The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
07-11-2022
LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS
LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS
6 UFO GOVERNMENT COVER-UPS | The Proof Is Out There
Check out these 6 rare UFO sightings covered up by the government, in this The Proof Is Out There compilation.
Chapter 1 - 0:12 - Glowing Orbs in the Gulf of Mexico?
Chapter 2 - 05:10 - Pyramid-Shaped UFOs over the Pacific Ocean
Chapter 3 - 10:08 - Two Silver Spinning Discs across Montana Sky
Chapter 4 - 15:45 - Unknown Aircraft Flying Over Nevada Test Site
Chapter 5 - 21:15 - Unidentified Submerged Object Spotted by USS Omaha
Chapter 6 - 26:37 - Large Bright Beam in Mongolian Sky
Watch all new episodes of The Proof Is Out There on Fridays at 10/9c, and stay up to date on all of your favorite The HISTORY Channel shows at http://history.com/schedule.
Mysterious Satellite Captured on Camera: The UnXplained (Season 3)
While constructing the international space station, astronauts capture a strange object on camera, which raises suspicions around the world. See more in this clip from Season 3, "The Search For Extraterrestrial Life."
Monstrous "Moth Man" Terrifies West Virginia Town | Ancient Aliens
A young couple encounters a large winged creature that soon ignites terror in a small town, see more in this clip from Season 1, "Aliens and Strange Creatures."
Ancient Aliens: SECRET UNDERWATER ALIEN BASE FOUND (Season 6) | History
Documented eyewitness accounts of strange UFO activity at the Solomon Islands has led to a theory that an underwater alien base is present, in this clip from Season 6, "Aliens and Forbidden Islands."
UFO SPOTTED IN NORWAY *Real Footage* | The Proof Is Out There
After ruling out several ideas, these mysterious lights above Norway have investigators stumped, in this scene from Season 3, Episode 1 of The Proof Is Out There.
TOP 5 UFO SIGHTINGS | The Proof is Out There
These 5 UFO sightings are so out of the ordinary that it's difficult to make sense of them. Check them out in this The Proof Is Out There compilation.
Pilot Shares Videos Of Strange UFO Sightings In Skies Over The US
Pilot Shares Videos Of Strange UFO Sightings In Skies Over The US
Top 10 Creepiest Things Caught on Underwater Cameras
These underwater shots will freak you out! For this list, we’ll be looking at the eeriest and most unsettling visuals that have been recorded in oceans and lakes. Our countdown includes Mystery Creature, Train Graveyard, A Human Skeleton, and more! Which of these creeps you out the most? Let us know in the comments below!
The Pyramid of Djedefre at Abu Rawash: The pyramid of Djedefre is a pyramid built as a burial for the pharaoh Djedefre, in Abu Rawash, 8 kilometers from Giza ( Egypt ), in the 26th century BC.
It the most northerly pyramid in Egypt, and it has been in ruins since ancient times. Other pharaohs of the Fourth Dynasty began the construction of Djedefre but remained unfinished.
It is believed that the pharaoh chose this hill and set his tomb there to be closer to Ra, god of the Sun.
But there is more, because until the end of the 20th century archaeologists did not know if the pyramid was finished or had been unfinished.
In the first case, the top of the pyramid would have been the highest in Egypt (220 meters above sea level, between 8 and 20 meters above the original top of the Great Pyramid of Khufu) and its current state would be fruit of the destruction and reuse of the stones for later constructions from Roman times onwards.
This seems to be the most likely scenario, as the latest excavations found that the funerary complex around the monument was completed and was active until long after the pharaoh’s death, which would not make sense if the pyramid had never been completed.
What is known for sure is that its construction began around the year 2580 BC by order of Pharaoh Djedefre, son and successor of Khufu.
The pyramid is on a hill overlooking the Giza plateau (hence its altitude could have been higher than that of the Great Pyramid, despite its smaller size similar to that of Menkaure).
The reasons why this place was chosen as well as those for the reduction of the size of the building are unknown, although some researchers point to theological reasons, since Djedefre was the first pharaoh to bear the title of son of Ra.
It was first explored in 1840 by John Shae Perring (who between 1837 and 1842 excavated Giza using gunpowder), who would be followed by other researchers such as Flinders Petrie and Émile Gaston Chassinat.
The most extensive excavation of the complex began in 1995 by a Franco-Swiss team led by Michel Valloggia.
The original length of its base was 106.2 meters, which at a 52-degree angle of inclination (similar to the Pyramid of Khufu) would have given the structure a height of 67 meters.
To save material, time and labor, the hill was used, which made up 44 percent of the total volume of the pyramid.
It is significant that the burial chamber is not inside the pyramid as it used to be, but below it, at a depth of 21 meters, and in its lower part it has depressions that indicate that it housed a sarcophagus and a canopic chest, just like the Pyramid of Khafre.
In inscriptions found in the pit the name of the pyramid appeared, which translates as Djedefre covered with stars or as Djedefre belongs to the firmament.
Émile Chassinat, during his excavations between 1901 and 1924, found numerous fragments of statues of Pharaoh Djedefre (including four heads) and of members of his family, his sons Baka, Hernet, Setka, Neferhetepes and Queen Hetepheres II.
Most of these fragments are kept today in the Louvre, the Museum of Egyptian Art in Munich, and the Cairo Museum.
Original measurements of the Pyramid of Djedefre
Remains of the pyramid of Djedefre
Ramp down to the burial chamber, pyramid of Djedefre
Astronomers are captivated by brightest flash ever seen
Astronomers are captivated by brightest flash ever seen
by Issam AHMED
This picture provided by NASA on October 14, 2022 shows the Swift’s X-Ray Telescope capturing the afterglow of GRB 221009A about an hour after it was first detected.
Astronomers have observed the brightest flash of light ever seen, from an event that occurred 2.4 billion light years from Earth and was likely triggered by the formation of a black hole.
The burst of gamma-rays—the most intense form of electromagnetic radiation—was first detected by orbiting telescopes on October 9, and its afterglow is still being watched by scientists across the world.
Astrophysicist Brendan O'Connor told AFP that gamma-ray bursts that last hundreds of seconds, as occurred on Sunday, are thought to be caused by dying massive stars, greater than 30 times bigger than our Sun.
The star explodes in a supernova, collapses into a black hole, then matter forms in a disk around the black hole, falls inside, and is spewed out in a jet of energy that travels at 99.99 percent the speed of light.
The flash released photons carrying a record 18 teraelectronvolts of energy—that's 18 with 12 zeros behind it—and it has impacted long wave radio communications in Earth's ionosphere.
"It's really breaking records, both in the amount of photons, and the energy of the photons that are reaching us," said O'Connor, who used infrared instruments on the Gemini South telescope in Chile to take fresh observations early Friday.
"Something this bright, this nearby, is really a once-in-a-century event," he added.
Gamma-ray research first began in the 1960s when US satellites designed to detect whether the Soviet Union was detonating bombs in space ending up finding such bursts originating from outside the Milky Way.
"Gamma-ray bursts in general release the same amount of energy that our Sun produces over its entire lifetime in the span of a few seconds—and this event is the brightest gamma ray burst," said O'Connor.
This gamma-ray burst, known as GRB 221009A, was first spotted by telescopes including NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, and Wind spacecraft on Sunday morning Eastern time.
This picture provided by Noirlab on October 14, 2022 shows record-breaking Gamma-Ray bursting caught with Gemini South in Chile.
1.9 billion-year-old movie
It originated from the direction of the constellation Sagitta, and traveled an estimated 1.9 billion years to reach Earth—less than the current dis$$tance of its starting point, because the universe is expanding.
Observing the event now is like watching a 1.9 billion-year-old recording of those events unfold before us, giving astronomers a rare opportunity to glean new insights into things like black hole formation.
"That's what makes this sort of science so addictive—you get this adrenaline rush when these things happen," said O'Connor, who is affiliated with the University of Maryland and George Washington University.
Over the coming weeks, he and others will continue watching for the signatures of supernovas at optical and infrared wavelengths, to confirm that their hypothesis about the origins of the flash are correct, and that the event conforms to known physics.
Unfortunately, while the initial burst may have been visible to amateur astronomers, it has since faded out of their view.
Supernova explosions are also predicted to be responsible for producing heavy elements—such as gold, platinum, uranium—and astronomers will also be on the hunt for their signatures.
Astrophysicists have written in the past that the sheer power of gamma-ray bursts could cause extinction level events here on Earth.
But O'Connor pointed out that because the jets of energy are very tightly focused, and aren't likely to arise in our galaxy, this scenario is not something we should worry much about.
A group of astronomers has become star-struck at the brightest flash of light that has ever been seen, probably caused by a black hole forming.
On October 9, astronomers’ telescopes detected what is now considered to be the brightest flash of light ever observed.
The Swift’s X-Ray Telescope captured the afterglow of GRB 221009A an hour after it was first detected. NASA published the image.
Researchers say that the flash of light lasted for hundreds of seconds and was a burst of gamma rays likely caused by a collapsing star that transformed into a black hole. Notably, when a star explodes in a supernova, it can collapse into a black hole, and the leftover matter from the explosion then forms an accretion disk around the black hole. This matter eventually falls inside of the black hole and causes a large jet of energy to be shot out at speeds close to the speed of light. Some instances of this gamma-ray jet have reached 99.99% the speed of light.
Furthermore, the flash of light released photons that carried a record 18 teraelectronvolts of energy, which is 18 with 12 zeros behind it. Such power was even felt on Earth, with reports indicating that long-wave radio communications in Earth’s ionosphere have been impacted by the flash. Astrophysicist Brendan O’Connor recently spoke to AFP and explained that he took observations of the event last Friday and found that the event itself occurred 2.4 billion light years away from Earth.
“It’s really breaking records, both in the amount of photons, and the energy of the photons that are reaching us. Something this bright, this nearby, is really a once-in-a-century event.
Gamma-ray bursts in general release the same amount of energy that our Sun produces over its entire lifetime in the span of a few seconds-and this event is the brightest gamma ray burst,” said O’Connor.
For more information on this story, check out this link here.
Nikola Tesla's Terrifying Invention Has Just Been Revealed In Old Documents Nov 2022
Nikola Tesla's Terrifying Invention Has Just Been Revealed In Old Documents Nov 2022
We idolize our tech heroes in this era of technological obsession. The leaders of the technology sector are treated like rock stars, and their announcements of cutting-edge technology are heard by billions of people worldwide. The Serbian inventor Nikola Tesla, who held nearly 300 patents and was in charge of such ground-breaking technology as the alternating current, was one of the first tech icons.
Nikola Tesla, a Serbian-American engineer and physicist made numerous advances in the generation, transmission, and use of electric power. He invented the first alternating current motor and pioneered the development of AC generation and transmission technology.
Despite his notoriety and respect, he never succeeded in turning his innumerable inventions into long- term financial success, unlike Thomas Edison, his main rival and former employer. In this video, we’ll tell you about Nikola Tesla’s last message and his prediction to future generations revealed in old documents.
Ever since astronomers first detected ultra high energy neutrinos coming from random directions in space, they have not been able to figure out what generates them. But a new hypothesis suggests an unlikely source: the mergers of black holes.
Neutrinos are extremely ghostly particles. The carry no electric charge and they interact only rarely with normal matter through the weak nuclear force. Trillions of neutrinos pass through every square centimeter of your body every single second. So it takes truly enormous observatories to capture them. The largest of all is the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, which is a series of detectors sunk into the Antarctic ice sheet at the South Pole. Occasionally a neutrino will strike a molecule of water ice and lead to a flash of light that the observatory can detect.
While IceCube has seen countless events over the years, a few stand out. Some neutrinos are exceedingly energetic – so energetic that it’s difficult to come up with plausible scenarios that could generate them.
At the other end of the spectrum, perhaps the most powerful objects in the universe are black holes. Their intense gravity can tear apart stars and even power the formation of jets that can blast tens of thousands of light years into space.
So new research suggests that black holes may be responsible for the highest energy neutrinos. However, this can’t work with black holes in isolation Instead the black holes must be surrounded by an electrically charged plasma. That plasma will swirl around the black hole forming an accretion disk. Incredibly strong magnetic and electric fields in the accretion disk can wind their way around the black hole and send material flowing outwards in the form of a jet.
When two black holes merge this changes the direction of the jet, and occasionally the jets can get a boost from the gravitational energy released by the merger.
The authors of the new study suggests that if conditions are just right, the enhancement of the jet during a merger can power insanely high energetic neutrinos.
To match the observed numbers of high-energy neutrinos that IceCube has detected, the authors suggest that these black holes don’t have to merge all that often. If the neutrinos are powered by mergers of supermassive black holes, then they only need to collide between every 100,000 and 10 million years in every cubic gigaparsec of volume. If instead the neutrinos are powered by stellar mass black hole mergers, then they only need to happen 10 to 100 times every year in every cubic gigaparsec of volume.
These are promising numbers because the results sit within the expected range of merger rates of both stellar mass black holes and supermassive black holes. So as mechanisms go, it’s plausible. Only more observations will be able to tell, and hopefully astronomers will be able to pinpoint a source of these extremely energetic exotic particles.
Commercial Airline Pilots Record More UFOs Over Brazil and Colorado and a Politician Fears a UFO Collision
Commercial Airline Pilots Record More UFOs Over Brazil and Colorado and a Politician Fears a UFO Collision
If you are not yet convinced that commercial airline pilots – not military pilots – are in the best position to spot and record real UFOs, these recent events may convince you otherwise. After a number of pilots for Azul Brazilian Airlines reported UFOs over the state of Santa Catarina in far southeastern Brazil, more pilots from Azul and pilots from the low-cost airline Gol Linhas Aéreas Inteligentes are reporting additional sightings. In the U.S., a professional pilot for over 40 years with over 28,000 hours of flight time reports seeing a fleet of UFOs making strange maneuvers over Colorado, while others report sightings over Oklahoma. Proving some in positions of power and political influence are concerned about commercial airline encounters with UFOs, US Congressman Tim Burchett reveals he is convinced a collision is inevitable and will happen soon. Is it time for a commercial pilots UFO conference? Would their airlines allow it … anticipating the fear it could perpetrate amongst the flying public? Should Congress – or the White House or the Pentagon – demand it?
What are these pilots seeing?
“A new report of sightings of lights in the airspace of southern Brazil has emerged again with pilots from Azul and now also from Gol. As reported here , last week Azul pilots reported to Air Traffic Control agencies that they spotted unknown lights moving in the sky over southern Brazil. The lights would have a random pattern, moving and disappearing sometimes, in a formation that does not match any current aircraft, creating rumors that it would be a UFO - Unidentified Flying Object. Here, again, the lights would have appeared, now seen by four Azul flights and one by GOL Linhas Aéreas.”
As reported last week by Mysterious Universe, on October 22, 2022, Azul flight 4517 was approaching its destination of the Salgado Filho Porto Alegre International Airport on the Atlantic coast when its pilots reported seeing a UFO making strange movements – audio of the encounter was recorded and uploaded to YouTube. This week, AEROIN, the largest aviation website in Brazil and Latin America, reveals (in Portuguese) that four Azul flights and one GOL airliner saw a similar UFOs on the night of October 31 -- audio captured by the Youtube channel “Câmera Aeroporto Salgado Filho BrAmigos” which broadcasts live the movement at Porto Alegre International Airport and air traffic control in the region, was uploaded on November 1 (watch it here). According to AEROIN, “All 5 pilots were instructed to call the Air Defense Command and report the incident, a standard procedure in this type of occurrence.” While the Câmera Aeroporto Salgado Filho BrAmigos channel gives a detailed description of the encounters, it offers no explanation. The same is true at AEROIN.
"The whole event started about Midnight EST in the Colorado area. We were heading west on about an 85* heading at 35,000 ft going 078 Mach around 540 mph. The entire event started just to the right of the Big Dipper with a falling star traveling multiple thousands of miles/hr and immediately after, the craft appeared. First one was a larger one, then a smaller one that came from the left to meet up, then the original moved back to the left where they finally stopped moving for over an hr. The large craft stayed in one spot as the other 2 moved around. The final video shows them in a triangle which lasted about 20mins. We were given a new heading to the left and lost site for the remainder of the night on 10/19/22."
Meanwhile, in the U.S., documentary filmmaker and UFO investigator Jeremy Corbell released a video taken by an experienced commercial pilot on October 19, 2022, while flying over Colorado. The pilot remained anonymous for fear over his job – despite having 42 years of experience. This sighting (watch the video here) follows others reported here this month by multiple commercial pilots who claimed to see UFOs traveling in oval “racetrack” loops over the Pacific.
Moving on to Oklahoma …
“The flight officer who responded to the transmission over the radio just repeated what Air Traffic Control told him, “please be on the lookout for any strange activity you see in the area, and if so report back to us. We’ve gotten dispatched from several pilots about UFO-like objects flying around in the surrounding areas.”
Liberation Times reports that multiple commercial aircraft encountered unidentified aerial phenomena on October 2, 2022, over Oklahoma – incidents that left one experienced crew member “scared speechless.” In a video uploaded to YouTube (see it here), the crew of an American Airlines flight sounded reassured that they weren’t the only ones seeing the UAPs -- “Alright, then we’re not crazy then, I think,” – and speculated that they could be related to Whiteman Air Force Base in nearby Warrensburg, Missouri. However, air traffic control pointed out that the UAP was in the wrong direction. A Delta pilot is heard doubting this is a military plane:
“Unless they’re doing 360s with their lights on, I don’t know what else it is.”
An anonymous flight attendant said other flight attendants saw this and other UAPs and a pilot was overheard commenting:
“Yea, there’s definitely something else out here with us, plenty of pilots have witnessed it and I come from a military background so I’ve always known about it.”
That leads to the question: Who else knows about it? One person who does is US Representative from Tennessee Tim Burchett, who has been calling for more UAP disclosure by the Department of Defense and has doubts about the Pentagon’s UFO briefings. Burchett recently told The Daily Star he is especially concerned about the safety of military and commercial airline pilots with military backgrounds.
"Plenty of military pilots have reported UAP encounters that have no logical explanation. Some of them have warned it was only a matter of time before an aircraft got into a mid-air collision with an unexplained object. Yet despite these warnings and reports the first standardized reporting structure wasn’t established until 2019. Our government has been surprisingly quiet about the topic for many decades despite the many reports."
How close is too close?
Burchett is in a position where he can at least influence, if not change, the policies of the U.S. government in regards to UFO encounters by military and commercial pilots. The late Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid is a good example of a U.S. politician who had an impact on UFO investigations – helping to finance the original secret task force researching UAP encounters. Perhaps Tim Burchett could take up where Reid left off.
As always, it is sad and disconcerting that experienced pilots – both military and commercial – are not respected when they come forward with their ever-growing numbers of UFO encounters. They have videos and other witnesses and they’ve discussed the encounters with other pilots and with air traffic controllers. From the tone of their audio reports, they are concerned for the safety of their passengers and crews. Why isn’t their government?
Is it only a matter of time before a plane and a UFO collide? Must we have tragedy in order to have progress?
Orange Lights / UFOs filmed while driving in California, Sept 2022
Video shared by West-Wrap7967 on reddit, recorded on September 4, 2022 while moving from Florida to San Pedro, CA.
RELATED
Two UFOs filmed in New York, Nov 2022
Video shared by zikeonamic on Twitter, recorded on November 2, 2022 in James Braddock park, looking toward NYC Hudson river. Time: 6:11 PM.
Largest Potentially Dangerous Asteroid Of The Decade With a Strange Orbital Resonance
USS Nimitz Witness Tells His Story For The First Time | Contact
The USS Nimitz is famously known for the "Tic-Tac Incident", but a decade earlier, Kevin Thomas witnessed a completely separate but just as extraordinary event.
Nasa Astronaut Returns With Terrifying Information About Earth
The fascinating stories about outer space narrated by cosmonauts makes everyone want to take at least one trip out there and witness the mesmerizing cosmos with our own eyes. Maybe sometime in the future we might be able to do this for real. But outer space isn't a very safe or comfortable place. Humans know very little about the universe and what lies out there. In the past, many astronauts have encountered some unexplainable and downright terrifying things in space. And even with the modern and much more sophisticated equipment and knowledge, astronomers are unable to provide a logical explanation for these objects astronauts witnessand other strange experiences. Here are twenty creepiest things in space seen by astronauts
ALIEN WAR and The Horrors of Dulce Underground Base
ALIEN WAR and The Horrors of Dulce Underground Base
Everybody has heard of Area 51, which is a top-secret facility in Nevada’s desert. However, there are no known details about what goes on there.
There’s a rumor that says that the bodies of extraterrestrials have been recovered from the crash sites of UFOs.
But did you hear about Dulce Base? It’s reportedly more sinister than the former. If aliens were experimenting on humans in Area 51, then this facility would be the place for them.
One of Stephen Hawking’s most famous theories has been confirmed to be correct, thanks to space-time ripples caused by the merger of the two distant black holes.
The black hole area theorem, which Hawking derived from Einstein’s theory of general relativity in 1971, states that the surface area of a black hole cannot decrease over time. This rule is of importance to physicists because it appears to set time to run in a certain direction: the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy, or disorder, of a closed system must always rise. Because the entropy of a black hole is proportional to its surface area, both must always increase.
The researchers’ confirmation of the area law, according to the new study, appears to suggest that the properties of black holes are crucial hints to the hidden laws that control the universe. Surprisingly, the area law appears to contradict another of the famous physicist’s proven theorems: that black holes should evaporate over incredibly long time scales, suggesting that determining the source of the conflict between the two theories might reveal new physics.
“A black hole’s surface area can’t be decreased, which is like the second law of thermodynamics. It also has a conservation of mass, as you can’t reduce its mass, so that’s analogous to the conservation of energy,” lead author Maximiliano Isi, an astrophysicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, told Live Science. “Initially people were like ‘Wow, that’s a cool parallel,’ but we soon realized that this was fundamental. Black holes have an entropy, and it’s proportional to their area. It’s not just a funny coincidence, it’s a deep fact about the world that they reveal.”
The event horizon limits the surface area of a black hole; beyond this point, nothing, not even light, can escape its strong gravitational pull. According to Hawking’s interpretation of general relativity, as a black hole’s surface area increases with its mass, and because no object thrown inside can exit, its surface area cannot decrease. However, because the surface area of a black hole reduces as it spins, researchers questioned if it would be feasible to throw an object inside hard enough to cause the black hole to spin enough to diminish its area.
“You will make it spin more, but not enough to counterbalance the mass you’ve just added,” Isi said. “Whatever you do, the mass and the spin will make it so that you end up with a bigger area.”
To put this idea to the test, the researchers examined gravitational waves, or ripples in the fabric of space-time generated 1.3 billion years ago by two massive black holes spiralling toward each other at high speeds. The Advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), a laser beam divided into two 2,485-mile-long (4-kilometer) pathways capable of detecting the slightest distortions in space-time by how they affect its path length, discovered the first waves in 2015.
The researchers determined the mass and spin of both the two original black holes and the new combined one by dividing the signal into two parts — before and after the black holes merged. These figures enabled them to compute the surface area of each black hole before to and after the collision.
“As they spin around each other faster and faster, the gravitational waves increase in amplitude more and more until they eventually plunge into each other — making this big burst of waves,” Isi said. “What you’re left with is a new black hole that’s in this excited state, which you can then study by analyzing how it’s vibrating. It’s like if you ping a bell, the specific pitches and durations it rings with will tell you the structure of that bell, and also what it’s made out of.”
The newly formed black hole has a greater surface area than the first two combined, proving Hawking’s area rule with higher than 95% certainty. According to the researchers, these findings are mostly consistent with their predictions. The theory of general relativity, from which the area law was developed, does an excellent job of characterizing black holes and other large-scale objects.
The real mystery however, begins when we try to integrate general relativity — the rules of big objects — with quantum mechanics — those of the very small. Strange events begin to occur, wreaking havoc on all of our hard and fast rules and entirely breaking the area law.
This is because, according to general relativity, black holes may shrink according to quantum mechanics. The famous British physicist behind the surface area rule also created the concept of Hawking radiation, which describes how a fog of particles is released at the edges of black holes due to strange quantum processes. This phenomenon leads the black holes to shrink and, eventually, over a time period several times longer than the age of the universe, evaporate. This evaporation may occur over periods long enough to avoid violating area law in the short term, but that is little consolation to physicists.
“Statistically, over a long period of time, the law is violated,” Isi said. “It’s like boiling water, you’re getting steam evaporating from your pan, but if you only limit yourself to looking at the disappearing water inside of it, you might be tempted to say the entropy of the pan is decreasing. But if you take the steam into account too, your overall entropy has increased. It’s the same with black holes and Hawking radiation.”
After establishing the area rule for short to medium time frames, the researchers will evaluate data from more gravitational waves to get further insights into black holes.
“I’m obsessed with these objects because of how paradoxical they are. They’re extremely mysterious and confounding, yet at the same time we know them to be the simplest objects that exist,” Isi said. “This, as well as the fact that they’re where gravity meets quantum mechanics, makes them the perfect playgrounds for our understanding of what reality is.”
A Black Hole's Jets are Coming From a Region 2,000 km Away From the Singularity Itself
Artist’s conception of the Cygnus X-1 system.
Credit: John Paice
A Black Hole's Jets are Coming From a Region 2,000 km Away From the Singularity Itself
In 1961 astronomers discovered a powerful x-ray source coming from the constellation Cygnus. Not knowing what it was, they named the source Cygnus X-1. It’s one of the strongest x-ray sources in the sky, and we now know it is powered by a stellar-mass black hole. Since it is only about 7,000 light-years away, it also gives astronomers an excellent view of how stellar-mass black holes behave. Even after six decades of study, it continues to teach us a few things, as a recent study in Science shows.
Cygnus X-1 is actually a binary system. The black hole itself is a 21 solar-mass stellar remnant, and it orbits a 41 solar-mass companion star. It’s a powerful x-ray source because material from the star is captured into an accretion disk of the black hole, which superheats the material and generates jets of plasma that flow away from the black hole. This is a common situation for black holes, but astronomers still don’t understand all the details of how this type of structure evolves.
For this study, the team used data from the Imaging X-Ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE), which can capture not just x-rays but also their polarization. When they combined this data with other observations of Cygnus X-1, they found the x-rays are emitted not from the regions along the jets, but from a 2,000 km region perpendicular to the jets. In other words, the accretion disk itself is the primary x-ray source. This supports the model where the innermost region of the accretion disk is what powers a black hole’s jets.
This X-ray image of Cygnus X-1 was taken by a balloon-borne telescope, the High Energy Replicated Optics (HERO) project. NASA image.
The team also found that the orientation of the accretion disk is tilted significantly relative to the orbital plane of the binary system. It would be unusual for members of a stellar binary system to have such differing rotational axes, so it is likely that the shift occurred during the cataclysmic explosion that formed the black hole.
Knowing that the x-ray source is relatively close to the black hole, astronomers can further study their dynamics to better understand how black holes affect the warping of space and time, which could lead to more stringent tests of general relativity.
Mysterious light pillars appear over Jeju Island, S. Korea 26-Oct-2022
Mysterious light pillars appear over Jeju Island, S. Korea 26-Oct-2022
On October 26, 2022, several light pillars appeared in the sky above South Korea’s southern island of Jeju. Meteorologists attributed the event to the high-level clouds, as the light from them reflected the light coming from the fishing boats.
EXCLUSIVE: Never-before-seen photos reveal extraordinary wedge-shaped impressions and oval imprints left in a grass field by UFOs during famous 1994 sighting witnessed by more than 60 schoolchildren in Zimbabwe
EXCLUSIVE: Never-before-seen photos reveal extraordinary wedge-shaped impressions and oval imprints left in a grass field by UFOs during famous 1994 sighting witnessed by more than 60 schoolchildren in Zimbabwe
New photos obtained by DailyMail.com show imprints in the ground left by an alleged UFO that was seen by over 60 witnesses in a famous 1994 sighting in the southern African country of Zimbabwe
A class of 62 students at the Ariel School in Ruwa, said they saw a disc-shaped craft land in a field behind their playground on Friday September 16, 1994 - and some even claimed humanoids emerged from the craft
The extraordinary case has fascinated researchers for decades, however, the one element that had been lacking was physical evidence of the landing
Photographer Gunter Hofer, one of the first on the scene, shared his photos with DailyMail.com showing wedge-shaped impressions in the 'rock-hard' soil and an oval imprint in the grass allegedly left by the craft
Hofer initially couldn't find anything in the area where many of the kids had seen a craft that Friday, but later realized some of them had also seen UFOs the previous day on the other end of the field
It was there that he found 'two oval shapes' and 'a wedge-shaped marking' that had flattened the grass
'The earth there was rock-solid due to the long drought in Zimbabwe,' Hofer said. 'So whatever made that mark really dug in hard'
The newly unearthed photo evidence was shared with DailyMail.com ahead of the release of a new documentary, Ariel Phenomenon, released Thursday, featuring interviews with the students
New photos show imprints in a field left by an alleged UFOthat was seen by over 60 witnesses in a famous 1994 sighting in Zimbabwe.
A whole class of children at the Ariel School in Ruwa drew media attention nearly 30 years ago after they said they had seen a disc-shaped craft land in a field behind their playground one Friday morning in September 1994 – and some even said they saw humanoid beings come out from the craft and communicate with them.
A Pulitzer Prize-winning head of psychiatry at Harvard interviewed many of the 62 children at length shortly after, and concluded they were telling the truth. Now adults, they have all stuck to their stories for decades.
Previously unseen photo evidence has been shared with DailyMail.com ahead of the release of a new documentary, Ariel Phenomenon, about the astonishing incident.
The stunning revelation also comes as interest in UFOs is growing in the United States.
Over five dozen school children at the Ariel School in Ruwa, Zimbabwe claimed to have witnessed a unidentified flying craft land in a field behind their playground in September 1994
Researchers traveled to the school where they asked the kids to draw what they'd seen 'while it was fresh in their minds'
Photographer Gunter Hofer, who was one of the first on the scene documenting the incident, shared his photos which show wedge-shaped impressions allegedly left by the UFO in the grass field. He is seen posing near the 'flattened' grass
Hofer would later realize that some of the children had seen UFOs on two different days, Thursday September 15, 1994 and Friday, September 16
The kids claimed the first alleged landing took place on the other end of the campus, which led Hofer to discover the physical evidence
A marked photo illustrates the wedge-shaped impressions found in the dry soil within the grass after the alleged UFO sighting
On Tuesday a congressional sub committee held the first public hearings into 'unidentified aerial phenomena' (UAP) for over 50 years, prompted by continued reports of incursions by strange and highly sophisticated craft in US airspace, including near aircraft carriers and nuclear weapon silos.
In December, Congress passed a new law mandating a government UFO office to investigate such incidents.
The Ariel incident is one of the most prized UFO cases among researchers, who say that the scores of witnesses, their contemporaneous accounts and even striking drawings of the alleged craft and beings drawn the same day make for a very compelling – if unsettling– story.
The one element that had been lacking in the extraordinary case was physical evidence that something had landed in the schoolyard that morning.
But now DailyMail.com can reveal photographs of wedge-shaped impressions in the 'rock-hard' soil and an oval indentation in the long grass allegedly left by the craft.
Photographer Gunter Hofer was one of the first on the scene to document what happened, and shared his photos with DailyMail.com.
A map of Ariel School illustrates the two landing sites where the UFOs are said to have touched down on two consecutive days in September 1994
The site of the alleged second landing on Friday, September 16. Hofer explained he didn't find any evidence of a landing in this area where the ground was 'already flat, there was no grass and the surface was hard'
Students Farrayi and Guy Gibbon at Ariel School showing Hofer and the crew around the grounds beyond the playground where the UFO was seen
'I couldn't find anything in the area where many of the children had seen a craft. It was difficult, as the ground was already flat, there was no grass and the surface was hard,' he said.
'But some of the children described seeing a craft in a separate location on the savanna, which is where I found impressions in the grass.
'I found two oval shapes, one smaller and one larger. I also found what looked like a wedge-shaped marking in the ground, something had pushed in,' he said.
Hofer was first alerted to the incident the day it occurred by the BBC's man in Zimbabwe, journalist Tim Leech.
Leech accompanied him and local UFO researcher Cynthia Hind to interview the children the following Tuesday.
'Cynthia asked the headmaster if the kids could draw what they'd seen while it was fresh in their minds,' Hofer said.
'There was a very palpable atmosphere of excitement, of course, and also confusion over what it could be.
'Most of the descriptions we got from the kids were very consistent, of a short-looking being,' he added. 'A lot of them described very large eyes.
'They couldn't describe the clothing exactly. But one of them said it reminded them of a diving suit because it was tight-fitting.'
When the schoolchildren were asked to draw their observations, some produced drawings containing two objects, one which was cigar-shaped labeled 'Thursday' and another which was disc-like or oval-shaped, labeled 'Friday'
As for the humanoids some claimed to see emerge from the craft, Hofer said that most of the students' descriptions were 'very consistent of a short-looking being' and 'a lot of them described very large eyes'
One student drew a picture of an alien that allegedly came out of the UFO in front of the group of school children
A drawing of the craft that the students said shone like water in the sun
News of the strange encounter spread and media flocked to the school to cover the story.
Subsequent retellings focused on the children's accounts of four craft hovering and landing at the far end of the schoolyard, beings emerging and even telepathically communicating with them.
But Hofer realized some of the children had also seen UFOs the day before on the other end of the campus, which led him to discover the physical evidence.
'We noticed some of the kids drew two objects. One object looked like a cigar, and they labeled that 'Thursday',' he told DailyMail.com.
'Then they drew what they saw on Friday the 16th which is more of a disc-like, oval-shaped object.'
Hofer said two boys told him that on Thursday September 15 they saw a craft with flashing lights flying above the power lines at the other end of the playground.
'It was moving, disappeared, instantly reappeared somewhere else, and then vanished,' he said.
It was in that location he found the flattened grass and wedge markings.
'The earth there was rock-solid due to a long drought in Zimbabwe,' he said. 'So whatever made that mark really dug in hard.'
In the weeks after the incident, head of the Harvard Department of Psychiatry John Mack flew to Zimbabwe to interview the children. He is pictured above with Ariel School headmaster Colin Mackie in 1994
Dr Mack interviewed many of the 62 children at length shortly after, and concluded they were telling the truth
The area where the two oval impressions were spotted was inaccessible to vehicles.
Although cattle could access the area, the largest shape was about 30 ft long and there were no imprints to suggest cows walking through.
Hofer said that while he and Leech were interviewing the boys, they were distracted by a bright light shining from the nearby hills.
'On top of a nearby hill, we saw an extremely bright intense light, like someone was reflecting sunlight,' he said.
'I went to investigate later on and could find no apparent source from where it originated from. It actually interfered with filming.'
Several of the children, now adults, were interviewed by documentary director Randall Nickerson for his new movie on the incident, Ariel Phenomenon, released Thursday
The footage featuring the bright light has never been released and Hofer has tried to obtain it from the BBC without success. Leech, a former head of the Foreign Correspondents Association, died in 2011.
According to Hofer, the children who saw the beings described them as 'moving in slow motion like they were on the moon' and speculated there may have been 'an intense gravitational field created by the craft.'
The children stand by their story to this day. Several were interviewed by documentary director Randall Nickerson for his new movie on the incident, Ariel Phenomenon, released Thursday.
Nickerson told DailyMail.com the witnesses are still impacted as adults and have suffered from PTSD.
Lisil Field, who was in Grade 4 at the time, told the documentary: 'I remember seeing two flashing lights and I saw a big silver saucer thing that was hovering, and then it landed or hovered on a stone, then I saw two figures come out, really black but their face, you could actually see not much of their face, but it was really white in color.'
Another witness, Robert Medcalf, who was in Grade 2 at the time, said: 'I suddenly realized that he's not quite normal. I didn't actually know about UFOs or aliens at the time, I just thought it was a strange person…[the being's eyes] were almost like rugby balls or American footballs, with huge eyes on the side of his face.'
Nickerson told DailyMail.com that a UFO was tracked on radar twice a day before the encounter.
An unidentified object traveling across the Atlantic at high speed was pinged first by Mexican radar, then shortly after by commercial radar operators from Johannesburg in South Africa, he said, adding that radar contact was eventually tracked to a location 'near the Zimbabwean border with Botswana.'
All of the children stand by their story to this day. In a still from the documentary above, one of the students is seen returning to the school and the site of the landing in 2015
Witness Emily Trim is seen returning to Ariel School 20 years after the famous UFO sighting
Documentary director Randall Nickerson is a UFO experiencer himself and appeared on the Oprah Winfrey show in 1994, together with his sister, claiming they had been abducted by alien beings as children
In the weeks after the incident, the head of the Harvard Department of Psychiatry John Mack flew to Zimbabwe to interview the children.
In videotaped sessions included in Nickerson's documentary, several of the children said they received psychic messages from the beings they encountered warning them of environmental damage by humans to the planet.
Lisil Field told Mack the being didn't speak but sent her a message 'through the eyes'.
'It was like in the world all the trees would just go down and there would be no air and people will be dying. I think that in space there is no love, but down here there is,' Field said in the session with the psychiatrist.
Nickerson is a UFO experiencer himself. He appeared on the Oprah Winfrey show in 1994, together with his sister, claiming they had been abducted by alien beings as children.
He declined to comment on the alleged abduction in an interview with DailyMail.com.
The Ariel School case resurfaced in 2020, following the release of UFO documentary The Phenomenon.
Its director, James Fox, said he was tipped off about the incident by Steven Spielberg, the director of alien movie Close Encounters of the Third Kind.
Nickerson told DailyMail.com that he hopes his movie will make people question whether alien beings are visiting Earth.
'There is a species that's out there that's more evolved,' he said. 'The big question is, what are they doing? Because that's what we need to know. So we understand where we fall in their plan or whatever their ideas of the universe are.'
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New Evidence on Ariel School UFO incident
New Evidence on Ariel School UFO incident
Unseen photos show the imprints and wedge-shaped impressions left by unidentified flying objects in a field in Zimbabwe in 1994. More than 60 scholars witnessed the incident.
According to a report by DailyMail.com, the imprints left by the alleged UFO were found in the ground in Zimbabwe. The incident reportedly happened in 1994.
In September 1994, a group of students from the Ariel School in Ruwa said they saw a disc-shaped object flying across the field. Some of them also claimed that there were creatures from the UFO.
For researchers, the case has been a long-standing interest. However, they had not been able to piece together the exact details of the incident due to lack of physical evidence.
Gunter Hofer, a photographer who was one of the first individuals on the scene, shared his pictures with DailyMail.com, which showed the alleged alien craft’s oval and wedge-shaped impressions in the ground.
After initially not finding anything in the area where the students said they saw the UFO, Hofer later realized that some of them also spotted the UFO the previous day.
Upon further inspection, he came across two oval-shaped objects and a wedge-shaped mark that had flattened the grass. According to Hofer, the area where the objects were found was made of rock-solid ground due to the country’s long drought.
The photos were acquired by DailyMail.com before the release of a documentary about the incident, which features interviews with the students.
The photos show the imprints left by the alleged alien craft in the field. More than 60 witnesses reportedly saw the UFO in 1994.
Almost three decades ago, a group of students from the Ariel School drew attention after they said they saw a disc-shaped object flying across the field. Some of them also claimed that they saw creatures from the UFO.
After the incident, a psychiatrist from Harvard conducted an interview with the students to determine if they were telling the truth. He concluded that the students were telling the truth.
DailyMail.com acquired the photos before the documentary about the incident, titled Ariel Phenomenon, was released. The new revelation about the incident comes as UFO sightings are gaining interest in the US.
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LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS
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Elongated skulls are a very interesting global phenomenon. Across the planet, researchers keep discovering traces of these mysterious artifacts, the nature of which supposedly defies any explanation. Many researchers enthusiastically call elongated skulls evidence of the existence of forbidden archeology. And some of them even believe that they are proof that the real history of mankind is being hidden from most of people.
The analysis of this elongated skull, which has reddish hair, shows that it has a mitochondrial haplogroup U2e, which may signify it originated somewhere in the Caucasus… far from Paracas.
According to some DNA analysis, the deformation in the skull was not created artificially but due to the genetics. The elongated skulls of the Paracas culture have other strange features. Researchers concluded that the average volume of these skulls is 25% larger than that of the average modern person. Besides, they are 60% heavier than ordinary human skulls. But that is not all.
In 2018, a team of researchers led by Brien Foerster and L.A. Marzulli presented their DNS findings at the Elongated Skulls Symposium in Los Angeles. Foerster explained:
“The DNA results actually were incredibly complicated… It’s gonna take me some time to actually figure out what the results mean. What it does show for sure is that the Paracas elongated skull people were not 100% Native American. They were a mix or even you could say, in some ways, a hybrid of different people. Their blood types are very complicated as well, they should be blood type “O” if they’re 100% Native American and that’s not the case. We are likely looking at a sub-species of humanity as regards to the Paracas… Seems to be a lot of DNA evidence from extreme eastern Europe and extreme western Asia. More specifically I’m talking about the area in between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea where ancient elongated skull people lived I think about 3000 years ago. So I think we are looking at a migration pattern starting in the Caspian Black Sea area and then entering through the Persian Gulf and then moving eastwards eventually winding up on the coast of Peru.”
Source: YouTube screenshot
The earliest written reference to artificial cranial deformation dated back to 750 and 650 BC. In his book, “The Catalogues of Women,” the Greek poet Hesiod referred to a tribe from either Africa or India called the “Makrokephaloi” (or “Macrocephali”), which roughly translates to “the big heads.” The deformation of children’s skulls was already practiced by Huns, Goths, and Alans in the 4th and 5th centuries.
In April 2021, a video was posted on YouTube where a presenter showed elongated skulls he found in Huancavelica, a city in Peru. The presenter spoke Spanish through the video entitled “I found STRANGE and DEFORMED SKULLS in the mountains of Huancavelica.” The video went viral after some Facebook user posted it and pointed out the shape of the skull and the eye sockets as proof of alien origin.
Some experts came forward and said the skulls and eye sockets were completely normal. “The eye sockets are normal and perfectly within the range of human variation and look like eye sockets of other human skulls from Peru,” said Melissa S. Murphy, an anthropology professor at the University of Wyoming who specializes in the analysis of human remains from Peru.
The samples were sent to the genetic laboratory but to avoid influencing the result, the origin of the skulls was not informed. Interestingly, the mitochondrial DNA, inherited from the mother, presented mutations unknown to any man, primate or any other animal and the mutations suggested another human species different from Homo Sapiens, Neanderthals or Denisovans. It was reported that the people with Paracas skulls were biologically different and it would have been impossible for humans to interbreed with them.
So, who were those people? Did they evolve here on Earth on a path so different from us that they ended up looking drastically different? And what if the skulls of the Paracas culture are just the remains of aliens? The origin of the Paracas skulls is still a mystery for researchers but for now, the available evidence seems to suggest the Paracans were indeed human.
Found: The first exoplanet outside of our Milky Way
Found: The first exoplanet outside of our Milky Way
In a galaxy far, far away lies an exoplanet circling a binary system that contains a neutron star or black hole.
The Whirlpool Galaxy (left) in X-ray and optical light. On the right is an artist’s concept of the M51-ULS-1 system with the neutron star or black hole syphoning material from its companion star. The planet is eclipsing the X-rays generated by the superheated material around the compact object.
X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO/R. DiStefano, et al.; Optical: NASA/ESA/STScI/Grendler; Illustration: NASA/CXC/M.Weiss
Astronomers believe they’ve spotted the first extragalactic exoplanet beyond our own galaxy. Residing some 28 million light-years away near the heart of the Whirlpool Galaxy (M51), the binary system M51-ULS-1 consists of either a neutron star or a black hole that’s tangoing with a more standard companion star.
To find the distant planet hiding in this system, astronomers relied on X-ray data rather than more standard visual observations. “We are trying to open up a whole new arena for finding other worlds by searching for planet candidates at X-ray wavelengths, a strategy that makes it possible to discover them in other galaxies,” said study lead Rosanne Di Stefano of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in a press release.
The new research, published in Nature Astronomy, examined three galaxies: M51, M101, and M104. The team targeted more than 200 total star systems within these galaxies using the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton. Within all those systems, they found only one exoplanet.
Hunting exoplanets
Researchers have mainly used two methods to spot the over 4,000 confirmed exoplanets so far. The radial velocity method measures how a star slightly wobbles when an orbiting planet around it gently tugs on its stellar host. Even though stars hold considerably more mass than the planets around them, even a petite world can cause its star to move around a bit, leaving an imprint in the star’s light.
The transit method, on the other hand, takes advantage of a planet crossing in front of its star. This briefly dims the starlight by a detectable amount. Even though planets are much smaller than their stars, researchers can measure these small but recognizable fluctuations in brightness.
Although both the radial velocity and transit methods are clearly effective, they are only useful for finding planets out to about 3,000 light-years from Earth. That’s still well within the boundaries of our Milky Way galaxy, which is about 100,000 light-years across.
So, in order to find this first extragalactic planet, scientists opted to search for passing planets within X-ray binaries. These systems would contain either a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole pulling in material from a companion star. As this material falls onto the exotic stellar remnant, it becomes superheated, producing X-rays.
Unlike with optical light transits — where a relatively small planet only blocks a tiny amount of starlight — in such binary systems, the area where X-rays are produced is tiny enough that even a planet can block a significant portion (if not all) of the X-ray light. That means that searching for X-ray transits are detectable at a much greater distances than visual transits.
In the case of the M51-ULS-1 system, the black hole or neutron star is closely orbited by a star some 20 times the mass of the Sun. This makes the system one of M51’s brightest X-ray binaries. By examining Chandra data, researchers saw that for 3 hours, the X-rays typically emanating from the system dropped to zero. According to the researchers, this suggests that a Saturn-sized exoplanet is orbiting the compact object at some 19.2 astronomical units (AU; where 1 AU is the average distance between Earth and the Sun). That’s about twice as far as Saturn is from the Sun.
Of course, an exoplanet isn’t the only explanation for why the X-ray signal could have been disrupted. X-ray sources can also be obscured by, say, a cloud of dust passing in front of it. The researchers did consider this explanation, too, but they ultimately concluded it was less likely than an exoplanet.
Unfortunately confirming the extragalactic detection will take a long time. With such a wide orbit, the candidate won’t pass in front of the source again for another 70 years.
Rough past
If M51-ULS-1 is a planet, however, the Saturn-sized object has a rather tumultuous history.
The presence of a neutron star or black hole means that once upon a time, the system was home to not just the current companion star, but also another dying star. This doomed star would have burned through all of its fuel before erupting as a supernova, bathing any planets nearby with intense radiation.
And, because the system’s massive current companion star is still kicking, it’s entirely possible that this extragalactic exoplanet might be forced to withstand another nasty supernova in the future.
What Happens to Hot Jupiters when their Star Becomes a Red Giant?
What Happens to Hot Jupiters when their Star Becomes a Red Giant?
This artist’s impression shows an ultra-hot exoplanet as it is about to transit in front of its host star. Using the ESPRESSO instrument of ESO’s Very Large Telescope, astronomers have found the heaviest element yet in an exoplanet's atmosphere, barium, in the two ultra-hot Jupiters WASP-76 b and WASP-121 b. Image Credit: ESO
The study of extrasolar planets has led to some astounding discoveries, many of which have defied the expectations of astronomers and challenged our notions about the forms planetary systems can take. For example, the discovery of Jupiter-sized planets that orbit closely to their stars (“Hot Jupiters”) defied what astronomers suspected about gas giants. Previously, the general consensus was that gas giants form beyond the “Frost Line” – the boundary beyond which volatile elements (like water) freeze solid – and remain there for the rest of their lives.
Interestingly, this will happen when our Sun leaves its main sequence phase and enters its Red Giant Branch (RGB) phase. This raises the question of what happens to Hot Jupiters when their parent stars expand to become Red Giants. Using advanced 3D simulations, a team of researchers led by the Compact Object Mergers: Population Astrophysics and Statistics (COMPAS) consortium simulated how red giants will expand to engulf Hot Jupiters. Their findings could answer another mystery confronting astronomers, which is why some binary systems have one rapidly-rotating star with strange chemical compositions.
The research was led by Mike Lau, a Ph.D. student at Monash University’s School of Physics & Astronomy, and other members of the COMPAS consortium, a collaborative effort to study the evolution of binary systems. They were joined by members of The ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav), the Flatiron Institute’s Center for Computational Astrophysics, Princeton University, and the Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA). Their paper, “Hot Jupiter engulfment by a red giant in 3D hydrodynamics,” recently appeared in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
This image tracks the life of a Sun-like star, from its birth on the left side of the frame to its evolution into a Red Giant star on the right. Credit:ESO/M. Kornmesser
As Lau explained to Universe Today via email, the topic of Hot Jupiter engulfment is of interest to astrophysicists because they believe it may explain some of the “odd” stars that have been observed in our galaxy – rapidly rotating and chemically enriched giant stars. The recent explosion in exoplanet discoveries has allowed for various theories to be tested, including the possibility that when stars expand to become Red Giants, planets that used to orbit at a safe distance will spiral toward the star’s center, stirring up stellar material in the process. Said Lau:
“This is, therefore, one way of explaining observed rapidly rotating giant stars. Also, any planetary material that comes off during the in-spiral could alter stars’ surface chemical makeup. This may help us understand why a small fraction of stars are observed to be abnormally rich in lithium. Finally, we may be able to directly detect this process by looking for stars that have swollen up and brightened from eating a planet, though we will have to be very lucky to catch them in the act.“
The ability to directly observe engulfments and the resulting effect on stars will be possible thanks to next-generation space telescopes like the James Webb and ground-based telescopes with 30-meter (~98 ft) primary mirrors. This includes the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT) – both of which are under construction in the Atacama desert in Chile – and the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), currently being built on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. Using a combination of adaptive optics, coronographs, and spectrometers, these observatories will be able to directly detect exoplanets orbiting close to their stars.
This artist’s impression shows an ultra-hot exoplanet as it is about to transit in front of its host star. Credit: ESO
In the meantime, Lau and his colleagues conducted a series of 3D hydrodynamic simulations that recreated the engulfment process. As he described it:
“We used a method called smoothed particle hydrodynamics. This represents the giant star and hot Jupiter as collections of particles that follows the fluid’s motion, like a ball pit but with millions of balls. This technique has also been used to visualise fluids in video games and animations. A key result from our simulation is that the hot Jupiter may lose most of its material due to friction as it spirals into the star.”
In the future, Lau and his colleagues hope that further advances in computing will allow for higher-resolution simulations. If confirmed, their results could account for rapidly-rotating stars with abnormal chemical makeups in binary systems. They also offer a preview of what future surveys will show when they examine these systems and their exoplanets and can obtain spectra from them directly.
Planet Killer’ Asteroid Found In Sun’s Glare and Moving to Earth's Path
Planet Killer’ Asteroid Found In Sun’s Glare and Moving to Earth's Path
Paul Seaburn
When the mainstream media calls an asteroid a “planet killer,” we usually tend to take it with a grain of salt since we know that eye-grabbing headlines like that draw attention. When a noted astronomer using a state-of-the-art ground-based observatory uses that phrase, we should sit up and listen. Well, get that spine straight and those ears perked because a leading astronomer and astrophysicist just released a paper describing two “planet killers” which have been hiding in the glare of the sun and regularly cross the path of the Earth. One of these “killers” is a mile wide and yet has been keeping out of sight in the sun’s bright glare. There is a possibility that more could be hiding there, but this one is the big concern right now because its orbit is slowly moving it to be in sync with Earth. Should we be worried?
Twilight observations with the U.S. Department of Energy-fabricated Dark Energy Camera at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, a program of NSF’s NOIRLab, have enabled astronomers to spot three near-Earth asteroids, or NEAs, hiding in the glare of the sun. These NEAs are part of an elusive population that lurks inside the orbits of Earth and Venus. One of the asteroids is the largest object that is potentially hazardous to Earth to be discovered in the last eight years. Image: DOE/FNAL/DECam/CTIO/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/J. da Silva/Spaceengine
“To date we have discovered two rare Atira/Apohele asteroids, 2021 LJ4 and 2021 PH27, which have orbits completely interior to Earth's orbit. We also discovered one new Apollo-type Near Earth Object (NEO) that crosses Earth's orbit, 2022 AP7. Two of the discoveries have diameters ≳1 km. 2022 AP7 is likely the largest Potentially Hazardous Asteroid (PHA) discovered in about eight years.”
In the abstract of the paper, “A Deep and Wide Twilight Survey for Asteroids Interior to Earth and Venus,” astronomer and lead author Scott Shepherd, an astronomer at the Earth & Planets Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington, DC, explained three new asteroids have been discovered orbiting the Sun within or almost within the orbit of Earth. Two are Atira or Apohele asteroids -- interior-Earth objects (IEOs) whose orbits have an aphelion (farthest point from the Sun) smaller than Earth's perihelion (nearest point to the Sun), which is 0.983 astronomical units (AU). These IEOs are far more rare than the Aten, Apollo and Amor near-Earth asteroids which are just outside of Earth’s orbit.
“There are likely only a few NEAs with similar sizes left to find, and these large undiscovered asteroids likely have orbits that keep them interior to the orbits of Earth and Venus most of the time. Only about 25 asteroids with orbits completely within Earth’s orbit have been discovered to date because of the difficulty of observing near the glare of the Sun.”
Besides being rare, these IEOs are extremely difficult to see because almost all of their orbit is in front of the Sun, and telescopes have the same ‘don’t look directly at a solar eclipse problem’ as humans – their lenses get fried when pointed too long at old Sol. To avoid this, Shepherd describes in the press release how astronomers seeking Atira asteroids must limit themselves to two 10-minute windows nightly when the asteroids make the turn around the edge of the Sun – a period made more difficult by the Sun being near Earth’s horizon so the asteroids are further hidden or blurred by Earth’s atmosphere. Nonetheless, these intrepid astronomers persist and recently found 2021 LJ4, 2021 PH27 and 2022 AP7. Once the excitement wore off, they realized 2022 AP7 had some unusual and potentially dangerous characteristics.
“One of them, 2022 AP7, is roughly a mile long, and its orbit crosses Earth’s path around the sun, getting as near as 4.4 million miles to Earth itself — uncomfortably close by cosmic standards (although far more distant than Earth’s moon).”
The New York Times is one of the mainstream media sites using the “Planet Killer” headline to describe the deadly potential of 2022 AP7. Let’s start with its size. To put it in perspective, at almost a mile or 1.5 km in diameter, it dwarfs the 525-foot-wide (160 m) asteroid moonlet Dimorphos which was bumped recently by NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) and had its trajectory altered as a test of our still infantile asteroid deflection system. Add to that the recent memory of the tiny 66 feet wide (20 meters) meteorite which exploded in 2013 above the city of Chelyabinsk in southeastern Russia, shattering windows on thousands of buildings – that space rock was also hidden by the glare of the Sun.
Is it time to panic? Do we need a bigger DART?
“Today, AP7 is somewhere between Mars and Jupiter, and given its five-year orbit, spends most of its time out of our way. When it next intersects Earth’s path, we’ll be minding our own business on the opposite side of the Sun.”
Cosmos Magazine gives us a non-mainstream media and more levelheaded perspective on 2022 AP7. Its path-crossing orbit currently has it two astronomical units (AU) away from Earth – that’s twice the distance between Earth and the Sun or just under 300 million km or 186 million miles. That still puts it in the near-Earth category, but calculations show its times crossing through Earth’s orbit in the next 100 years will occur far away from the planet. However, there is plenty of time after that, and they will be making further calculations and models to determine if and when 2022 AP7 will live up to its “Planet Killer” nickname.
2022 AP7's orbit (NASA)
“Our DECam survey is one of the largest and most sensitive searches ever performed for objects within Earth’s orbit and near to Venus’s orbit. This is a unique chance to understand what types of objects are lurking in the inner solar system. After 10 years of remarkable service, DECam continues to yield important scientific discoveries while at the same time contributing to planetary defense, a crucial service that benefits all humanity.”
To answer that other question most certainly bothering you … yes, there could be more “Planet Killer” asteroids hiding in the Sun’s glare in an inner-Earth orbit. Scott Shepherd says he’s confident that the Dark Energy Camera (DECam) mounted on the Víctor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile, will find them in the 10 minute periods it opens its lenses to stare at the Sun. Let’s hope he’s right. SInce they can only be seen in the twilight, should this be called "The Twiligt Zone"? Or is that a self-fulfilling prophesy?
In the meantime, it seems like an ironic coincidence that the most dangerous asteroids may come from the inside of our solar system, rather than the outer areas. That is the same thing we’re finding out about our own planet – we need to spend more time studying the oceans and the depths of the mantle where greater dangers to our planet could lurk. Can they point that DECam at the bottom of the Pacific?
Beste bezoeker, Heb je zelf al ooit een vreemde waarneming gedaan, laat dit dan even weten via email aan Frederick Delaere opwww.ufomeldpunt.be. Deze onderzoekers behandelen jouw melding in volledige anonimiteit en met alle respect voor jouw privacy. Ze zijn kritisch, objectief maar open minded aangelegd en zullen jou steeds een verklaring geven voor jouw waarneming! DUS AARZEL NIET, ALS JE EEN ANTWOORD OP JOUW VRAGEN WENST, CONTACTEER FREDERICK. BIJ VOORBAAT DANK...
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
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