The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
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UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
10-11-2022
“Supernatural” Bronze Age Gold Device Unearthed in Czech Republic
“Supernatural” Bronze Age Gold Device Unearthed in Czech Republic
Last month a beet farmer in the Czech Republicuprooted an ornate Bronze Age gold artifact. It was well preserved in mud and the anonymous farmer photographed the golden treasure then sent the images to archaeologists at the Silesian Regional Museum in Opava, a city in the Moravian-Silesian Region.
The wafer thin and crumpled sheet of gold is estimated to have been created around 2,500 years ago.
The appearance of the Bronze Age gold artifact before preservation.
Dr. Jiří Juchelka is an Opava archaeologist who leads the archaeological sub-collection of the Silesian Regional Museum. The researcher told Radio Prague International (RPI) that the golden piece measures “51 centimetres (20 inches) long” and was found in a “near perfect condition” with silver, copper, and iron inclusions. The museologist said, “it’s decorated with raised concentric circles and topped with rose-shaped clasps at the end."
According to Live Science , museum conservator Tereza Alex Kilnar said that while nobody can be sure, the golden artifact was most likely “the front of a leather belt.” But this is no ordinary belt fastener either, because the archaeologists believe it was constructed with cosmological/supernatural concepts in mind.
Dr. Kilnar is currently preserving and analyzing the belt fastener at the Museum Bruntál . According to the museum website, this is a contributory organization of the Moravian-Silesian Region that administers important cultural heritage sites in northern Moravia - Bruntál Chateau, Sovinec Castle, and the Scythe Maker’s House in Karlovice in Silesia.
Without having tested the gold, and based only on the artistic style, Kilnar suspects the gold belt buckle dates to around the middle to late Bronze Age , which means the piece was worn around the 14th century BC. At this time small communities of farmers inhabited timber-frame houses and hadn’t yet begun forming the larger agricultural settlements which occurred in the following centuries.
Researchers believe the gold belt buckle dates to around the middle to late Bronze Age.
Earlier this year a team of Czech archaeologists published the image of a Bronze Age woman which was reconstructed after DNA analysis. The woman was unearthed from an ‘elite grave’ in Mikulovice, in Eastern Bohemia. According to a report in Expat.cz, she had “fair skin, brown hair, widely spaced brown eyes, a prominent chin, a petite figure,” and she died at around 35-years-old.
Described as having “one of the richest [Bronze Age burials] ever discovered in Europe,” the woman was from the Únětice culture, and she was found wearing bronze and gold jewelry, including a rare amber necklace. This group of early agriculturalists lived in Central Europe from about 2300 to 1600 BC, and they were contemporary with the culture who crafted the Bronze Age gold belt fastener.
Elite Connections with the Otherworld
It cannot be determined exactly which group made the gold buckle, for at that time ( 2000 B.C. to 1200 BC ) Central Europe was a rich fusion of different cultures. Smaller communities began coming together and formed a trade network by which livestock and crops such as wheat and barley were exchanged.
This period saw new social divisions emerging. Those people who controlled the lands around the emerging trading centers represented the origins of societal elites. At that time silver and gold became hallmarks of the controlling economic class and Kilnar told RPI that the gold item probably belonged to someone in “a high position in society, because items of such value were rarely produced at the time."
Professor Catherine Frieman at the Australian National University is a specialist in European Bronze Age metalworking. She agreed, and told RPI that the owner of the gold belt buckle “was someone of high status, either social or spiritual.”
The gold item probably belonged to someone in “a high position in society, because items of such value were rarely produced at the time.”
Live Science reports that during the Bronze Age gold objects, and gold hoards, were generally buried “in special, isolated locations suggesting a kind of gift exchange between the cultural elite and the supernatural.” Frieman told LiveScience in an email that gold objects with circular motifs are often linked to “Bronze Age cosmological systems believed to focus on solar cycles."
In 2013, Dr. Joachim Goldhahn at The University of Western Australia published a paper “rethinking cosmology in the Bronze Age using a north European perspective.” This researcher determined that the cosmologies of the Bronze Age world were based on “pragmatic ritualised practices, which were continuously repeated and recreated at certain times and occasions.”
Thus, the gold belt fastener most probably represents the annual cycle of the sun. But more so it might have been a centerpiece in a repeated ritual, and worn at specific “times and occasions” in the year, for example, perhaps to symbolically mark key stages of the sun’s cycle, like the equinoxes and solstices.
Top Image: The Bronze Age gold artifact found in a beet field in the Czech Republic.
Today, the number of confirmed exoplanets stands at 5,197 in 3,888 planetary systems, with another 8,992 candidates awaiting confirmation. The majority have been particularly massive planets, ranging from Jupiter and Neptune-sized gas giants, which have radii about 2.5 times that of Earth. Another statistically significant population has been rocky planets that measure about 1.4 Earth radii (aka. “Super-Earths”). This presents a mystery to astronomers, especially where the exoplanets discovered by the venerableKepler Space Telescope are concerned.
What do planets outside our solar system, or exoplanets, look like? A variety of possibilities are shown in this illustration. Scientists discovered the first exoplanets in the 1990s. As of 2022, the tally stands at just over 5,000 confirmed exoplanets.
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Of the more than 2,600 planets Kepler discovered, there’s an apparent rarity of exoplanets with a radius of about 1.8 times that of Earth – which they refer to as the “radius valley.” A second mystery, known as “peas in a pod,” refers to neighboring planets of similar size found in hundreds of planetary systems with harmonious orbits. In a study led by the Cycles of Life-Essential Volatile Elements in Rocky Planets (CLEVER) project at Rice University, an international team of astrophysicists provide a new model that accounts for the interplay of forces acting on newborn planets that could explain these two mysteries.
The research was led by André Izidoro, a Welch Postdoctoral Fellow at Rice’s NASA-funded CLEVER Planets project. He was joined by fellow-CLEVER Planets investigators Rajdeep Dasgupta and Andrea Isella, Hilke Schlichting of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and Christian Zimmermann and Bertram Bitsch of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA). As they describe in their research paper, which recently appeared in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, the team used a supercomputer to run a planetary migration model that simulated the first 50 million years of planetary system development.
In their model, protoplanetary disks of gas and dust also interact with migrating planets, pulling them closer to their parent stars and locking them in resonant orbital chains. Within a few million years, the protoplanetary disk disappears, breaking the chains and causing orbital instabilities that cause two or more planets to collide. While planetary migration models have been used to study planetary systems that retained orbital resonances, these findings represent a first for astronomers. As Izidoro said in a Rice University statement:
“I believe we are the first to explain the radius valley using a model of planet formation and dynamical evolution that self-consistently accounts for multiple constraints of observations. We’re also able to show that a planet-formation model incorporating giant impacts is consistent with the peas-in-a-pod feature of exoplanets.”
This work builds on previous work by Izidoro and the CLEVER Planets project. Last year, they used a migration model to calculate the maximum disruption to TRAPPIST -1’s seven-planet system. In a paper that appeared on Nov. 21st, 2021, in Nature Astronomy, they used N-body simulation to show how this “peas in a pod” system could have retained its harmonious orbital structure despite collisions caused by planetary migration. This allowed them to place constraints on the upper limit of collisions and the mass of the objects involved.
Their results indicate that collisions in the TRAPPIST-1 system were comparable to the impact that created the Earth-Moon system. Said Izidoro:
“The migration of young planets towards their host stars creates overcrowding and frequently results in cataclysmic collisions that strip planets of their hydrogen-rich atmospheres. That means giant impacts, like the one that formed our moon, are probably a generic outcome of planet formation.”
An illustration depicting the scarcity of exoplanets about 1.8 times the size of Earth observed by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft.
Credit: A. Izidoro et al./Rice University
This latest research suggests that planets come in two variants, consisting of dry and rocky planets that are 50% larger than Earth (super-Earths) and planets that are rich in water ice about 2.5 times the size of Earth (mini-Neptunes). In addition, they suggest that a fraction of planets twice the size of Earth will retain their primordial hydrogen-rich atmosphere and be rich in water. According to Izidoro, these results are consistent with new observations that suggest that super-Earths and mini-Neptunes are not exclusively dry and rocky planets.
These findings present opportunities for exoplanet researchers, who will rely on the James Webb Space Telescope to conduct detailed observations of exoplanet systems. Using its advanced suite of optics, infrared imaging, coronographs, and spectrometers, Webb and other next-generation telescopes will characterize the atmospheres and surfaces of exoplanets like never before.
The more than 5,000 exoplanets confirmed in our galaxy so far include a variety of types – some that are similar to planets in our solar system, others vastly different. Among these are a mysterious variety known as “super-Earths” because they are larger than our world and possibly rocky.
Mysterious satellite captured on camera by ISS crew
Mysterious satellite captured on camera by ISS crew
While constructing the international space station, astronauts capture a strange object on camera, which raises suspicions around the world.
But the observation of the unknown spacecraft by the ISS crew is not an isolated incident, several similar UFOs have been observed above Earth over the years.
Throughout the 1950's - 1960's mysterious satellite's showed up in an unfamiliar orbit around the Earth. One of the first reports of this kind of UFOs was reported by Major Donald E. Keyhoe in 1952. He claimed what he called 2 'Artificial Satellites' circling earth.
One of the most infamous 'artificial satellites" is the Black Knight which is according to conspiracy theories, an artificial satellite of extraterrestrial origin that has orbited Earth for approximately 13,000 years but is it of alien origin or is it just a piece of space debris or something that broke loose from the ISS or other spacecraft?
If it had been an isolated incident, the so-called Black Knight might have been a large piece of space debris, but over the years many more of these unknown objects, like the Black Knight, have been sighted above the Earth which can no longer be a coincidence.
Below are some of these unknown objects in space.
The next video from History goes deeper into the UFO phenomenon, 'The Black Knight'.
Proof The Military Captured A Live Alien In Brazil
Proof The Military Captured A Live Alien In Brazil
James Fox is the director of the documentary “The Phenomenon,” which explores the various ways in which people try to hide the truth about UFOs. In his latest film, “Moment of Contact,” he explores an encounter between a group of girls and an unidentified alien in Brazil. According to the locals, the creature was about 4 feet tall and had a huge red eye and brown oily skin.
Tic tac shape UFO flying across the sky over Oregon City – November 2022
Tic tac shape UFO flying across the sky over Oregon City – November 2022
This tic-tac UFO was filmed in the daytime sky above Oregon City on 2nd November 2022.
Witness report:
I was leaving my 2nd floor apartment when I noticed the bright white “thing” flying high in the sky. It was very bright white so I tried to see if it was a plane but it had no wings. Just a white object. No sound or trail. I immediately started recording with my phone so I could zoom in more. It did not have any specific features or distinguishable structure other then it’s long cylindrical shape and bright white color.
These futuristic "energy weapons" could finally bring sci-fi to the battlefield
These futuristic "energy weapons" could finally bring sci-fi to the battlefield
Sarah Scoles
Weapons usually get their power from the explosion of one object near other objects, one object hitting another object (hard), or both. But some devices don’t need to shoot bullets or blow up: They blast out photons — mysterious, massless particle waves of electromagnetic energy.
These futuristic "energy weapons" could finally bring sci-fi to the battlefield
Photons come in plenty of varieties: They can be X-rays or gamma rays or UV rays or optical light waves or infrared radiation or microwaves or radio waves. And some photon “ammo,” particularly microwaves and lasers, can act like electromagnetic bullets, damaging or disabling the high-tech targets in their sights — whether those be drones, satellites, small ships, or, hypothetically, Roombas.
Tools that shoot this unusual ammo are called directed energy weapons. And their various forms can, at least in theory, jam electronics, blind sensors, fry circuits, sear holes, and generally trigger non-kinetic chaos.
The U.S. military has long been interested in harnessing those destructive capabilities, to varying degrees of success. Today, the Air Force leads the charge, and the Directed Energy Directorate at Albuquerque’s Air Force Research Lab (AFRL) spends its time, in part, developing weapons that use beams of photons to punch things they don’t like.
These futuristic "energy weapons" could finally bring sci-fi to the battlefield
In its quest to create these destructors, the AFRL has joined forces with local researchers at the University of New Mexico to create the Directed Energy Center. There, students and professors conduct Air Force-relevant research and feed the pipeline of scientists who can work on the aforementioned drone-disabling and satellite-pew-pewing. These teams could also benefit the scholarly and commercial worlds in fields ranging from medicine to mining.
Through their hard work, these students could make elusive DE weapons a more viable military option: Despite more than five decades of research, these gizmos haven’t seen as much progress as some labs had hoped. Now, they might finally be coming into their own.
It’s not hard to see why scientists keep trying. Laser weapons could shoot down enemy drones, rockets, and mortars, or “dazzle” satellites — a flighty way of saying “make them confused and unable to see straight.” And microwave weapons could mess with electronics and communications over a larger area, making them ideal for disabling swarms of drones.
That latter threat is of particular concern to the Air Force these days. Drones can provide enemies with low-cost surveillance, or serve as a weapon system capable of great harm at long ranges. “As they become more proficient and technically mature, it’s important that there’s a safe way to protect the air bases,” says AFRL’s Adrian Lucero. DE weapons are on their way to accomplishing that — and amping up the energy off of the battlefield, too.
Failure to launch
These futuristic "energy weapons" could finally bring sci-fi to the battlefield
Directed energy weapons didn’t always feel so close to fruition. The federal government has looked into DE since the 1960s, but there hasn’t historically been that much to show for it.
While the Department of Defense has recently made progress on photonic weapons, in the past it has invested billions in directed energy programs that stalled and were ultimately axed, as noted in a September report by the Congressional Research Service.
You may be familiar with one of the most infamous DE boondoggles: Ronald Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative, which the Clinton administration shuttered in 1993. Known mockingly on the street as Star Wars, the program aimed to create, among other infrastructure, DE weapons that could shoot down missiles … from space.
Yeah, you’re not the only one who finds it unrealistic. In 1987, several years into the program, an American Physical Society study group concluded that such DE programs were decades from being operationally viable.
Many scientists wanted nothing to do with the program.
Many scientists wanted nothing to do with the program.
Nevertheless, the government poured millions of dollars into SDI. Much of that work consisted of basic research conducted at universities. In fact, for some physics and engineering researchers, the Star Wars checkbook offered “one of the few available sources for new funds,” noted a 1988 United Nations University publication.
But many scientists wanted nothing to do with the program or its bucks, in part decrying the military secrecy around some of the work. Some 6,500 researchers signed a pledge promising not to work on Star Wars, calling it “ill-conceived and dangerous.”
Edl Schamiloglu, head of the collaborative Directed Energy Center at the University of New Mexico, was doing his Ph.D. research at the time. Back then, he and his colleagues aimed to harness energy from atomic fusion using “pulsed-power technology.”
Here’s how it worked: Devices like capacitors accumulate a bunch of low-power electrical energy over time and then discharge it all at once in a rapid burst to coax atoms to combine. In 1987, though, Reagan canceled the program that funded Schamiloglu’s research.
Schamiloglu needed to pivot, and he had already heard of DE through his pulsed-power work. He previously used pulsed power to make protons; to work on DE, he just needed to apply the same sort of instrumentation to produce electrons, whose energy could be converted to microwaves. “The technology is the same,” Schamiloglu says.
These futuristic "energy weapons" could finally bring sci-fi to the battlefield
Later, with equipment donated from the Sandia and Los Alamos national laboratories, Schamiloglu put his own microwave factory together. Then he took that information to the AFRL director, who provided Schamiloglu with some seed funding.
He’s been working on DE ever since at UNM — one of the few universities with this electromagnetic specialization. But this field is picking up in part because associated weapons technology has recently moved in a more mature direction.
Five years later, Air Force microwave and laser weapons took down some drones in New Mexico’s White Sands Missile Range. And this past spring, a Navy laser shooter knocked out a fake cruise missile, in that same desert, where scientists also tested the first nuclear weapon.
Do I look to be in a gaming mood?
These futuristic "energy weapons" could finally bring sci-fi to the battlefield
AFRL is now developing a weapon called THOR: the Tactical High-Power Operational Responder. THOR uses high-power microwaves to mess up electronics, a concept you essentially understand if you’ve ever (for some reason) tried to nuke your cellphone.
After THOR — which lives inside a 20-foot shipping container and can hitch rides around the world on C-130 aircraft — sets a target, an operator pulls the trigger and releases a burst of microwaves that last merely a nanosecond. Its ideal “enemy”: a swarm of small drones.
Last year, a test revealed that THOR’s microwaves could indeed knock things out of the sky. It worked very well, “neutralizing” objects 100 percent of the time.
Now, AFRL wants to amp up DE research for the next generation of scientists.
That goal also appealed to Schamiloglu at the University of New Mexico. He wanted the school to take a closer look at laser DE, since it had long focused on microwaves.
After the Air Force and UNM teamed up, legislators designated money in the AFRL budget to back UNM’s Directed Energy Center, which aims to train future pew-pew gurus. “They will work not only at the Air Force Research Lab, but at the numerous contractors that support the research that’s ongoing,” says Matthew Fetrow, technology outreach lead at AFRL.
It’s not all light
These futuristic "energy weapons" could finally bring sci-fi to the battlefield
These scientists have plenty to improve on: While DE weapons are faring better than they have in the past, they’re not perfect. They can be stymied by natural forces like rain and fog — the water in the air can mess with their beams, kind of like it does with your headlights. These systems can also be big and cumbersome. Sometimes, they’re super power-hungry.
Outside of all that tech trouble, the weapons raise some ethical concerns. International law doesn’t deal much with DE, and regulations may be important to help ensure it’s used responsibly and humanely. There is a UN document, “Article 1 of the Protocol on Blinding Lasers,” which states that no one can use “laser weapons specifically designed, as their sole combat function or as one of their combat functions, to cause permanent blindness to unenhanced vision.”
Research into DE technology isn’t just useful on the battlefield. For example, industrial giant Honeywell has a whole division dedicated to directed energy’s commercial applications.
These span everything from fusion energy to laser welding and cutting. The company is also interested in the same cooling systems that keep DE weapons chill: Those can ice down batteries and radars anywhere.
Research into DE technology isn’t just useful on the battlefield.
Research into DE technology isn’t just useful on the battlefield.
On the academic side, particle accelerators also need highly focused, extremely energetic beams of particles, which can improve with advances in beams of pure energy. At Purdue University, a researcher named Allen Garner invented a microwave device in 2021 that has equal utility for quirking enemy electronics, sterilizing medical equipment, and performing noninvasive medical procedures (snip-pew snip-pew).
Then, there are the less obvious applications. “We’ve actually been seeing some interesting concepts come forward from companies — in particular, small companies — looking at using microwaves, high-power sources, to help in mining,” says Fetrow of AFRL, “which surprised the daylights out of me.”
These futuristic "energy weapons" could finally bring sci-fi to the battlefield
Right now, AFRL and UNM’s joint focus is on increasing the power you can get out of both microwave and laser systems. With microwaves, that involves building better amplifiers, which are essentially volume knobs. As for lasers, they’re trying to improve the fiber-optic cables that whip up the light beams. “The holy grail right now is to really push the power, how much power can you generate from these fiber lasers,” says Schamiloglu.
But researchers are in a bind: As power increases, so does heat, and the glass in the system gets too warm. UNM has been working on novel ways to cool those fibers, so the laser can pump out even more power.
AFRL is also working on the next generation of THOR technology that’s meant to be lighter and more energy-efficient. It goes by the name Mjölnir, THOR’s mighty hammer — “THOR’s Massless Hammer” apparently wasn’t catchy enough.
It may take a while before such a hammer can be hurled on the battlefield, but in the coming decades, the battlefield could start to resemble a sci-fi flick.
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GROTE RUIMTESTEEN ONTDEKT DIE IN DE TOEKOMST EEN BEDREIGING VOOR DE AARDE ZOU KUNNEN GAAN VORMEN
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Caroline Kraaijvanger
Met een omvang van zo’n 1,5 kilometer is het de grootste potentieel gevaarlijke planetoïde die in de afgelopen acht jaar is ontdekt.
De ruimtesteen heeft de naam 2022 AP7 gekregen. Astronomen ontdekten de planetoïde met behulp van de Dark Energy Camera (DECam), gemonteerd op de Victor M. Blanco 4-meter Telescope in Chili.
Bijzonder Het is een vrij bijzondere ontdekking, omdat 2022 AP7 een flinke jongen is; met een geschatte diameter van zo’n 1,5 kilometer is het de grootste potentieel gevaarlijke planetoïde (zie kader) die in de afgelopen acht jaar is ontdekt.
Potentieel gevaarlijk 2022 AP7 is een zogenoemde aardscheerder. Met deze term wordt verwezen naar planetoïden (of kometen) die zich in de nabijheid van de aarde wagen. Wanneer zo’n ruimtesteen groter is dan 140 meter én een baan heeft die de baan van de aarde daadwerkelijk doorkruist, krijgt deze automatisch de aanduiding ‘potentieel gevaarlijk object’. Hoewel dat tamelijk angstaanjagend klinkt, wil dat dus zeker niet zeggen dat de ruimtesteen of komeet ook daadwerkelijk op ramkoers met de aarde komt te liggen en van de meeste potentieel gevaarlijke ruimtestenen weten we zelfs dat we er in ieder geval de komende eeuwen niets van te vrezen hebben. Ook de 1,5 kilometer grote 2022 AP7 heeft een baan die de baan van de aarde kruist en krijgt dus het stempel ‘potentieel gevaarlijk’. Maar dat wil dus niet zeggen dat de steen gedoemd is om op aarde in te slaan. ‘Potentieel gevaarlijk’ geeft simpelweg aan dat een ruimtesteen in de toekomst misschien een gevaar kan gaan vormen voor de aarde. Door dergelijke potentieel gevaarlijke ruimtestenen nauwlettend in de gaten te houden en een nauwkeuriger beeld van hun baan te verkrijgen, proberen astronomen vervolgens beter te voorspellen wanneer zo’n ruimtesteen bij de aarde in de buurt komt en of deze daadwerkelijk een gevaar kan gaan vormen voor onze planeet. Vaak zien we dat op basis van dergelijk vervolgonderzoek al spoedig kan worden uitgesloten dat een potentieel gevaarlijk object in ieder geval in de komende eeuw(en) echt gevaarlijk wordt.
Lastig waar te nemen Juist het feit dat 2022 AP7 zich in de binnenste regionen van het zonnestelsel – oftewel nabij de aarde – ophoudt, maakte het lastig om deze te detecteren. De gloed van de zon zit namelijk enorm in de weg. Op jacht naar aardscheerders kiezen astronomen er daarom heel bewust voor om in de schemering hun blik op het heelal te richten. Maar zelfs dan is het geen gelopen race, omdat zonlicht nog steeds een enigszins storende factor is én ze genoodzaakt zijn om nabij de horizon te observeren en dus ook nog eens geplaagd worden door de dikke aardatmosfeer die observaties bemoeilijkt. Dat het nu toch gelukt is om 2022 AP7 waar te nemen, is dan ook zeker grotendeels te danken aan de enorme gevoeligheid van DECam. Met de camera kan niet alleen een groot deel van het heelal worden afgespeurd, maar is het tevens mogelijk om juist heel lichtzwakke objecten te spotten.
Nog twee planetoïden Naast 2022 AP7 presenteren de astronomen ook de ontdekking van twee andere aardscheerders: 2021 LJ4 en 2021 PH27. Beide planetoïden behoren niet tot de potentieel gevaarlijke objecten; hun banen blijven keurig binnen de baan van de aarde. Overigens is dat ergens ook weer wel bijzonder; tot op heden zijn ons slechts 25 ruimtestenen bekend die zich nooit buiten de omloopbaan van de aarde bewegen.
Warm 2021 PH27 verdient daarbij nog wat extra aandacht. De ruimtesteen gaat voor nu namelijk de boeken in als de planetoïde die zich het dichtst bij de zon begeeft. Die ritjes langs onze moederster laten de ruimtesteen niet koud; de temperatuur van het oppervlak van de planetoïde zou door de nabijheid van de zon hoog genoeg oplopen om lood (met een smeltpunt van 327,5 graad Celsius) te doen smelten.
Toekomstige ontdekkingen Dat er in het hart van ons zonnestelsel nog meer te ontdekken valt, lijkt vast te staan. Maar of er nog heel veel grote ruimtestenen – zoals 2022 AP7 op ontdekking wachten – is twijfelachtig. “Met ons onderzoek in de schemering zoeken we binnen de banen van de aarde en Venus naar planetoïden,” legt onderzoeker Scott S. Sheppard uit. “Tot op heden hebben we twee grote aardscheerders gevonden die ongeveer 1 kilometer groot zijn (…) Er wachten waarschijnlijk slechts enkele aardscheerders met vergelijkbare omvang op ontdekking en die grote, onontdekte planetoïden hebben waarschijnlijk banen die ze het grootste deel van de tijd binnen de banen van de aarde en Venus houden.”
Ondertussen gaat de zoektocht naar die onontdekte planetoïden natuurlijk stug door. Die zoektocht is overigens niet alleen belangrijk met het oog op de bescherming van onze planeet, maar kan ook bijdragen aan een beter begrip van de verspreiding van kleine hemellichamen in ons zonnestelsel. En dat kan weer meer inzicht geven in hoe planetoïden door het binnenste van ons zonnestelsel reizen en hoe de interactie met de zwaartekracht en hitte van de zon bijdraagt aan het uiteenvallen van ruimtestenen. “Dit is een unieke kans om beter te begrijpen wat voor soort objecten er in het binnenste van het zonnestelsel schuilgaan,” vindt Sheppard.
THESE TINY MAGNETIC ROBOTS CAN INFILTRATE TUMORS — AND MAYBE DESTROY CANCER
THESE TINY MAGNETIC ROBOTS CAN INFILTRATE TUMORS — AND MAYBE DESTROY CANCER
Bacterial cancer treatments are coming back into fashion (with some futuristic upgrades).
DOCTORS AREN’T ALWAYS able to remove hard-to-reach cancerous tumors with surgery, so some patients must receive aggressive chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy — a combination that can prove ineffective.
But a new cancer treatment may offer a way to take down inoperable tumors with pinpoint accuracy, no radiation required.
Researchers have figured out how to deliver cancer-killing compounds (called enterotoxins) to tumors using bionic bacteria that are steered by a magnetic field. These “micro-robots” can hunt down and converge on a specific tumor, then shrink it by releasing the bacteria's own naturally produced anti-cancer chemicals. The results were recently published in the journal Science.
This high-tech cancer treatment could allow magnetic bacteria (grey) to squeeze through narrow spaces between cells and attack tumors.
Yimo Yan / ETH Zurich
“Cancer is such a complex disease, it’s hard to combat it with one weapon,” says Simone Schürle-Finke, a micro-roboticist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland and the first author of the new study.
She and her lab hope that these magnetic, bacteria-riding little robots will offer a precise and powerful addition to the cancer treatment toolbox.
HERE’S THE BACKGROUND
The idea of curing cancerous tumors with bacteria is surprisingly old. American oncologist William Coley first started injecting his patients with a mixture of dead bacteria and bacterial proteins in the 1890s. After he reported successfully treating people with otherwise inoperable tumors, his work garnered equal parts enthusiasm and skepticism from the medical community.
Despite Coley’s vocal critics (including members of the American Medical Association), his formula, dubbed “Coley’s toxins,” would go on to be sold as a cancer treatment for the next seventy years. By the 1960s, though, Coley’s toxins had all but fallen by the wayside in favor of promising new treatments, like radiation and chemotherapy.
William Coley used bacteria like Streptococcus pyogenes to treat cancer.
Shutterstock
Significant interest in bacteria as a cancer treatment didn’t re-emerge until the dawn of CRISPR, a revolutionary bioengineering technology, in the early 2010s. And today, labs are realizing the limits of today’s standard cancer interventions, such as their imprecise nature and harmful side effects.
Today, researchers like Schürle-Finke and her team are putting micro-robots inside genetically engineered bacteria to target cancerous growths like never before. Once these microbes reach a tumor, “you basically have a little nano-factory that continues to release molecules that can be toxic to cancer cells,” she says. The only issue? Figuring out how to get the bacteria bots in place.
WHAT’S NEW
Many inoperable tumors can’t be addressed by surgery simply because of their location — they may be too hard to reach with a knife, let alone inject with a syringe full of bacterial cyborgs. This means that researchers have had to brainstorm some creative ways to navigate therapeutic bacteria toward cancer cells.
Schürle-Finke was pondering this conundrum when inspiration struck. “Maybe I could help with magnetic guidance,” she recalled thinking. Most bacteria can’t be pushed around with magnets, but as luck would have it, one special group of aquatic bacteria does: magnetotactic bacteria, which use the tiny iron crystals produced in their bodies like an internal compass.
Scientists were able to direct the bacteria with a magnetic field.Boris SV/Moment/Getty Images
So she took the next logical step — ordering some magnetotactic bacteria online. “I was surprised,” Schürle-Finke says, “You can just buy them.”
Back in the lab, her team got to work equipping the bacteria with fluorescent tags and microcontrollers. In these genetically engineered bacteria, the microcontrollers propel them to release cancer-fighting compounds on demand.
Then, they injected the bacteria bots into tumor-ridden mice. Using an externally generated magnetic field, scientists were able to successfully direct the bacteria and park them on the mice’s tumors with more than three times the precision of the control group (which wasn’t subjected to a magnetic field.)
WHAT’S NEXT
Though this study offers a solid proof-of-concept, micro-robotic bacteria technology still needs to be refined before it becomes a mainstream cancer treatment.
For one thing, “these bacteria that we tested, they’re quite foreign to the human body,” Schürle-Finke says, and they don’t naturally produce cancer-fighting compounds.
In the future, bioengineers may try to identify the cluster of genes responsible for producing magnetotactic bacteria's magnetic iron pellets and transfer it to a more familiar model organism, like a harmless strain of E. coli, Salmonella, or Clostridium.
They’ll also have to address the physical limits to generating a magnetic field. While the field they generated was able to penetrate a tiny mouse’s tissue, it may weaken and become useless as it passes through a thicker and more complex human body.
Still, Schürle-Finke is excited about the possibility that bacterial therapy holds. And she’s ready to continue bridging the gap across scientific disciplines, from oncology to microbiology to robotics. “I think it’s beautiful that we’re experiencing this convergence of sciences,” she says.
These shape-shifting robot fish swim through the body to attack cancer
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FIRST-EVER LAB-GROWN BLOOD COULD CHANGE MEDICINE FOREVER
FIRST-EVER LAB-GROWN BLOOD COULD CHANGE MEDICINE FOREVER
For the first time ever, scientists have given patients red bloodcells that were grown in a lab. This feat is part of a clinical trial in England looking into the safety of the cutting-edge technique, which could help tackle the ongoing blood supply shortage that was worsened by the pandemic.
The trial is a collaboration between institutions including the University of Bristol, the University of Cambridge, and the National Health Service.
Regular transfusions can be life-saving for people with conditions like sickle cell disease, which affects the shape of red blood cells and can block blood flow, and thalassemia, which causes the body to produce too little of a protein called hemoglobin.
Now, these lab-grown red blood cells could stretch sparse donations into larger volumes. The procedure could also help address the need for more blood from Black donors — sickle cell disease is prevalent among Black people, and blood is most compatible when donated from people of the same race or similar ethnicity.
And unlike donor blood, which can contain relatively old cells, these lab-grown cells are guaranteed to be fresh. This means they can last longer and perform better, reducing the need for frequent transfusions. When people receive lots of transfusions, they also run the risk of developing too much iron in their bodies.
HOW TO GROW BLOOD CELLS
A white blood cell surrounded by red blood cells, which scientists have figured out how to grow in the lab.
Ed Reschke/Photodisc/Getty Images
The scientists started with a regular blood donation and used magnetic beads to pinpoint the flexible stem cells that can morph into red blood cells, CNBC reported.
Then, they put the stem cells in a nutrient solution for 18 to 21 days, which nudges the cells to proliferate and grow into more mature cells, according to The Guardian. Then, they tagged the cells with a radioactive substance to track them in blood samples from trial participants over the six months following the first injection of cells.
So far, two healthy volunteers have received the lab-grown red blood cells, and they haven’t reported any negative side effects. Next up, the team will give a minimum of 10 participants two “mini” transfusions at least four months apart — one consisting of standard donated red blood cells and another composed of lab-grown ones.
The researchers will analyze patient blood samples to determine whether the lab-grown red blood cells will last longer than the ones made in the body. While further research is needed, this marks a major step forward in treating blood disorders.
“The need for normal blood donations to provide the vast majority of blood will remain,” says Farrukh Shah, the medical director of tranfusion at NHS Blood and Transplant. “But the potential for this work to benefit hard-to-transfuse patients is very significant.”
Crab Nebula, probably the most intensely studied bright nebula, in the constellation Taurus, about 6,500 light-years from Earth.
Roughly 10 light-years in diameter, it is assumed to be the remnant of a supernova observed by Chinese and other astronomers first on July 4, 1054.
The supernova was visible in daylight for 23 and at night for almost 2 years.
In 1758 it was the first object listed (M1) in Charles Messier’s catalog of nebulous objects.
It acquired its name, suggested by its form, in the mid-19th century. In 1921 it was discovered to be still expanding; the present rate is about 1,100 km (700 miles) per second.
The Crab is one of the few astronomical objects from which radiation has been detected over the entire measurable spectrum, from radio waves through infrared and visible wavelengths to ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
In the late 1960s the Crab pulsar ,thought to be the collapsed remnant of the supernova was discovered near the centre of the nebula.
The pulsar, which flashes in radio, visible, X-ray, and gamma-ray wavelengths at 30 times per second, provides the energy that allows the nebula to glow.
Classes of nebulae
All nebulae observed in the Milky Way Galaxy are forms of interstellar matter—namely, the gas between the stars that is almost always accompanied by solid grains of cosmic dust
Their appearance differs widely, depending not only on the temperature and density of the material observed but also on how the material is spatially situated with respect to the observer.
Their chemical composition, however, is fairly uniform; it corresponds to the composition of the universe in general in that approximately 90 percent of the constituent atoms are hydrogen and nearly all the rest are helium, with oxygen, carbon, neon, nitrogen, and the other elements together making up about two atoms per thousand.
On the basis of appearance, nebulae can be divided into two broad classes: dark nebulae and bright nebulae.
Dark nebulae appear as irregularly shaped black patches in the sky and blot out the light of the stars that lie beyond them.
Bright nebulae appear as faintly luminous glowing surfaces; they either emit their own light or reflect the light of nearby stars.
Dark nebulae are very dense and cold molecular clouds; they contain about half of all interstellar material.
Bright nebulae are comparatively dense clouds of gas within the diffuse interstellar medium. They have several subclasses: (1) reflection nebulae, (2) H II regions, (3) diffuse ionized gas, (4) planetary nebulae, and (5) supernova remnants.
Reflection nebulae reflect the light of a nearby star from their constituent dust grains. The gas of reflection nebulae is cold, and such objects would be seen as dark nebulae if it were not for the nearby light source.H II regions are clouds of hydrogen ionized (separated into positive H+ ions and free electrons) by a neighboring hot star.
Diffuse ionized gas, so pervasive among the nebular clouds, is a major component of the Galaxy.
Planetary nebulae are ejected from stars that are dying but are not massive enough to become supernovae—namely, red giant stars.
Supernova remnants are the clouds of gas expanding at speeds of hundreds or even thousands of kilometres per second from comparatively recent explosions of massive stars.
If a supernova remnant is younger than a few thousand years, it may be assumed that the gas in the nebula was mostly ejected by the exploded star.
Otherwise, the nebula would consist chiefly of interstellar gas that has been swept up by the expanding remnant of older objects.
Meet The Solar Ring: A Proposed Spacecraft That Will Have a Panoramic View of the Sun
Meet The Solar Ring: A Proposed Spacecraft That Will Have a Panoramic View of the Sun
The Sun is active, dynamic, and occasionally violent. Unfortunately our view of the Sun is limited to a small handful of orbiting satellites and ground-based observatories. The Solar Ring is new proposal that hopes to radically change that picture by launching a trio of satellites around the Sun to give continuous, 360° panoramic images in real time. The observatory could revolutionize our understanding of our parent star.
A 300 megapixel photo of our Sun, taken by using a specially modified telescope, compiling over 150,000 individual images.
Credit and copyright: Andrew McCarthy.
Despite being the closest star to us, we still lack an understanding of most of the physics of the Sun. While we understand the general picture – that the Sun is powered by fusion reactions, and the energy circulates its way to the surface and is released in the form of radiation – we don’t know the details. In particular, we do not understand mysteries like the origins of the 11-year sunspot cycle, the incredibly high temperature of the Sun’s corona, or how solar flares and coronal mass ejections take place.
Our information about the Sun is limited because we can only capture snapshots of it here and there with orbiting satellites and ground-based observatories. Oftentimes interesting activities start on the surface of the Sun facing away from any of our observatories, and by the time we catch it hours later we don’t know how it started. And other times we can see a process begin to ramp up but then miss its full evolution as the Sun rotates away from our view.
To solve this a team of astronomers propose the Solar Ring. The Solar Ring is a fleet of three spacecraft that will all orbit around the Sun. They will be separated from each other by 120° and be fitted with identical instruments. This way their overlapping fields of view will make it impossible for us to miss anything happening on the surface.
Among the many kinds of observations that the astronomers behind the Solar Ring hope to perform, one involves a technique called reverberation mapping. By carefully mapping the velocity of gas on the surface of the Sun, they can measure vibrations and pulsations. These kinds of “sunquakes” give astronomers rich information about what is happening within deeper layers, much like how earthquakes tell us about the core and mantle of the Earth.
The Solar Ring will also be able to catch the beginnings of a solar flare or an eruption event no matter where it happens on the Sun, providing even more early warning for space weather. These kinds of plasma storms can disrupt satellites and even affect electrical systems on the Earth’s surface, so the more warning the better.
The astronomers behind the Solar Ring hope that with more complete coverage of the Sun that we will be able to develop a better understanding of the complex nature of its surface, its interior, and its corona.
Video shared by littlespacemochi on reddit, recorded on November 5, 2022 in southern Brazil. Source (video) : www.pordosolguaiba.com.br
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Scientists Just Dropped A Camera In The Deepest Hole In Antarctica & Found A Terrifying Secret
Our planet is home to millions of old and new species, some of which we have discovered while the rest are yet to be found. Scientists and even common people discover new species every single day, on land and in the vast oceans covering a major part of Earth. Despite the continuous efforts and expeditions, these oceans remain the least explored part of the planet.
Right now, we know very little about what lies in the darkest corners of these immense water bodies. Especially the water that has remained covered by thick ice sheets for hundreds of thousands of years in Antarctica. But in the last few decades, experts have drilled holes in this ice and attempted to get a glimpse of what lies underneath. And what they've found is mind boggling to say the least. The icy continent is home to unique ecosystems that are poorly understood and creatures we have never seen before. But this wasn't always the case, previously researchers thought it was just a lifeless wasteland and only a few micrograms were able to survive in the harsh climate of Antarctica. But now, with powerful drilling methods, researchers have been able to penetrate the icy surface and explore the waters below it. One such exploratory effort conducted by the Ice Cube Observatory brought them face to face with a massive and frightening creature that could be an entirely new species
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Massive, Unidentified Objects 300 Miles Wide Have Been Detected By NASA
Massive, Unidentified Objects 300 Miles Wide Have Been Detected By NASA. Astronomers have spent decades looking for objects from outside our own solar system. What would essentially be interstellar visitors from an alien star system. To no avail. But it is when all hope seems to be lost, that some of the most marvelous things happen. It was something like that for these astronomers. After decades of finding absolutely nothing, something completely unexpected happened. Two objects arrived, at once.
12 Strangest Mysteries Of The Ancient Egyptian Sphinx
The Sphinx of Egypt is one of the most famous ancient sculptures in the world, but how much do you really know about it? In fact, how much does anybody really know about it? There’s far more to the Sphinx than most people imagine, and you probably won’t even realise how much about it you don’t know until you’ve finished watching this video!
James Webb Telescope's SHOCKING Discovery of City Lights!
NASA researchers had no idea what they were getting into when they launched the cutting-edge James Webb space telescope on December 25, 2021, from the Guiana Space Center. Astronomers had hoped to find signs of extraterrestrial life in the atmospheres of far-off planets and galaxies, but little did they know that the first images from the JWST would completely change how we view the universe.
JWST has just revolutionized our way of exploring the universe. The president Joe Biden has called JWST a new window into the history of our universe.
NASA Administrator Bill Nelson had claimed that humanity would soon have access to a completely new perspective on the universe that is unlike anything we have ever seen. Today, we'll examine the data the James Webb Space Telescope has given us to determine whether the strange light is a sign of life or the possibility of life on a planet orbiting an entirely different star. But before we continue please spare some time to subscribe to the channel and press the bell icon.
From ECETI Ranch to Pentagon – The Most intriguing UFO Cases & Hotspots (Coast to Coast AM)
From ECETI Ranch to Pentagon – The Most intriguing UFO Cases & Hotspots (Coast to Coast AM)
Craig Campobasso, a filmmaker and UFO expert, discussed some of the most interesting cases and places where people have spotted the mysterious objects. One particular area is the ECETI Ranch in Trout Lake, Washington. According to Campobasso, people have reported seeing multiple UFOs flying in the sky at night.
He also talked about the strange activity that occurred at the Bradshaw Ranch near the town of Sedona, Arizona. The area has been described as a portal for various creatures and entities. He also talked about the legend of an alien named Valiant Thor, who allegedly stayed in the Pentagon’s underground apartment during the 1950s.
He also talked about cases such as the Aurora, Texas, and the Shag Harbour Incident. During the show’s last half-hour, George interviewed Brad Steiger, a paranormal author and investigator.
USS Nimitz Witness Tells His Story For The First Time
USS Nimitz Witness Tells His Story For The First Time
The USS Nimitz is known for its infamous “Tic-Tac Incident”. However, ten years prior, Kevin Thomas witnessed an entirely different and more significant event.
This is Probably the Last Picture we’ll see From InSight on Mars
This is Probably the Last Picture we’ll see From InSight on Mars
It’s almost time to say goodbye to another Martian friend. Plenty of missions to the Red Planet have gone silent for the last time, some after many successful years of data collection and some after a brief free-fall as a fireball. We will soon add another Martian explorer to that ever-growing list – InSight might have sent its final image home.
The image itself is similar to hundreds of others that the probe has been sending back to Earth for the last four years. In the center of the image is the craft’s seismometer, which has been focusing on collecting data about Marquakes and whose data has been used in dozens of papers. In this image, though, it is noticeably covered in the fine red dust that blankets everything on the Red Planet.
That dust is also covering InSight’s power source. Its solar panels have been getting collectively more covered and, therefore, able to provide less and less power to the lander itself. Unfortunately, InSight also had either the good or bad luck to be located in an area of general calm for Martian dust devils. While they might be difficult for the instruments themselves to handle while they are happening, dust devils also do a remarkably good job at cleaning off solar panels covered in dust.
In another recent image, InSight uses its robotic arms to scratch away some of the regolith surrounding it. Credit – NASA / JPL-Caltech
Another fact in the growing dust accumulation was a design decision the InSight team made back at the project’s inception. Various methods can help remove dust from solar panels. Compressed air and wiper blades similar to those found on cars are two of the most common. But InSight’s engineers decided not to include any such system on their probe.
Making those kinds of decisions is one of the hardest parts of engineering. Dust removal systems add weight, and therefore cost more money, both in their design and also in the cost of getting them to Mars. Launch costs still take up a significant amount of a project’s budget, so every system is scrutinized to see whether it is truly necessary. In the case of Insight, the team determined a dust removal system was not.
There was one crucial factor that led to that decision – the relatively short expected mission duration of Insight as a whole. It was only planned to last one Earth year. It ended up lasting four.
JPL video discussing the accomplishments of InSight. Credit – NASA JPL YouTube Channel
So even without a dust removal system, the mission outperformed its original expectations. And Insight has solidified its standing as one of the most prolific Martian probes up to this point. Its data has been the basis of dozens of papers, and we have come to understand everything from the presence (or lack therefore) of liquid water around the lander to finding some magma in the same area.
Such data would make any scientific team proud, and those involved with Insight have had plenty of time to see the end coming. UT first reported on its power problems back in May. But, while it has continued going strong for the last six months, it might soon be time to say a final goodbye to the Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy, and Heat Transport mission. It will not be forgotten and might even be brought back to life someday when humans finally tread on the landscape that so far only it has seen.
Want a Sneak Peek From NASA’s Lucy Mission? Here are Some Photos it Took of the Moon During its Flyby
Want a Sneak Peek From NASA’s Lucy Mission? Here are Some Photos it Took of the Moon During its Flyby
We reported a few weeks ago about an Earth gravity assist flyby for the Lucy mission. Around the same as the spacecraft took a dip closer to Earth than the ISS, it took some fantastic pictures of our nearest neighbor – the Moon. After some processing, those pictures are available for inspection or gawking, as the case may be.
Lucy took three separate pictures, ranging from 6.5 hours to about 8 hours after it flew past the Earth. Each was taken with the Lucy LOng Range Reconnaissance Imager, also called L’LORRI. And they are absolutely breathtaking.
The first covers an area of the Moon known as the Lunar Central Highlands, which is most likely well-known to most lunar observers. Located near the “center of the last quarter of the moon,” according to a NASA press release, there are some prominent craters in the 1200 sq km image, including Arzachel, with its characteristic sub-impacts, near the center of the picture.
“Terminator Mosaic” image captured by Lucy. Credit – NASA/Goddard/SwRI/JHU-APL/Tod R. Lauer (NOIRLab)
L’LORRI next turned its camera to take a composite shot of the whole Moon from top to bottom. Called a “terminator mosaic” in the press release, it shows a combination of the other two main images Lucy took on its journey past. Some craters clearly stand out, such as Copernicus, which shows as much brighter than other craters on the left side of the image.
Finally, Lucy took an image of Mare Imbrium, which includes the Apollo 15 landing site, in the bottom right corner. Other features include the Apennine mountains, named after the famous range in Italy, and Mare Imbrium itself, which is an ancient impact basin. The image covers a total of 1000 sq km.
To create these images, Lucy mission scientists used several compositing techniques, including stitching together multiple images – the terminator image and the Central Highlands image were crafted from five and ten individual images, respectively. The Mare Imbrium image, on the other hand, was captured with only one.
Image of Mare Imbrium on the Moon, as taken by Lucy. Credit – NASA/Goddard/SwRI/JHU-APL/Tod R. Lauer (NOIRLab)
Scaling is essential to understand in the images as well – each pixel of the image constitutes between 1.1 km and 1.3 km of area. Also, each image was taken while Lucy was between 230,000 to 260,000 km away from the Moon.
These images are a testament both to how close Lucy got to the Moon, the sensitivity of its instruments, and the technical aptitude of its science team. Taking pictures of the Moon isn’t Lucy’s first priority, but it will still be a few years before it reaches its final destination – the Trojan asteroids on the outer edges of the Jupiter system. In the meantime, we might be able to see even more amazing pictures, either of Earth or the Moon, as Lucy still has two more close encounter gravity assists in its near future.
The Perfect Tidal Tail Connects These two Galaxies Seen by Hubble
The Perfect Tidal Tail Connects These two Galaxies Seen by Hubble
Sometimes it’s tempting to imagine a supernatural hand behind the arrangement of celestial bodies. But the Universe is big, huge even, and nature’s flow presents many fascinations.
So it is with the galactic triplet Arp 248, an arrangement of interacting galaxies that’s both visually and scientifically fascinating.
Arp 248 is a trio of small interacting galaxies around 200 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. The image shows two of Arp 248’s galaxies flanking another smaller unrelated galaxy in the background. The galaxies are connected by a stream of stars, gas, and dust, created as the galaxies tug on one another gravitationally.
Arp 248 is also known as Wild’s Triplet, after astronomer Paul Wild (1923–2008), who studied the trio in the early 1950s. Image Credit: By Credit Line and Copyright Adam Block/Mount Lemmon SkyCenter/University of Arizona – http://www.caelumobservatory.com/gallery/wilds.shtml, CC BY-SA 3.0 us, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=20540032
Astronomers call the streams “tidal tails.” When dusty and gas-rich galaxies like Arp 248 merge, the merger frequently forms tails. The tails are made of material from the outer spiral disks of the merging galaxies, and they host active star formation indicated by blue.
The top image is from an observing project examining two collections of unusual galaxies involving Halton Arp. Arp was an American astronomer who created the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in 1966. The Atlas contains 338 galaxies chosen for their unusual shapes. He intended for it to highlight the variety of peculiar structures that galaxies take.
The Universe is full of galaxies whose shape has been altered by interactions and mergers. This is Centaurus A, an elliptical galaxy that merged with a spiral galaxy around 300 million years ago. The merger created the dark dust lane, which is not usually a feature of elliptical galaxies. The merger also formed a spiral of gases in Centaurus A’s core. Image Credit: ESA
We now know these galaxies take such strange shapes because they’re interacting and potentially merging. Arp disagreed with that interpretation and said the unusual forms were due to ejections. But in any case, Arp realized astronomers weren’t very knowledgeable about how galaxies change over time, and he intended that astronomers could use his Atlas to study galaxy evolution.
The second collection of unusual galaxies in the observing project is called A Catalogue of Southern Peculiar Galaxies and Associations. It was published in 1987 by Arp and his colleague Barry Madore. The Catalogue contains 25 different varieties of objects, including galaxies with tails.
Astronomers have expanded their knowledge of interacting galaxies, and galaxy mergers since the Atlas and the Catalogue were published. We know that mergers play an important role in galaxy evolution.
Interacting galaxies are found throughout the Universe, sometimes as dramatic collisions that trigger bursts of star formation, on other occasions as stealthy mergers that result in new galaxies. These images are from a series of 59 images of colliding galaxies released from archived raw images from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope. Image Credit: NASA/ESA/STScI
As astronomers study interacting galaxies in more detail, they’re uncovering a new class of objects that they call “intergalactic star-forming objects” (ISFOs.) ISFOs are a broad class of objects that capture the different types that form when galaxies interact. ISFOs can form due to tidal interactions and the ram-sweeping of material from interacting galaxies. They can also develop due to the inflow of gas and dust to the tails and through a combination of all these processes. ISFOs can range in mass from super star clusters to what astronomers call “tidal dwarf galaxies” (TDGs.) A 2012 paper based on the Sloan Digital Sky Survey estimated that about 6% of dwarf galaxies could have tidal origins.
This image shows NGC7252, a peculiar galaxy formed from a merger between two galaxies over a billion years ago. The white circles highlight the locations of two tidal dwarf galaxies (TDGs) forming in the tails. Researchers think that about 6% of dwarf galaxies are TDGs. Image Credit: Frederic Bournaud/Pierre-Alain Duc.
ISFOs are often bound gravitationally to the galaxies, but how many stay bound and for how long is still an open question. Sometimes material from the tidal streams will flow back into the galaxies, triggering more star formation. The leftover material from all this interaction enriches the interstellar medium with dust and metals.
Astronomers now think that about 25% of galaxies are currently merging with other galaxies. Even more of them are interacting gravitationally, if not merging, according to the Harvard Center for Astrophysics. Our Milky Way galaxy is evidence of this, as it cannibalized gas and even stars from the Magellanic Clouds and the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy. And in several billions of years, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy will merge. Who knows what behemoth might arise from that event?
This series of photo illustrations shows the predicted merger between our Milky Way galaxy and the neighbouring Andromeda galaxy. Credit: NASA; ESA; Z. Levay and R. van der Marel, STScI; T. Hallas, and A. Mellinger
How supermassive black holes (SMBHs) grow so massive is also an open area of inquiry. Astrophysicists know that mergers are part of SMBH’s growth process, but there’s a lot they don’t know.
The James Webb Space Telescope captured this image of Stephan’s Quintet. It’s a fivesome of galaxies, four interacting, and the fifth is only visually associated. The left-most galaxy is NGC7320 which is well in the foreground of the other four. The image is a composite of almost 1,000 separate images. The four stars and their interactions produce tails, regions of active star formation, glittering regions containing millions of young stars, and shock waves from NGC 7318B as it bullies its way through the cluster. NGC 7318B is the top one in the pair of galaxies closest together. Image Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, and STScI
The Hubble Space Telescope’s Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) scrutinized this assortment of unusual interacting galaxies to lay the groundwork for more detailed study in the future. The Hubble will examine some of these targets with its other instruments, and so will the James Webb Space Telescope and ALMA. Observing time on these telescopes is always in high demand, so this project will help astronomers allocate time better.
Hubble saw Multiple Light Echoes Reflecting off Rings of Dust From a Supernova Explosion
Hubble saw Multiple Light Echoes Reflecting off Rings of Dust From a Supernova Explosion
When stars reach the end of their life cycle, they experience gravitational collapse at their centers and explode in a fiery burst (a supernova). This causes them to shed their outer layers and sends an intense burst of light and high-energy short-wavelength radiation (like X-rays and gamma-rays) out in all directions. This process also creates cosmic rays, which consist of protons and atomic nuclei that are accelerated to close to the speed of light. And on rare occasions, supernovae can also create “light echoes,” rings of light that spread out from the site of the original explosion.
These echoes will appear months to years after the supernova occurs as light from the explosion interacts with the layers of dust in the vicinity. Using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), an international team of astronomers was able to document the emergence and evolution of multiple light echoes (LEs). The team traced these echoes to a stripped-envelope supernova (SN 2016adj) located in the central dust lane of Centaurus A, a galaxy located 10 to 16 million light-years away in the constellation of Centaurus.
The core and subsequent layers of a dying star. Each layer has been left over from millions of years of fusing each subsequent element into the next one. Credit: Wikimedia
The SN 2016adj supernova was first seen in 2016 and took place in the well-studied galaxy of Centaurus A. This type of supernova (stripped-envelop) refers to the fact that the star undergoing collapse has already blown away its outer hydrogen envelope and was surrounded by an outer helium layer before exploding. Despite its relative proximity, there is still considerable debate about this galaxy’s fundamental properties and proper distance. Astronomers are still unsure if it is a lenticular or giant elliptical galaxy and estimate its distance at 10 to 16 billion light-years from Earth.
In the five and a half years since SN2016adj was discovered, astronomers have watched the area around the supernova as it slowly faded. Using images from Hubble, Stritzinger and his colleagues created a short video that shows the supernova fading and the evolution of the light echoes that followed. The gif video (shown below) shows the progression throughout a one-thousand, nine-hundred, and eleven-day period. This includes the light from the original explosion visibly fading, followed by the appearance of an illuminated ring that expands slowly outwards.
The data set is remarkable and enabled us to produce impressive colored images and animations that exhibit the evolution of the light echoes over the five years that followed. It is a rare phenomenon previously documented with only a handful of other supernovae. As Prof. Stritzinger said in a recent UCD Research News release:
“Centaurus A is full of dust lanes, and when the sideways spreading light from the supernova hit these dusty areas over time, they lit up further and further away from the original supernova position, creating a series of expanding rings of emission called light echoes. The variations in these rings during the years of observation enable researchers to probe the layout of the dust lanes in the galaxy near the explosion. The data suggests that they consist of columns of dust with large holes in between, resembling a chunk of Swiss cheese.”
A short gif-video, showing first the supernova explosion at the very centre. Credit: University College Dublin
Gif-video of the HST images acquired of SN 2016adj. Credit: HST/NASA/Caltech-JPL/Stritzinger et al. (2022)
Based on their observations, astronomers estimate that the blast wave created by the explosion moved outwards at over 10,000 km per second (36 million km/h; 22.37 million mph). Ahead of this wave is the intense flash of light released from the supernova, which is absorbed by the clouds of dust and gas thrown off by the supernova explosion, which caused the expanding rings of light captured in these images. These events are particularly interesting to astronomers since they are how the Universe was seeded with heavy elements like carbon, oxygen, and iron.
The abundance of these elements led to the formation of the first planet roughly thirteen billion years ago and the eventual emergence of life. As co-author Dr. Stephen Lawrence of Hofstra University said:
“A good everyday analogy is to imagine the finale of a fireworks show – the bright burst of light from a shell at the end of the show will light up the smoke from earlier shells that is still lingering in the area. By comparing a series of photographs taken over several minutes, you could measure all sorts of information that is not directly related to the most recent explosion that is lighting up the scene, things like how many shells had previously exploded, how opaque is the smoke from a given shell, or how fast and in what direction was the wind blowing.”
These observations were immensely significant since only four distinct light echoes from four different dust sheets have been observed so far. Looking ahead, the team hopes to conduct follow-up observations with Hubble, hoping that more light rings will emerge. They also hope to obtain spectra from the light echoes, which will reveal the dust clouds’ composition and the supernova’s chemical makeup. In the meantime, these results show how the venerable Hubble can still make major discoveries over thirty years later. As co-author Dr. Morgan Fraser of the UCD School of Physics:
“While the James Webb Space Telescope has drawn much attention, its predecessor Hubble continues to provide incredible images of the Universe. HST has now been observing the sky for over three decades, so we can find things like this light echo that evolve slowly over many years.”
All stars are composed of mostly hydrogen and helium, but most stars also have measurable amounts of heavier elements, which astronomers lump into the category of “metals.” Our Sun has more metals than most stars because the nebula from which it formed was the remnant debris of earlier stars. These were in turn children of even earlier stars, and so on. Generally, each new generation of stars has a bit more metal than the last. The very first stars, those born from the primordial hydrogen and helium of the cosmos, had almost no metal in them. We’ve never seen one of these primordial stars, but with the power of the Webb and a bit of luck, we might catch a glimpse of them soon.
One way to determine the amount of metal a star has is by comparing the ratio of iron in its atmosphere compared to helium, known as [Fe/He]. This metallicity number is usually expressed on a logarithmic scale, where the Sun’s metallicity is set to zero. Stars are then set into populations based on this number. Any star with a metallicity of at least -1 (meaning it has at least 10% of that of the Sun) is a Population I star. Stars with lower metallicity are Population II stars, and the very first stars with no observable metals would be Population III stars.
In the Milky Way, Population I stars are typically found within the galactic plane and spiral arms, while Population II stars are mostly in a more diffuse halo of stars surrounding the galaxy. This makes sense, since stars form within the gas and dust of spiral arms, and can drift away from the galactic plane as they age. Other than the fact that Population II stars are usually billions of years older than the Sun, they are broadly similar to younger stars.
The first generation of stars is thought to have been very different. The more metal a star has the more dense it can be. A star such as the Sun is more compact than a Population III star, and therefore doesn’t need as much mass to shine so brightly. Since the first stars were made only of hydrogen and helium, we think they were massive stars that lived short but very luminous lives. They likely formed during the first few hundred million years of the universe, and died within a few tens of million years or less. The only way we can see their light is by peering into the deepest reaches of space. Even the brightest galaxy of Population III stars would be very dim as seen from Earth. But are they too dim for the almighty Webb to observe?
A Population III star compared to our Sun. Credit: STScI
That’s the question this recent study tried to answer. The team simulated both the intensity and spectrum of first-generation stars to determine how they might appear within an early galaxy, then compared this to the capability of the Webb Space Telescope. They found that if Webb had a direct, unobstructed view of a bright primordial galaxy, it would still be too dim for Webb to see. But if a particularly large primordial galaxy happens to be located behind a large closer galaxy, gravitational lensing could magnify and brighten the distant galaxy’s light to a point where Webb could detect it.
In other words, we are on the frustrating edge of being able to detect first-generation stars. If things are lined up just so, and we can separate the spectra of the first-generation galaxy from the closer galaxy, then we have a chance. That may sound disappointing, but astronomers are skilled and clever, so there’s reason to hope that in time we will see light from the grandmothers of all stars
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
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Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
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