Space roar: The mystery of the loudest sound in the universe

By David Crookes

The powerful signal was six times louder than expected

The space roar makes space six-times louder than expected 

(Image credit: Tobias Roetsch/Future)

Jump to:

• A surprisingly strong signal
• Is the space roar coming from inside the Milky Way?
• Extragalactic origin?
• How the 13-year-old mystery could be solved
• Additional resources

In space, nobody can hear you scream, but with the right equipment, it is possible to detect a roar. That's what scientists discovered back in 2006 when they began to look for distant signals in the universe using a complex instrument fixed to a huge balloon that was sent to space. The instrument was able to pick up radio waves from the heat of distant stars, but what came through that year was nothing short of astounding.

As the instrument listened from a height of about 23 miles (37 kilometers), it picked up a signal that was six times louder than expected by cosmologists. Because it was too loud to be early stars and far greater than the predicted combined radio emission from distant galaxies, the powerful signal caused great puzzlement. And scientists still don't know what is causing it, even today. What's more, it could hamper efforts to search for signals from the first stars that formed after the Big Bang.

The instrument that detected the mysterious roaring signal was the Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology, Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission (ARCADE)(opens in new tab), which NASA built to extend the study of the cosmic microwave background spectrum at lower frequencies. 

Related: 

• What noises do planets make?

The mission's science goals — as ARCADE floated high above Earth's atmosphere, free of interference from our planet — were to find heat from the first generation of stars, search for particle physics relics from the Big Bang and observe the formation of the first stars and galaxies. It accomplished these goals by scanning 7% of the night sky for radio signals since distant light becomes radio waves as it loses energy over distance.

A SURPRISINGLY STRONG SIGNAL

ARCADE was able to make "absolutely calibrated zero-level" measurements, which means it was measuring the actual brightness of something in real physical terms rather than relative terms. This was different from typical radio telescopes, which observe and contrast two points in the sky. By looking at all of the "light" and comparing it to a blackbody source, ARCADE was able to see the combination of many dim sources. It was then that the intensity of one particular signal became apparent, albeit over many months.

"While it might make a good movie to see us surprised when we see the light meter pop over to a value six times what was expected, we actually spent years getting ready for our balloon flight and a very busy night taking data," said NASA scientist Dale J. Fixsen. "It then took months of data analysis to first separate instrumental effects from the signal and then to separate galactic radiation from the signal. So the surprise was gradually revealed over months." That said, the impact was still huge.

Since then, scientists have looked to see where the radiation is coming from while looking to describe the properties of the signal. The latter became apparent rather quickly. 

"It's a diffuse signal coming from all directions, so it is not caused by any one single object," said Al Kogut, who headed the ARCADE team at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. "The signal also has a frequency spectrum, or 'color,' that is similar to radio emission from our own Milky Way galaxy."

Scientists call the signal "radio synchrotron background" — background being an emission from many individual sources and blending together into a diffuse glow. But because the "space roar" is caused by synchrotron radiation, a type of emission from high-energy charged particles in magnetic fields, and because every source has the same characteristic spectrum, pinpointing the origin of this intense signal is difficult.

"It has been known since the late 1960s that the combined radio emission from distant galaxies should form a diffuse radio background coming from all directions," Kogut told All About Space in an email. "The space roar is similar to this expected signal, but there doesn't seem to be six times more galaxies in the distant universe to make up the difference, which could point to something new and exciting as the source."

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IS THE SPACE ROAR COMING FROM INSIDE THE MILKY WAY?

Whether or not this source is inside or outside the Milky Way is under debate.

"There are good arguments why it cannot be coming from within the Milky Way, and good arguments for why it cannot be coming from outside the galaxy," Kogut said.

One reason it probably isn't coming from within our galaxy is because the roar doesn't seem to follow the spatial distribution of Milky Way radio emission. But nobody is saying for certain that the signal isn't from a source closer to home — only that the smart money is on it coming from elsewhere.

ALL ABOUT SPACE

• This article is brought to you by All About Space(opens in new tab).

All About Space(opens in new tab) magazine takes you on an awe-inspiring journey through our solar system and beyond, from the amazing technology and spacecraft that enables humanity to venture into orbit, to the complexities of space science.

"I wouldn't quite say that scientists have largely ruled out the possibility of the radio synchrotron background originating from our galaxy," said Jack Singal, an assistant professor of physics at the University of Richmond in Virginia, who recently led a workshop on the matter. "However, I would say that this explanation does seem to be less likely.

"The primary reason is that it would make our galaxy completely unlike any similar spiral galaxy(opens in new tab), which as far as we can tell do not exhibit the sort of giant, spherical, radio-emitting halo extending far beyond the galactic disk that would be required. There are other issues as well, such as that it would require a complete rethinking of our models of the galactic magnetic field."

Fixsen agrees wholeheartedly. "In other spiral galaxies there is a close relation between the infrared and radio emission, even in small sections of these others," he said. "So, if it is from a halo around our galaxy, it would make the Milky Way a weird galaxy, while in most other respects it seems like a 'normal' spiral galaxy."

EXTRAGALACTIC ORIGIN?

Experts think the signal is primarily extragalactic in origin. "It would make it the most interesting photon background in the sky at the moment because the source population is completely unknown," Singal said. But since the universe is so vast this doesn't exactly narrow things down that much, which is why scientists have been working hard to come up with multiple theories for the signal's source.

American physicist David Brown, for example, said the space roar could be "the first great empirical success of M-theory," a broad mathematical framework encompassing string theory. "There might be a Fredkin-Wolfram automaton spread across multitudes of alternate universes, yielding recurrent physical time with endless repetitions of all possible physical events," Brown wrote on the FQXi Community blog(opens in new tab). What this supposes is that the early universe had much more real matter than today, accounting for the powerful radio signal.

The space roar could be "the first great empirical success of M-theory," a broad mathematical framework encompassing string theory.

But if that is too far out, there are other theories to get your teeth into. "Radio astronomers have looked at the sky and have identified a couple of types of synchrotron sources," Fixsen said. 

Synchrotron radiation is easy to make, he said. "All you need is energetic particles and a magnetic field, and there are energetic particles everywhere, produced by supernovas, stellar winds, black holes, even OB stars," which are hot, massive stars of spectral type O or early-type B. "Intergalactic space seems to be filled with very hot gas, so if intergalactic magnetic fields were strong enough [stronger than predicted], they could generate smooth synchrotron radiation," he said.

It is also known that synchrotron radiation is associated with star production. "This also generates infrared radiation, hence the close correlation," Fixsen said. "But perhaps the first stars generated synchrotron radiation yet, before metals were produced, they did not generate very much infrared radiation. Or perhaps there is some process that we haven't thought of yet."

So what does this leave us with? "Possible sources include either diffuse large-scale mechanisms such as turbulently merging clusters of galaxies, or an entirely new class of heretofore unknown incredibly numerous individual sources of radio emission in the universe," Singal said. "But anything in that regard is highly speculative at the moment, and some suggestions that have been raised include annihilating dark matter, supernovas of the first generations of stars and many others."

Some scientists have suggested gases in large clusters of galaxies could be the source, although it's unlikely ARCADE's instruments would have been able to detect radiation from any of them. Similarly, there is a chance that the signal was detected from the earliest stars or that it is originating from lots of otherwise dim radio galaxies, the accumulative effect of which is being picked up. But if this was the case then they'd have to be packed incredibly tightly, to the point that there is no gap between them, which appears unlikely.

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HOW THE 13-YEAR-OLD MYSTERY COULD BE SOLVED

"Of course, there is also the possibility that there has been a coincidence of errors among ARCADE and the other measurements to date that have mismeasured the level of the radio synchrotron background," Singal said. "This does seem unlikely, given that these are very different instruments measuring in quite different frequency bands."

Whatever the signal is, it's also causing issues when it comes to detecting other space objects. As NASA has pointed out in the past, the earliest stars are hidden behind the space roar, and that is making them more difficult to detect. It's as if the universe is giving with one hand and taking with another, but to have uncovered something so unusual is immensely exciting. When you're ruling out an origin from primordial stars and known radio sources such as gas in the outermost halo of our galaxy, it's a mystery any scientist would savour with relish.

"Beyond that, I think we may need some brilliant new origin hypothesis that nobody has thought of yet."

In order for scientists to finally resolve this 13-year conundrum, more research and evidence is sorely needed. As it stands, there is a debate over sending ARCADE back up given the advent of new technology, and given its precise set of instruments, immersed in more than 500 gallons of ultra-cold liquid helium to make them even more sensitive, there would certainly be no harm in doing so.

But there are also new projects emerging which could help. "One of them will use the 300-foot [91 meter] radio telescope at Green Bank, West Virginia, to map the radio sky to higher precision than before," Kogut said. "Perhaps this will shed some light on the mystery."

Singal certainly hopes so. He is working on the Green Bank Telescope project, making use of the largest clear-aperture radio telescope in the world to measure the level of the background as a primary, rather than ancillary goal. It will do this using a definitive, purpose-built, absolutely calibrated zero-level measurement taken at the megahertz (MHz) frequencies where the radio sky is brightest. (A megahertz is equal to a million hertz.)

"This measurement is currently being developed by a team which I am on, utilizing custom instrumentation which will be mounted on the telescope," Singal explained. There is also going to be another measurement attempt, this one looking to measure or further limit the so-called "anisotropy," or variation of the radio synchrotron background, again at the MHz frequencies where it dominates.

"That is not its absolute level, but rather the small differences from place to place in the sky," Singal said. "With some collaborators, I am trying a first attempt at that using the Low-Frequency Array [LOFAR] in The Netherlands. Both of these measurements in concert can help nail down whether the radio synchrotron background is primarily galactic or extragalactic in origin. Beyond that, I think we may need some brilliant new origin hypothesis that nobody has thought of yet."

• This article was adapted from a previous version published in All About Space magazine, a Future Ltd. publication.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

• Read more about the Absolute Radiometer for Cosmology(opens in new tab), Astrophysics, and Diffuse Emission (ARCADE) mission from NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center.
• Learn about synchrotron radiation(opens in new tab) with the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO).
• Discover more about the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR) radio telescope from ASTRON Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy(opens in new tab). 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Becker, K. (2017, August 28). Galaxy clusters offer clues to dark matter and Dark Energy. Phys.org. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://phys.org/news/2017-08-galaxy-clusters-clues-dark-energy.html
• Brown, D. Is Milgrom's modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) fundamental for philosophy, science, and the physical interpretation of string theory? Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/2985
• NASA. Arcade - absolute radiometer for cosmology, astrophysics, diffuse emission. NASA. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/archive/arcade/ 

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21-09-2022 om 01:13 geschreven door peter  

The mystery of Saturn's rings and the terrible truth behind

Unlike the thin rings of dust and rock that hover around Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune, the ring system around Saturn is extremely impressive, and is considered a symbol when about this planet.

Saturn has a very distinct and distinctive ring.

However, the truth behind this belt is something that not everyone expected. It even scares some people, because it could happen to the Earth.

According to new research from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA, this beautiful appearance may be the result of an extremely powerful collision between Saturn and Chrysalis - its hypothetical Moon.

This conclusion comes after the team conducted hundreds of simulations, with each simulation having different starting conditions.

According to the proposed scenario, about 160 million years ago, Chrysalis's orbit became unstable, causing its rotation to shift closer to the host planet.

Here, Saturn's gravity pulled its natural satellite back, and eventually led to a massive collision.

However, everything from Chrysalis is not lost. Scientists think that most of its matter is still hanging around the orbit, and has long formed the rings of the planet.

Everything from Chrysalis is not lost, but its matter has long formed the rings of the planet.

This violent encounter may also have pushed Saturn out of resonance, reducing the tilt of the axis, leading to existing resonances with Neptune.

According to Jack Wisdom, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who led the study, this scenario is suggested because it explains in detail all of Saturn's unusual properties, such as: axial tilt, orbital rotation, and even the rings of "giant planets".

"We suggest that Saturn once had a satellite, temporarily called Chrysalis. This system used to be stable for a long time. But over time, its moon escaped from the stellar resonance. Earth, and there was a strong impact, causing it to shatter, creating the belts like today," Wisdom summed up.

"It's a hypothesis we believe in," Wisdom said, "but like any other outcome, it will need to be considered for feasibility."

This proposed assumption can make many people feel "shaky", when thinking about the Earth and the Moon. However, in reality, the Moon is moving away from the Earth at an average rate of 4 cm per year.

The study by Jack Wisdom and colleagues is published in the journal Science.

{ https://scienceinfo.net/ }

20-09-2022 om 23:58 geschreven door peter  

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20-09-2022 om 23:37 geschreven door peter  

Sergei Krikalyov; born 27 August 1958) is a Russian mechanical engineer and former cosmonaut. As a prominent rocket scientist, he is a veteran of six space flights and ranks third to Gennady Padalka and Yuri Malenchenko for the most time spent in space: a total of 803 days, 9 hours, and 39 minutes. 

Krikalev was stranded on board the Mir station during the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 26, 1991. As the country that had sent him into space no longer existed and his return was delayed. 

As a result he stayed in space for 311 consecutive days, twice as long as the mission had originally called for, before he could return to Earth again. 

Because Krikalev spent so much time in space away from Earth’s center of gravity, time dilation (or the slowing down of clocks) caused him to be 0.02 seconds older than other people born at the same time as him.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

20-09-2022 om 23:10 geschreven door peter  

Dulce Alien Base – Mystery Beneath the Mesa

For over half a century, there have been rumours of secretive facilities and bases, hidden deep below the surface of the sprawling North American landscape. This week, we examine the most infamous of these alleged sites. An underground base believed to be situated near the town of Dulce, in New Mexico. A modern-day mystery, which lies deep beneath the mesa.

For over half a century, there have been rumours of secretive facilities and bases, hidden deep below the surface of the sprawling North American landscape. This week, we examine the most infamous of these alleged sites. An underground base believed to be situated near the town of Dulce, in New Mexico. A modern-day mystery, which lies deep beneath the mesa.

In our previous episode, we examined reports from various individuals who stated that there is a secret facility buried deep beneath the New Mexico town of Dulce. But we deliberately avoided the testimony of one man, who is arguably the most controversial figure in the allegations surrounding the possible existence of Dulce Base. A man who claimed he was the survivor of a war beneath the mesa.

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20-09-2022 om 21:56 geschreven door peter  

The Great White Pyramid of Xian: Why China keeps its pyramids a secret?

The White Pyramid myth began during World War II, when eyewitness accounts, especially from pilot James Gaussman, mentioned the appearance of a massive “White Pyramid” near the Chinese city of Xi’an, during a flight between China and India in 1945, he is believed to have seen a white jewel-topped pyramid.

Not only was this amazing structure supposed to be the biggest pyramid in the world, but it was also said to be surrounded by dozens of smaller pyramids, some rising to almost the same height.

Walter Hain, an author, and scientific writer describe Gaussman’s initial view of the pyramid in his homepages. James Gaussman was returning to Assam, India, after flying the ‘Burma Hump,’ which transported supplies from India to Chungking, China, when engine difficulties caused him to momentarily descend to a low altitude above China.

“I banked in order to avoid a mountain, and we emerged into a flat valley. A gigantic white pyramid stood directly below. It appeared to be something from a fairy tale. It was enclosed in a gleaming white shell. This might have been made of metal or a type of stone. On both sides, it was pure white.

The capstone was amazing; it was a massive chunk of jewel-like material that may have been crystal. We could not have landed, no matter how badly we wanted to. We were taken aback by the enormity of the thing.”

The New York Times picked up the story and published an article on the pyramid on March 28, 1947. Colonel Maurice Sheahan, director of Trans World Airlines’ Far Eastern division, stated in an interview that he had seen a massive pyramid 40 miles southwest of Xian. The same newspaper published a photo two days following the report, which was eventually credited to Gaussman.

Photographs of the massive pyramid he had shot would not be released for another 45 years. Even his report would remain buried in the Secret Service archives of the United States military until then. Numerous researchers and explorers have attempted to locate the White Pyramid of Xi’an, but none have been successful.

Some claim that the White Pyramid may be hidden amidst the high mountains and deep gorges of the Qin Ling Mountains.

Chinese government designated about 400 pyramids north of Xi’an in 2000, however, the White Pyramid was not included. Many of the other sites were excavated, revealing mausoleums shaped more like Mesoamerican pyramids, which vary from Egyptian pyramids in that they are flat-topped and covered with flora.

Ancient members of China’s royal class were buried in these burial mounds, where they planned to lie in peace for eternity. The majority of the pyramids are exceedingly difficult to spot, as they are hidden by lush hillsides and hills, as well as long grass and trees. Only a few of the structures have been made available to tourists.

Photograph published in New York Times, May 30 1947, supposedly taken by James Gaussman

The Chinese government has provided easy justifications for why no one is permitted to enter, notably that enthusiastic archaeologists and visitors may do damage to the relics.

Officials believe they are waiting for technology to improve sufficiently to fully dig the pyramids and their valuable contents. After all, some of the pyramids are thought to be as old as 8,000 years.

Westerners have speculated endlessly about the pyramids’ purpose and energy, as well as their astrological significance. According Noopept stock to scholars, “the cardinal points of North, South, East, and West were all significant to certain kings.” Lining up your tomb with the axis of the world was proof that you were still number one.”

One of the rarest pictures of pyramids in the Xi’an Valley

The most common conspiracy theory includes extraterrestrials, who are said to be the original architects. Is it feasible that Erich von Däniken’s and others’ ancient astronaut theories might also apply to the Chinese pyramids? Wherever there is concealment, conspiracy theories automatically emerge.

{ https://mysteriesrunsolved.com/ }

19-09-2022 om 22:25 geschreven door peter  

Time is “elastic”: Why time passes faster atop a mountain than at sea level

Since Einstein presented his general theory of relativity, we’ve known that gravity has the ability to warp space and time. Even at low levels, this “time dilation” effect occurs. We experience distortions in how we see time outside of physics, sometimes to startling extents.

Place one clock on top of a mountain. Put another one on the seashore. You’ll notice that each clock displays a different time. Why? Time slows down as you come closer to Earth because, as Einstein proposed in his general theory of relativity, the gravity of a big mass, such as the Earth, warps space and time around it.

This “time dilation” effect was first observed on a cosmic scale, such as when a star passes close to a black hole. The same effect was discovered on a much smaller scale in 2010, when researchers used two incredibly precise atomic clocks, one 33 cm higher than the other. Time went slower as the clock got closer to Earth.

The differences were minor, but the implications were meaningful: absolute time does not exist. Time moves slightly differently for each clock in the world and for everyone of us. But, even if time moves at varying speeds around the cosmos, time still moves in some objective sense, right? Maybe not.

Carlo Rovelli, an Italian theoretical physicist, suggests in his book “The Order of Time” that our perception of time — our sensation that time is always moving ahead — could be a highly subjective illusion. After all, when you examine reality on the smallest scale (at least using quantum gravity equations), time vanishes.

“If I observe the microscopic state of things,” writes Rovelli, “then the difference between the past and future vanishes … in the elementary grammar of things, there is no distinction between ’cause’ and ‘effect.’”

So, what causes us to perceive time as moving forward? Rovelli observes that, whereas time disappears on extremely small scale, we clearly see events occurring sequentially in reality. To put it another way, we see entropy: as order changing into disorder; an egg cracking and getting scrambled.

According to Rovelli, the second law of thermodynamics, which stipulates that heat always moves from hot to cold, describes important features of time. This is only one method. For example, an ice cube never melts into a hot cup of tea. A comparable process, according to Rovelli, could explain why we can only perceive the past and not the future.

“Any time the future is definitely distinguishable from the past, there is something like heat involved,” Rovelli wrote for the Financial Times. “Thermodynamics traces the direction of time to something called the ‘low entropy of the past’, a still mysterious phenomenon on which discussions rage.”

He continues:
“Entropy growth orients time and permits the existence of traces of the past, and these permit the possibility of memories, which hold together our sense of identity. I suspect that what we call the “flowing” of time has to be understood by studying the structure of our brain rather than by studying physics: evolution has shaped our brain into a machine that feeds off memory in order to anticipate the future. This is what we are listening to when we listen to the passing of time. Understanding the “flowing” of time is therefore something that may pertain to neuroscience more than to fundamental physics. Searching for the explanation of the feeling of flow in physics might be a mistake.”

Scientists are still learning a lot about how we perceive time and why it behaves differently depending on the scale. However, outside of the realm of physics, our individual perspective of time is surprisingly elastic.

On a mountain, time moves differently than on a beach. However, you do not need to travel far to encounter strange distortions in your perspective of time. For example, at moments of life-or-death fear, your brain would release massive amounts of adrenaline, which would speed up your internal clock, causing you to view the outer world as moving slowly.

Another common distortion occurs when we direct our attention in specific directions.

“If you’re thinking about how time is currently passing by, the biggest factor influencing your time perception is attention,” Aaron Sackett, associate professor of marketing at the University of St. Thomas, told Gizmodo. “The more attention you give to the passage of time, the slower it tends to go. As you become distracted from time’s passing—perhaps by something interesting happening nearby, or a good daydreaming session—you’re more likely to lose track of time, giving you the feeling that it’s slipping by more quickly than before. “Time flies when you’re having fun,” they say, but really, it’s more like “time flies when you’re thinking about other things.” That’s why time will also often fly by when you’re definitely not having fun—like when you’re having a heated argument or are terrified about an upcoming presentation.”

Psychedelic drugs are one of the most mysterious ways for humans to experience time-perception distortions. Rovelli detailed an LSD experiment in an interview with The Guardian.

“It was an extraordinarily strong experience that touched me also intellectually,” he said. “Among the strange phenomena was the sense of time stopping. Things were happening in my mind but the clock was not going ahead; the flow of time was not passing any more. It was a total subversion of the structure of reality.”

Few scientists or philosophers appear to believe that time is a complete illusion.

“What we call time is a rich, stratified concept; it has many layers,” Rovelli told Physics Today. “Some of time’s layers apply only at limited scales within limited domains. This does not make them illusions.”

The belief that time moves at an absolute rate is an illusion. The river of time may run forever, yet it moves at various rates between people and even within your own mind.

{ https://noshma.com/ }

19-09-2022 om 18:43 geschreven door peter  

Credit: Ulia Koltyrina / Adobe Stock

Psychology of alien contact: Could humanity handle the “otherness” of extraterrestrials?

• Humans do not respond well to "otherness." We are frightened and divide ourselves into "us" versus "them." 
• We need to overcome this tendency if we are to have a successful encounter with alien beings. 
• One possible solution, should we make contact with an intelligent alien species, would be to use "neutral" robots to facilitate interaction.

Dirk Schulze-Makuch

Searching for extraterrestrial life is an important goal not only for NASA, but for many of us in the scientific community to address the ancient question of whether we are alone in the Universe. But what if we actually discover alien life? We can just as easily imagine a friendly encounter (E.T., The Day the Earth Stood Still) as a fight to the death (War of the Worlds, Independence Day). Either way, we expect the extraterrestrials to be very different from us. It is implicit in the word we use to describe them: aliens.

Examining these conflicting views is one of the goals of a new initiative called Exploring Otherness on Earth and Beyond, funded by the Einstein Foundation in Germany, which held its first workshop earlier this month at the German Aerospace Center in Berlin. By including perspectives from the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities, the initiative hopes to build on ideas discussed during a symposium on Astrobiology and Society held in 2015 at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The fact that this can even be a topic of serious discussion suggests that contact with extraterrestrials is no longer considered an unlikely pipe dream.

While most scientists would welcome the discovery of alien life and the chance to learn more about it, such a discovery is often perceived as strange or frightening by the public at large. Some would welcome aliens with open arms and expect them to solve our problems, from climate change to cancer. Some might even treat them as gods. Others would be afraid the aliens would take over Earth and have us at their mercy. Which attitude prevails likely will depend on what type of behavior we recognize in the extraterrestrials as being like our own.

“Otherness”

Historians, philosophers, and social scientists have long grappled with the idea of “otherness.” Human history is a long parade of cultures colonizing and subjugating each other, and racial and tribal politics are still very much with us today. Although many in our society are becoming more tolerant of otherness in areas like sexuality and neurodiversity, the separation of “us” and “them” is alive and well.

And that’s just among humans. If we consider our fellow creatures on Earth, “otherness” is even more of a problem. Why do some animals repel us, while others we want to cuddle? A bear is far more dangerous to humans than a tarantula — a child’s teddy bear conveniently leaves out the teeth and claws — yet we feel more at ease around our fellow mammal. Since bears are more closely related to humans than tarantulas, it is easier for us to read a bear’s emotions. And most of us are creeped out by a tarantula’s otherworldly appearance and behavior — the multiple eyes and the scuttling movements. In fact, spiders in general tend to rank highly among the most feared/disgusting animals, with bunnies residing at the other end of the scale. This may explain the preponderance of movie aliens that resemble arthropods. (The movie District 9 — a powerful indictment of societal “otherness” — comes to mind.)

Science is only beginning to understand the staggering variety of “alien” behaviors on our own planet, from sea turtles that sense magnetic fields to plants that communicate with each other via airborne chemicals. If we venture into an inhabited universe, we are likely to run into beings that evolved under entirely different physical circumstances. Will we meet them as curious, friendly, fellow explorers? Predators and prey? Will we be delighted or disgusted by their strangeness?

This dynamic may depend on whether “they” are more technologically advanced than us. If they are, they are likely to call the shots, not us. But let’s assume for a moment that we are the more advanced species. Would we afford more protection to an extraterrestrial microbe than to our own microbes, which we kill by the billions in our lab experiments without giving it a second thought? What if the alien is a more complex life form — say, similar to one of our fellow terrestrial animals? Shouldn’t we treat it ethically? What would that even mean to a society like our own that still eats fellow animals, even those we are closely related to?

The psychology of alien contact

How we deal with alien life, if it should ever come to that, will be one of the major challenges for humanity. We certainly want to avoid miscommunications and misunderstandings that could have dire, and possibly fatal, consequences. And we need to consider the possibility of encountering intelligent life forms that we simply cannot understand, as in the Stanisław Lem novel Solaris. We might be so confused by their otherness that we don’t even recognize them as living beings.

There might be a way around this dilemma: Artificial robots may be more successful emissaries between interplanetary civilizations, since they could take on a more neutral form. Another solution would be mimicry. Many science fiction aliens, from The Man Who Fell to Earth to Invasion of the Body Snatchers, take human form when they come visiting.

Religious questions also come into play when discussing the otherness of aliens. How would the major religions on our planet deal with the discovery of intelligent aliens? At the 2015 Library of Congress meeting, Brother Guy Consolmagno from the Vatican Observatory said he was once asked whether he would baptize an alien. I thought his answer was very smart. He said yes, but only if the alien wants to.

Of course, some Eastern traditions like Buddhism would do away with notions of “self” and “other” altogether. Perhaps that is the key insight that will allow us, and perhaps other civilizations hoping to travel among the stars, to meet each other with open arms, rather than with weapons drawn — even if some of us (or them) might still have a deep nagging feeling inside of being repelled by alien otherness.

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19-09-2022 om 18:08 geschreven door peter  

Real images 0f Moon Bases and Ufo's. BruceSeesAll shows us two images that are from a space association and the rest of the video is all his personal research in ufology and astronomy on the moon. 

One of the most remarkable recordings of Bruce is a UFO leaving the moon and while NASA still insists that there is no extraterrestrial activity on the moon, it is only a matter of time before they can no longer deny it.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

19-09-2022 om 17:25 geschreven door peter  

279-year-old file discovered on “first of its type” sight over Westminster in the London UFO mystery

Doctor Cromwell Mortimer saw an unexplained flying object soaring above downtown London on December 16, 1742, and he reported it to authorities. Mr. Mortimer, who was the secretary of the Royal Society at the time, observed the enigmatic object as it moved “slowly” above St. James’s Park around 8:40 p.m. while on his way home to Westminster. He noted that the object was moving quite slowly, which gave him about 30 seconds to acquire a good view of it.

Despite being short, 30 seconds is a lot longer than most sightings of meteors and other such phenomena.

He was even able to draw a schematic of the item, which he described in his 1746 report, which was recently discovered in the journal Philosophical Transactions, vol. XLIII.

In the south by west point, he claimed, “I saw a light appear hidden behind the woods and homes.”

After reaching a height of around 20 degrees, it moved in a direction that was almost aligned to the horizon and passed above the residences.

As he continued to observe the object, he thought that its route had taken it precisely over Bloomsbury, over Queen’s Square, and toward the nearby canal.

He also wrote that he had lost sight of it over the Haymarket.

Its action was so slow, he said, that I was able to see it for more than a minute and spend enough time studying it.

His illustration showed a thing with a blazing head that was “contained as it were in an open box” and bound by “bands of iron.”

Like contemporary airplanes, the extraterrestrial had a lengthy tail of light that was progressively becoming fainter.

The British UFO investigator Steve Mera was quoted by The Sun as saying, “It is the very first of its sort.”

People watching it from a balcony, he continued. They had good financial standing, which promoted thorough investigation.

The military has reported 400 sightings of UFOs and had 11 near experiences with them over the years, according to a top Pentagon officer who testified before the US Congress.

Due to a considerable increase in statements from military personnel concerning prior encounters, the stigma associated with reporting UFO sightings has decreased over the last several years, and this number has more than doubled.

These days, an “unidentified flying object” (UFO) may not always indicate alien sightings; it might even be highly developed drones.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

19-09-2022 om 16:36 geschreven door peter  

How Astronauts Will Use Mars Soil For 3D Printing On The Red Planet

By Charles Nwali  

{ https://www.futurespaceworld.com/ }

19-09-2022 om 01:44 geschreven door peter  

The Milky Way Is Moving Through The Universe At 2.1 Million Kilometers Per Hour

{ https://blog.sci-nature.com/ }

19-09-2022 om 01:30 geschreven door peter  

Navy admits it has more UFO videos but says releasing the footage publicly would 'HARM national security' because it would reveal 'valuable' information regarding the Pentagon's operations and capabilities to America's enemies

• The U.S. Navy can't release more UFO videos that it has because doing so would 'harm national security,' a spokesperson said 
• The statement was made in response to a Freedom of Information Act request by government transparency site The Black Vault  
• 'The release of this information will harm national security as it may provide adversaries valuable information...' 
• During public hearings in May, the Navy revealed 400 'unidentified aerial phenomenon' reports in recent years  

By CHRISTOPHER CARBONE U.S. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY EDITOR FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

The U.S. Navy won't release additional footage of unidentified flying objects because doing so would 'harm national security.'

A spokesperson for the military branch made the statement in response to a Freedom of Information Act request filed by the government transparency site The Black Vault - which has previously shared thousands of pages of UFO-related documents received from the CIA and other agencies. 

The FOIA request dates to April 2020, just after the Navy released the now infamous videos shot by its pilots that depicted some type of unidentified high-tech aircraft moving in ways that seemed impossible. 

The Black Vault had requested any and all other videos related to what the Navy prefers to call unidentified aerial phenomenon (UAP). 

The U.S. Navy won't release additional footage of unidentified flying objects because doing so would 'harm national security' it stated in response to a FOIA request from The Black Vault. Above: a clip taken from a Navy cockpit in a training area and shows a spherical object floating by the aircraft

The FOIA request dates to April 2020, just after the Navy released the now infamous videos shot by its pilots that depicted some type of unidentified high-tech aircraft moving in ways that seemed impossible. Robert J. Salvo, a 13 year old boy walking his dog, purports to have taken a photo of a flying saucer, but no comment was made from the military

'The release of this information will harm national security as it may provide adversaries valuable information regarding Department of Defense/Navy operations, vulnerabilities, and/or capabilities,' Gregory Cason, deputy director of the Navy's FOIA office, wrote in a response letter shared by The Black Vault. 'No portions of the videos can be segregated for release.' 

Carson explained that the Navy only released those previous three videos because they'd already been leaked to the media and were therefore 'discussed extensively in the public domain.'

'Given the amount of information in the public domain regarding these encounters, it was possible to release the files without further damage to national security,' he said. 

The Black Vault has filed an appeal to seek the release of the videos that have been denied.  

Regardless of what they choose to release, the Pentagon is certainly taking the threat of UFOs seriously. During public hearings in May, the agency revealed 400 'unidentified aerial phenomenon' reports in recent years - which is significantly higher than the 144 incidents since 2004 that were reported the previous year.

Eleven of the incidents have been 'near misses,' where military aircraft just barely brushed past the UAPs without colliding. 

The Black Vault has filed an appeal to seek the release of the videos that have been denied. Above: A UFO variety was photographed when it hovered for fifteen minutes near Holloman Air Development Center in New Mexico. The object was photographed by a government employee and was released by the Aerial Phenomena Research Organization after careful study. There is no conventional explanation for the object

'The release of this information will harm national security as it may provide adversaries valuable information regarding Department of Defense/Navy operations, vulnerabilities, and/or capabilities,' Gregory Cason, deputy director of the Navy's FOIA office, wrote in a response letter shared by The Black Vault . 'No portions of the videos can be segregated for release.' Above: Another shot of the unidentified spherical object

Ronald Moultrie, the Pentagon's top intelligence official, said the government has not ruled out the possibility that these incidents could be connected to extraterrestrial life.

'There are elements of our government engaged in ... looking for extraterrestrial life,' Moultrie said at the hearing. 'Our goal is not to potentially cover up something, it's to understand what's maybe out there.'

'We are all curious and we seek to understand the unknown. And as a lifelong intelligence professional, I'm impatient. I want immediate explanations for this as much as anyone else. However, understanding can take significant time and effort. It's why we've endeavored to concentrate on this data driven process to derive fact based results,' Scott Bray, the deputy director of Naval intelligence, told lawmakers.

In July, the Pentagon announced that it has received federal funding to open a new office focused exclusively on managing reports of UFO sightings by the U.S. Army, Navy and Air Force. 

Read more:

• U.S. Navy Says ALL UAP/UFO Videos Are Classified And Exempt From Release - The Black Vault

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/}

19-09-2022 om 01:07 geschreven door peter  

'Cosmic' and 'phantom' UFOs are all over Ukraine's skies, government report claims

19-09-2022 om 00:46 geschreven door peter  

Hubble Just Confirmed The Largest Ocean World In Our Solar System And Its Not On Earth

The Ganymede Ocean is believed to contain more water than Europa's,” says Olivier Witasse, a project scientist working on ESA’s future Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer (JUICE). “Six times more water in Ganymede’s ocean than in Earth's ocean, and three times more than Europa.”In March of 2020, NASA's Hubble Space Telescope revealed the best evidence yet for an underground saltwater ocean on Ganymede, Jupiter's largest moon --larger than Mercury and not much smaller than Mars.

Identifying liquid water is crucial in the search for habitable worlds beyond Earth and for the search for life, as we know it“This discovery marks a significant milestone, highlighting what only Hubble can accomplish,” said John Grunsfeld, now retired assistant administrator of NASA's Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters. “In its 25 years in orbit, Hubble has made many scientific discoveries in our own solar system. A deep ocean under the icy crust of Ganymede opens up further exciting possibilities for life beyond Earth.”

Ganymede is the largest moon in our solar system and the only moon with its own magnetic field. The magnetic field causes aurorae, which are ribbons of glowing, hot electrified gas, in regions circling the north and south poles of the moon. Because Ganymede is close to Jupiter, it is also embedded in Jupiter's magnetic field. When Jupiter's magnetic field changes, the aurorae on Ganymede also change, "rocking" back and forth.Just as Saturn's moon, Dione is perennially overshadowed by Enceladus and Titan, Ganymede's fame is eclipsed by its sister ocean world, Europa, slated for flybys by NASA’s Europa Clipper mission in the 2020s.

Ganymede's cycles of auroral activity on the surface, detected by the Hubble Space Telescope, reveal oscillations in the moon’s magnetic field best explained by the internal heat-generating tidal sloshing of a huge ocean hundreds of kilometers below the surface. JUICE will fly by the moons at distances between 1000 and 200 kilometers, orbiting Ganymede for nine months, with the latter four months at an altitude of about 500 km. While the oceans of Jupiter's moons are likely buried at significant depth below their icy crusts, radar will be able to help piece together clues as to their complex evolution.

For example, it will explore Europa's potentially active regions and be able to distinguish where the composition changes, such as if there are local, shallow reservoirs of water sandwiched between icy layers. It will be able to find 'deflected' subsurface layers, which will help to determine the tectonic history of Ganymede in particular.

{ https://blog.sci-nature.com/ }

19-09-2022 om 00:15 geschreven door peter  

Police officer Herbert Schirmer talks about being taken onboard a UFO, Nebraska

Police officer Herbert Schirmer talks about being taken onboard a UFO, Nebraska, December 3, 1967.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

18-09-2022 om 22:35 geschreven door peter  

NASA Shares Largest-Ever Image Of Andromeda Galaxy, Internet Calls It "Extraordinarily Beautiful"

American space agency NASA on Sunday shared the "largest-ever" image assembled of the Andromeda galaxy by the Hubble Space Telescope. The picture was captured seven years ago and it is the sharpest large composite image ever taken of our galactic neighbor.

According to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the image depicts a 48,000-light-year-long region of the Andromeda galaxy with over 100 million stars visible. The Instagram picture divides the panoramic image into three parts, with the last revealing a belt of blue stars with countless stars sprinkled around the image.

The photograph has captivated internet users since it was shared. It has received almost one million likes. "It is really gorgeous," one user said. "It's wonderful," commented another. "Absolutely wonderful," said the third person.

The space agency noted that because the Andromeda galaxy is 2.5 million light-years away, dozens of star clusters can be identified. According to NASA, our Milky Way galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy are comparable in size and form.

{ https://blog.sci-nature.com/ }

17-09-2022 om 23:55 geschreven door peter  

A new way to Discover Planets? Astronomers Detect an Exoplanet by Seeing its Trojan Belts

Although we have found thousands of exoplanets in recent years, we really only have three methods of finding them. The first is to observe a star dimming slightly as a planet passes in front of it (transit method). The second is to measure the wobble of a star as an orbiting planet gives it a gravitational tug (Doppler method). The third is to observe the exoplanet directly. Now a new study in the Astrophysical Journal Letters has a fourth method.

Each of the methods we currently use has its drawbacks. The transit method only works when an exoplanet’s orbit is lined up with our view of the star, the Doppler method tends to favor larger planets orbiting close to a small star, and the direct observation is best for large planets orbiting far from their star. But all of these methods only work for planets orbiting middle-aged stars. That is stars that have long since cleared the dust and debris around them. So while we have learned a great deal about the types of planetary systems that are out there, we’ve learned less about how young star systems form.

Thanks to radio observatories such as ALMA, we have gotten a good view of early debris disks around very young stars. These disks emit a faint radio glow that ALMA is particularly effective at seeing. One of the things we’ve noticed in many of these disks is that they have gaps or bands within them. We think they are caused by young planets that have cleared a path in the debris disk as they grow and evolve. The problem is that we can’t be certain that’s what’s happening. There are other possible explanations, such as turbulence or gravitational resonances within the disk that causes gaps to form. The problem is that while we can study the structure of the gaps, telescopes like ALMA can’t resolve an actual planet orbiting within a gap. Even a planet as large as Jupiter is too small to clearly detect directly.

So this new study took a different approach. Instead of trying to detect an exoplanet in the disk directly, why not look for signs within the debris disk that the planet is there? And they’ve found a pattern that works. You might even call it their trojan horse.

Jupiter is by far the most massive planet in our solar system, and over time it has influenced the orbits of smaller bodies such as asteroids. One of the clear influences is on the asteroid belt, where it has induced resonant gaps known as Kirkwood gaps. The other is in the collection of asteroids it has gathered to its orbit, known as the Trojans.

Trojan asteroids are small bodies that have happened to get trapped in Jupiter’s Lagrange points. These are regions in Jupiter’s orbit about sixty degrees ahead and behind Jupiter itself. Through the gravitational dance of Jupiter and Sun, the Lagrange points are rather deep gravitational wells, so anything that finds itself there tends to stay there. So as Jupiter parades around the Sun, it has a cluster of Trojans marching along ahead and behind it.

In this new study, the team focused on a young star known as LkCA 15 and looked for similar gravitational dynamics. By analyzing high-resolution images of the star and its debris disk, they found two very faint clusters of dust. The clumps were in the same orbit within the debris disk, and they were separated by an angle of 120 degrees. In other words, the clumps have all the signs of being within the Lagrange points of a young planet. Based on the data, the team estimates the planet is roughly the size of Neptune or Saturn. Given that the planet is likely only a couple of million years old, it seems to have formed pretty quickly.

All of this paints an interesting picture of planetary evolution. Large planets seem to form early within a star system, and they almost immediately start influencing its gravitational dance. The next question is whether astronomers can find similar planets in other young star systems using the same method.

Reference: 

• Long, Feng, et al. “ALMA Detection of Dust Trapping around Lagrangian Points in the LkCa 15 Disk.” The Astrophysical Journal Letters 937.1 (2022): L1.

The post A new way to Discover Planets? Astronomers Detect an Exoplanet by Seeing its Trojan Belts appeared first on Universe Today.

Source: 

• https://www.universetoday.com/157651/a-new-way-to-discover-planets-astronomers-detect-an-exoplanet-by-seeing-its-trojan-belts/
  

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17-09-2022 om 23:21 geschreven door peter  

Alien Royalty and VIPs In UFO Over England To Attend Queens Funeral, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Sept 16, 2022

Location of sighting: Across England

 

Over 800 eyewitnesses reported seeing a glowing object for over 25 seconds passing over the UK last night. Reports poured in about it possibly being a meteor, comet or space debris. The object itself didn't always have a tail, as seen in the screenshot above I took which shows one large sphere craft and one much smaller sphere craft behind it. The UFO was flying horizontal to the ground...like a plane, like a craft carrying people would be when getting ready to land. Also this UFO was flying very slowly, much too slow to be a meteor and defiantly not a comet as some has said in my video comments...a comet would change the tides of our ocean causing tidal waves if it were inside our atmosphere like that. Most comets are .5km and bigger. 

 

I was actually waiting for this to happen, because I knew that alien dignitaries, royalty and VIPs would want to attend the funeral of Queen Elizabeth II. Why? Because she was queen for nearly a century, maybe the longest ruling queen ever to date. Also, he royal perspective, respecting her royal duties, he royal roles that she was required to do, but...often humans refuse to partake in. 

 

So...here is the ship, from outside our solar system which contains alien royalty and dignitaries from across the universe...all which came to attend the funeral in person. To show respect to the fallen queen and to be in the same place, same location, same building with so many world leaders who are doing the same. A rare, painful and great moment not just for UK or England, but for the world and beyond. 

 

As I have said before, I mean what I say. I mean no disrespect to the Queen nor to the people of England or UK. I am only stating the obvious truth. And the truth is...she was respected across the Universe. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

17-09-2022 om 22:47 geschreven door peter  

NASA's Perseverance rover finds organic matter 'treasure' on Mars that could help to determine if life ever existed on the Red Planet

• Organic matter 'treasure' has been found by NASA's Perseverance rover on Mars
• This discovery could help to determine if life has ever existed on the Red Planet
• Suggests Jezero Crater may've had habitable environments 3.5 billion years ago
• There are no definite signs of life but experts think they are looking in right place 

By SAM TONKIN FOR MAILONLINE

It has been searching for clues about possible ancient alien life on Mars.

And now NASA's Perseverance rover has discovered organic matter 'treasure' that could help determine if extraterrestrials did in fact ever exist on the Red Planet.

The collection of organic matter from the Jezero Crater, which likely once held a lake and the delta that emptied into it, suggests it had potentially habitable environments 3.5 billion years ago.

These organic molecules contain carbon that are widely considered to be the building blocks of life. 

The US space agency said Perseverance had collected four samples from the ancient river delta since July 7, bringing the total count of scientifically compelling rock samples to 12. 

Discovery: NASA's Perseverance rover (pictured) has discovered organic matter 'treasure' that could help determine if extraterrestrials did in fact ever exist on the Red Planet

'The rocks that we have been investigating on the delta have the highest concentration of organic matter that we have yet found on the mission,' said Ken Farley, Perseverance project scientist at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena. 

The rover has taken measurements and samples in an area called Skinner Ridge.

This is made of layered sedimentary rocks, some of which contain materials that were most likely transported from miles away by running water billions of years ago. 

'With the samples we're taking now in this more sedimentary area, we're of course right at the heart of what we wanted to do to start with,' said NASA science lead Thomas Zurbuchen during a press conference.

The sedimentary rocks contain complex organic molecules called aromatics, along with clays and sulphate minerals. The latter can be produced when water interacts with rocks. 

There are no definite signs of life, or biosignatures, in these materials but scientists are encouraged that they are looking in the right place.

'While the detection of this class of organics alone does not mean that life was definitively there, this set of observations does start to look like some things that we've seen here on Earth,' said Sunanda Sharma at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California during the press conference. 

'To put it simply, if this is a treasure hunt for potential signs of life on another planet, organic matter is a clue. 

'And we're getting stronger and stronger clues as we're moving through our delta campaign.'

David Shuster, of the University of California, Berkeley, added: 'This is really important that this has sulphate in it and also clays, because that means that this rock has high potential for biosignature preservation, meaning that if there were biosignatures in this vicinity when that rock formed, this is precisely the type of material that will preserve that for us to study when [the samples] come back to Earth.'

It is not the first time Perseverance has found organic matter on Mars, but this time the detection was in an area where life may have once existed.

'In the distant past, the sand, mud, and salts that now make up the Wildcat Ridge sample were deposited under conditions where life could potentially have thrived,' Farley said.

'The fact the organic matter was found in such a sedimentary rock – known for preserving fossils of ancient life here on Earth – is important. 

The US space agency said Perseverance had collected four samples from the ancient river delta since July 7, bringing the total count of scientifically compelling rock samples to 12. This image shows the holes from the first successful sample taken by the rover

'However, as capable as our instruments aboard Perseverance are, further conclusions regarding what is contained in the Wildcat Ridge sample will have to wait until it's returned to Earth for in-depth study as part of the agency's Mars Sample Return campaign.'

During its first science campaign, Perseverance explored the crater's floor, finding igneous rock, which forms deep underground from magma or during volcanic activity at the surface.

'The delta, with its diverse sedimentary rocks, contrasts beautifully with the igneous rocks – formed from crystallisation of magma – discovered on the crater floor,' said Farley.

'This juxtaposition provides us with a rich understanding of the geologic history after the crater formed and a diverse sample suite. 

'For example, we found a sandstone that carries grains and rock fragments created far from Jezero Crater — and a mudstone that includes intriguing organic compounds.'

NASA and the European Space Agency are planning to return the rock samples to Earth around 2033. 

NASA MARS 2020: PERSEVERANCE ROVER AND INGENUITY HELICOPTER ARE SEARCHING FOR LIFE ON THE RED PLANET

NASA's Mars 2020 mission was launched to search for signs of ancient life on the Red Planet in a bid to help scientists better understand how life evolved on Earth in the earliest years of the evolution of the solar system.

Named Perseverance, the main car-sized rover is exploring an ancient river delta within the Jezero Crater, which was once filled with a 1,600ft deep lake.

It is believed that the region hosted microbial life some 3.5 to 3.9 billion years ago and the rover will examine soil samples to hunt for evidence of the life.

Nasa's Mars 2020 rover (artist's impression) is searching for signs of ancient life on Mars in a bid to help scientists better understand how life evolved on our own planet

The $2.5 billion (£1.95 billion) Mars 2020 spaceship launched on July 30 with the rover and helicopter inside - and landed successfully on February 18, 2021.

Perseverance landed inside the crater and will slowly collect samples that will eventually be returned to Earth for further analysis.

A second mission will fly to the planet and return the samples, perhaps by the later 2020s in partnership with the European Space Agency.

This concept art shows the Mars 2020 rover landing on the red planet via NASA's 'sky-crane' system

Read more:

• Perseverance rover finds organic matter 'treasure' on Mars | CNN

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17-09-2022 om 22:19 geschreven door peter