UFO traveling at 72,000mph and sucking water from Michigan lakes revealed

More people reportedly saw a UFO in Michigan on March 8, 1994. According to reports, more than 300 people witnessed the incident.

In a recent Unsolved Mysteries episode, a chilling new detail about the incident was revealed. Hundreds of calls were made to the emergency services due to the incident.

Over 300 individuals reportedly saw objects flying in the sky that were capable of screaming at speeds of over 72,000 mph. Two of them said they watched in horror as the UFO sucked out fresh water using a technological feat.

Although the stories about the incident vary from one person to another, the similarities between the descriptions of the objects and the individuals who witnessed it are still apparent.

Reports stated that several objects, including lights, were spotted from various areas near the Great Lake. Reports also stated that the objects moved in a circular path.

Meteorologist Jack Bushong was working that night at the National Weather Service’s facility in the county airport in Michigan. While he was monitoring the incident, he confirmed that the reports about the UFOs were legitimate.

According to a radio operator, the objects were not airplanes. They were described as being as big as a half-inch thumbnail. They were moving at speeds of up to 12,000 feet. Three of them were heading toward Chicago.

Officer Jeff Velthouse of the Holland Police Department said that he saw multiple objects flying in the sky. He described them as white, green, and red.

Some people claimed that the objects looked like Christmas lights as they flew through the sky. Some campers also said they saw a UFO sucking freshwater using a strange mechanism.

According to Torres, the area around Lake Michigan is regarded as a potential UFO hotspot. The Great Lakes are the largest freshwater sources in North America.

If these objects were flying in the sky and sucking water out of the ground, it could be a case of a UFO using water for its travels. Note that even CIA contractor Ingo Swann shared his amazing story about a UFO sucking up water in Alaska.

After learning about the incident, Bushong met with Michael Swords, an ufologist, to try and solve the mystery behind the objects. The two worked together to create a map gallery that depicted the movement of the UFOs.

Despite the number of sightings, the exact nature of the UFOs is still unclear. According to a report by the Chicago Tribune in 1995, officials ruled out various objects such as gas balloons, military aircraft, and small planes.

According to Torres, he and Bushong are working together to try and solve the mystery of the incident. He said that they hope that the public will help them by watching the documentary, which will feature interviews with the ufologist and the people who witnessed the incident. He believes that if the objects were carrying alien life forms, they would have visited Earth to study human life.

Note that we have a special TAG to follow UFO sightings around Lake Michigan

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17-11-2022 om 16:24 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS

Mysterious Satellite Caught on NASA Camera

During one of the tests, Nikola Tesla said that he was strange receiving radio signals coming from space. Tesla believed that someone was attempting to communicate with us through numbers since they’re a universal language. In later years, Tesla recounted his experience stating that a strange feeling was growing on him that he was the first to have been contacted by the extra-terrestrials.

NOTE PETER2011:

Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory

There is something I don't understand. This black, thirteen thousand old satellite has been orbiting our Earth for centuries. No space travel nation has dared to visit this unknown spacecraft. Either they know who this ancient satellite belongs to and have been in contact with its creators for years, or they are afraid and it is a satellite that has to keep an eye on us . Are we prisoners on our own planet and only allowed to take space steps with their approval? I think it's worth a moment to think why all the world nations leave that satellite untouched..

Astronomers Have Just Seen the Most Distant Galaxy Ever Seen, but There’s a Problem!

The distances that prevail in the gigantic expanses of space often exceed our imagination. Sometimes some structures of the cosmos are so far away from us that even the light needs billions of years before it reaches our terrestrial field of view. Recently, experts were able to detect one of the most distant, and therefore oldest, galaxies in existence, though this spectacular discovery is still accompanied by some big questions. Why this is so, and what we have found out so far about this remote collection of stars, we reveal to you in today's video!

See Artemis 1's Orion spacecraft and Earth in stunning view from space

NASA's Orion spacecraft has captured imagery of Earth and itself during its trip to the moon on Nov. 16, 2022.

Watch the historic Artemis 1 launch: https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-1-...

Credit: NASA

Everything NASA Has Found On Mars So Far

The red planet has been the object of scientist's fascination for a while now. In the past few years dozens of crewless spacecrafts including orbiters and rovers have been sent to Mars by the Soviet Union, United States, Europe, India, UAE and China in order to study the surface, climate and geology of the red planet. These missions have revealed a lot of strange and exciting secrets about Mars and have revolutionized the fields of astronomy and planetary science. Here are twenty most insane things NASA has found on Mars so far...

RELATED

1.7 Billion Year Old Nuclear Reactor Found?

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17-11-2022 om 15:58 geschreven door peter  

NASA shoots for the moon! $4 billion Artemis rocket that was feared 'doomed' after months of delays finally launches on a 25-day mission around the moon

• The launch of the Artemis I mission marks the first step in NASA's plan to return humans to the moon by 2025
• It had been due to launch in August but series of delays linked to engine fears and storms pushed back lift-off
• The $4 billion Space Launch System finally blasted into space at 01:47 EST (06:47 GMT) on Wednesday 
• The 25-day mission sees Orion capsule fly 60 miles above the moon at its closest before returning to Earth
• If successful, NASA will send Artemis II on a trip around the moon as early as 2024, this time with human crew
• Artemis III would see humans return to moon in 2025, possibly with first woman and/or first person of colour 

By SAM TONKIN and SOPHIE MANN FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

Third time became the charm for NASA's attempt to launch the Artemis I mission - the rocket was successfully launched just before 2.00am EST (7:00am GMT) Wednesday morning on a 25-day mission around the moon.

The world's most powerful rocket took off from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida after NASA engineers quashed two earlier attempts at lift off.

Artemis sees an uncrewed Orion capsule circle the Earth's natural satellite and return to our planet after a 1.3 miIlion-mile voyage.

This is a historic launch that signals the first stage of the US space agency's goal to return people to the lunar surface for the first time in half a century.

If successful, the mission will be followed by a human trip around the moon in 2024 and could lead to the first woman and first person of colour following in Neil Armstrong's footsteps the year after.

The stumbling block to this has been the numerous delays NASA's new mega moon rocket has faced, with its maiden launch date repeatedly pushed back since August. 

However, after enduring fuel leak concerns, engine issues and escaping the clutches of not one but two hurricanes, the $4 billion (£3.5 billion) Space Launch System (SLS) has finally blasted into orbit.

Third time became the charm for NASA 's attempt to launch the Artemis I mission - the rocket was successfully launched just before 2.00am EST Wednesday morning on a 25-day mission around the moon

Artemis is a historic launch that signals the first stage of NASA's goal to return people to the lunar surface for the first time in half a century

The plan is to return humans to the moon on Artemis III by 2025 and ultimately to build a permanent lunar outpost with a view to exploring deeper into the cosmos

 The stumbling block to this has been the numerous delays NASA's new mega moon rocket has faced, with its maiden launch date repeatedly pushed back since August

Space fans gather to watch as the Artemis I unmanned lunar rocket lifts off from launch pad 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA

Despite its ultimate success, this launch was not without drama, as in the final few hours before lift-off, a 'red team' of engineers was sent out to the launch pad to tighten some bolts that would prevent a fuel leak

Despite its ultimate success, this launch was not without drama, as in the final few hours before lift-off, a 'red team' of engineers was sent out to the launch pad to tighten some bolts and stop a fuel leak.

However, at 01:47 EST (06:47 GMT), the rocket's four main R-25 engines and two boosters exploded into life, pushing the 32-storey rocket into the sky over Florida with 8.8 million pounds of thrust.

'We rise together, back to the moon and beyond,' said NASA's official commentator as the rocket took off. 

About ten minutes later, the engines of the SLS rocket powered off and the core stage separated, as Artemis entered the Earth's orbit.

Then, at 03:42 (08:42 GMT), NASA announced that Orion had completed its 20-minute 'trans-lunar injection manoeuvre' that accelerated it to more than 22,600 mph (36,370 kph) and propelled it towards the moon.

Artemis' launch director Charlie Blackwell-Thompson told her cheering colleagues: 'You are part of a first – it doesn't come along very often, once in a career, maybe.

'We are all part of something incredibly special: the first launch of Artemis. The first step in returning our country to the moon and on to Mars. What you have done today will inspire generations to come.'

Ms Blackwell-Thompson added in a statement: 'On behalf of all the men and women across our great nation who have worked to bring this hardware together to make this day possible, and for the Artemis generation, this is for you.'

NASA is due to release breathtaking images taken of Earth from the Orion spacecraft at about 10am local time (3pm GMT).

At 03:42 (08:42 GMT), NASA announced that Orion had completed its 20-minute 'trans-lunar injection manoeuvre' that accelerated it to more than 22,600 mph (36,370 kph) and propelled it towards the moon

Artemis' launch director Charlie Blackwell-Thompson said: 'On behalf of all the men and women across our great nation who have worked to bring this hardware together to make this day possible, and for the Artemis generation, this is for you'

NASA's new mega moon rocket was dogged by a multitude of delays that repeatedly pushed back its historic maiden launch

After enduring fuel leak concerns, engine issues and escaping the clutches of not one but two hurricanes, the $4 billion (£3.5 billion) Space Launch System (SLS) has finally blasted into orbit 

Artemis sees an Orion spacecraft circle the Earth's natural satellite and return to our planet after a 1.3 miIlion-mile voyage 

An estimated 100,000 people gathered along the beaches and roads outside the Kennedy Space Center to witness lift-off early this morning.

This included 55-year-old Todd Garland, who drove 900 miles from Frankfurt, Kentucky to Cocoa Beach.

Wearing an Artemis T-shirt, he told AFP: 'This has been an experience I've looked forward to all my life.

'My first memory is my mother waking me up at two-years-old to watch the Moon landing and I've always wanted to see a launch ever since, and now I have.'

Kerry Warner, 59, a grandmother and semi-retired educator who lives in Florida, added the launch was 'part of America and what America is all about.'

Looking forward, NASA's plan is to return human boots to the moon on Artemis III by 2025 and ultimately to build a permanent lunar outpost with a view to exploring deeper into the cosmos. 

It would be the first time people have walked on the moon since 1972. 

Providing it is all successful, another flight is due to follow in 2024 – this time with astronauts on board – before human boots once again grace the lunar surface a year later as part of NASA's ambitious $93 billion (£63 billion) Artemis programme.

Here MailOnline answers everything you need to know about the Artemis I mission, including how you can track the flight live.

How can I follow Artemis?

An online tool is allowing people to monitor the Orion spacecraft as it travels to the moon and back again during the 25-day voyage.

The Artemis Real-time Orbit Website (AROW) provides imagery, data and all the latest news about the launch, and lets space fans track it in real-time.

Data collected by sensors on Orion and sent to the Mission Control Center at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston is used to provide real-time information - like distance from Earth and the moon - about the mission.

Tracking: The US space agency has revealed a way for the public to track the Orion spacecraft in real time. The Artemis Real-time Orbit Website (AROW) will provide imagery, data and all the latest news

NASA also reveled that it will make Orion's location data freely available for 'data lovers, artists, and creatives to make their own tracking app, data visualisation, or anything else they envision'

NASA also revealed that it will make Orion's location data freely available for 'data lovers, artists, and creatives to make their own tracking app, data visualisation, or anything else they envision.'

It added that while AROW was developed for the upcoming Artemis missions, it may use the same technology to offer visualisations of other space missions in the future.

Britain has an involvement in tracking Artemis I - the Goonhilly Earth Station in Cornwall will track the uncrewed Orion capsule and provide communications support for the mission.

Goonhilly is the world's only commercial deep space ground station. In 1969 the site was responsible for distributing live satellite feeds of the Apollo moon landing to people around the world.

Its GHY-6 deep space antenna will receive radio signals from the spacecraft over the six-week duration of its mission. 

What does the mission involve?

Named after the twin sister of Apollo in Greek mythology, Artemis signifies the modern incarnation of the US space agency's Apollo programme, which sent astronauts to the moon for the first time.

At 322ft (98m) — rising 23 storeys above the launch-pad at Cape Canaveral — the rocket is slightly shorter than the Apollo Saturn V that took astronauts to the moon in the 1960s and 1970s.

However, its four RS-25 engines (the same as those used on the Space Shuttle), powered by both solid and liquid fuel, provide greater thrust and a far higher top speed of up to 24,500 mph. (The Saturn V rockets used only liquid fuel because the technology had not yet advanced sufficiently for anything else).

The Space Launch System (SLS) rocket will carry the Orion capsule to space for its 25-and-a-half day journey around the moon and then a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean on December 11

The Artemis 1 mission will see an uncrewed Orion spacecraft circle the moon and return to Earth after a 25-day, 1.3 miIlion-mile voyage

It needs that power to push a large spacecraft out of low-Earth orbit to the moon some 240,000 miles away.

The journey takes a few days and Orion will get as close as 60 miles (100km) from the lunar surface before firing its thrusters to move into orbit up to 40,000 miles (64,000km) away.

Ten shoebox-size secondary payloads, called CubeSats, are hitching a ride to space on Artemis I, while several other investigations are flying inside the Orion spacecraft during the flight test.

Each of the payloads will perform science and technology experiments in deep space, expanding our understanding of lunar science, technology developments, and deep space radiation. 

During re-entry, Orion will emerge into the Earth's atmosphere at 25,000mph before splashing down off the California coast.

Artemis I is designed to show that the SLS rocket and Orion capsule are ready to carry astronauts for Artemis II, and ultimately the Artemis III mission to return humans to the moon.

It would mark the first time people have set foot on the lunar surface since December 1972, when the American astronaut Gene Cernan scratched his young daughter's initials in the dust next to his footprints before heading home.

No — unless you count Shaun the Sheep, Snoopy or the dummy Commander Moonikin as crew. 

This mission has no humans on board, but as long as everything goes smoothly and the Orion capsule splashes down to Earth as planned, then the hope is that a four-person crew can make a trip around the moon in 2024.

Instead of humans, a trio of human-sized test dummies stand in for the crew in the Orion capsule, their bodies swarming with sensors to measure radiation and vibration.

In the commander's seat is Commander Moonikin Campos — a tribute to electrical engineer Arturo Campos, who played a key role in getting the troubled Apollo 13 mission safely back to Earth in 1970.

Clad in a new Orion Crew Survival System spacesuit, the mannequin is providing NASA scientists with important data on what humans experience during a trip to the moon.

Two other mannequins named Helga and Zohar sit in the Orion's passenger seats, and they reflect the US space agency's determination that a manned flight to the moon will soon include a woman. 

The dummies have torsos made of materials that mimic a woman's softer tissue, organs and bones. 

They are fitted with some 5,600 sensors and 34 radiation detectors to measure the amount of radiation exposure they encounter during the mission.

One is wearing a radiation protection vest and the other isn't. 

Scientists say that different organs have different susceptibility to space radiation, and understanding that will be essential to long-term space exploration. 

Women generally have a higher risk of developing cancer, since they have more radiation-sensitive organs such as ovaries and breast tissue.

NASA has also revealed an Official Flight Kit list of items it sent on Artemis I, including 245 silver Snoopy pins, a Shaun the Sheep mascot, a Dead Sea pebble and 567 American flags.

Ahead of the launch of Artemis I, the US space agency revealed a list of items it was sending on the SLS rocket on its journey to the Earth's only natural satellite. They include a Shaun the Sheep mascot (pictured) and 567 American flags

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

17-11-2022 om 01:00 geschreven door peter  

17-11-2022 om 00:24 geschreven door peter  

BREAKING: Large Hadron Collider Just Discovered Three New Exotic Particles

On Tuesday, the European nuclear research center CERN said that scientists using the upgraded Large Hadron Collider (LHC) had found three particles that had never been seen before.

The world’s biggest and most powerful particle collider started up again after a three-year break for improvements. Researchers can look at twenty times more collisions now that the LHC has been updated.

Researchers at CERN found a “pentaquark” and the first pair of “tetraquarks” with the help of the improved collider.

What does it mean that particles have been found?

Chris Parkes, a spokesman for the LHCb experiment, which was designed to find out what happened after the Big Bang, says that this discovery will help theorists make a unified model of exotic hadrons, the nature of which is mostly unknown.

“We are in a time of discovery that is similar to the 1950s, when a “particle zoo” of hadrons started to be found, which led to the quark model of normal hadrons in the 1960s. “We’re making ‘particle zoo 2.0,'” said Niels Tuning, who is in charge of physics at the LHCb.

A quark is an electron that can’t be broken up into smaller pieces. Hadrons, like the protons and neutrons that make up atomic nuclei, which are an important part of the universe, are made when two or three quarks come together. Before the LHC got better, it was hard to find these particles because they often broke apart quickly.

The upgraded Large Hadron Collider will run for about four years at 13.6 trillion electronvolts.

Tuning said, “The more analyses we do, the more kinds of strange hadrons we find.”

Researchers want to learn more about “dark matter,” which has never been seen or touched. CERN also wants to find out more about how the subatomic particles that make matter and antimatter are made and how they break down.

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16-11-2022 om 23:44 geschreven door peter  

The Future of Mars Exploration Belongs to Helicopters

BY EVAN GOUGH

Even though there’s no firm date for a Mars sample return mission, the Perseverance rover is busy collecting rock samples and caching them for retrieval. We’ve known of the future Mars sample return mission for a while now, and as time goes on, we’re learning more details.

The latest development concerns helicopters. With Ingenuity’s success, NASA has decided that the sample return mission will take two helicopters.

When NASA’s Perseverance rover landed in Mars’ Jezero crater, it had a passenger secured to its belly: a small rotorcraft named Ingenuity. It was the first powered, controlled extraterrestrial flight by an aircraft. (The first unpowered flight was a Soviet balloon flight on Venus as part of the Vega 1 mission in 1985.)

Ingenuity met all its goals and more. It was initially intended to perform five flights up to 90 seconds long each in 30 days. It performed well beyond that, with its 33rd flight taking place on September 24th, 2022, over 18 months since the mission landed on Mars.

The eventual Mars sample return mission will be a joint endeavour between NASA and the ESA. The mission is still being developed, and now it looks like the agencies will send not one but two helicopters.

We’ve known about this development for a while. But in a new blog post update, Bob Balaram, Chief Engineer of the Ingenuity Project, explains in more detail the advantages that helicopters bring to exploring Mars. Balaram originated the Ingenuity helicopter and guided it through its first year of operations on Mars.

16-11-2022 om 23:05 geschreven door peter  

A University of Houston professor is reporting on a new type of solar energy harvesting system called thermophotovoltaics (STPV) that breaks the efficiency record of all existing technologies. And no less important, it clears the way to use solar power 24/7.

Researchers developed a new type of solar energy harvesting system that breaks the efficiency record of all existing technologies.

(CREDIT: Creative Commons)

Photovoltaic cells which convert sunlight directly into energy have made much progress. Yet with all the research, history and science behind it, there are limits to how much solar power can be harvested and used – as its generation is restricted only to the daylight.

Bo Zhao, Kalsi Assistant Professor of mechanical engineering, and his doctoral student, Sina Jafari Ghalekohneh, have created new architecture that improves the efficiency of solar energy harvesting to the thermodynamic limit.

(CREDIT: University of Houston)

University of Houston professor Bo Zhao is continuing the historic quest, reporting on a new type of solar energy harvesting system that breaks the efficiency record of all existing technologies. And no less important, it clears the way to use solar power 24/7.

Zhao said, “With our architecture, the solar energy harvesting efficiency can be improved to the thermodynamic limit.” Zhao, Kalsi Assistant Professor of mechanical engineering and his doctoral student Sina Jafari Ghalekohneh reported there results in the journal Physical Review Applied. The thermodynamic limit is the absolute maximum theoretically possible conversion efficiency of sunlight into electricity.

(a) Illustration of traditional STPV and (b) nonreciprocal STPV. The absorber of traditional STPV has back radiation towards the sun. In nonreciprocal STPV, the back emission from the intermediate layer is suppressed, and more incoming energy is directed towards the cell. The nonreciprocal behavior of the intermediate layer can be made wavelength selective.

Image Credit: University of Houston. 

Click the reporting paper link for more info and images.

How Does it Work?

16-11-2022 om 22:35 geschreven door peter  

What Would Asteroid Mining do to the World's Economy?

About a decade ago, the prospect of “asteroid mining” saw a massive surge in interest. This was due largely to the rise of the commercial space sector and the belief that harvesting resources from space would soon become a reality. What had been the stuff of science fiction and futurist predictions was now being talked about seriously in the business sector, with many claiming that the future of resource exploitation and manufacturing lay in space. Since then, there’s been a bit of a cooling off as these hopes failed to materialize in the expected timeframe.

Nevertheless, there is little doubt that a human presence in space will entail harvesting resources from Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) and beyond. In a recent paper, a team of researchers from the University of Nottingham in Ningbo, China, examined the potential impact of asteroid mining on the global economy. Based on their detailed assessment that includes market forces, environmental impact, asteroid and mineral type, and the scale of mining, they show how asteroid mining can be done in a way that is consistent with the Outer Space Treaty (i.e., for the benefit of all humanity).

The research was conducted by He Sun, Junfeng Zhu, and Yipeng Xu, three researchers from the Department of Computer Science at the University of Nottingham. They are part of a research group known as GemAI (Group for Equity Modeling with AI) that explores the intersection between mathematical modeling, artificial intelligence, and the social sciences (largely focused on equity issues). The paper describing their findings is currently being reviewed for publication in the Annual Review of Sociology.

Simply put, the prospect of asteroid mining comes down to resources and the continued growth of human civilization. There are many reasons cited for this, from ensuring the survival of humanity and life on Earth (having a “backup location” or becoming “multiplanetary”) to fulfilling a basic and ancestral need to explore and “wander.” Then there’s the idea of preventing ecological collapse here on Earth through mining and manufacturing or ushering in a “post-scarcity” society by relocating all of our resource extraction and manufacturing to near-Earth space, Cislunar space, and beyond.

Carl Sagan, the late and great physicist, author, and science communicator, summarized these beautifully and related how the two might be intertwined at the intuitive level. As he put it:

“The open road still softly calls, like a nearly forgotten song of childhood. We invest far-off places with a certain romance. The appeal, I suspect, has been meticulously crafted by natural selection as an essential element in our survival. Long summers, mild winters, rich harvests, plentiful game—none of them lasts forever. Your own life, or your band’s, or even your species’ might be owed to a restless few—drawn, by a craving they can hardly articulate or understand, to undiscovered lands and new worlds.”

From a material perspective, the rationale is that human growth is an exponential phenomenon that has been taking place ever since Upper Paleolithic Era (ca. 50,000 to 12,000 years ago). The period that has since followed – the Holocene – has seen the rapid proliferation of human societies and the growth of their impact on environmental systems worldwide. The trend has become so acute that by the mid-20th century, geologists began referring to the current epoch as the Anthropocene, where humanity is the single-greatest driver of environmental changes on the planet.

The belief that humanity’s future lies in space commands a large following today, thanks in no small part to the rise of the commercial space (aka. NewSpace) industry. Another factor is the continued pressure to ensure that there are enough resources to see to the needs of a growing population, coupled with the effects of climate change. As we approach the mid-21st century, the greatest challenge will be providing for an estimated 10 billion people worldwide amid the impacts of climate change. The argument goes that if our future is to be assured, then off-world resources must be harnessed.

The demand for minerals, He Sun explained to Universe Today via email, is a major factor in ensuring resource abundance:

“Due to the fact that the total amount of minerals on the planet is finite, continuous advances in resource recovery technology cannot fundamentally solve the problem of mineral depletion. In this context, the significance of asteroid mining is becoming more apparent. Large asteroid mining companies (including Space X, Blue Origin, and others that already have a presence in this area) could create hostile competition. To prevent the disorderly expansion of capital and related industrial monopoly, it is necessary for the United Nations to establish relevant regulations.“

To prevent asteroid mining and the future space economy from becoming a “Wild West”-type situation, there are many calls for laws to be drafted that could prevent cutthroat competition and ensure that mineral wealth is used for the good of all humanity. This is in keeping with the Outer Space Treaty signed in 1967 between the U.S., the Soviet Union, and the U.K., which were the most influential players in space at the time. The Treaty has since been signed and ratified by 112 countries (as of February 2022) and remains the most important piece of space legislation ever passed.

According to NASA, the Outer Space Treaty is the inspiration behind the Artemis Accords, a set of principles and best practices governing international partnerships to advance the Artemis Program. As stated in Section I – Purpose and Scope, the Accords are “intended to increase the safety of operations, reduce uncertainty, and promote the sustainable and beneficial use of space for all humankind.” The Treaty, says He Sun, also served as a background to the team’s analysis:

“On the one hand, it reflects the concern of the United Nations about asteroid mining (the important value of asteroid rare earth metals, the growing space power of companies and national space agencies),” he said. “On the other hand, our paper provides [the UN] with improved programmatic policies to prevent the negative effects on global equity of possible scenarios such as monopolies, resource curses, etc.”

He Sun and his colleagues began their analysis with an appraisal of the global situation and space exploration capabilities of various countries. They then focused on creating a model that would measure the impact of space mining on global equity and formulating policies that would ensure (as much as possible) that all people would share the benefits. The first step was to calculate a Unified Equity Index (UEI) for each country, which consisted of an analysis of six factors: economic, education, science and technology, health, environment, and social stability.

In short, they considered how a country’s UEI would be affected by things like wealth inequality (the Gini coefficient), Gross Domestic Product (GDP), unemployment, the average level of education, the average number of patents and research expenditures, life expectancy and health outcomes, environmental issues, and crime rates. From this, they obtained an Equity Index for the entire world based on the entropy of each country’s UEI. This brought them to step two, where the impact of asteroid mining was simulated based on the types of asteroids being mined.

This was based on three broad categories scientists use to classify asteroids: C-type, S-type, and M-type. Whereas C-type (chondrite) asteroids – the most common – contain large amounts of carbon and are composed mainly of clay and silicate rocks, S-type (“stony”) asteroids are composed of silicate minerals and metal (nickel-iron), and M-types are mostly metallic. They also considered which entities were involved (private, national, international) and changing mineral values over time. Said He Sun:

“In addition, we define the impact of mining and equity through a gray correlation matrix derived from mineral development data for a typical country (the United States) over the last 50 years with data from these indicators. This gray correlation matrix is used as a bridge to future global equity impacts of asteroid mining. We use these gray correlation coefficients, the scale of future plans for asteroid mining for each entity, and the change in equity for 20 countries over time to predict the impact of asteroid mining on global equity in the coming decades.”

In particular, their model looked at how the value of minerals would change between 2025 and 2085, coinciding with the expected growth of asteroid mining in this century. Ultimately, their model showed that without regulation, the gap between space-competitive entities (countries with space programs, companies with advanced space capability) and other entities would increase profoundly, and equity within nations would become graver. To this end, they made some specific recommendations:

“We suggest the UN add the Mining Information Policy, Mineral Legacy Policy, Mutual Assistance Policy, Antitrust Policy, and Transaction Guidance Policy to the updated version of the Outer Space Treaty,” said He Sun. “There are unimaginably tremendous resources in space, and if we do not exploit and distribute them wisely, the consequence will be severe.”

Of course, He Sun and his colleagues make these recommendations with the caveat that asteroid mining is still a hypothetical venture, mainly because the associated costs are still prohibitive. A lot of work needs to be done before it can become an industry that promises to relocate resource extraction to space and usher in a “post-scarcity” economy. This includes a further reduction in launch costs, the creation of infrastructure in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and wherever else we intend to mine, and the ability to process minerals in space cheaply.

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/ }

16-11-2022 om 22:16 geschreven door peter  

Past, present and future stars that can see Earth as a transiting exoplanet is a new paper by Dr. Jackie Faherty and Dr. Lisa Kalteneggar. 

It reports that "In the search for life in the cosmos, transiting exoplanets are currently our best targets. With thousands already detected, our search is entering a new era of discovery with upcoming large telescopes that will look for signs of ‘life’ in the atmospheres of transiting worlds. 

Previous work has explored the zone from which Earth would be visible while transiting the Sun1–4. However, these studies considered only the current position of stars, and did not include their changing vantage point over time. 

Here we report that 1,715 stars within 100 parsecs from the Sun are in the right position to have spotted life on a transiting Earth since early human civilization. 

With 1715 stars in the right position to have spotted life on a transiting Earth it is not unthinkable that we as a type 1 civilization are being watched by far more advanced alien civilizations Type 2 and Type 3 who maybe use these stars to monitor planet Earth for some reason without the possibility to discover them. 

That we have not yet been able to make contact with the aliens may be due to the idea that radio waves are outdated technology, which is probably right. Just think about the idea that we are being watched without being able to interact with the aliens, because we yet discovered the preferred means of communications among the alien civilizations Type 2 and type 3.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

16-11-2022 om 18:17 geschreven door peter  

What do you think about these UFO’s movements!?

This UFO video was just posted on Reddit recently. It shows a satellite flying across the sky and around it a really fast unidentified flying object. Filmed with 14 inch dobsonian sky watcher telescope (400mm/1900mm).

What do you think about this UFO sighting? Please leave a comment bellow!

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

16-11-2022 om 18:05 geschreven door peter  

16-11-2022 om 17:52 geschreven door peter  

Brazilian fighter pilots UFO case: Cockpit audio from an alleged UFO encounter has been released

According to a report by The Sun, a group of Brazilian fighter pilots were able to chase down several unidentified objects flying in the sky in 1996.

James Fox’s new film “Moment of Contact” features cockpit audio from the incident that happened in the plane. The director released a clip of the wild exchange.

One of the pilots reportedly exclaimed, “It’s not an airplane!” as he and his companions saw multiple objects flying in the sky.

It should be noted that this incident, which took place in Brazil, isn’t a crackpot conspiracy theory. It’s actually quite common for paranormal encounters to happen.

The Brazilian military confirmed that there was an exchange between pilots and an unidentified aircraft in the sky. However, according to The Sun, the photo taken from the water looks incredibly fake.

The audio of the cockpit voice raises a lot of questions. What was in the sky that the pilots didn’t see?

Let’s refresh our memory

In addition to this, other strange encounters involving fighter jet pilots have also happened. One of the most famous incidents was in 2004 when Navy pilot David Fravor came across an unidentified object in the sky.

Since the public has not been informed about what the object was, it’s unlikely that we’ll ever know what it was. Also, aliens aren’t exactly little green creatures. As for UFOs, there is currently no proof that they are flying around the sky in the form of green aliens.

There have been many unexplainable events. The government has claimed that the objects were Chinese drones, but it’s not clear if this is the case.

The public’s interest in the UFO and UAP phenomena has never been higher. As more information about these phenomena is revealed, more questions will be asked.

One of the pilots excitedly stated, “It’s not an airplane” as they witnessed multiple objects in the sky. You can check out the brief audio clip below. It’s nutty.

It’s worth noting that this incident in 1996 in Brazil isn’t some crackpot conspiracy idea, which happens all the time with the paranormal.

The Brazilian military confirmed there was some kind of exchange in the sky with unknown craft.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

16-11-2022 om 17:33 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS -

Eureka! A Parallel Universe Discovered Sitting In Plain Sight

Many theoretical physicists hypothesize the fact that tiny particles like electrons and photons don’t have one set place in the universe is evidence that there are many parallel universes. But we don’t have any conclusive evidence of the multiverse… Or, do we? The answer might be staring at us all this while in plain sight.

RELATED VIDEOS

The Proof Is Out There: UFO Crash Spotted in NASA Photo (Season 3)

A researcher finds evidence of a UFO crash in a NASA photo. See more in this clip from Season 3, “Aswang, Crashed on Mars, and Giant Wolves.”

Watch all new episodes of The Proof Is Out There on Fridays at 10/9c, and stay up to date on all of your favorite The HISTORY Channel shows at http://history.com/schedule.

RELATED

Blastoff! NASA's Artemis 1 moon rocket launches on historic first mission

NASA Space Launch System rocket launched the Artemis 1 mission on Nov. 16, 2022. The rocket lifted off from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

Full Story: https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-1-...

Credit: NASA

RELATED VIDEOS

What If Humanity Is Among The First Spacefaring Civilizations?

Half of the universe is filled with expansionist alien civilizations, and it’s only a matter of time before they’ll reach us. OK, that sounded a little sensationalist. But it’s also the conclusion of a recent astrophysics paper. Let’s see how they figure this, and whether we should take it seriously.

What Rosetta-Philae Discovered on a Visitor from the Edge of the Solar System

Almost everything you could want to know about ESA's Rosetta-Philae mission to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.  

We Keep Finding Very Strange Things from Our Past!

Our history books have had their day! Archaeologists keep coming across inexplicable artifacts that shake the official picture of human development to its foundations… or has your history teacher never told you something about antique flying machines or ancient laptops? Well, listen up and dive into the greatest mysteries of the past with us!

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

16-11-2022 om 17:20 geschreven door peter  

UFO Report Shows the Government Has a Few Conclusions on Unexplained Sightings

Peter Suciu 

The truth isn’t out just yet, but UFO enthusiasts shouldn’t get their hopes up that those “unidentified aerial phenomena” (UAP) – long known as UFOs – are of extraterrestrial origin. A declassified version of the latest U.S. defense-intelligence report is expected to be released to the public this month, but the government’s official conclusions are that any of the unexplained sightings are likely a mix of foreign surveillance, including drones, and airborne clutter such as weather balloons.

Such conclusions aren’t all that different from the June 2021 Preliminary Assessment: Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, released by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). It noted that UAP probably lacks a single explanation, and suggested that when individual UAP incidents are resolved these would fall into one of five potential explanatory categories: airborne clutter, natural atmospheric phenomena, USG or industry developmental programs, foreign adversary systems, and a catchall “other” bin.

“There is no single explanation that addresses the majority of UAP reports,” U.S. Defense Department spokesperson Sue Gough said via a statement. “We are collecting as much data as we can, following the data where it leads, and will share our findings whenever possible.”

WHAT IS OTHER?

Four of the categories are straightforward – and clutter could include birds, balloons, drones, or even plastic bags caught in the wind; and natural phenomena could be something as simple as ice crystals and moisture that may register on some infrared and radar systems; while UAPs could also include classified programs by the U.S. government, as well as technologies from China or Russia. The issue is still what is meant by “other.”

That could certainly give those who “look to the skies” further ammunition that the government isn’t being so transparent.

The ODNI Preliminary Assessment only stated, “Although most of the UAP described in our dataset probably remain unidentified due to limited data or challenges to collection processing or analysis, we may require additional scientific knowledge to successfully collect on, analyze and characterize some of them. We would group such objects in this category pending scientific advances that allowed us to better understand them. The UAPTF intends to focus additional analysis on the small number of cases where a UAP appeared to display unusual flight characteristics or signature management.”

It sounds much like what the late Donald Rumsfeld, former secretary of defense, said while defending the Bush Administration’s decision to go into Iraq, namely, “There are things that we know we don’t know.”

THE FINAL WORD – PROBABLY NOT

There aren’t likely to be any answers that satisfy everyone’s curiosity on the matter, especially given the number of UAPs. It was in May of this year, that senior defense intelligence officials told members of Congress that the number of UAPs cataloged by the Pentagon’s newly formed task force had grown to 400. Only about half of the cases could be explained.

Though the officials said the analysis lacked the evidence suggesting any of the sightings were actually of alien spacecraft, most UAP reports will likely remain unresolved. This includes objects reportedly observed by Navy pilots that exhibited speed and maneuverability exceeding known aviation technology and lacking any visible means of propulsion. In other cases, some of the objects lacked traditional flight control surfaces.

“In many cases, observed phenomena are classified as ‘unidentified’ simply because sensors were not able to collect enough information to make a positive attribution,” Gough added. “We are working to mitigate these shortfalls for the future and to ensure we have sufficient data for our analysis.”

PROJECT BLUE BOOK

Between March 1952 and December 1969, the United States Air Force conducted a systematic study of UFOs as part of its “Project Blue Book,” which was headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, and initially directed by Captain Edward J. Ruppelt. It followed projects of a similar nature including Project Sign, established in 1947, and Project Grudge in 1948.

Project Blue Book had two goals, namely, to determine if UFOs were a threat to national security, and to scientifically analyze UFO-related data. By the time it was ended, it had collected 12,618 UFO reports, and concluded that most of them were misidentifications of natural phenomena – including clouds and stars – or conventional aircraft. Ruppelt, who has been widely regarded as an effective and objective investigator-manager, was reported to be genuinely perplexed by the UFO phenomenon.

He is also generally credited with coining the term “Unidentified Flying Objects.”

In his 1956 book, titled The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects, Ruppelt explained that the Air Force had two bitterly divided factions. There were those who believed such UFOs were alien in nature, while others were far more skeptical. Those in the former camp even included generals and top-grade civilians, and their views were backed up by some civilian scientists of the era.

The pending report is unlikely to change any minds, especially as it lacks any final conclusion. The truth may be out there, but an absolute explanation won’t likely be in the report.

{ https://www.clearancejobs.com/ }

16-11-2022 om 01:44 geschreven door peter  

Scientists have just witnessed Titan's astonishing surface for the first time

The largest moon of Saturn is an unique habitat in our Solar System. It appears to be a world different from our own, with its methane-filled lakes, freezing volcanoes, and underground tunnels. However, Titan's first geomorphological map demonstrates that, while its landscape is spectacular and diverse, these elements actually make it surprisingly similar to Earth.

Titan is the only other body in the Solar System known to have stable liquid on its surface except Earth. Titan's lakes, rivers, and seas, on the other hand, are made of the liquid methane and ethane that rains down from its clouds. Titan is also the only moon with a considerable atmosphere and dense enough air to allow a person to walk over its harsh terrain without a spacesuit (though you'd have some additional problems to cope with, what with the methane rain and lakes...).

Titan's liquid is very exciting for another reason: the moon may harbour life in the layer of water that runs beneath its frozen surface.

This new map points out the countless lakes, dunes, craters, and plains. According to the report, these various traits may have arisen as a result of the same geological process that occurred on Earth.

Titan's lakes, dunes, and flat plains are depicted in unparalleled detail in the first geological depiction of the planet. NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU "Despite the differences in materials, temperatures, and gravity fields between Earth and Titan, many surface features are similar and can be interpreted as products of the same geologic processes," Rosaly Lopes, a planetary geologist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and lead author of the new study, said in a statement.

The map was built using data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft. Cassini was launched on October 15, 1997, to research Saturn and its moons, and it performed 120 flybys of Titan.

On September 15, 2017, the spacecraft crashed into Saturn's atmosphere, effectively terminating its 20-year mission.

Cassini employed radar imaging to peer through Titan's dense atmosphere of methane and nitrogen, as well as infrared equipment to see the planet's bigger geological formations.

“The Cassini mission revealed that Titan is a geologically active world, where hydrocarbons like methane and ethane take the role that water has on Earth,” David Williams, associate research professor at Arizona State University and a co-author on the study, said in a statement. “These hydrocarbons rain down on the surface, flow in streams and rivers, accumulate in lakes and seas, and evaporate into the atmosphere. It’s quite an astounding world!”

NASA thinks that by taking advantage of Titan's rich atmosphere and low gravity, its craft Dragonfly will be able to explore dozens of spots throughout the frozen globe – and maybe discover signs of life.

NASA/JHU-APL

In the year 2026, NASA is planning an expedition to better investigate this unique world. The Dragonfly mission will collect and return samples from the frozen moon to Earth. It is also hoped that traces of life may be discovered, which could be the first indication that humans are not as cosmologically unique as we believe.

Reference(s): 

• Nature Astronomy

First view of Titan’s surface

Photos from the Huygen’s probe revealed a very Earth-like world with dried river beds.

{ https://news.sci-nature.com/ }

16-11-2022 om 00:40 geschreven door peter  

Multiverse: Astronomers have possibly found evidence for infinite number of parallel universes

Astronomers refer to it as the multiverse. There are multiple universes in this one. Physicists define more than one as an infinite number. These innumerable universes coexist in higher levels that our senses are incapable of directly experiencing.

Nonetheless, astronomers and cosmologists appear to be increasingly using the multiverse to explain baffling observations.

The stakes are really high. Each alternate universe has an own version of reality. There will be one in which you wrote this column and I read it; another in which the Guardian is an alt-right propaganda rag; and yet another in which Donald Trump uses Twitter to distribute only adorable cat videos.

The latest piece of evidence supporting a multiverse comes from the Royal Astronomical Society in the United Kingdom. They recently published a study on the "cold spot." This is an extremely chilly area of space detected in the radiation produced by the Universe's birth around 13 billion years ago.

The cold spot was discovered in 2004 by NASA's WMAP satellite and verified in 2013 by ESA's Planck spacecraft. It's quite perplexing. Most astronomers and cosmologists feel it is exceedingly improbable to have been formed during the creation of the universe since it is mathematically difficult to explain using the prevailing explanation, known as inflation.

This new study claims to rule out a more mundane explanation: that the chilly region is an optical illusion caused by a lack of adjacent galaxies.

That's some serious thinking. But, if there is a multiverse, scientists must recognize that the ultimate goal of physics - explaining why our universe is the way it is - may be permanently out of grasp.

Physics' ultimate goal has been to explain why our cosmos takes the shape it does. This requires explaining why certain fundamental quantities have the values that they do. For example, the speed of light, the mass of an electron, and the gravitational interaction strength.

However, if there is a multiverse, that quest may be doomed to failure.

As there are an endless number of universes that are similar but somewhat different (such as the one in which you wrote this column rather than me), there will also be an infinite number in which the basic principles of physics are different.

As a result, every potential physics combination is tested across the multiverse. Inevitably, by pure chance, at least one will have the conditions we see around us now. It's just a huge old accident, which doesn't seem very rewarding.

Ironically, one of the most ardent opponents of the multiverse idea is one of its original founders. Princeton University's Paul Steinhardt contributed to the development of inflation, the theory of the start of our world. It's the one who can't explain the cold spot while still giving rise to the multiverse since, according to its arithmetic, once a universe begins to form, it causes more to form indefinitely.

However, Steinhardt rejected his own theory.

In 2014, he told Scientific American magazine, “Our observable universe would be just one possibility out of a continuous spectrum of outcomes. So, we have not explained any feature of the universe by introducing inflation after all. We have just shifted the problem of the original big bang model (how can we explain our simple universe when there is a nearly infinite variety of possibilities that could emerge from the big bang?) to the inflationary model (how can we explain our simple universe when there is a nearly infinite variety of possibilities that could emerge in a multiverse?).”

To put it another way, a multiverse does not sound appealing. It would go right to the heart of physics' purpose. Nature, of course, is unconcerned about this. Perhaps the universe really is this way, and we just have to accept it. Certainly, many people are willing to defend the multiverse as a credible line of thought.

If we truly live in a multiverse, we may rest confident that there is an alternate version of you and me out there who has already figured all of this out (and won a Nobel prize for the effort).

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://news.sci-nature.com/ }

16-11-2022 om 00:20 geschreven door peter  

Astronomers find evidence of zodiacal light on other habitable worlds

Ge worked with Chinese and American colleagues, including high schoolers Larry Ge, Amanda Hao, and Justin Hou. They gathered information from a number of sources, including the Kepler space telescope, the former Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer space telescope, the Gaia mission. The team looked at three worlds: the super-Earths Kepler-69c, Kepler-1229b, and Kepler-395c, all of which may be habitable. They sleuthed a variety of infrared data, searching for “extra” emission in the infrared portion of the spectrum. This excess is indicative of solar system dust and debris absorbing light and re-radiating it at longer wavelengths.

What’s more, they found dust as hot as 260 degrees Fahrenheit (127 degrees Celsius). Based on the similar temperature of our solar system’s own zodiacal dust, this suggests dust lurking close to at least two of the planets.

On Kepler-69c, a super-Earth 2.1 times the mass of our planet with a Venus-like atmosphere, the zodiacal light might appear as a narrow, bright band of white light.

SHAO/Yue Xu

Details in the dust

The team’s illustrations portray a poetic sense of the possible views. On both Kepler-1229b and Kepler-395c, red host stars would render an almost volcanic-looking zodiacal light. On Kepler-69c, the planet’s venusian environment might turn its zodiacal light into a white searchlight in a dark muted sky.

These results are not just aesthetic. The presence of dust suggests there could be — especially in the two younger systems — active formation of small objects like moons and minor planets. The prospect can help foster future research into how such smaller objects can both collide into and stabilize exoplanets.

“Younger planet systems experience more activities (such as comet activities and asteroid collisions),” Ge told Astronomy. But “we cannot rule out that some old systems experience occasional activities.” For example, the oldest system, Kepler-69, might have been experiencing increased activity — such as collisions or cometary activity — close to the star while Kepler was observing it, Ge says.

As to anyone — or anything — actually looking up from those planets to see the zodiacal light, well, theoretically it’s possible.

Although Ge says astronomers have previously found debris disks around other systems, none of them were considered habitable. “Our work is the first-ever on zodiacal light and debris disks around habitable planet systems,” Ge says.

So, the next time you’re hunting for the zodiacal light here on Earth, perhaps you can stretch your imagination to some other worlds where eyes are also looking.

15-11-2022 om 23:52 geschreven door peter  

'Giant arc' stretching 3.3 billion light-years across the cosmos shouldn't exist

A newly discovered crescent of galaxies spanning 3.3 billion light-years is one of the world’s largest known structures, challenging some of astronomers’ most fundamental assumptions about the universe.

The epic arrangement known as the Giant Arc is made up of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and a lot of gas and dust. It is located 9.2 billion light-years away and stretches across roughly a 15th of the observable universe.

Its discovery was “serendipitous,” according to Alexia Lopez, a doctoral candidate in cosmology at the University of Central Lancashire (UCLan) in the United Kingdom. Lopez was creating maps of things in the night sky using light from approximately 120,000 quasars, which are distant brilliant cores of galaxies where supermassive black holes consume material and produce energy.

As this light passes through matter between us and the quasars, it is absorbed by various components, leaving telltale traces that can provide important information to researchers. In particular, Lopez used marks left by magnesium to determine the distance to the intervening gas and dust, as well as the material’s position in the night sky

The Giant Arc. Grey regions show areas that absorb magnesium, which reveals the distribution of galaxies and galaxy clusters. The blue dots are background quasars, sometimes known as spotlights.

(Image credit: Alexia Lopez/UCLan)

In this way, the quasars act “like spotlights in a dark room, illuminating this intervening matter,” Lopez said. A structure began to develop in the midst of the cosmic maps. “It was sort of a hint of a big arc,” Lopez said. “I remember going to Roger [Clowes] and saying ‘Oh, look at this.'”

Clowes, her doctoral adviser at UCLan, suggested further investigation to guarantee it wasn’t an accident or a data trick. After doing two different statistical tests, the researchers determined that there was less than a 0.0003% probability that the Giant Arc wasn’t real. They presented their findings at the American Astronomical Society’s 238th virtual meeting

The structure of the Giant Arc is shown in grey, with nearby quasars superimposed in blue. There is a tentative relationship between these two datasets.

(Image credit: Alexia Lopez/UCLan.

But the finding, which will take its place in the list of the biggest things in the cosmos, undermines a bedrock expectation about the universe. Astronomers have long held to the cosmological principle, which holds that matter is more or less evenly distributed throughout space at the largest scales.

The Giant Arc is greater than other large buildings like the Sloan Great Wall and the South Pole Wall, both of which are dwarfed by even larger cosmic features. “There have been a number of large-scale structures discovered over the years,” Clowes told Live Science. “They’re so large, you wonder if they’re compatible with the cosmological principle.”

The fact that such massive entities have gathered in particular places of the universe suggests that matter may not have been distributed evenly throughout the universe. However, Lopez added, the current standard model of the cosmos is based on the cosmological principle. 

“If we’re finding it not to be true, maybe we need to start looking at a different set of theories or rules.”

Lopez doesn’t know what those theories would look like, though she mentioned the idea of modifying how gravity works on the largest scales, a possibility that has been popular with a small but loud contingent of scientists in recent years.

The South Pole Wall’s founder, Daniel Pomarède, a cosmographer at Paris-Saclay University in France, agreed that the cosmological principle should put a theoretical limit on the size of cosmic things. 

Some research has suggested that structures should reach a certain size and then be unable to get larger, Pomarède told Live Science. “Instead, we keep finding these bigger and bigger structures.”

Yet he isn’t quite ready to toss out the cosmological principle, which has been used in models of the universe for about a century. 

“It would be very bold to say that it will be replaced by something else,” he said.

Reference: 

• LiveScience 

{ https://news.sci-nature.com/ }

15-11-2022 om 23:31 geschreven door peter  

The Moon's Surface Has Enough Oxygen to Keep Billions Alive For 100,000 Years

15-11-2022 om 22:57 geschreven door peter  

The Moon Has Enough Oxygen to Sustain 8 Billion People For 100,000 Years

Although the Moon does have an atmosphere, it is very thin and mostly made of hydrogen, neon, and argon. This is not a gaseous combination capable of supporting oxygen-dependent animals such as humans.

The Moon's surface. 

(NASA)

On the Moon, there is an abundance of oxygen. It is just not in a gaseous state. Rather than that, it is trapped inside regolith — the lunar surface's covering of rock and fine dust. Would oxygen extracted from regolith be sufficient to sustain human life on the Moon?

Oxygen is present in a wide variety of minerals found in the earth around us. Additionally, the Moon is composed mostly of the same materials found on Earth (although with a slightly greater amount of material that came from meteors).

The Moon's surface is dominated by minerals such as silica, aluminum, iron, and magnesium oxides. All of these minerals include oxygen, but in an inaccessible form to our lungs.

These minerals occur in a variety of forms on the Moon, including hard rock, dust, gravel, and stones that blanket the surface. This substance is the consequence of countless millennia of meteorites colliding with the lunar surface.

The regolith of the Moon is composed of around 45 percent oxygen. However, that oxygen is inextricably linked to the minerals listed above. To dismantle such tenacious relationships, we must invest energy.

If you are acquainted with electrolysis, you may be familiar with this. This procedure is often used in manufacturing on Earth, for example, to manufacture aluminum. To separate the aluminum from the oxygen, an electrical current is conducted through a liquid form of aluminum oxide (usually termed alumina) through electrodes.

As a byproduct, oxygen is created in this situation. On the Moon, the primary product would be oxygen, but aluminum (or other metal) would be a potentially valuable byproduct.

It's a rather basic operation, but there is a catch: it consumes a lot of energy. To be sustainable, it would need to be powered by solar energy or other Moon-based energy sources.

Earlier this year, Belgian firm Space Applications Services announced the construction of three experimental reactors to enhance the electrolysis process for producing oxygen. They want to launch the device to the Moon in 2025 as part of the European Space Agency's in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) program.

Having said that, how much oxygen may the Moon supply if we succeed? As it turns out, quite a bit.

We can make some estimations if we disregard oxygen trapped in the Moon's subsurface hard rock material and focus only on the regolith that is readily accessible on the surface.

Lunar regolith includes an average of 1.4 tonnes of minerals, including around 630 kilos of oxygen per cubic metre (35 sq ft). According to NASA, people need around 800 grams of oxygen every day to exist. Thus, 630 kg of oxygen would sustain a human for around two years (or just over).

Assume now that the average depth of regolith on the Moon is around 10 meters and that we can extract all of the oxygen from it. That indicates that the top ten meters of the Moon's surface would contain enough oxygen to sustain the Earth's eight billion people for around 100,000 years.

This would also rely on our ability to collect and use oxygen properly. Regardless, this figurine is rather incredible!

Having said that, we on Earth really have it pretty well. And we should do everything possible to conserve the blue world — particularly its soil — which sustains all terrestrial life without our intervention.

Reference(s): 

• ESA, 
• ScitechDaily

{ https://news.sci-nature.com/ }

15-11-2022 om 22:49 geschreven door peter