The ‘Tunisian Atlantis’, an ancient civilization under the sands of Africa

Zack White

Over the centuries many stories related to the existence and mysterious disappearance of Atlantis have been written . That is why it is considered one of the most widespread and interesting myths of classical prehistory. According to the legend, this advanced civilization sank under the waters without leaving any trace.

Unfortunately, ruins or archaeological remains could never be located, suggesting its possible location somewhere on the planet. Although different personalities throughout history have published their research providing interesting data on the subject.

One of those characters was the famous Greek writer Plato, who described a probable place where Atlantis would have been . But he was not the only one who dared to do it, in recent times other researchers have done it too. As incredible as it may seem, there is a coincidence on these possible places, it is about what is currently Tunisia.

Evidence of the existence of a Tunisian Atlantis

The country that we know today as Tunisia , has one of the oldest historical records of humanity. Archaeological excavations carried out to the south revealed that the region was inhabited by people 100,000 years ago .

Hence, Tunisia has been the cradle of some of the most developed cultures and civilizations in Europe. It was also recognized and mentioned by both ancient Greek and Egyptian writers.

Even the prestigious philosopher Plato of Greece, 2,400 years ago, came to point out that in ancient Tunisia there was a specific place, where the extinct Atlantis could have been based. It is not a secret that Plato dedicated himself for many years to that unsuccessful search and the tests led him to that conclusion.

In particular, Plato was referring to a place that by his description corresponds to the current city of Tozeur, very close to the many salt lakes that exist in the region.

Modern scholars agree with Plato

Efforts to try to find the location of the disappeared Atlantis have lasted over time, involving people of different times and nationalities. There are two personalities who, in the 1920s, agreed with Plato, when mentioning a certain place in Tunisia as the location of the lost civilization.

One of them was the scholar Albert Herrmann, who by deduction managed to establish a connection between the Chott el Djerid salt lake  , with the  Tritonis lake  mentioned by Plato in his investigations. According to several writings made by the Greek literati, they located said lake in some part of the south of present-day Tunisia.

On the other hand, Dr.  Paul Borchardt , a great scholar of the 20s, toured Tunisia driven by his research to establish the location of Atlantis. After years of collecting information and comparing ancient data, he concluded that under the sands of that country was the lost civilization.

Specifically, he pointed out that it could have been found somewhere between the modern city of Gabes ( Tacapae ) and the dry lake of Tritonis or  Chott el Djerid. Gabes’s roots are very ancient, so much so that the ancient Greeks mention her by name in several of their reviews.

The salty lakes of Tunisia: a great enigma

Borchardt ‘s research highlights that the Hammeina dry lake was possibly an offshoot of the Chott el Djerid. This led him to conclude, by simple deduction, that on some occasion this lake had the name ” The Lake of the Atlanteans “, which was later called Tritonis.

It is interesting to note that Paul Borchardt himself led, for some time, a series of excavations around the Gabes dry lakes. The results were surprising, since ruins of an ancient city were found , as well as parts of an irrigation system. Unfortunately he was forced to suspend the excavations.

The change in topography

The historical records of the region where Tunisia is currently located, has undergone great changes in its topography. This is pointed out by several historians, among whom is the Greek  Diodorus Siculus . According to him, a cataclysmic event devastated that vast area  of ​​North Africa around the year 1250 BC. c.

These devastating earthquakes may be the same ones that caused the collapse during the so-called ” Bronze Age ” . They are also credited with being responsible for the appearance of the many salt lakes that are now dry, because seismic activity separated the great Gulf from the rest of the Mediterranean.

So far they are just theories based on many coincidences, but nothing concrete due to the lack of physical evidence. The truth is that Atlantis continues somewhere under the earth, it may really be in Tunisia.

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

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28-12-2022 om 22:55 geschreven door peter  

28-12-2022 om 22:39 geschreven door peter  

These workshops were the latest step in NASA and the DOE’s collaborative development of nuclear technologies for crewed space exploration programs. In terms of propulsion, these efforts have aimed to advance proposals for nuclear-thermal and nuclear-electric propulsion systems (NTP/NEP). In the former case, a nuclear reactor is used to heat propellants like liquid hydrogen (LH₂); in the latter, the reactor generates electricity for a magnetic engine that ionizes an inert gas like xenon (aka. Ion Propulsion).

In 2021, NASA and the DoE selected three reactor design proposals for a nuclear thermal system that could send cargo and crews to Mars and science missions to the outer Solar System. The contracts, valued at around $5 million apiece, were awarded through the DOE’s Idaho National Laboratory (INL). In June 2022, they followed up by selecting three design concept proposals for a Fission Surface Power (FSB) system that would expand on NASA’s Kilopower project and could be sent to the Moon as a technology demonstration for the Artemis Program.

The nuclear technologies workshops saw over 100 engineers, managers, and experts in power systems from across government, industry, and academia come together to discuss topics ranging from Fission Surface Power to space nuclear propulsion systems. The event featured speakers and panelists from NASA, the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE), the Department of Defense (DoD), and the commercial sector to share knowledge, results, and lessons learned from past efforts to develop nuclear technology. Todd Tofil, NASA’s Fission Surface Power project manager, explained in a NASA press release:

“Reliable energy is essential for exploration of the Moon and Mars, and nuclear technology can provide robust, reliable power in any environment or location regardless of available sunlight. As we move forward with projects like Fission Surface Power and nuclear propulsion, it makes sense to look at work that’s been done in the past at NASA and other agencies to see what we can learn.”

The first workshop (in November) included discussions on mission requirements that call for nuclear power, such as long-duration missions beyond Earth where solar power isn’t always an option. This includes the Moon’s southern polar region but also on Mars, where the increased distance and periodic dust storms can also limit solar energy. The workshop also included discussions about test hardware from previous programs that could be relevant to today’s projects. Things concluded with a tour of the seven Glenn facilities engaged in nuclear research. Said Lee Mason, associate chief of Glenn’s Power Division:

“The workshop provided an excellent opportunity to discuss technology advancements and provide the new industry teams an opportunity to learn from the past and build on the foundation that’s been established. Strong industry-government collaboration and knowledge sharing will help us be successful with Artemis and missions beyond.”

The second workshop took place in early December and saw over 500 people from 28 countries meeting (in-person and virtually) to discuss how to address the extreme challenges of operating in the Lunar Night. During the three-day workshop, attendees learned about relevant developments in the field from power and thermal technology experts from NASA and other organizations. These included those funded by NASA’s Space Technology Mission Directorate (STMD) and Exploration System Development Mission Directorate (ESDMD).

Status updates were also provided by several commercial entities that are partnered with NASA through the Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative, which will begin delivering experiments and technology demonstrations to the lunar surface in early 2023. Most of these missions rely on solar panels or batteries and will face power and thermal challenges as they land in the South-Pole Aitken Basin. Since these systems need to remain in operation longer than a Lunar Day (also 14 days), CLPS providers will also benefit from advanced power systems.

As Tibor Kremic, chief of the Space Science Project Office at NASA Glenn, summarized:

“The Moon is rife with extreme conditions, especially during the lunar night, that we must prepare for. We do that by bringing together leading experts from NASA, commercial partners, academia, and other government entities to share insights, review technical capabilities, and discuss the challenges and solutions ahead. The workshop was a learning experience for all of us, helping better prepare our CLPS providers and increase our understanding of the various technical capabilities and constraints as we continue to prepare for ever more ambitious payload deliveries to some of the toughest places in the solar system.” 

These workshops also build on NASA’s Lunar Surface Innovation Initiative, which is dedicated to fostering partnerships that will lead to technologies needed to live and explore on the surface of the Moon. The Initiative is particularly focused on technologies that allow for in-situ resource utilization (ISRU), power generation, mitigating lunar dust, excavating and constructing on the Moon’s surface, exploring the lunar environment, and other methods that will ensure a sustainable human presence on the Moon for decades to come.

Another long-term objective of the Artemis Program is to establish the infrastructure and expertise that will allow for crewed missions to Mars in the early 2030s. This presents even greater challenges, ranging from logistics and transportation (transit times of up to nine months) to power systems for surface operations. Here too, nuclear propulsion (which could reduce transit times to 100 days) and nuclear reactors that can power surface habitats and vehicles for long-duration missions are in high demand.

This is yet another example of how this age of renewed space exploration (Space Age 2.0) is spurring the development of technologies that have been dreamt of for decades!

Further Reading: 

• NASA

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

28-12-2022 om 20:55 geschreven door peter  

The Bermuda Triangle’s Strange Encounter: A Government Plane Captures a Mysterious Object Splitting

The Bermuda Triangle, located between Florida, Bermuda, and Puerto Rico, is known for its unexplained phenomena and UFO sightings. In 2013, a United States Customs and Border Patrol plane caught a strange pinkish light on thermal imaging camera as it approached the airport in Agua Dia, Puerto Rico. The footage showed a metallic sphere moving quickly around the airport before heading out to sea and appearing to splash down before resurfacing and splitting into two separate craft. The object then disappeared from view after nearly four minutes.

The footage, captured by a government plane’s infrared camera, has been analyzed by experts from the Scientific Coalition for Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon. The telemetry from the camera matched radar data, indicating that the object was real. The object’s temperature was also analyzed and found to be roughly 104 degrees, eliminating the possibility of it being a jet engine. The object’s size was estimated to be between three and five feet in diameter, ruling out the possibility of it being a balloon or a drone. The experts were also skeptical that it was a bird, due to the object’s ability to go in and out of the water and split into two separate craft.

While it is difficult to explain the exact nature of the object, the experts concluded that it is most likely a UFO. Puerto Rico has a long history of interesting sightings and encounters with USOs (unidentified submerged objects) in the area. The credible footage and analysis make this case a strong example of a possible UFO sighting.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

28-12-2022 om 20:33 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS -  28/12/2022

SPLITTING ORB UFO ABOVE PUERTO RICO | The Proof is Out There: Bermuda Triangle Edition (Season 1)

U.S. customs and border patrol spot something strange while on a routine flight. See more in this clip from Season 1, "USOs & Underwater Forces."

Love watching The Proof Is Out There: Bermuda Triangle Edition? Stay up to date on all of your favorite The HISTORY Channel shows at history.com/schedule.

#TheProofIsOutThereBermudaTriangle

Massive Unidentified Object Heading To Earth Detected On NASA Live Feed!

Massive Unidentified Object Heading To Earth Detected On NASA Live Feed! The International Space Station is the largest single structure that humans have ever put into space. NASA will use lessons learned on the ISS to prepare for human missions that reach farther into space than ever before.

As with exploring any unknown terrain or space, there are bound to be encounters with the unknown. And now, the ISS might also be the place that has finally provided us with answers to the age old question “Are We Alone?”. The answer being a faint, but terrifying “No”. What does NASA know? And why does it keep cutting the Live Feed?

ISS Cuts Live Feed Part 1:

• https://youtu.be/zHLWlDyyN-Q

What SpaceX just did with Starship Nosecone is unbelievable and unlike no one...

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Is There Life on Mars? We Asked a NASA Scientist

Is there life on Mars? No, we have never discovered life on the Red Planet, but we have found lots of evidence that suggests Mars could have once supported life in its ancient past. There’s even a chance that Mars could be habitable beneath its surface. NASA astrobiologist Heather Graham explains more.

Keep up with all of NASA’s endeavors at the Red Planet: https://mars.nasa.gov

Strange Water Worlds and a Habitable Planet Found In Orbit of Kepler 138

TERRIFYING Update About Betelgeuse, MASSIVE Supernova Explosion Happening Soon!

Betelgeuse, Orion constellation’s most famous star, and now a bright red supergiant star, is nearing the end of its life. It will likely explode as a supernova and be visible during the daytime from Earth. And while we do not know as of yet if it is a threat or not, scientists have already discovered a telltale way to detect when a star is about to go supernova.

#space #betelgeuse #supernova

James Webb Telescope Finds More Mysteries: TRAPPIST-1, Red Spiral Galaxies and More

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Why NASA's Next Telescope Will Be Even Better Than James Webb | Unveiled

In this video, Unveiled takes a closer look at NASA's next big telescope - the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope! Experts believe that this incredible machine will be even better than the James Webb... and, along with the Hubble Space Telescope, it will form a three-pronged strategy for the future of space exploration! This is Unveiled, giving you incredible answers to extraordinary questions!

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28-12-2022 om 18:25 geschreven door peter  

Solomon and Sheba: Were a Famous Pharaoh and Queen the Real Protagonists in this Love Story?

The Famous Meeting of Sheba and Solomon

Let us look back at that famous meeting when Sheba first entered Solomon’s Palace.

“She was bidden to enter the Palace, and when she saw it she thought it was a pool of water, and bared her legs. But Solomon said, ‘It is a palace paved with glass.’ Koran, Chapter of the Ant.

‘Solomon and the Queen of Sheba’ by Giovanni Demin.

( Public Domain )

“Steadying herself on Solomon’s arm, she bent down, and removing her sandals modestly lifted the hem of her robe, and stretched out a toe to test the water. The King was taken back with surprise, fooled automatically into a momentary belief that she really did believe a river in some way flowed through the hall.

Now it was his turn to express confusion. “It isn’t water. They are only glass tiles.” Then he saw that she was only teasing, and stammered, “Well, some of my guests have thought it very true to life. But it is well done isn’t it?”  The Tutankhamen Code.

• The Legendary Queen of Sheba and Her Iconic Visit with King Solomon
• Grimoires by a Biblical King? The Magical Treatise of Solomon and the Key of Solomon

‘The Queen of Sheba.’

( Public Domain )

Finding Solomon’s Temple and Palace

Fragments of glazed tiles depicting water, fish, reeds and birds have only ever been found in the ruins of one ancient Palace, that of Ymn Htp III at Malqata near Luxor.

This fact, along with a number of other finds in Luxor, are examined in “Out of Egypt” by the British/Egyptian historian Ahmed Osman and every-one of them points only to one man as having been the legendary King Solomon , namely the Pharaoh YmnHtp III.

We are told in the Book of 1 Kings that Solomon’s Temple and Palace were so grand and sumptuous that there has to be some archaeological evidence for them - yet nothing has ever been found in modern day Israel despite umpteen digs over more than a hundred years. The fabulous remains in Luxor not only match all we are told in the Bible, but many of the ancient walls and columns still stand, shouting out their message that these were built by the 18th Dynasty Kings David and Solomon, otherwise known in Ancient Egypt as Dayhut and Salim Amen.

Top: Artistic interpretation of Solomon’s Temple ( CC BY 4.0 ). Bottom: Temple of Amenhotep III, Luxor, Egypt.

( Public Domain )

I can only put the blindness of those who do not see down to a religious zeal that just will not allow any belief that the Bible time-line is out by four centuries or that Israel was once a large part of Egypt, a country that they have been taught to hate, even though the Bible itself places Israel in Egypt in the Book of 1 Samuel.

Solomon and Sheba: Pharaoh Ymn Htp III and Queen Etiye Azeb

Ahmed Osman not only identified both Kings but also Solomon’s father-in-law, Joseph. The evidence is so extensive that there cannot be any doubt about either of them. The full details of such proof can be studied in Osman’s books and, if one prefers a lighter approach, in my novel The Tutankhamen Code .

Apart from some 13 facts pointed out be Ahmed Osman which match quite precisely all we are told in the book of 1 Kings I have been fortunate in recognizing 11 more. When these are also taken into account then not one iota of doubt can remain. Solomon was the Pharaoh Ymn Htp III and the love of his life was his Queen Etiye Azeb, better known to us as Sheba. Here are a few of the most significant matches of my own finds with the Bible account.

Solomon and the Queen of Sheba (Gates of Paradise).

(Sailko/ CC BY 2.5 )

It was the Greek Egyptian historian Manethos who wrote, “Thus it came about that 80,000 unclean individuals were rounded up and dispatched to the stone quarries”. This is the same figure given in 1 Kings 5:15. The term ‘unclean’ was used to denigrate anyone not conforming to the writer’s own religious beliefs.

In year 10 of Solomon’s reign he married a foreign princess named Gilukhepa and a Marriage Scarab was issued with these words, “Gilukhipa, persons in her harim: 317 women”. 1 Kings 11:3 gives it as 300 concubines, a very close match.

• How is the Fallen Kingdom of Aksum Connected to the Queen of Sheba and the Ark of Covenant?
• King Solomon’s Mines Discovered: Kings and Pharaohs - Part I

A commemorative scarab of Amenhotep III. This scarab belongs to a class called the "marriage scarabs," which affirm the divine power of the king and the legitimacy of his wife, Tiye. Walters Art Museum, Baltimore.

( Public Domain )

The Bible tells us that Solomon’s father was King David. The father of Ymn Htp III was actually named in separate hieroglyphs as DHWT, which has to be the same for it would have been spoken something like ‘Dayhut’. A shortcut hieroglyph was occasionally used, hence a different translation of ‘DJHWT’. Like many other names this sometimes had the letter ‘Y’ added on the end just as we do in English and another suffix ‘Ms’ simply meant ‘Born of’.

David and Solomon.

( CC BY SA 3.0 )

The Kebra Nagast names MenyELEk as the eldest son of Solomon and that he was also known as David. MenyELEk has the very same meaning as YmnTwtAnkh, better known today as ‘King Tut’.

The Hall of Columns at Malqata, Luxor has the same length and breadth as the measurements given in 1 Kings 7:6, within two to three centimeters.

The clincher is in his name Ymn Htp III. Ymn, the God name for the setting Sun in the West was always written as ‘AMEN’, even in Greek letters, by Manethos who was still versant with the old Egyptian language. Hetep or Hotep was the Egyptian word for Peace or Rest, which at that time in Hebrew was Salim. As a Hebrew King of Egypt, his own family and his own people would have called him Salim Amen which evolved into Salomon then Solomon. Foreign Kings ruling other countries speaking other languages and for many generations is not that unusual. Guillaume I of England is a case in point as is Georg I of England (who never spoke English.)

Colossal statue of Amenhotep III in the British Museum.

( Public Domain )

Robert Feather in his “The Mystery of the Copper Scroll of Qumran” suggests that the Egyptian word ‘Heprew’ is the origin of the name Hebrew and this has to be true for the hieroglyph for Heprew (Creations) was a Scarab Beetle - in Greek ‘Scarabaeus’ - and this is what St. Ambrose called the mythical Ever Coming Son, IWSA - Iesous - in the 4th century AD.

More Evidence on Solomon and Sheba’s True Identities

Ralph Ellis tells us in his “Jesus Last of the Pharaohs” that the names of Biblical patriarchs are nearly all those of other Egyptian Kings and some are even spelled exactly the same such as the Pharaoh Jacob. But there were also Kings called Joshua, Abel, Cain, Abram, Salah, Isaac, as well as Jacob, David, and Solomon.

Ahmed Osman also notes in his book that both the Koran and Jewish traditions have it that Joseph’s brothers entered the City by different gates. Ancient Thebes, now Luxor, was renowned for its many Gates and Pylons and there wasn’t another city in those days that could compare.

It is quite surprising that not one Egyptologist has ever noticed the legend found by Sir Wallis Budge which tells us that Solomon’s Queen was an Abyssinian girl named Eteye Azeb and then realized that the name of Ymn Htp III’s Queen they translate as ‘Tiye’ should begin with an ‘E’. This vowel was never written in Egyptian but we now know that it was from the Ethiopian spelling. Syllables were often reversed in writing so Azeb has to be Zeba or Sheba. The Kebra Nagast even tells us that Solomon and Eteye’s son was called Meny EL Ek and that he was also known as ‘David’ which is ‘Dwd’ in Hebrew and ‘Twt’ or Tut in Egyptian. Both EL and TWT were seen as Moon Gods, which explains the variation from Ymn Twt Ankh to Meny EL Ek.

• Tiye: One of the Most Influential Women of Ancient Egypt
• Dazzling Nebmaatre: Amenhotep III and the Age of Opulence—Part I

Queen Tiye. Her husband may have been depicted to her right in this broken statue.

(Rama/ CC BY SA 2.0 )

We do know that the mother of Etiye, namely Tuya or Etuya, the wife of Joseph, came from the south and what is today Northern Sudan. That places a question mark over the lovely story told by Ahmed Osman about Ymn Htp having a pleasure lake built for Etiye at Zarw and presenting her with a Summer Palace. The loving Royal Couple ‘sailed thereon in the Royal Barge ‘Aten Gleams’. Osman then places Zarw as being somewhat east of the Suez Canal, which would have been close to her Israelite relatives in Goshen.

A Question of Location

The problem with that location is that the King did build a lake in front of her Palace at Malqata, with a ‘T’ shaped channel running from the Nile at Luxor and terminating in a large harbor by the Palace. A marriage scarab commemorating this wonderful gift from the King to his wife gives its length as 3,700 cubits (about 1,020 yards), and breadth about 700 cubits. One kilometer is 1093.61 yards, which is near enough the same.

Today a long line of hills marks the route of the Channel from the Nile to Malqata, each one once topped with a glorious shining Temple. Truly a Gift of Great Love.

• Top Image: The visit of the Queen of Sheba to King Solomon. 
• Source: jerry dognal/ CC BY NC ND 2.0

By Malcolm Hutton

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/general }

28-12-2022 om 00:24 geschreven door peter  

From an Ox to an “A”: The Ancient Egyptian Origins of the Latin Alphabet

As crazy as it sounds, it’s now well attested that the letter “A” started out its evolution as the Egyptian hieroglyph for an ox. But its truly mind-blowing transformation came when turquoise miners in ancient Egypt adapted the hieroglyph, turning it into graffiti. This seemingly unimportant simplification actually spearheaded the creation of syllabic alphabets, such as the Latin alphabet, used all over the world today.

But who were these miners and why did they do this? The story starts in Egypt almost 4,000 years ago when the turquoise mines on the Sinai Peninsula gained importance on an industrial scale. Many people from different strata of Egypt’s Bronze Age society were involved in mining activities at this mountainous location now known as Serâbît el-Khâdim. In fact, there were many mining sites for different raw materials all over the Sinai Peninsula making it a quarrying hub.

From Egyptian Hieroglyphs to the Latin Alphabet

At that time, around 1900 BC, the Egyptian language was written using hieroglyphs. These were mostly logographic which meant each symbol represented a word rather than a sound. There were thousands of Egyptian hieroglyphs making learning, memorizing and writing them a specialist skill.

• The A to Z of Alphabet Origins and the Most Ancient Written Languages

• Egyptian Hieroglyphs: The Language of the Gods

Similarly, the Bronze Age Mesopotamians wrote their  Sumerian language  using cuneiform pictographs on clay tablets. In both Egypt and Mesopotamia, the written language played a number of different roles from the cultic to the profane. Dedications to deities, pharaohs and kings were common, as were records of produce and land ownership.

However, in spite of the widespread use of these early  writing systems , they were still incredibly complicated. It was the invention of the alphabetic system that was to revolutionize the way people could read and write because it simplified the whole process of literacy.

Graffiti That Revolutionized Literacy: The Temple of Hathor in Serâbît el-Khâdim

Close to the Serâbît el-Khâdim mines, located in the southwestern Sinai Peninsula of Egypt, a temple to Hathor was in use for 800 years and offered spiritual protection to those working in them. The temple went through several phases of reconstruction, taking a central role in the lives of those who spent time or passed through this desert location.

This large sanctuary consisted of a processional avenue, multiple buildings and rooms and many stelae engraved with hieroglyphic inscriptions. Priests, miners, officials, interpreters, scribes and others all left inscriptions at the temple dedicated to the  goddess Hathor  who was known as the “mistress of turquoise,” amongst her other epithets.

Serâbît el-Khâdim was first discovered in 1762. Over the next hundred years, various visits were made by antiquarians who were interested in the area, especially after Egyptian hieroglyphs were deciphered in 1822. It was during an expedition to the abandoned mines and the temple in 1905 that two Egyptologists realized they had made an exceptional discovery. The married couple William and Hilda Flinders Petrie noticed graffiti in and around the mines which appeared to be a different script to the Egyptian hieroglyphs etched all over the site.

During their visit they documented, mapped and photographed fourteen turquoise mines, circular enclosures near the temple and the temple itself. References to many different pharaohs were found which showed how long the area had been in use, as well as tools, altars, figurines, amulets, pottery, seals and jewelry.

The unusual graffiti symbols were on fallen stones in the vicinity of the mines, as well as on several statues within the temple grounds. This was in contrast to the more formal stelae decorated with finely carved  hieroglyphs leading up to the temple. There were very few etchings to work with compared to the many hieroglyphic inscriptions, but Petrie analyzed what there were and became convinced they had found the earliest evidence for an alphabetic system.

Ancient Graffiti as Earliest Evidence of an Alphabetic System

It took until 1916 for the graffiti to be translated by fellow Egyptologist Alan Gardiner. He noticed the repeated use of several characters that he thought spelled out the word  Baalat when considered phonetically. In Canaanite this meant “the mistress” which he took to be the equivalent to the Egyptian goddess Hathor.

But the real key to understanding these inscriptions came when he analyzed bilingual engravings etched onto the sides of a tiny  sphinx figurine found in the temple. On one side there was an inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs saying “the beloved of Hathor,” while on the side there was an inscription in the strange graffiti saying “the beloved of Baalat.”

This was the  Rosetta Stone  of the day, but it went further than translating a second language. It showed that the second language was expressed in an adaptation of Egyptian hieroglyphs and was being used syllabically. It soon became apparent that Petrie’s hunch had been correct. Here was a simplified version of  Egyptian hieroglyphs  where each character had been used to represent a sound rather than a word. It was the earliest known syllabic script and was celebrated as the potential forerunner to alphabetic systems in general.

Now known by experts as Proto-Sinaitic, it was to evolve and spread through trade and a significant input from the  Phoenicians. But who drew the graffiti and exactly when they did it is still debated. It’s most likely that these graffiti first appeared during the reign of Amenemhet III in the middle Bronze Age. The general consensus is that it was created by Asiatic people, most likely of Caananite origin hence the inscriptions featuring Baalat.

The stelae with hieroglyphic dedications by interpreters also suggest that people speaking different languages were making trips to the mines. At that time in Egypt, many Asiatic people lived in the eastern delta region and there are records of Egyptians discussing their mixed parentage. So it’s perfectly possible that these groups were part of the expeditions to the mines recorded as having taken place.

Semi-Literate Origins of a Revolutionary Concept

Whether the people writing the graffiti were learned or not is another debatable point. It's been argued that they were probably drawn by semi-literate people who were not well-versed in Egyptian hieroglyphs, and so used this abstract version to express themselves in their own language. The crude and inconsistent forms of these early letters and their location on random rocks, certainly lend weight to this theory.

But there are experts who think it’s just as likely these workers were skilled and educated. If it was barely literate mine workers who invented the alphabet for their own personal use, then it’s a remarkable accident of history because it completely changed the way language is written and read in many countries and cultures.

In 1993, similar inscriptions to those at Serâbît were discovered in the Wadi el-Hôl near  Luxor. The inscriptions consisted of two lines carved into limestone rocks in the valley. At first it was thought they might be older than those at Serâbît, but experts now think that they came later so it’s possible that miners from Serâbît, who were familiar with the script, travelled to Wadi el-Hôl.

The graffiti went through several transformations over a long period before forming the base of multiple  alphabets in use today. Experts aren’t clear on exactly when and how these symbols travelled outside of the Sinai Peninsula to take center stage in the future of literacy. But it’s certain it took many years.

The Evolution of Egyptian Hieroglyphs into the Latin Alphabet

What’s fascinating is to see how certain Egyptian hieroglyphs evolved via this Proto-Sinatic script into the Latin letters used today. For example, the letter “B” was the Egyptian hieroglyph for a house. The letter “H” started its life as the Egyptian hieroglyph for a fence and the letter “K” originated as the Egyptian hieroglyph for a hand. The Proto-Sinaitic, Ugaritic, Phoenician and Greek alphabets all stemmed from these early symbols and made their changes to them.

Interestingly, the early alphabets were abjads, which means they only had consonants. In Phoenician their version of the Egyptian hieroglyph for an ox represented a glottal stop, something that was of no benefit to the Greeks when they started to use the alphabet. Therefore, they changed the Phoenician letter known as “aleph” into the letter “alpha” and made it represent the vowel sound “a.”

Anyone who studies and analyses the past knows how important written language is. Texts and inscriptions give a lot of insight into the historic period that is unfortunately absent in the Neolithic and earlier. But, if it wasn’t for the introduction of the syllabic  alphabet, it’s possible even less textual evidence from the past few thousands years would exist.

• Ancient Alphabetic Script Found in Israel Fills Gap in Historic Record

• Scholar Deciphers Oldest Known Alphabet Primer, in Ancient Egyptian

Of course, other factors helped the proliferation of the written language. The manufacture of  paper, the improvement in  education and the invention of the printing press to name but a few. However, it's clear that the syllabic alphabet made a significant contribution to the way information was recorded and passed on from the end of the Bronze Age onwards.

The origins and evolution of alphabetic systems and the Latin alphabet are complex subjects quite simplified here. But the point is that many useful inventions often start as happy accidents of history. Spoken languages also have long and convoluted stories which cannot be isolated from the multitude of factors that influenced their development.

• Top image: Archaeologists have deciphered what could be the origins of the Latin alphabet in graffiti found at the Temple of Hathor near the Serâbît el-Khâdim mines. Serâbît el-Khâdim in the background and the evolution of the letter “A” in the foreground.
• Source: Einsamer Schütze /  CC BY-SA 3.0  & Till Nikolaus von Heiseler /  CC BY 4.0

By Laura Tabone (MegalithHunter)

References

• Colless, B.E. (2014). The Origin of the Alphabet: An Examination of the Goldwasser Hypothesis.  Antiguo Oriente: cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Historia del Antiguo Oriente , (12), pp.71-104.
• Gardiner, A.H. (1916). The Egyptian origin of the Semitic alphabet.  The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology , 3(1), pp.1-16.
• Goldwasser, O. (2010). How the Alphabet was Born from Hieroglyphs.  Biblical Archaeology Review, 36/2 pp. 40-53.
• Mumford, G. (2015). The Sinai Peninsula and its environs: Our changing perceptions of a pivotal land bridge between Egypt, the Levant, and Arabia.  ASAA Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, 7(1), pp. 1-24.

{ https://www.ancientoriginsunleashed.com/ }

27-12-2022 om 23:59 geschreven door peter  

Another confounding factor is that the resources mined in space could, ostensibly at least, be used for products back on Earth. They could therefore end up in landfills, causing a longer-term environmental problem than if we simply recycled the material we already have in these large deposits of everything that humanity has created. So there was still an outstanding question of whether these potential downsides outweighed the risk in the eyes of the public. 

Simply put, the public in a variety of countries broadly supports space mining, especially on asteroids. To get these results, the researchers performed two different studies, one involving almost 5,000 people in 27 (mostly rich) countries and another involving around 600 people in the US. 

In the first study, the researchers asked a series of questions that focused on the participant’s attitudes towards mining – specifically four different kinds: in the Antarctic, on the ocean floor, on the Moon, or on asteroids. In particular, the researchers were interested in the positive and negative reactions that mining in each area elicited in their subjects.

The results were unambiguous – people generally had negative feelings toward mining on the ocean floor, especially in the Antarctic, and they generally had positive feelings towards mining on the Moon, especially on asteroids. People across all 27 countries had reasonably similar responses, no matter what their income level or the environment they inhabited.

However, results from the first study were relatively shallow and did not delve too deeply into factors such as the participant’s political affiliation or individual morals. These are known to profoundly impact an individual’s stance toward terrestrial mining and its potential environmental impacts. Still, it was unclear what, if any, effect it would have on a person’s views of space mining.

Similar in structure to the first study, the second looked at people’s responses to questions about how they felt about mining in several different locations – this time including “tundra” instead of the Antarctic. However, it also delved into the individual inclinations of the person responding to the questions, including their political orientation, which is currently one of the more polarizing aspects of American life.

Neither a person’s political persuasion nor their moral foundations were found to be clear indicators of whether or not that person would support mining in space. However, there was a negative correlation with support for lunar mining, specifically by those that scored higher on a test that assessed their interest in environmental sustainability. Assumedly that is because they think of the Moon as a pristine “environment” and view mining activities as potentially harmful to it.

Overall these studies seem like a glowing endorsement of public support for asteroid mining. However, there are some other confounding factors, including, as the authors point out, that both lunar and asteroid mining are, at this point, highly abstract concepts, the real impact of which may be hard to grok for many study participants. But studies such as this have to start somewhere, and waiting until after there is already a fully-fledged mining mission on the Moon to see if it has public support might be a little late. For now, at least, those interested in moving forward with this aspect of the economic development of space have the public on their side.

Learn More:

• Hornsey et al. – Protecting the Planet or Destroying the Universe? Understanding Reactions to Space Mining
• UT – What Would Asteroid Mining do to the World’s Economy?
• UT – Two Spacecraft Could Work Together to Capture an Asteroid and Bring it Close to Earth for Mining
• UT – What is Moon Mining?
• UT – Mining Water and Metal From the Moon at the Same Time
• UT – Want to Mine the Moon? Here’s a Detailed Map of all its Minerals

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

27-12-2022 om 23:14 geschreven door peter  

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

The study’s findings indicate that the planetary cooling occurring on the TRAPPIST-1 planets is enough to drive geological activity, which would lead to thicker atmospheres. The researcher’s models also predict that the presence of a planetary magnetic field can enhance these heating results.

Recently, NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope made its first observations of the TRAPPIST-1 system, finding that one of the planets in its system has a low probability of possessing a hydrogen atmosphere like the gas planets in our own solar system. This could indicate that at least one of TRAPPIST-1’s planets could possess a more terrestrial-like atmosphere like Earth, Mars, and Venus. With TRAPPIST-1 holding potential for the field of astrobiology, what follow-up research is planned for this study?

“There are two obvious avenues to pursue,” explains Dr. Bower. “First, our stellar neighborhood is dominated by M stars, so observational campaigns can assess the flaring nature of many more M stars besides TRAPPIST-1. Second, enhanced characterization of the TRAPPIST planetary system through observations and models will improve our understanding of the planetary interiors. This will enable us to refine our model in terms of whether the planets have an iron core and whether they have a large Earth-like silicate mantle.”

“We plan to run more elaborated physical simulations to better understand the effect intrinsic magnetic fields,” said Dr. Alexander Grayver, who is a Heisenberg Junior Research Group Leader at the University of Cologne, and lead author of the study. “The long-term goal is to couple our model with models of atmosphere formation and erosion.”

Do any of the TRAPPIST-1 planets contain the ingredients for life as we know it, or maybe as we don’t know it? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!

As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

27-12-2022 om 23:00 geschreven door peter  

Top 14 UFO Cases Over the Past 72 Years

The U.S. government’s investigation into unidentified flying objects, or UFOs, has gained renewed attention in recent years, with the 2023 National Defense Authorization Act expanding the authority and scope of the investigation. In the video below, Chris Lehto explores some of the most notable UFO cases over the past 72 years, starting with the Roswell Incident of 1947.

The Roswell Incident remains one of the most well-known UFO cases to this day. It all started when a UFO allegedly crashed near Roswell, New Mexico, and the U.S. military initially claimed to have recovered the wreckage of a flying saucer. However, the story quickly changed, and the military claimed that the wreckage was actually from a weather balloon. Major Jesse Marcel was dispatched to the crash site and reported finding a piece of metal that was incredibly lightweight and couldn’t be bent, even with a sledgehammer. Marcel was ordered to transport the strange debris to Fort Worth Army Airfield, where he was met by the commanding general and told to keep quiet about the incident.

Another notable UFO case involves astronaut Gordon Cooper, who claimed to have witnessed a flying saucer while on a mission in 1951. He described seeing multiple silver and circular craft flying at higher altitudes than his jet fighter could reach. Cooper also reported seeing a negative film of a flying saucer landing on three telescoping legs, which flew off as the film crew approached.

In 1964, Robert Jacobs, a U.S. Air Force officer, claimed to have witnessed a UFO disabling an intercontinental ballistic missile during a test launch. He reported seeing a beam of light being fired at the warhead, causing it to tumble out of outer space. Jacobs faced harassment and his mailbox was destroyed after the story became public.

The Westall UFO incident of 1966 saw hundreds of students and teachers at a school in Westall, Victoria, Australia witness a low-flying UFO. The UFO was described as being disc-shaped and metallic, and it reportedly hovered over the school for several minutes before suddenly disappearing. Multiple witnesses reported seeing military personnel arrive at the school shortly after the UFO sighting, leading some to speculate that the government was involved in covering up the incident.

These are just a few examples of the many UFO cases that have garnered attention over the years. While it is impossible to say for certain what these sightings represent, they continue to fuel speculation and intrigue.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

27-12-2022 om 18:45 geschreven door peter  

27-12-2022 om 18:39 geschreven door peter  

Arp 273: Battling Galaxies from Hubble

What's happening to these spiral galaxies? Although details remain uncertain, there sure seems to be a titanic battle going on. The upper galaxy is labelled UGC 1810 by itself, but together with its collisional partners is known as Arp 273.
The overall shape of the UGC 1810 -- in particular its blue outer ring -- is likely a result of wild and violent gravitational interactions. The blue color of the outer ring at the top is caused by massive stars that are blue hot and have formed only in the past few million years. The inner part of the upper galaxy -- itself an older spiral galaxy -- appears redder and threaded with cool filamentary dust.
A few bright stars appear well in the foreground, unrelated to colliding galaxies, while several far-distant galaxies are visible in the background. Arp 273 lies about 300 million light years away toward the constellation of Andromeda. Quite likely, UGC 1810 will devour its galactic sidekicks over the next billion years and settle into a classic spiral form.
Arp 273: Battling Galaxies from Hubble
Image Credit:  

• NASA, ESA, Hubble; Processing & Copyright: Rudy Pohl
• http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap191120.html

{ https://science.nasa.gov/ }

27-12-2022 om 18:32 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS - 27/12/2022

International Space Station in 2022 - See the NASA highlights

What happened on the International Space Station in 2022? NASA's 'Space to Ground' series highlights an eventful year in orbit.

Credit: NASA Johnson Space Center

What If You Lived on Kepler-22b?

Sunken Treasures (Full Episode) | Drain the Oceans

Treasure hunting has captured our imaginations for centuries. Draining the oceans reveals the richest wrecks ever found.

SPACE FORCE: The Secret Orbit - Arms Race in Space | SpaceTime - WELT Documentary

In December 2019, the United States established its new space force: the United States Space Force. A logical step in a globalized and digitized world whose infrastructure depends on satellites in space. This infrastructure is under threat. Also by a resurgence of conflict between East and West. This episode of Spacetime describes how the military conquered space and why the world is in a new arms race in Earth orbit.

• #documentary #spacetime #usa

An exploration of Tibet’s animal kingdom I Connections

Welcome to the roof of the world, the wild, mysterious animal kingdom of Tibet where animals and people co-exist in an extraordinary tough high altitude environment.

RELATED:

• https://youtu.be/NIlwzWrx1t0

The Real Reason NASA Is Going To Jupiter!

Interstellar Travel Without Breaking Physics with Andrew Higgins

Interstellar travel can be real. And you don't need to break the laws of Physics to do it. In this interview, I discuss a realistic way we can send missions to nearby stars in our lifetimes.

🦄 Support us on Patreon: https://patreon.com/universetoday

00:00:00 Intro

00:02:06 How hard is interstellar travel

00:13:19 Ride solar wind like a bird

00:23:15 How a realistic mission can look like

00:40:20 Exploring the Solar System

00:46:50 Fastest gun in the world

00:55:39 Best way to get off planet Earth

01:01:08 Interstellar Symposium

01:04:00 First interstellar mission. When?

01:13:53 How to become an interstellar engineer

01:19:17 Outro

Top 14 UFO Cases Over the Past 72 Years

Not only is NASA seriously investigating UFOs, or "UAPs," but a new U.S. law for 2023, NDAA 2023, dramatically expands the authority and scope of UAP investigation. How much evidence could there be squirreled away in government files to find? Here is a list of 14 notable cases in chronological order:

(1) July 8th 1947 - , Roswell Army Air Field issued a press release stating that they had recovered a "flying disc". The Army quickly retracted the statement and said instead that the crashed object was a conventional weather baloon. On 7th August 1947 Jesse Marcel was pictured at Fort Worth Army-Air Force -- Brig. General Roger Ramey, left, holding telegram, and Col. Thomas J. DuBose looking over wind-forecasting device from Roswell claiming that the debris was in fact just a weather balloon.

https://www.historyextra.com/period/2...

(2) Gordon Cooper, Jr. born 1927, Cooper was very vocal about his belief in the existence of UFOs, so convinced that UFOs were deserving of serious study that he testified on the topic before the United Nations in 1978.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVj-A...

3) Ex-US Air Force First lieutenant Robert Jacobs alleged a craft, resembling a flying saucer, circled the dummy warhead during a test flight in California, during 1964.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vtopk...

(4) The Westall UFO incident: At approximately 11:00 am on Wednesday, 6 April 1966, students and a teacher from Westall High School, in Melbourne, Australia, reported seeing a flying object, described as a grey (or silvery-green) saucer-shaped craft with a slight purple hue and about twice the size of a family car.

(5) The Nuclear Event at Malmstrom: In 1967, Robert Salas, a U.S. Air Force officer, claimed that a "hovering orange fireball" at the gate knocked all ten nuclear missiles offline! Salas has been holding a press conference in Washington every five years since. Rep Gallagher put Salas's account into the U.S. congressional record summer of 2022.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXo-S...

(6)The Rendlesham Forest Incident: 1980. The Rendlesham UFO event, also known as the "British Roswell," refers to a series of reported UFO sightings near a U.S./ British military base in Suffolk, England. One of the key witnesses to the events was John Burroughs, a U.S. Air Force security officer. According to his testimony, he and several other airmen observed strange lights in the sky and even encountered a glowing, metallic ship on the ground.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lSWRi...

(7) The Belgian UFO wave began in November 1989. Reports were filed, most many weeks after the events. Many of the reports related a large object flying at low altitude. Some reports also stated that the craft was of a flat, triangular shape, with lights underneath.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPqfs...

(8) On September 16, 1994, there was a UFO sighting outside Ruwa, Zimbabwe. 62 pupils at the Ariel School aged between six and twelve claimed that they saw one or more silver craft descend from the sky and land on a field near their school

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4JXx...

(9) The Varginha UFO incident: James Fox great documentary "Moment of Contact" -in 1996 Varginha, Brazil. According to media reports, a creature was first sighted by three sisters ranging from 14 to 22 years old.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J5pg9...

(10) The Phoenix Lights - March 13, 1997 at 7:55 pm MST, a witness in Henderson, Nevada reported seeing a large, V-shaped object traveling southeast. At 8:15 pm, an unidentified former police officer in Paulden, Nevada reported seeing a cluster of reddish-orange lights disappear over the southern horizon. Shortly afterwards, there were reports of lights seen over the Prescott Valley. It is one of largest mass sightings in modern history.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW3Si...

(11) Turkey UFO incident. In the summers of 2007, 2008, and 2009, a security guard Yalcin Yilmaz, filmed strange lights and what appeared to be metallic flying saucers.

https://youtu.be/gJIYf62SdEw

(12) The Nimitz- November 2004

https://youtu.be/gJIYf62SdEw

(13) The Gimbal Case: In 2014, a box-orb UFO was seen "daily" by Navy F-18 pilots after a new radar upgrade. The sightings, one captured on video as "The Gimbal" video, have been the subject of much debate and speculation, with some experts claiming that it was caused by "glare."

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oKLg...

(14) Catalina islands in 2019 - Drone swarms by the Navy

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hUx6g...

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

27-12-2022 om 18:07 geschreven door peter  

James Webb-telescoop werd een jaar geleden gelanceerd: een overzicht van de waanzinnige beelden

Sterrenkijken werd het voorbije jaar naar een heel nieuw niveau getild met de lancering van de James Webb-ruimtetelescoop. Meerdere keren dit jaar konden we genieten van waanzinnig mooie en mysterieuze beelden van ons universum. Hier volgt een overzicht van de mooiste plekjes die ontdekt zijn in ons heelal. Wetenschapsexpert Martijn Peeters geeft ook duiding bij de impact die James Webb op de wetenschap heeft gehad: “Deze mooie beelden zijn slechts bijkomstig en zeker niet het hoofdonderzoek.”

Na een succesvolle lancering exact een jaar geleden, bereikte de James-Webb telescoop op 23 januari zijn bestemming. Hij werd toen in een baan rond de zon ‘geparkeerd’ op een stabiele plek in de schaduw van de aarde. Hij verbruikt daar zo min mogelijk energie, heeft vrij zicht op het universum en kan eenvoudig beelden en metingen doorsturen. De ambitieuze kijker ligt op zo’n 1,5 miljoen kilometer van ons.

Lees ook

• 

  Unieke foto van NASA-astronaut legt sterrensporen en aarde vast vanop internationaal ruimtestation

“Op dit moment is de impact nog beperkt, want hij is nog maar net operationeel”, vertelt Martijn Peters. “Maar hij stuurt nu zijn eerste data door en daar zijn al massaal veel wetenschappers mee bezig.” Het is dan ook veel meer dan enkel mooie beelden. “Veel data wordt opengesteld en daar kan iedereen onderzoek op uitvoeren. Daarnaast kan je metingen laten uitvoeren als je dat aanvraagt”, vertelt Peters.

Eerste beelden

Het was even wachten tot ze met het grote publiek werden gedeeld, maar in juli dit jaar konden we voor het eerst kijken naar de wondermooie beelden die de telescoop had gemaakt. Een van de eerste beelden was onder meer Stephan’s Quintet, een visuele groepering van vijf sterrenstelsels. Het beeld was waanzinnig scherp en bevatte meer dan 150 miljoen pixels.

“NASA pakt graag uit met die beelden en ze zijn ook zeer mooi, maar veel van die beelden zijn slechts bijkomstig en niet het hoofdonderzoek. De hoofdtaak is om massa’s aan wetenschappelijke data te genereren”, vertelt expert Peters.

Bij de eerste beelden van de James Webb zat ook de ‘zuidelijke Ringnevel’. Dat is een langzaam uitdijende schil van sterrengas op een afstand van ongeveer 2.000 lichtjaar (één lichtjaar is zo’n 9,5 biljoen kilometer). De nevel is duizenden jaren geleden uitgestoten door de stervende ster in het centrum. In zo’n afkoelende nevel ontstaan minuscule stofdeeltjes en verschillende moleculen, waaronder koolwaterstofverbindingen die aan de basis liggen van het leven. Over een kleine vijf miljard jaar zal ook onze eigen zon opzwellen tot een rode reuzenster en zo’n uitdijende nevel het heelal in blazen.

Op een ander beeld leken wel oranje-blauwe penseelstreken op een impressionistisch schilderij te staan, maar het zijn wervelende gas- en stofwolken in de Carinanevel, op 7.600 lichtjaar afstand. In de koude, stoffige krochten van dit nevelcomplex ontstaan nieuwe, zware sterren; een geboorteproces dat door Webb in detail bestudeerd kan worden, omdat infrarode straling dwars door de meeste stofwolken heen dringt. Net als op de andere Webb-foto’s zijn de kleuren niet echt (het menselijk oog kan geen infrarode straling waarnemen). Met verschillende kleuren worden verschillende infrarode golflengten in beeld gebracht.

Planeten

Ook naar Neptunus werd getuurd door de James Webb. Astronomen hadden de meest afgelegen planeet van het zonnestelsel niet meer zo duidelijk kunnen zien sinds de sonde Voyager 2 in 1989 in de buurt van Neptunus passeerde. Het infraroodzicht van de telescoop bood een nieuwe manier om de atmosfeer te analyseren, verklaarde Mark McCaughrean, adviseur wetenschap en exploratie bij het Europees Ruimteagentschap (ESA).

Ook Jupiter kent door de James Webb nu minder geheimen voor ons. Verschillende beelden van de James Webb werden samengevoegd tot een compositiefoto die de aarde een nieuwe blik gunt op de gasreus. “Zo kan je Jupiters Grote Rode Vlek zien rechts onderaan”, zegt wetenschapsexpert Martijn Peters. “Dat is een storm groot genoeg om de aarde te verzwelgen.” Martijn wijst ook op de vage ringen en verre sterrenstelsels die je kan zien op de achtergrond.

Jongste sterrenstelsel

De telescoop heeft begin deze maand ook een zeer oud sterrenstelsel ontdekt dat tot nu toe niet zichtbaar was. Het sterrenstelsel zou ‘slechts’ 350 miljoen jaar na de oerknal zijn ontstaan. “Wat we met zekerheid kunnen verwachten, is dat het record van het jongste sterrenstelsel nog verbroken zal worden”, vertelt Peters. “Door te kijken naar het infraroodlicht diep in ons heelal kunnen we leren hoe de eerste honderd miljoenen jaren na de oerknal er uit hebben gezien. Tot nu was dat een mysterie.”

De James Webb kon ook staren naar dit Karrenwielstelsel. Dit stelsel was volgens de ruimtevaartorganisaties tot nu toe altijd een beetje in nevelen gehuld door de grote hoeveelheden stof. Hubble heeft voorheen ook naar dit sterrenstelsel gekeken, maar bijvoorbeeld de ‘spaken’ in het wiel zijn veel beter zichtbaar op de nieuwe afbeelding.

De data van James Webb maken eens te meer duidelijk dat het Karrenwielstelsel zich in een overgangsfase bevindt. Het was vermoedelijk ooit een normaal sterrenstelsel zoals de Melkweg, maar in het verleden was er een botsing op hoge snelheid tussen een groot spiraalstelsel en een klein sterrenstelsel dat niet zichtbaar is op de afbeelding. Door de botsing zijn de vorm en structuur veranderd.

Voor ruimtefanaten is het een bekend beeld: “De Zuilen van de Schepping”. Het is een van de mooiste bezienswaardigheden in de kosmos en dit jaar heeft James Webb hem opnieuw bezocht. Wat je ziet op de beelden zijn dichte wolken van waterstofgas en stof in het sterrenbeeld Serpens, op zo’n 6.500 lichtjaar van de aarde. De Hubble-telescoop fotografeerde deze ruimtepracht al in 1995 en 2014.

Nog betere telescoop

“De James Webb zal minstens 10 jaar operatief kunnen blijven, maar waarschijnlijk zelfs langer”, zegt Peters. Er komt ook nog een opvolging van NASA, namelijk de ‘Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope’. Daar wordt nu al aan gewerkt en eens die klaar is, zal die nog veel grotere regionen van de nachthemel kunnen afspeuren. “Die zal ook beter zijn in onderzoek doen naar donkere energie en nog beter in onderzoek op vlak van exoplaneten”, vertelt Peters.

Afsluiten doen we met dit prachtige beeld. Het toont het hart van M74, ook bekend als het spookstelsel. M74 is een spiraalstelsel op 32 miljoen lichtjaar afstand en bestaat uit ongeveer 100 miljard sterren.

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

27-12-2022 om 01:37 geschreven door peter  

Falling Object Turns Over Las Vegas, Nevada, Dec 25, 2022, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Dec 25, 2022

Location of sighting:  Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

 

A Las Vegas sighting was recorded on Christmas day. The object appeared to be huge and suspended in the sky and then made a sudden hard right turn of 90 degrees. The turn, is 100% proof that the craft is intelligently controlled. UFOs are often seen near Las Vegas, since part of Nellis AFB old firing range was given to Tall White aliens who created a base...so stated Charles Hall in many TV interviews. Also they are 45 min from Area 51 which has Area S4 within it. Not to mention that the infamous ET highway goes right to Vegas. This is a hotspot, and this video is shows us more proof of this. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

Eyewitness states:

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

27-12-2022 om 00:05 geschreven door peter  

UFO sightings in outer space are not uncommon, especially around or on the moon many UFO sightings have been reported over the years, mainly by sky-watchers. 

This time, while pointing his telescope to the moon sky watcher Limee noticed a flashing object next to the moon and after increasing color depth we see an unknown large spacecraft which is not the ISS or a satellite. 

While we don't know if it's a man-made or an extraterrestrial craft, it's further proof that there's a lot of activity around the moon. 

With NASA going to the moon again, and other space agencies also having the same goal, as well as unknown spaceships, like the one in the video below, the question is whether that will escalate into a space war in the near future.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

26-12-2022 om 23:48 geschreven door peter  

Mysterious UFO Sighting Reported in Sickerville, New Jersey on Christmas Day 2022

On December 25th, 2022, a resident of Sickerville, New Jersey reported seeing multiple flying objects in the sky while taking out their garbage. The witness described seeing one pulsating object hovering in the sky, which then turned into two flying objects. The witness ran back inside to retrieve their phone and began recording a video of the objects.

In the video, the witness captured two more objects appearing in the sky and seemingly following one another in a circular pattern. Two of the objects hovered in place while the other two disappeared in the distance, only to reappear and hover again a few minutes later.

The witness described the objects as being strange and unlike anything they had ever seen before. Some speculate that the objects could have been unidentified flying objects (UFOs) or possibly even extraterrestrial spacecraft. However, without further evidence it is difficult to determine the true nature of the objects.

The sighting was not widely reported and remains a mystery to this day. It is not uncommon for people to report UFO sightings, but without concrete evidence it can be difficult to determine the true cause of these events. Some people believe that UFO sightings are evidence of extraterrestrial visitation, while others believe they can be explained by natural or man-made phenomena. Regardless of the cause, the Sickerville UFO sighting remains a fascinating and intriguing event.

 { https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/}

26-12-2022 om 23:33 geschreven door peter  

This day in UFO history: Rendlesham Forest UFO incident

The Rendlesham Forest UFO incident is a series of events that took place in December 1980 at a US military base in Rendlesham Forest, Suffolk, England. The incident has become one of the most well-known and controversial UFO cases in history, with many people believing that it was an encounter with extraterrestrial life.

According to eyewitness accounts, the incident began on the night of December 26, when military personnel at the base observed strange lights in the sky over the forest. The lights were described as bright, triangular, and pulsating, and some witnesses reported seeing them land in the forest.

• Find out more at our Rendlesham Forest UFO incident tag!
  

Over the next few nights, several military personnel and local residents reported seeing the lights and experiencing strange phenomena, including radiation sickness, burns, and temporary paralysis. Some claimed to have seen strange, humanoid figures near the lights, and others reported that their electronic equipment, such as radios and watches, stopped working when they were near the lights.

The incident received widespread media attention and was investigated by the US military and the British government. However, both investigations concluded that the lights and strange phenomena were likely caused by natural phenomena, such as the Northern Lights, or by misidentified military aircraft.

Despite the official explanations, many people believe that the Rendlesham Forest UFO incident was an encounter with extraterrestrial life, and the case has spawned numerous theories and conspiracy theories. Some people believe that the US government covered up the true nature of the incident, while others claim that the military was involved in secret experiments or that the incident was a hoax.

To this day, the Rendlesham Forest UFO incident remains one of the most mysterious and debated UFO cases in history, with many people still seeking answers about what really happened in the forest that December night.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

26-12-2022 om 23:22 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS - 26/12/2022

A 110 Million Year Old Dinosaur Mummy Has Just Been Found! What Have Archaeologists Found?

The mighty dinosaurs ruled our earth for 170 million years. Although the era of primeval giants is long over, new fossil discvoeries keep giving us spectacular insights into the age of the giant lizards. Today we would like to open the door to days long past with you and take a close look at some unique dinosaur discoveries from the recent past!

• #TheUnknownListEN

Cleopatra's Lost Tomb (Full Episode) | Lost Treasures of Egypt

Archaeologists hunt for the lost tomb of Cleopatra. One team dives the sunken city of Alexandria and an explorer unearths a secret underground tunnel.

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Scientists New TERRIFYING Discovery By The Large Hadron Collider At CERN

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This Ancient Book Found In Egypt Revealed A Terrifying Message

In ancient Egypt, death was not seen to be a humane enough means to put an end to one's suffering. Even in the afterlife, danger lurked around every corner, and the deceased had to overcome what amounted to a spiritual obstacle course in order to arrive at Aaru, the glorious realm where Osiris, the God of Death, resided. There were at least two routes to get to Aaru: one was by land, and the other was by sea. Both were challenging enough that they called for the use of a guidebook, which was suitably called the Book of Two Ways. It's possible that this complex map of the underworld of ancient Egypt was the first illustrated "book" in the history of our planet. And archaeologists have only recently uncovered a copy that is 4,000 years old, making it arguably the oldest version that has ever been found. What chilling messages does this book hold, and what does its content mean for Egyptologists? Stay with us until the very end to learn everything there is to know about this most recent shocking discovery.

The discovery, which was recently written about in a paper that was published in the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, pushes the history of ancient literature further back in time. It also demonstrates the level of commitment and ingenuity with which these individuals attempted to solve the mystery of their own mortality. An Egyptology curator at the University of California, Berkeley named Rita Lucarelli stated in an interview that the ancient Egyptians were "obsessed with life in all its forms."

"Death was the beginning of a new life for them." There are only about twenty additional copies of Book of Two Ways known to current archaeologists, so the newest one is actually the oldest one of the lot. According to an article that Colin Barras wrote for New Scientist in October, it beats the previous record holder by around 40 years. The text was found in a coffin that had largely eluded the attention of both grave robbers and earlier generations of archaeologists. It was discovered during excavation of a burial pit in the Egyptian village of Dayr al-Barsh. The ancient text was not a solitary volume like the bound books we have now; rather, it was part of a larger collection. Instead, portions of the text were inscribed on the interior of the sarcophagus itself, and these portions have been preserved in the shape of two rotting cedar panels that are engraved with images and hieroglyphs. The inscriptions make direct reference to the Book of Two Ways, and additional objects in the tomb have been dated to the time of Pharaoh Mentuhotep II, who ruled Egypt until 2010 B.C.

This Genius US Invention Changed The B-52 Stratofortress Forever

This Genius US Invention Changed The B-52 Stratofortress Forever

The B-52 Strata fortress is a long-range weighty bomber aircraft planned to execute versatile missions. It was built to support immense quantities of weapons and is now deemed to be an crucial part of the United States strategic bomber force.

Just recently officials offered to equip the aircraft with an ordinary strategic rotary launcher or CSRL. These launchers are multi-faceted and designed to carry an extensive variety of weapons. Located inside what is considered as Bombay. Rotaries are modified to rotate the weapons mounted in the bomb bay. Current alterations to the B-52's rotary launcher design continued to construct the aircraft more pliable and fatal in combat environments. As the launcher can now support even more munitions than before. Even though improving the aircraft was not without effort.

To transport a rotary launcher, teams must get the weighty launcher on a trailer before a vehicle moves it to the planned plane. Once ready to load, weapons are armed onto the rotary. This can take around 11 hours to do. Eventually once the bombs are loaded the team utilises the trailer to raise a common strategic rotary launcher into the Bombay.

Nonetheless, like any technological hardware the rotary must also be examined and engineers must sometimes execute maintenance. Once the B-52 is formally ready for launch the team may plan to launch the aircraft in a manner called a cart start. This launching method happens when a small controlled explosive cartridge is thrusted into two of the B-52's engines as a kind of jump start for the generator. £

This enables the crew to become airborne in much less time than during a usual b-52 launch. Although these launches are routine operations they are used in an infrequent manner the B-52s however are not. The stratofortress aircraft was originally constructed in the 50s and have now been around for more than 65 years.

Throughout the years technology of planes has been improved but the primary components of the original B-52 still fly. Before recent upgrades the aircraft was what many regarded as a mismatch of digital and analog systems. The b-52 had initially contained analog interphone panels that crews resorted to talk to one another and crews initially had to carry thumb drives of crucial information such as maps, on and off the plane. Now crew members can obtain digital transmissions in the air.

But before crews can head into the air they still must be fully trained. This can be done by the 93rd bomb squadron, the only b-52 formal training unit in the air force. The team is in charge of training the b-52 pilots and other operators for duty including electronic warfare officers and weapons system officers.

The Crazy Evolution of New $ Billions US Stealth Aircraft

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26-12-2022 om 23:00 geschreven door peter  

But, as with all bureaucracies, NASA has budgetary difficulties, and NEO Surveyor was no exception. The agency originally canceled NEO Surveyor’s budget for the fiscal years 2022 and 2023, forcing project scientists and engineers to move on to other projects for their salaries. So when NASA again picked up the bill for the project, it had ballooned to $1.2 billion, partly due to the increased inflation throughout the economy in the intervening years.

Despite that price hike, the Planetary Society expects Congress to support the mission, in part thanks to more than 5,000 people who wrote their local representatives on behalf of the project. In a further show of support, the seemingly unrelated CHIPS and Science act passed by Congress earlier this year forces NASA into no longer cutting programs funding even if there are cost overruns on other programs (like, for example, the JWST). 

Now with funding secured, the mission moves on to building and testing flight hardware as the third part of the five-step NASA project cycle. At the end of this “Phase C,” all of the hardware should be ready for final assembly and testing. But there’s still a long way, and potentially some of its own cost overruns, to go before NEO Surveyor is officially in space and collecting valuable data on our immediate planetary neighborhood. But for now, the project appears on track to deliver those helpful data points, if slightly later than its proponents had hoped for.

Learn More:

• Planetary Society – NEO Surveyor is confirmed
• UT – NASA has Approved a Space Telescope That Will Scan the Skies for Dangerous Near-Earth Asteroids
• UT – Astronomers Have Found More Than 30,000 Near-Earth Asteroids… so far
  
• UT – Three New Potentially Hazardous Asteroids Discovered, Including a big one That Measures 1.5 km Across

Lead Image:

• Artist’s concept of the NEO Surveyor mission.
• Credit – NASA / JPL-Caltech/The Planetary Society

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

26-12-2022 om 01:56 geschreven door peter