangle, but may have evolved into a new generation of spheres. Nellis AFB is in Las Vegas outskirts, and is a known testing ground for alien tech. Watch the video and its slow motion close up I made at the end. I have never seen a man made craft that looks like this before, and I worked on the flight line on B-1 bombers at Ellsworth AFB long ago.
UFO Near Space Station During Space Walk, April 18, 2022, HD Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Near Space Station During Space Walk, April 18, 2022, HD Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: April 18, 2022
Location of sighitng: Space Station Source:NASA Live Cams
Now this is really confusing at what this could be. I know its not the SpaceX capsule because it would not be docking or leaving while there is a space walk going on, because it would jeopardize the safety of the astronauts. I also know that this is not the moon, since I have watched this cam for over 15 years and have seen the moon many times, it much bigger than this. This object has the shape and color of an alien craft. Notice how it hangs back, watching the astronauts do a space walk from a distance. Perhaps they are there not only to observe, but to lend a hand in case of emergencies. If the spacewalk goes bad, an astronaut could die before he or she gets back into the space station. These aliens are clearly not trying to hide, and yet, not trying to frighten the astronauts.
Tunnel Cloud, A UFO Freeway Within, Babylon, New York, April 14, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Tunnel Cloud, A UFO Freeway Within, Babylon, New York, April 14, 2022, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting:April 14, 2022
Location of sighting: Babylon, New York, USA
Wow! This was seen not just in Babylon, New York but clear across New York along the waters edge, past Long Island. I have seen similar tunnels before. The tunnels are used by aliens as a transportation highway. The cloud is being contained by a forcefield that holds it together in a beam from one end to the other by maintenance UFOs. Then later larger orb UFOs often the size of city buses will transport through one after another with about a 2-3 minute space in between. This way, they move from one place on the planet to another unseen. There are many alien bases on Earth, not just one. There are said to be over ten thousand bases here. So UFOs are necessary to carry supplies, people, dignitaries and items back and forth. I'm sure many will doubt me on this, but I stake not only my reputation on this being true, but a similar sighting I personally had in the USAF at Rapid City, South Dakota back in 1990 is why I am reporting UFOs today. And yes, I saw four such tunnels starting above our parking lot, on a clear blue sky day. Each tunnel side by side. Not a cloud in the sky, but the tunnels. Then a grumbling noise and a huge 747 ball lit up at the end right above me. Then it slowly moved down the tunnel, increasing speed faster and faster until it disappeared over the horizon within the tunnel. Then another would appear in a tunnel next to it, and it all started again and again over 25X but I had to got to work at Ellsworth AFB so I'm sure I missed some. True story, like it or not. Its 100% real.
The quake was so ruinous, humans fled the area for 1,000 years.
The earthquake sent waves as high as 66 feet 5000 miles across the Pacific Ocean.
(Image credit: Shutterstock)
Archaeologists have found evidence of the largest known earthquake in human history — a terrifying magnitude-9.5 megaquake that caused a 5,000-mile-long (8,000 kilometers) tsunami and prompted human populations to abandon nearby coastlines for 1,000 years, a new study finds.
The earthquake struck about 3,800 years ago in what is now northern Chile when a tectonic plate rupture lifted the region's coastline. The subsequent tsunami was so powerful, it created waves as high as 66 feet (20 meters) and traveled all the way to New Zealand, where it hurled car-size boulders hundreds of miles inland, the researchers found.
Until now, the largest earthquake ever recorded was the 1960 Valdivia earthquake, which hit southern Chile with a magnitude between 9.4 and 9.6, killing up to 6,000 people and sending tsunamis barreling across the Pacific Ocean. The rupture that caused the Valdivia earthquake was enormous, extending as far as 500 miles (800 km) in length. But, as scientists detail in research published April 6 in the journal Science Advances, the newly discovered ancient megaquake was even bigger, coming from a rupture roughly 620 miles (1,000 km) long.
"It had been thought that there could not be an event of that size in the north of the country simply because you could not get a long enough rupture," study co-author James Goff, a geologist at the University of Southampton in England, said in a statement.
Like the Valdivia earthquake, the ancient quake was a megathrust earthquake, the most powerful type of earthquake in the world. These earthquakes occur when one of Earth's tectonic plates gets forced, or subducted, underneath another. The two plates eventually get locked into place by friction, but the forces that caused the plates to collide continue to build. Eventually, so much strain gathers that the point of contact between the plates rips apart, creating a gigantic rupture and releasing energy in the form of devastating seismic waves.
Evidence for the giant quake was found in marine and coastal items — such as littoral deposits (boulders, pebbles and sand native to coastal regions) and marine rocks, shells and sea life — that the researchers discovered displaced far inland in Chile's Atacama Desert.
"We found evidence of marine sediments and a lot of beasties that would have been living quietly in the sea before being thrown inland," Goff said in the statement. "And we found all these very high up and a long way inland, so it could not have been a storm that put them there."
To get a better sense of what brought these deposits so far from the sea, the researchers used radiocarbon dating. This method involves measuring the quantities of carbon 14, a radioactive carbon isotope, found inside a material to determine its age. As carbon 14 is everywhere on Earth, deposits easily absorb it while they form. The half-life of carbon 14, or the time it takes for half of it to radioactively decay, is 5,730 years, making it ideal for scientists who want to peer back into the last 50,000 years of history by checking how much undecayed carbon 14 a material has.
After dating 17 deposits across seven separate dig sites over 370 miles (600 km) of Chile's northern coast, the researchers found that the ages of the out-of-place coastal material suggested that it had been washed inland some 3,800 years ago.
Further evidence also came in the form of ancient stone structures that the archaeologists excavated. These stone walls, built by humans, were found lying beneath the tsunami's deposits, and some were lying backward, pointing toward the sea, suggesting that they had been toppled by the strong currents of the tsunami's backwash.
"The local population there were left with nothing," Goff said. "Our archaeological work found that a huge social upheaval followed as communities moved inland beyond the reach of tsunamis. It was over 1,000 years before people returned to live at the coast again, which is an amazing length of time given that they relied on the sea for food.
As this is the oldest known discovery in the Southern Hemisphere of an earthquake and tsunami devastating human lives, the researchers are excited to probe the region further. They think their research could better inform us of the potential dangers of future megathrust quakes.
"While this had a major impact on people in Chile, the South Pacific islands were uninhabited when they took a pummeling from the tsunami 3,800 years ago," Goff said. "But they are all well-populated now, and many are popular tourist destinations. So when such an event occurs next time, the consequences could be catastrophic unless we learn from these findings."
Wetenschappers vinden bewijzen van mogelijk zwaarste aardbeving die de mens ooit meemaakte
De sterkste aardbeving ooit gemeten was tot nu toe die van Valdivia in Zuid-Chili op 22 mei 1960. De beving had een kracht van ongeveer 9,5 op de momentmagnitudeschaal. Maar wetenschappers hebben nu bewijzen gevonden van een nóg grotere mega-aardbeving op onze planeet. Die vond zo’n 3.800 jaar geleden plaats in het noorden van Chili en is, voor zover geweten, de zwaarste die de mensheid ooit te verwerken kreeg.
Als gevolg van de Valdivia-aardbeving borrelden verwoestende tsunami’s op uit de Stille Oceaan. In totaal lieten zo’n 6.000 mensen het leven bij de megabeving. De enorme breuklijn die de aardbeving veroorzaakte, strekte zich uit over een lengte van 800 kilometer.
De nieuw ontdekte megabeving uit de oudheid, beschreven in een artikel in het wetenschappelijke tijdschrift ‘Science Advances’, was het gevolg van een breuklijn die nóg langer was: ruwweg 1.000 kilometer. De bewuste aardbeving vond ongeveer 3.800 jaar geleden plaats in wat nu het noorden van Chili is.
De kustlijn werd toen opgetild door subductie, een fenomeen waarbij een tektonische plaat van de aarde onder een andere schuift. De twee platen worden op hun plaats gehouden door wrijving, maar de krachten die de platen hebben doen botsen, blijven toenemen. Uiteindelijk zal het contactpunt tussen de platen uit elkaar scheuren, waardoor er een gigantische breuk ontstaat en er energie vrijkomt in de vorm van verwoestende seismische golven.
3.800 jaar geleden leidde de aardbeving tot tsunamigolven met hoogtes van 20 meter, die zelfs tot Nieuw-Zeeland reikten, meer dan 8.000 kilometer verderop. Volgens de onderzoekers werden daar rotsblokken zo groot als auto’s tot honderden kilometers landinwaarts geslingerd.
De megabeving had een kracht van 9,5 op de momentmagnitudeschaal, de verbeterde schaal van Richter. De mensheid zou nadien de kustregio duizend jaar lang mijden.
Bewijzen voor die reusachtige aardbeving vonden wetenschappers in zee- en kustafzettingen, in zeegesteenten, schelpen en ander marien leven. De onderzoekers troffen dat soort afzettingsmateriaal ver landinwaarts aan in de Chileense Atacamawoestijn. “We vonden bewijs van mariene sedimenten en een heleboel beestjes die rustig in de zee zouden hebben geleefd tot ze op het land werden geworpen”, verduidelijkt geoloog James Goff, die meeschreef aan de studie. “En we vonden ze allemaal heel hoog en ver landinwaarts, wat betekent dat het geen storm kan zijn geweest die ze tot daar heeft gebracht.” Dat het 3.800 jaar geleden is dat die mariene afzettingen naar een onnatuurlijke plaats landinwaarts werden gedreven, konden de onderzoekers berekenen via koolstofdatering. Die moderne dateringsmethode werd toegepast op zeventien afzettingen, aangetroffen op zeven afzonderlijke opgravingsplaatsen, verspreid over een afstand van 600 kilometer langs de noordkust van Chili.
Een ander bewijs bestaat uit oude stenen muren, gebouwd door mensen en opgegraven door de archeologen. Ze zaten verborgen onder de afzettingen van de tsunami en lagen soms achterover in de richting van de zee, wat erop wijst dat ze zijn omgevallen door de sterke stroming, veroorzaakt door de terugslag van de tsunamigolven.
Volgens Goff trok de bevolking, die niets meer had, na de tsunami landinwaarts. Pas meer dan duizend jaar later zouden mensen de kuststreek weer opzoeken om er te gaan wonen. “Dat is een verbazingwekkend lange tijd, want ze waren voor hun voedsel afhankelijk van de zee”, legt Goff uit. Hij voegt eraan toe dat de gigantische aardbeving weliswaar zware gevolgen had voor de Chileense bevolking, maar dat de eilanden in de Stille Zuidzee 3.800 jaar geleden nog onbewoond waren. Dat is vandaag anders. “Ze zijn nu allemaal goed bevolkt en het zijn vaak ook populaire toeristische bestemmingen”, zegt de wetenschapper, die daarom de regio verder wil bestuderen. “Als zo’n gebeurtenis zich nog eens zou voordoen, kunnen de gevolgen catastrofaal zijn, tenzij we van onze bevindingen leren.”
Jupiters maan Europa bevat mogelijk water waarin leven kan bestaan, zeggen wetenschappers
Wetenschappers zijn ervan overtuigd dat Jupiters maan, Europa, mogelijk water bevat waarin leven kan bestaan. Dat stellen ze vast nadat ze oppervlaktekenmerken vonden die vergelijkbaar zijn met die op de Groenlandse ijskap. Ondergrondse poelen met zout water kunnen er heel reëel zijn, zeggen de onderzoekers die geloven dat de plaatsen veelbelovende plekken kunnen zijn om te zoeken naar tekenen van leven buiten de aarde.
Het bewijs voor de ondiepe poelen, niet ver onder het bevroren oppervlak van de maan, kwam aan het licht toen wetenschappers van Stanford opmerkten dat reusachtige parallelle bergkammen die zich honderden kilometers uitstrekken op Europa, opvallend veel leken op een veel kleinere dubbele bergkam die ze in het noordwesten van Groenland hadden gezien. De bergkammen van Europa kunnen tot 300 meter hoog zijn en worden gescheiden door valleien van een halve mijl (805 meter) breed.
Gewapend met radar- en andere waarnemingen van de Groenlandse bergkammen, begonnen ze te begrijpen hoe die zijn ontstaan. “Op de Groenlandse ijskap is een kleine dubbele bergkam te zien die bijna precies lijkt op de bergkammen die we op het oppervlak van Jupiters maan Europa zien”, zegt Riley Culberg, een promovendus en geofysicus aan Stanford. “En de reden dat het opwindend is om deze analoge eigenschap in Groenland te hebben, is dat we al ongeveer 20 jaar proberen te achterhalen wat juist de dubbele richels op Europa maakt.”
Als de bergkammen die de maan doorkruisen op dezelfde manier zijn gevormd als die op Groenland, dan is de kans reëel dat er zich ondergronds water op het hemellichaam bevindt. En dat biedt dan weer de mogelijkheid tot leven buiten de aarde. “Vloeibaar water dicht bij het oppervlak van de ijskap is echt een veelbelovend teken als we zoeken naar plaatsen waar leven een kans kan krijgen”, zei Dustin Schroeder, universitair hoofddocent geofysica aan de Stanford Universiteit.
Via breuken in de ijsschelp
Europa is iets kleiner dan de maan van de aarde en is 2.000 mijl (ongeveer 3.220 km) breed. Het werd een belangrijke kanshebber in de zoektocht naar leven elders toen waarnemingen van telescopen op de grond en passerende ruimtesondes bewijs vonden van een diepe oceaan 10 tot 15 mijl (16 tot 24 km) onder zijn ijzige oppervlak. Europa’s oceaan is naar schatting 40 tot 100 mijl diep (65 tot 160 km), dus ook al is hij maar een kwart zo breed als de aarde, hij kan toch twee keer zoveel water bevatten als alle oceanen van de aarde bij elkaar.
In ‘Nature Communications’ beschrijven de onderzoekers hoe de dubbele ijsruggen van Groenland, die ongeveer 50 keer kleiner zijn dan die op Europa, zijn ontstaan toen ondiepe plassen water onder de grond bevroren en het oppervlak keer op keer brak, waardoor de dubbele ruggen gestaag omhoog werden gestuwd. “Het is alsof je een blikje frisdrank in de vriezer zet en het ontploft. Het is dat soort druk dat de bergkammen aan het oppervlak omhoog duwt”, stelt Culberg.
In Groenland loopt het water vanuit de meren aan het oppervlak naar de ondergrondse zakken, maar op Europa vermoeden de wetenschappers dat vloeibaar water vanuit de onderliggende oceaan via breuken in de ijsschelp naar het oppervlak wordt geperst. Deze beweging van het water zou kunnen helpen bij de circulatie van chemische stoffen die nodig zijn voor leven in Europa’s oceaan, zo voegen zij eraan toe.
Europa Clipper-missie van de NASA moet duidelijkheid brengen
Michael Manga, professor in de aard- en planeetwetenschappen aan de Universiteit van Californië, Berkeley, die niet bij het onderzoek betrokken was, zegt dat het “aannemelijk” is dat Europa’s richels ontstaan door water dat omhoog wordt geperst. Maar er blijven vragen. “Ik vraag me af waarom de kenmerken op aarde zoveel kleiner zijn”, zegt hij. Hoewel de sterkere zwaartekracht van de aarde zou kunnen verklaren waarom de bergkammen hier lager zijn dan op Europa, is het onduidelijk waarom de valleien tussen de bergkammen ook smaller zijn.
Verwacht wordt dat de Europa Clipper-missie van de NASA, die in 2024 wordt gelanceerd, meer licht zal werpen op de manier waarop de dubbele bergkammen zijn ontstaan wanneer zij een gedetailleerde verkenning van Jupiters maan uitvoert en onderzoekt of zich daar omstandigheden bevinden die geschikt zijn voor leven.
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Massive Black Cube UFO appears above the Sun's Surface
Massive Black Cube UFO appears above the Sun's Surface
On April 15, 2022 the black cube UFO arrives next to the sun and reappears on April 17, 2022 but this time above the surface of the sun.
According to NASA, the black cubes are, in fact, missing data in the pictures but since flares of the sun partially cover the left side of the cube, we assume that the object appears to be real.
Curiously, a similar event occurred nine years earlier in the same month, just a coincidence?
The researchers think that there was a 'backwards universe' before the Big Bang that was then inverted to create the universe we live in today.
They explained: "We investigate the idea that the universe before the Big Bang is the CPT reflection of the universe after the bang, both classically and quantum mechanically."
And, added: "The universe before the bang and the universe after the bang may be viewed as a universe/anti-universe pair, emerging directly into the hot, radiation-dominated era we observe in our past.
"This, in turn, leads to a remarkably economical explanation of the cosmological dark matter."
The wild theory could mean the presence of dark matter in our universe isn't so mysterious after all.
The scientists propose dark matter is actually made up of a type of ghostly particle called right-handed neutrinos.
Neutrino particles are present in our universe but they only spin to the left.
Scientists think it's odd that they haven't found a version that spins to the right as the laws of physics suggest they should be out there.
The researchers think the right spinning particles could be invisible in our universe and could just be represented by dark matter.
Little is known about dark matter in the universe other than it can not be seen but does have a physical effect on other objects.
Researchers think investigating neutrino particles and dark matter further could potentially be a step in proving the 'anti-universe' theory.
Scientists don't think we'd be able to visit the proposed 'anti-universe' because it technically happened before the Big Bang.
The link between CIA and UFO mystery is dated back to 1947. Since then, many CIA officials and the ex-US military personally propelled UFOlogy by giving shocking statements. Former CIA & US military officials such as R. James Woolsey, Derrel Sims, Lue Elizondo, David Fravor, etc. described how the existence of reality all around us that we are unable to perceive could be a major aspect of the UFO phenomenon.
Recently, two veteran CIA officers Jim Semivan & John Ramirez, who have expressed personal interest in UFO/UAP issues and cases, joined the George Knapp show to discuss the CIA’s role in the study of UFOs and their own experiences.
Jim Semivan spent 25 years with the CIA and then joined other former government insiders as part of Tom Delonge’s To the Stars Academy. He detailed how he was inducted into the CIA and learned spycraft, which takes years to master. The CIA works on a “need-to-know” principle, so when it came to UFOs, Semivan was not made specifically aware of research on this topic, though CIA analyst Kit Green was known for pursuing the paranormal.
Jim Semivan worked for 25 years as an Operations Officer for the CIA’s Directorate of Operations.
On Coast to Coast AM Semivan described his own alien-type encounters that occurred to him and his wife starting in 1990, in which beings showed up in their bedroom. The incident was authentic, and not a hypnagogic or dream state, he stipulated. The couple subsequently observed on-and-off poltergeist activity in their home, and more recently, he said he saw a hooded figure that resembled the Death Eater character from Harry Potter, who perhaps materialized to herald the death of a close friend. Semivan said he concurs with a remark made by Skinwalker Ranch researcher Colm Kelleher that the UFO phenomenon is a lot more than nuts & bolts and machines, as there are also psychic and biological elements that ratchet up the high strangeness. To the Stars’ investigation of “metamaterials” with odd isotopic ratios (possibly associated with UFOs) was ongoing, he added.
In the first half of the interview Semivan said:
“I think they mention that the phenomenon is a natural part of our universe, and we’re living in it but we don’t recognize it. The same way that insects and animals don’t recognize the human universe. A cat and a dog could be running through a library, but they don’t have the faintest idea what the books are all about and what libraries are all about. We might be walking through our existence and there’s a whole other reality that surrounds us that we just simply don’t have the ability to see or interact with.”
“It seems to be peeking inside our little consensus reality. As I explained to somebody once, it comes close, it teases us, it cajoles us, it lies to us, but you can never take it home to meet the parents. It won’t allow you to do that. There’s no formal introduction. Add on top that there’s no ontology, which is just a fancy word, it basically means there’s no structure to even discuss this. We don’t have a common lexicon. Somebody said we have dots but no connections. I don’t even think we have dots.”
John Ramirez, a 25-year CIA veteran who specialized in ballistic missile defense systems, was featured in the latter half of the interview. He recalled his long-standing interest in spycraft, and how he shifted from being a Navy officer to the CIA in 1984. He compared intel gathering to being a journalist for a news service, though his sources for reports were typically clandestine.
John Ramirez
Like Semivan, he also experienced what might be considered alien abduction-type experiences, including being placed on an examination table in a circular craft. Interestingly, a number of his counterparts in the CIA and NSA also had UFO experiences, he revealed. In his job related to missile defense, he became aware of times when Russian radar would detect unusual craft, and in one instance, he said they tried to lure a UAP into landing.
Ramirez noted that CIA historian Gerald Haines wrote about the agency’s study of UFOs from 1947 through the 1990s, for a division that was initially called the Office of Scientific Intelligence. What was particularly intriguing to Ramirez was that the division had life sciences and medical people on staff, indicating possible interest in alien bodies.
He also described how an Air Force pilot on the plane that flew near Kamchatka to monitor Russian tests observed a massive “milky white wall” of light flying toward him at 6,200 mph, though the Air Force assumed it was some kind of countermeasure by the Russians. Regarding the military sightings of ‘trans-medium’ UAP like the Tic Tacs, Ramirez said he does not believe that Russia or any other foreign country has the capabilities to produce this kind of antigravity technology.
Lue made these points in several interviews, but in this one, he was asked to elaborate on his comments about how our senses are reductive and limit our reality, and how this might be relevant to the phenomenon. He replied:
“This is something we’ve been dealing with for a long time. Imagine the first person to get on a boat and sail over the horizon. There’s stories of sea monsters and Krakens that will devour you and destroy your boat. Yet, we did it anyways. We did sail, and we explored the world. It turns out, 500 years later, there really are sea monsters. We call them the Great Squid of the Pacific, and great white sharks and whales.
Now they’re just part of nature and have a scientific name, but those sea monsters still exist. They’re there, we just learned to understand them. Maybe this is the same thing. Maybe this is just another expedition over the horizon where we’re going to realize what we thought were monsters are really just neighbors.”
Interestingly, Garry Nolan, Lue Elizondo, Tom DeLonge, and Jacques Vallee say very similar things when it comes to the reality of the phenomenon.
New Horizons has sent back one of its most intriguing images of the surface of Pluto.
It shows a mysterious object appearing to 'slide' through the surface.
Nasa experts believe the object may be a 'dirty block of water ice'.
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Nasa experts believe the object may be a 'dirty block of water ice' which is floating in denser solid nitrogen. Also visible are thousands of pits in the surface, which scientists believe may form by sublimation.
WHERE IT WAS TAKEN
Transmitted to Earth on Dec. 24, this image from the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) extends New Horizons' highest-resolution views of Pluto to the very center of Sputnik Planum, the informally named icy plain that forms the left side of Pluto's 'heart' feature.
Sputnik Planum is at a lower elevation than most of the surrounding area by a couple of miles, but is not completely flat.
Its surface is separated into cells or polygons 10 to 25 miles (16 to 40 kilometers) wide, and when viewed at low sun angles (with visible shadows), the cells are seen to have slightly raised centers and ridged margins, with about 100 yards (100 meters) of overall height variation.
They say it is 'floating' in denser solid nitrogen, and which has been dragged to the edge of a convection cell.
Also visible are thousands of pits in the surface, which scientists believe may form by sublimation.
Transmitted to Earth on Dec. 24, this image from the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) extends New Horizons' highest-resolution views of Pluto to the very center of Sputnik Planum, the informally named icy plain that forms the left side of Pluto's 'heart' feature.
Sputnik Planum is at a lower elevation than most of the surrounding area by a couple of miles, but is not completely flat.
Its surface is separated into cells or polygons 10 to 25 miles (16 to 40 kilometers) wide, and when viewed at low sun angles (with visible shadows), the cells are seen to have slightly raised centers and ridged margins, with about 100 yards (100 meters) of overall height variation.
Mission scientists believe the pattern of the cells stems from the slow thermal convection of the nitrogen-dominated ices that fill Sputnik Planum.
A reservoir that's likely several miles or kilometers deep in some places, the solid nitrogen is warmed at depth by Pluto's modest internal heat, becomes buoyant and rises up in great blobs, and then cools off and sinks again to renew the cycle.
'This part of Pluto is acting like a lava lamp,' said William McKinnon, deputy lead of the New Horizons Geology, Geophysics and Imaging team, from Washington University in St. Louis, 'if you can imagine a lava lamp as wide as, and even deeper than, the Hudson Bay.'
Computer models by the New Horizons team show that these blobs of overturning solid nitrogen can slowly evolve and merge over millions of years. The ridged margins, which mark where cooled nitrogen ice sinks back down, can be pinched off and abandoned.
The 'X' feature is likely one of these—a former quadruple junction where four convection cells meet. Numerous, active triple junctions can be seen elsewhere in the LORRI mosaic.
Scientists from NASA’s New Horizons mission have also combined data from two instruments to create this composite image of Pluto’s informally named Viking Terra area.
Nasa also revealed new images of Pluto’s informally named Viking Terra area.
The combined data includes pictures taken by the spacecraft’s Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) on July 14, 2015, from a range of about 31,000 miles (49,000 kilometers), showing features as small as 1,600 feet (480 meters) across.
Draped over the LORRI mosaic is enhanced color data from the Ralph/Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC), gathered about 20 minutes after the LORRI snapshots were taken, from a range of 21,000 miles (34,000 kilometers) and at a resolution of about 2,100 feet (650 meters) per pixel.
The entire scene is 160 miles (250 kilometers) across.
Among the features scientists find particularly interesting are the bright methane ices that condensed on many crater rims; the collection of dark red tholins (small soot-like particles generated from reactions involving methane and nitrogen in the atmosphere) in low areas, like the bottoms of craters; and the layering on the faces of steep cliffs and on crater walls.
In areas where the reddish material is thickest and the surface appears smooth, the material seems to have flowed into some channels and craters. Scientists say tholin deposits of that thickness aren’t usually mobile on large scales, suggesting that they might be riding along with ice flowing underneath, or being blown around by Pluto’s winds.
The images are the latest to show mysterious 'pits' on the 'heart' of Pluto have been revealed in unprecedented detail, along with colour images of the dwarf planet's 'badlands'.
Mission scientists believe these mysterious indentations may form through a combination of ice fracturing and evaporation.
The scarcity of overlying impact craters in this area also leads scientists to conclude that these pits – typically hundreds of yards across and tens of yards deep – formed relatively recently.
Their alignment provides clues about the ice flow and the exchange of nitrogen and other volatile materials between the surface and the atmosphere.
On July 14 the telescopic camera on NASA's New Horizons spacecraft took the highest resolution images ever obtained of the intricate pattern of 'pits' across a section of Pluto's prominent heart-shaped region, informally named Tombaugh Regio. The image is part of a sequence taken by New Horizons' Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) as the spacecraft passed within 9,550 miles (15,400 kilometers) of Pluto's surface, just 13 minutes before the time of closest approach.
The image is part of a sequence taken by New Horizons' Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) as the spacecraft passed within 9,550 miles (15,400 kilometers) of Pluto's surface, just 13 minutes before the time of closest approach.
The magnified view is 50-by-50 miles (80-by-80 kilometers) across.
The large ring-like structure near the bottom right of the magnified view - and the smaller one near the bottom left - may be remnant craters.
The upper-left quadrant of the image shows the border between the relatively smooth Sputnik Planum ice sheet and the pitted area, with a series of hills forming slightly inside this unusual 'shoreline.'
Pictured here is the mountainous shoreline of Sputnik Planum. In this highest-resolution image from New Horizons, great blocks of Pluto's water-ice crust appear jammed together in the informally named al-Idrisi mountains. 'The mountains bordering Sputnik Planum are absolutely stunning at this resolution,' said New Horizons science team member John Spencer of the Southwest Research Institute
Nasa also revealed a new colourised version of the surface.
This enhanced color mosaic combines some of the sharpest views of Pluto that NASA's New Horizons spacecraft obtained during its July 14 flyby.
The pictures are part of a sequence taken near New Horizons' closest approach to Pluto, with resolutions of about 250-280 feet (77-85 meters) per pixel – revealing features smaller than half a city block on Pluto's surface.
Lower resolution color data (at about 2,066 feet, or 630 meters, per pixel) were added to create this new image.
The images form a strip 50 miles (80 kilometers) wide, trending (top to bottom) from the edge of 'badlands' northwest of the informally named Sputnik Planum, across the al-Idrisi mountains, onto the shoreline of Pluto's 'heart' feature, and just into its icy plains.
They combine pictures from the telescopic Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) taken approximately 15 minutes before New Horizons' closest approach to Pluto, with – from a range of only 10,000 miles (17,000 kilometers) – with color data (in near-infrared, red and blue) gathered by the Ralph/Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) 25 minutes before the LORRI pictures.
This image reveals new details of Pluto's rugged, icy cratered plains, including layering in the interior walls of many craters. 'Impact craters are nature's drill rigs, and the new, highest-resolution pictures of the bigger craters seem to show that Pluto's icy crust, at least in places, is distinctly layered,' said William McKinnon, deputy lead of the New Horizons Geology, Geophysics and Imaging team
'The wide variety of cratered, mountainous and glacial terrains seen here gives scientists and the public alike a breathtaking, super-high-resolution color window into Pluto's geology,' Nasa said.
From its rugged 'badlands' to its mountainous shorelines, the latest pictures are part of a sequence taken 15 minutes before New Horizons' closest approach on July 14.
The science we can do with these images is simply unbelievable
The resolution is stunning. At around 80 metres per pixel, incredible details can be picked out, such as huge ice blocks, dramatic craters and crumpled ridges - all less than half the size of a city block on Pluto's diverse surface.
'These close-up images, showing the diversity of terrain on Pluto, demonstrate the power of our robotic planetary explorers to return intriguing data to scientists back here on planet Earth,' said John Grunsfeld, former astronaut and associate administrator for Nasa's Science Mission Directorate.
'New Horizons thrilled us during the July flyby with the first close images of Pluto, and as the spacecraft transmits the treasure trove of images in its onboard memory back to us, we continue to be amazed by what we see.'
These latest images form a strip 50 miles (80 km) wide on a world three billion miles away.
The pictures trend from Pluto's jagged horizon about 500 miles (800 km) northwest of the informally named Sputnik Planum, across the al-Idrisi mountains, over the shoreline of Sputnik, and across its icy plains.
'These new images give us a breathtaking, super-high resolution window into Pluto's geology,' said New Horizons Principal Investigator Alan Stern, of the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado.
'Nothing of this quality was available for Venus or Mars until decades after their first flybys; yet at Pluto we're there already – down among the craters, mountains and ice fields – less than five months after flyby. The science we can do with these images is simply unbelievable.'
The images were captured with the telescopic Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) aboard New Horizons, about 15 minutes before New Horizons' closest approach to Pluto – from a range of just 10,000 miles (17,000 km).
They were obtained with an unusual observing mode; instead of working in the usual 'point and shoot,' LORRI snapped pictures every three seconds while the Ralph/Multispectral Visual Imaging Camera (MVIC) aboard New Horizons was scanning the surface.
This mode requires unusually short exposures to avoid blurring the images.
These new images are six times better than the resolution of the global Pluto map New Horizons obtained, and five times better than the best images of Pluto's cousin Triton, Neptune's large moon, obtained by Voyager 2 in 1989.
Mission scientists expect more imagery from this set over the next several days, showing even more terrain at this highest resolution.
It follows an image released by Nasa last month showing 10 close-ups of the frosty, faraway world today, representing one Pluto day, which is equivalent to 6.4 Earth days.
Pictured are Pluto's 'Badlands'. This highest-resolution image from Nasa's New Horizons spacecraft shows how erosion and faulting have sculpted this portion of Pluto's icy crust into rugged badlands topography
NEW HORIZONS' NEW MISSION
The spacecraft that gave us the first close-up views of Pluto now has a much smaller object in its sights.
New Horizons is now track to fly past a recently discovered, less than 30-mile-wide object out on the solar system frontier.
The close encounter with what's known as 2014 MU69 would occur in 2019. It orbits nearly 1 billion miles (1.6 billion kilometers) beyond Pluto.
Nasa and the New Horizons team chose 2014 MU69 in August as New Horizons' next potential target, thus the nickname PT-1. Like Pluto, MU69 orbits the sun in the frozen, twilight zone known as the Kuiper Belt.
MU69 is thought to be 10 times larger and 1,000 times more massive than average comets, including the one being orbited right now by Europe's Rosetta spacecraft.
On the other end, MU69 is barely 1 percent the size of Pluto and perhaps one-ten-thousandth the mass of the dwarf planet. So the new target is a good middle ground, according to scientists.
The team plans to formally ask Nasa next year to fund the mission extension for studying MU69.
Scientists promise a better name before showtime on January 1, 2019.
There are dozens of alien contactees who claim that they either visited the extraterrestrials’ spaceships or were contacted by aliens physically & mentally. But the story of Nadira Duran of California began even before her birth. She is also known by her spiritual name, Azi-Azon, which simply means “Ancient.” She basically called herself a spiritual medium (or a channel), who is here to deliver the message of higher beings (Greys & Angels) to save humans from self-destruction. Besides, she is known for her healings, using Tarot, palmistry, giving classes, and lectures.
Before she was born, a huge white light had visited her parents and instructed them on how to raise her. They were told that heavenly beings would give their daughter spiritual knowledge for healing humans. When she was born, her face was covered with two veils (normally, there is one that rarely occurs fewer than 1 in 80,000 births), and after the nurse removed it, she saw her skin glowing and called it a “magic skin.”
Nadira Duran
At that time, her parents lived in a desert in California, and many people wanted to see her magic skin which lasted for 10 days, but her parents were very protective, so they left the place and went to her grandfather’s house in Oregon. Nadira lived there among the farmers and loggers and often went on exploring the place with her younger brother. She said that she had been visited by a not very tall ET many times (whom she designated as the “Cat Man”) when she was only 5 or 6. But it came only in summer, not in other seasons.
“I was small for my age and he had a round face he had curled up eyes very small just like little slits that curled up oh he had yellowish skin which was rough and bumpy you know how you get goosebumps. This is how his skin was and then he had big yellow spots and then from here he had these wild what I thought was hairs they could have been some kind of feelers or something but in my mind’s eye I have always referred to him as a cat man,” Nadira said.
She had lots of conversations with this ET, and he shared some highly advanced information with Nadira which could only be revealed to the future generation. She learned spirituality under the watchful eye of archangels Micheal, Gabriel, Raphael, Sunder Singh, etc. She accepted that she had no power on her own, and whatever she got was taught by the spirits she applied in he alings. Moreover, she does channelings.
Nadira had an interesting incident in her life when she was in her twenties and went to San Francisco with her friend Mary on a business trip. Inadvertently, they found themselves on the wrong way while returning. Mary noticed that they were heading to the Golden Gate Bridge which was not in their path. They felt like under hypnosis of something. The night was clear, but the bridge was covered with a thick fog, and there was no sign of people on it.
Mary was trying hard to accelerate the car, but it did not go fast. Then Nadira looked out of the window and found themselves above the bridge. Her friend’s reaction was rather positive than being shocked. That’s it, she only remembered the part of being lifted up but did not see any ship or light. Next, they were parked somewhere near a hotel and sitting for long in a car till the next morning. What they had witnessed was actually a “Lost Time.” They had no clue what had happened but they lost around 13 hours.
Nadira already knew that they had been abducted by the aliens but did not want her friend to know about it. Somehow, Mary’s boyfriend did hypnosis on her and shockingly, she recalled everything that had happened in those lost hours.
Anyway, they both never discussed it, and years later, in the mid-1980s, Nadira went for a laparoscopy. Her tests were normal, everything was fine but her gall bladder and a rib were missing. Interestingly, she thought it was a mistake because she had never had any surgery, and there is no surgery mark on her abdomen. Later, she recalled her abduction that had happened in the 70s and then found out that an advanced ET technician had removed her gall bladder for goodness. What’s more, she met an alien on the ship, whom she called the “Commander.”
The Commander told her that she was special, not like others. The ship had panels with symbols like ancient languages, and each symbol represented different universes. The Commander took her on a ride to a universe where she saw a purple and pink planet with beings on it. They were smaller in size but had no flesh on their body. Then she returned to the place where they began.
Sketch of grey aliens with a human child
Nadira had many contacts with the Commander who was actually a female Grey alien in a special bodysuit and face mask. The alien told her that their bodies were very fragile, and any germ or bacteria from her could kill them. Their race had a very weak immune system, they had lost the ability to give birth, their women could not get pregnant and outnumbered the men. So, to strengthen her (Grey) race, they had been mixing themselves with humans.
Surprisingly, the Commander told her that they were actually from the Earth and time-traveled from the future to find her through genetic codes. The grey told her about a great disaster that would come in the future, and that the “New World Order” would destroy humanity. Nadira saw a scene of 9/11 and various riots that were going to happen in the future through time travel. The grey alien told her that there were people who wanted to enslave humans. Their biggest goal was only to start a war and earn money. Those people were not any world leaders or presidents.
The commander said: “Ones who are in power today on your earth rule you by fear. The ones who are in power are not the ones that are the kings and the presidents. There are a select few that are in power, these are the ones that want the New World Order these are the ones that want to enslave the people of Earth. These are the ones who will be the downfall of Earth because they are warmongers these are the ones that are wanting to make money because money is their God.”
Nadira said that her main purpose on Earth is to enlighten humans about infinite love which is their only chance to survive, otherwise they would end up like the Greys. From her knowledge that she received from spirits and the Cat Man, she wants to help people to have peace.
16 Psyche is an asteroid full of metal in the asteroid belt that could be worth $700 quintillion.
NASA plans to visit 16 Psyche by 2026.
Commercial mining of faraway asteroids could still be decades away and some set closer targets, like the moon.
Would you like to be a billionaire? All you have to do is figure out how to go into space and mine 16 Psyche, an asteroid made of gold and other metals like iron and nickel. Flying somewhere between Mars and Jupiter, this amazing space rock is estimated to be worth as much as $700 quintillion, thanks to all the metals it contains.
Quintillion, if you are wondering, is 1 with 18 zeroes. It’s such a large amount of money that if you divide it up between everyone alive on Earth currently, each person would get about $93 billion.
Of course, don’t pack your bags for your new palace just yet – the prospect of actually getting such a giant chunk of precious metals back to Earth is difficult and hasn’t been accomplished yet even on much smaller scales. And 16 Psyche is a truly massive space rock at over 200 km (120 mi) in diameter. It is one of the largest asteroids flying in the asteroid belt.
Experts, like Professor Zarnecki of the Royal Astronomical Society, conjecture we may be up to 50 years away from being able to carry out commercial mining operations of that size. To start things off, NASA is planning to send a Discovery Mission to the asteroid in 2022, which will arrive there by 2026.
Some skeptics also don’t believe the asteroid is as full of expensive things as we think, with Peter Schiff of Euro Pacific Capital tweeting that 16 Psyche may just be “made almost entirely of an iron-nickel alloy, with small amounts of other metals, likely to include gold.” He thinks the news about the asteroid are just out there to help bitcoin, which would benefit from the price of gold going down.
There are also other questions to consider – if it really is so full of gold and other riches, the asteroid could actually crash Earth’s economy, which at $75.5 trillion is a pittance against the amount of money one could get from the asteroid.
Artist’s conceptual drawing of the Psyche spacecraft, which will be used to directly explore 16 Psyche.
Maxar/ASU/P. Rubin/NASA/JPL-Caltech
Veteran miner Scott Moore, CEO of the mining company EuroSun Mining, explained to Oil Price that: “The ‘Titans of Gold’ now control hundreds of the best-producing properties around the world, but the 4-5 million ounces of gold they bring to the market every year pales in comparison to the conquests available in space.”
Of course, the thinking that a space gold rush that discovers a vast amount of heavy metals could bring down Earth’s affairs is based on the current state of economy and the needs of the present day. Decades from now our requirements for metal might be entirely different.
16 Psyche was actually discovered back in 1852 by the Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis, and named after the Greek mythological character Psyche.
Besides this giant rock in the asteroid belt, there are other mining opportunities much closer to Earth. Moore points out that while Psyche “may be the Holy Grail of space exploration for gold,” near-Earth asteroids are much better first targets for mining. Even our moon might be a better place to start such operations. It also has gold as well as platinum and other rare earth metals.
In other nearer goals, Deep Space Industries and Planetary Resources each plan to mine the 2011 UW158 asteroid, worth up to $5.7 trillion.
Lest you think this is all science fiction, Morgan Stanley projects the global space economy to be already worth $350 billion, which it thinks will grow to trillions by 2040. The race is on between the U.S., China, Japan and even small Luxembourg, which has 10 space-mining companies registered.
Why is NASA sending a spacecraft to a metal world? – Linda T. Elkins-Tantonµ
A new global analysis of the last 19 million years of seafloor spreading rates found they have been slowing down. Geologists want to know why the seafloor is getting sluggish.
New oceanic crust forms continuously along rifts thousands of miles long on the seafloor, driven by plate tectonics. As subduction pulls old crust down, rifts open up like fissures in an effusive volcano, drawing hot crust toward the surface. Once at the surface, the crust begins to cool and gets pushed away from the rift, replaced by hotter, younger crust.
Painting of the Mid-Ocean Ridge with rift axis by Heinrich Berann based on the scientific profiles of Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen (1977).
This cycle is called seafloor spreading, and its rate shapes many global processes, including sea level and the carbon cycle. Faster rates tend to cause more volcanic activity, which releases greenhouse gases, so deciphering spreading rates helps contextualize long-term changes in the atmosphere.
Dalton and her co-authors studied magnetic records for 18 of the world's largest spreading ridges, using seafloor ages and their areas to calculate how much ocean crust each ridge has produced over the last 19 million years. Each ridge evolved a little differently: some lengthened, some shrank; some sped up, but almost all slowed down. The overall result of Dalton's work is that average seafloor spreading slowed down by as much as 40% over that time.
(stock image only)
Today, spreading rates top out around 140 millimeters per year, but peaked around 200 millimeters per year just 15 million years ago in some places, according to the new study. The study was published in the AGU journal Geophysical Research Letters, which publishes high-impact, short-format reports with immediate implications spanning all Earth and space sciences.
The slowdown is a global average, the result of varying spreading rates from ridge to ridge. The study examined 18 ridges, but took a particularly close look at the eastern Pacific, home to some of the globe's fastest spreading ridges. Because these slowed greatly, some by nearly 100 millimeters per year slower compared to 19 million years ago, they dragged down the world's average spreading rates.
It's a complex problem to solve, made more difficult by the seafloor's slow and steady self-destruction.
"We know more about the surfaces of some other planets than we do our own seafloor," said Colleen Dalton, a geophysicist at Brown University who led the new study. "One of the challenges is the lack of perfect preservation. The seafloor is destroyed, so we're left with an incomplete record."
The seafloor is destroyed in subduction zones, where oceanic crust slides under continents and sinks back into the mantle, and is reforged at seafloor spreading ridges. This cycle of creation and destruction takes about every 180 million years, the age of the oldest seafloor. The crust's magnetic record tracks this pattern, producing identifiable strips every time the Earth's magnetic field reverses.
Dalton and her co-authors studied magnetic records for 18 of the world's largest spreading ridges, using seafloor ages and their areas to calculate how much ocean crust each ridge has produced over the last 19 million years. Each ridge evolved a little differently: some lengthened, some shrank; some sped up, but almost all slowed down. The overall result of Dalton's work is that average seafloor spreading slowed down by as much as 40% over that time.
The driver here might be located at subduction zones rather than spreading ridges: for example, as the Andes grow along the western edge of the South American continent, the mountains push down on the crust.
"Think of it as increased friction between the two colliding tectonic plates," Dalton said. "A slowdown in convergence there could ultimately cause a slowdown in spreading at nearby ridges." A similar process could have operated underneath the Himalaya, with the rapidly growing range slowing spreading along the ridges in the Indian Ocean.
However, Dalton points out, this added friction can't be the only driver of the slowdown, because she found slowing rates globally and mountain growth is regional. Larger-scale processes, like changes in mantle convection, could also be playing a role. In all likelihood, she concludes, it's a combination of both. To learn more, Dalton hopes to collect absolute plate speeds, rather than the relative speeds used in this study, which will better allow her to determine the cause of the slowdown.
OCEANISCHE SPREIDING GAAT STEEDS LANGZAMER - EN WETENSCHAPPERS BEGRIJPEN ER NIETS VAN
OCEANISCHE SPREIDING GAAT STEEDS LANGZAMER - EN WETENSCHAPPERS BEGRIJPEN ER NIETS VAN
Vivian Lammerse
Tragere spreidingssnelheden kunnen leiden tot een daling van de uitstoot van broeikasgassen door vulkanen. En dus willen onderzoekers hier het fijne van weten.
Wetenschappers hebben ineen nieuwe studie de zogenaamde ‘oceanische spreiding’ gedurende de afgelopen 19 miljoen jaar geanalyseerd. Het leidt tot een frappante ontdekking. Want uit de analyse blijkt dat de oceanische spreiding tegenwoordig een stuk langzamer gaat. Maar waarom?
Oceanische spreiding Aangedreven door platentektoniek vormt zich voortdurend een nieuwe oceanische korst langs duizenden kilometers lange spleten op de zeebodem. In zekere zin zou je kunnen zeggen dat het aardoppervlak hier dus groeit. Maar onze planeet wordt niet groter, doordat de groei gecompenseerd wordt door subductie die elders plaatsvindt. Hierbij wordt de oude korst naar beneden getrokken. Uit de aardmantel komt warm materiaal omhoog in de vorm van magma, dat de ruimte die in de korst ontstaat, opvult. Dit magma zorgt vervolgens voor vulkanisme op de plaatgrens, waardoor er een nieuwe korst van gestold magma wordt gevormd. Eenmaal aan de oppervlakte koelt de korst af en wordt weggeduwd van de spleet waar vervolgens weer meer nieuwe korst kan ontstaan. En deze cyclus noemen we oceanische spreiding.
Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain
Snelheid De snelheid van de oceanische spreiding bepaalt veel mondiale processen, waaronder het zeeniveau en de koolstofcyclus. Wanneer de oceanische spreiding versnelt, kan dit leiden tot meer vulkanisme, waardoor er weer meer broeikasgassen vrijkomen. Wanneer de oceanische spreiding vertraagt, kan dit juist leiden tot een daling van de uitstoot van broeikasgassen door vulkanen. Kortom, het ontcijferen van de spreidingssnelheden helpt om langetermijnveranderingen in de atmosfeer in kaart te brengen.
Studie In het nieuwe onderzoek bestudeerde het team 18 verschillende oceanische ruggen waar oceanische spreiding plaatsvindt. In het bijzonder concentreerden de onderzoekers zich op ruggen in de oostelijke Stille Oceaan. De onderzoekers bepaalden de leeftijd van de zeebodem om zo te berekenen hoeveel oceaankorst elke rug in de afgelopen 19 miljoen jaar heeft gevormd.
Langzamer Uit de resultaten blijkt dat elke rug een beetje anders is geëvolueerd; sommige werden langer terwijl andere slonken. Maar opvallend genoeg was er één gemeenschappelijke deler: op bijna alle ruggen verloopt de oceanische spreiding tegenwoordig een stuk langzamer. De onderzoekers komen zelfs tot de verrassende ontdekking dat de gemiddelde oceanische verspreiding gedurende de laatste 19 miljoen jaar met maar liefst 40 procent is vertraagd.
Waarom? De prangende vraag is natuurlijk waarom de oceanische spreiding vertraagt. Dit is echter niet zo gemakkelijk te achterhalen, mede door de langzame en gestage zelfvernietiging van de zeebodem (in de eerder genoemde subductiezones). “We weten meer over de oppervlakken van sommige andere planeten dan over onze eigen zeebodem,” zegt onderzoeker Colleen Dalton. “Eén van de uitdagingen is het gebrek aan bewaring. De zeebodem wordt vernietigd, dus we beschikken niet over alle informatie.”
Subductiezones De onderzoekers hebben wel een theorie. Zo vermoeden ze dat we het antwoord in de subductiezones moeten zoeken. Als de Andes bijvoorbeeld groeit aan de westelijke rand van het Zuid-Amerikaanse continent, dan drukken de bergen op de korst. “Zie het als een verhoogde wrijving tussen twee botsende, tektonische platen,” legt Dalton uit. “Een vertraging van de convergentie zou daar uiteindelijk een vertraging van de verspreiding op nabijgelegen bergkammen kunnen veroorzaken.”
Combinatie Dalton wijst er echter op dat deze extra wrijving niet de enige oorzaak van de vertraging hoeft te zijn. Ook grootschaligere processen, zoals veranderingen in mantelconvectie, kunnen een rol spelen. “Naar alle waarschijnlijkheid is het een combinatie van beide,” zo concludeert ze.
Waarom de oceanische verspreiding dus vertraagt? Vooralsnog moeten onderzoekers ons het antwoord schuldig blijven. Om het mysterie te onthullen, hoopt Dalton in vervolgonderzoek absolute, plaatselijke spreidingssnelheden te verzamelen. Hierdoor denkt ze de oorzaak van de vertraging beter te kunnen bepalen.
518-Million-Year-Old-Rocks Suggest Animal And Human Life May Have First Emerged In China – Scientists Say
518-Million-Year-Old-Rocks Suggest Animal And Human Life May Have First Emerged In China – Scientists Say
Jan Bartek - AncientPages.com - A new study based on an analysis of 518'million-year-old rocks that contain the oldest collection of fossils that researchers have on record. The researchers believe that Chengjian, a city in the mountainous Yunnan Province of China, is the origin of many of today’s species, including humans. This site is where complex organisms first developed, an event known as the ‘Cambrian Explosion’, a major time period in the history of the Earth.
Arthropod (Naroia).
Credit: Dr Xiaoya Ma
The ancestors of many animal species alive today may have lived in a delta in what is now China, new research suggests.
The Cambrian Explosion, more than 500 million years ago, saw the rapid spread of bilaterian species—symmetrical along a central line, like most of today's animals (including humans).
The 518-million-year-old Chengjiang Biota—in Yunnan, southwest China—is one of the oldest groups of animal fossils currently known to science and a key record of the Cambrian Explosion.
Fossils of more than 250 species have been found there, including various worms, arthropods (ancestors of living shrimps, insects, spiders, scorpions), and even the earliest vertebrates (ancestors of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals).
The new study finds for the first time that this environment was a shallow-marine, nutrient-rich delta affected by storm floods.
The Cambrian seas teemed with new types of animal, such as the predator Anomalocaris (centre).
Credit: John Sibbick/Natural History Museum
The area is now on land in the mountainous Yunnan Province, but the team studied rock core samples that show evidence of marine currents in the past environment.
"The Cambrian Explosion is now universally accepted as a genuine rapid evolutionary event, but the causal factors for this event have been long debated, with hypotheses on environmental, genetic, or ecological triggers," said senior author Dr. Xiaoya Ma, a palaeobiologist at the University of Exeter and Yunnan University.
"The discovery of a deltaic environment shed new light on understanding the possible causal factors for the flourishing of these Cambrian bilaterian animal-dominated marine communities and their exceptional soft-tissue preservation.
"The unstable environmental stressors might also contribute to the adaptive radiation of these early animals."
Co-lead author Farid Saleh, a sedimentologist and taphonomist at Yunnan University, said: "We can see from the association of numerous sedimentary flows that the environment hosting the Chengjiang Biota was complex and certainly shallower than what has been previously suggested in the literature for similar animal communities."
Changshi Qi, the other co-lead author, and a geochemist at the Yunnan University, added: "Our research shows that the Chengjiang Biota mainly lived in a well-oxygenated shallow-water deltaic environment.
"Storm floods transported these organisms down to the adjacent deep oxygen-deficient settings, leading to the exceptional preservation we see today."
Fish (Myllokunmingia).
Credit: Dr Xiaoya Ma
Co-author Luis Buatois, a paleontologist and sedimentologist at the University of Saskatchewan, said: "The Chengjiang Biota, as is the case of similar faunas described elsewhere, is preserved in fine-grained deposits.
"Our understanding of how these muddy sediments were deposited has changed dramatically during the last 15 years.
"Application of this recently acquired knowledge to the study of fossiliferous deposits of exceptional preservation will change dramatically our understanding of how and where these sediments accumulated."
The results of this study are important because they show that most early animals tolerated stressful conditions, such as salinity (salt) fluctuations, and high amounts of sediment deposition.
This contrasts with earlier research suggesting that similar animals colonized deeper-water, more stable marine environments.
"It is hard to believe that these animals were able to cope with such a stressful environmental setting," said M. Gabriela Mángano, a palaeontologist at the University of Saskatchewan, who has studied other well-known sites of exceptional preservation in Canada, Morocco, and Greenland.
Lobopodian worm (Luolishania).
Credit: Dr Xiaoya Ma
Maximiliano Paz, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Saskatchewan who specializes in fine-grained systems, added: "Access to sediment cores allowed us to see details in the rock which are commonly difficult to appreciate in the weathered outcrops of the Chengjiang area."
The arthropod Leanchoilia from the Qingjiang fossil site, China.
Image credit: Fu et al, doi: 10.1126/science.aau8800.
This work is an international collaboration between Yunnan University, the University of Exeter, the University of Saskatchewan, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the University of Lausanne, and the University of Leicester.
The research was funded by the Chinese Postdoctoral Science Foundation, the Natural Science Foundation of China, the State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and by the George J. McLeod Enhancement Chair in Geology.
A reconstruction of early Cambrian ocean life in South China.
L. A. Marzulli is an author, lecturer and filmmaker. He has penned 12 books including The Nephilim Trilogy which made the CBA best sellers list. He received an honorary doctorate for the series from his mentor Dr. I. D. E. Thomas, who was the Provost at Pacific International University. He was also honored with the Gold Medallion award from Chuck Missler at the K-House conference in 2014. His series On the Trail of the Nephilim I & II are full-color, over-sized books, which uncover startling evidence that there has been a massive cover-up of what he believes are the remains of the Nephilim, the giants mentioned in the Bible.
Marzulli teamed up with film producer Richard Shaw to create The Watchers series. There are now 11 installments in the series and Watchers 7: UFO Physical Evidence won UFO Best Film and the Peoples Choice Awards, at the UFO Congress in 2014. Marzulli and Shaw took their second trip to Peru in January of 2014, filming ancient artifacts and megalithic structures at various locations, and also filmed the unwrapping of a 2000-year-old mummy skull, at Sr. Juan Navarro’s Paracas History Museum, which was revealed in Watchers 8. Marzulli has launched a new series, The Watchman Chronicles and his first independent film was released in March of 2017. The title of the series is “In Their Own Words: UFOs are Real!”
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