Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies are merging

Milky Way and Andromeda merger has begun

The Andromeda galaxy, the nearest spiral galaxy to our Milky Way, isn’t noticeable in our night sky, unless you look for it. Under dark skies, however, you can see it without optical aid, but only as a barely visible fuzzy patch of light. But one day, far in the future, Andromeda will be bright in our sky, growing larger and larger … as it gets closer and closer to us. And even though the two galaxies are still 2.5 million light-years apart, the eventual merger of our two galaxies has, in fact, already begun.

The Andromeda galaxy is currently racing toward our Milky Way at a speed of about 70 miles (113 km) per second. With this in mind, our merger will occur five billion years from now. But, in August 2020, the peer-reviewed Astrophysical Journal published new research revealing that the collision between our galaxies is already underway.

The news about the Andromeda galaxy came from Project AMIGA, which uses the Hubble Space Telescope to look at the deep-space surroundings of the Andromeda galaxy. AMIGA stands for Absorption Map of Ionized Gas in Andromeda. NASA called it:

… the most comprehensive study of a halo surrounding a galaxy.

The Andromeda galaxy, our Milky Way and other galaxies all sit enshrouded in a large envelope – called a galactic halo – which consists of gas, dust and stray stars. The halos of galaxies are faint, so faint, in fact, that detecting them is not an easy feat. These astronomers measured the size of the halo of the Andromeda galaxy by looking at how much it absorbed light from background quasars. They were surprised to find that the Andromeda galaxy’s halo stretches much, much farther beyond its visible boundaries.

Indeed, it extends as far as half the distance to our Milky Way (1.3 million light-years) and even farther in other directions (up to 2 million light-years).

So, does this mean the halos of the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies are touching?

It turns out that, from our vantage point inside the Milky Way, we cannot easily measure the characteristics of our galaxy’s halo. However, because the two galaxies are so similar in size and appearance, scientists assume that the halo of the Milky Way would also be similar.

In other words, it’s the faint halos of the galaxies that indeed appear to have started to touch one another. Thus, in a manner of speaking, the collision between our two galaxies has already started.

NASA released the images below in 2012. They are artist’s concepts of what someone on Earth might see as the Andromeda galaxy hurtles toward us.

The depictions below are based on painstaking Hubble Space Telescope measurements of the motion of the Andromeda galaxy, with computer modeling of the inevitable collision between the two galaxies. Also, a series of studies published in 2012 showed that – rather than glancing off each other, as merging galaxies sometimes do – our Milky Way galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy will in fact merge to form a single big elliptical, or football-shaped, galaxy.

Roeland van der Marel, an astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute, told Discover Magazine in February 2022:

Whether it’s fully a head-on collision or more of a glancing blow doesn’t really affect the end result.

And that is a new, giant elliptical galaxy.

The Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, however, won’t be the only ones involved in this merger. As shown in the video below, the other large galaxy in our Local Group of galaxies, that is, M33, aka the Triangulum galaxy, will also play a role.

In the video below, you’ll recognize the Triangulum galaxy as the smaller object near the Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies. Although the Triangulum galaxy likely won’t join the merger, it may, nevertheless, at some point strike our Milky Way while engaged in a great cosmic dance with the two larger galaxies.

Across the universe, galaxies are colliding with each other. Astronomers observe galactic collisions – or their aftermaths – with the aid of powerful telescopes. In some ways, when a galactic merger takes place, the two galaxies are like ghosts; they simply pass through each other. That’s because stars inside galaxies are separated by such great distances. Thus the stars themselves typically don’t collide when galaxies merge.

That said, the stars in both the Andromeda galaxy and our Milky Way will be affected by the merger. The Andromeda galaxy contains about a trillion stars. Meanwhile, the Milky Way has about 300 billion stars. Stars from both galaxies will be thrown into new orbits around the newly merged galactic center. For example, according to scientists involved in the 2012 studies:

It is likely the sun will be flung into a new region of our galaxy …

And yet, they said,

… our Earth and solar system are in no danger of being destroyed.

So, how about life on Earth? Will earthly life survive the merger? Well, the sun will eventually become a red giant in about 7.5 billion years, when it will increase in size and consume the Earth. But even before then, the luminosity, or intrinsic brightness, of the sun will increase. This will happen, ultimately, in a timeline of about four billion years.

As solar radiation reaching the Earth increases, Earth’s surface temperature will increase. We may undergo a runaway greenhouse effect, similar to that going on now on the planet next door, Venus. So there’s a good change that earthly life won’t be around when the merger concludes.

But by that time, maybe some earthly inhabitants will have become space-faring. Perhaps we’ll have left Earth, and even our solar system. We may still get the view of Andromeda crashing into the Milky Way, just from a slightly different perspective.

Read more: Hubble Shows Milky Way is Destined for Head-On Collision

• Bottom line: The Milky Way and Andromeda merger has already begun. The two spiral galaxies will form one giant elliptical galaxy in 5 billion years.
• Source: Project AMIGA: The Circumgalactic Medium of Andromeda*

Via Discover Magazine

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15-01-2023 om 00:53 geschreven door peter  

Astronomers discover a floating water reservoir in space that is equivalent to 140 trillion times the amount of water in the world’s oceans.

A water reserve the size of 140 trillion oceans lurks in a distant supermassive black hole, the universe’s greatest deposit of water and 4,000 times the quantity contained in the Milky Way.

Two teams of astronomers discovered this amount of water 12 billion light-years away, where it appears as vapor spread across hundreds of light-years.

The reservoir was discovered in the gaseous area of a quasar, which is a dazzling compact region at the center of a galaxy fueled by a black hole. This discovery shows that water may have been throughout the universe from the beginning.

While specialists are not surprised, water has never been spotted this far out. The light from the quasar took 12 billion years to reach Earth (particularly, the APM 08279+5255 quasar in the constellation Lynx), meaning that this mass of water existed when the universe was only 1.6 billion years old.

The Z-Spec equipment at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory in Hawaii was utilized by one group, while the Plateau de Bure Interferometer in the French Alps was employed by the other.

These sensors detect millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths, which allows them to detect trace gases (or large reserves of water vapor) in the early universe.

The discovery of numerous spectral fingerprints of water in the quasar gave researchers with the information they needed to establish the reservoir’s massive size.

{  https://theancientzen.com/ }

15-01-2023 om 00:26 geschreven door peter  

The Normanton UFO Landing Revisited

by Philip Mantle

When I look back now, I’m amazed to find that I’ve been involved in UFO research & investigation for over forty years. During that time I’ve been a member of six UFO groups, four of which were in the UK and two overseas. I’ve been asked many times which UFO case most impresses me: Is it the UFO crash at Roswell, or the incident at Rendlesham forest in 1980? My answer to this question, without a doubt, is one that I investigated with Mark Birdsall when we were both part of the Yorkshire UFO Society. I doubt if you have ever heard of the following case that we investigated, but I remember interviewing the witnesses like it was yesterday.

The incident took place in the summer of 1980 in the then mining town of Normanton in West Yorkshire. A lady by the name of Mrs. Westerman contacted me to discuss a UFO landing witnessed by her, her children, and some of her children’s friends. When we interviewed the group, they told us that it had been just after lunch and the children were playing a ball game outside in the street. They lived in an elevated terraced house in a cul-de-sac, at the bottom of which were some trees, a small stream, and a hill containing electricity pylons.

As the ball the children were playing with went up in the air, they suddenly saw an object descend at an angle, stop dead in the sky, and then fall to the ground on the hill at the bottom of the road. One of the children rushed into the house and told her mum (Mrs. Westerman) that an airplane had crashed in the field.

Stepping outside and looking across the field from her elevated front door, Mrs. Westerman could see the object—but it was no aeroplane. She described it as being shaped like a ‘Mexican hat’ that was a grey-silver colour. She gathered the children and together they trekked toward the hill where the object fell. The field was bordered by a fence and the object was still there on the ground, only now it was accompanied by three tall ‘men’ standing nearby. They were dressed in white boiler suits with ‘visors’ of some sort covering their faces. Two of the men had something in their hands and were waving it over the ground. Finally, the three men went to the rear of the object, which took off without making a sound, stopped dead in the clear blue-sky, and left from whence it had come.

This event gave me a life-long interest in UFO landing cases and was partly responsible for my new book, ‘UFO LANDINGS UK,’ which features the story.

Down the years, I often wondered what those children made of the event now that they were grown up.

In 2019 I was interviewed for a podcast and discussed this case, but forgot to name the family involved. A couple of weeks later I was contacted by a lady who informed me that she had lived in Normanton before moving to New Zealand and wanted to know the family’s name. When I told her it was Westerman, she informed me that her best friend as a child had that very name and that she still lived in the town. This lady promised to contact her friend and get back to me. To my amazement her friend was indeed one of those children that I had interviewed all those years ago.

I’ll call this lady ‘Susan’ as I do not have permission to use her real name. This is what she told me:

“To be honest I only remember another girl who was there, Nicola, whom I see very rarely. Sadly, my mum passed away also 7 years ago. I only remember something which I thought at the time was an aircraft landing and when we ran over it was a circular craft, I remember seeing 3 what looked like tall men in silver who looked like they were looking for something on the ground, I vaguely remember some sort of metal detector in one of their hands. When we were seen approaching, they hurried back in the craft and sped off.”

Susan and I tried to arrange to meet up but the covid pandemic struck and we were never able to do so. Still, I am grateful that she came forward to share her memory of the event.

In July of 2022 I took part in a TV documentary commemorating the 75th anniversary of the UFO crash at Roswell. Not long after the documentary was broadcast, I had an email from a man called Shaun. Shaun went on to tell me that his partner Joanne was a witness to the UFO landing at Normanton. A quick internet search provided the couple information on the case with my name attached to it, so they located my email and got in touch.

Joanne now lives a long way from Normanton, but I spoke to her on the phone. She was Susan’s best friend and she recalled the incident vividly. Joanne told me that she witnessed the UFO landing and then joined Mrs. Westerman and the other five children along as they made their way towards the object. The UFO was indeed on the ground with three tall ‘men’ standing outside of it. They had an item in their hands, and looked as if they were searching for something. The UFO eventually took off after the ‘men’ approached it. It made no noise when it departed. Joanne was adamant that it was not a helicopter or anything like it.

One thing that intrigued me was when Joanne said that Mrs. Westerman was visited by two ‘scientists’ who talked to her about the event. When Mark and I interviewed Mrs. Westerman, it was a few years after the incident, and she made no mention of any scientists. Could eight-year-old Joanne have mistaken Mark Birdsall and I as the two mystery scientists? It seems a likely explanation, and it shows how the facts of a case can get distorted, in this instance quite by chance.

Joanne stated that there were six children there that day, including her and Susan, which means there are another four out there somewhere. I’d love to talk with them too. In the meantime, you can read my account of this case in my book, ‘UFO LANDINGS UK,’ and if I do hear from any of the other four children, I will of course update you.

{ https://theobservermagazine.substack.com/ }

15-01-2023 om 00:15 geschreven door peter  

This new system of seven stars is not stable, however. Because of their masses and orbits, they are bound to violently interact with each other. In fact, the astronomers have caught one such ejection in the act. The ejected object is an incredibly small protostar, almost small enough to count as a brown dwarf instead. It is currently moving away from the core of the protostellar system at about 25 km/s, which means it was orphaned about 5,800 years ago. In the next few thousand years it will likely be joined by at least some of its siblings.

Protostars of any kind are incredibly violent as they form. Material swirls down onto the protostars, building their mass, but as the protostars heat up they interact with those same surroundings. The movement of gas and dust can form incredibly strong electric and magnetic fields. Those fields then funnel some of the gas around the star to form jets. A similar process plays out around supermassive black holes, but at a much larger scale. 

In the case of the HH 24 complex, the astronomers have observed five thin, narrow jets emanating from the central core. These jets are wrapped by magnetic field lines that give them their shape. All together the jets extend for at least five light years away from the core.

In the midst of all this violence there is also the hope for planets. The astronomers observed small protoplanetary discs around five stars, some of them with gaps in them, suggesting the presence of young forming planets. If those stars survive the violent interactions that they must face over the next few thousand years, those planets may stay bound to their parent stars.

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

14-01-2023 om 23:38 geschreven door peter  

In de Egyptische stad Luxor, gelegen in het zuiden van het land, hebben archeologen een oude graftombe opgegraven. 

© AFP

Een afbeelding die op 14 januari 2023 door het Egyptische Ministerie van Oudheden is vrijgegeven, toont een beeld van archeologen die aan het werk zijn op de plaats van een nieuw ontdekte tombe in de zuidelijke provincie Luxor in Egypte.

(Foto door Egyptisch Ministerie van Oudheden / AFP)

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

14-01-2023 om 23:17 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS - 14/01/2023

China's Long March 2D launches three satellites, rocket sheds tiles

A Chinese Long March 2D rocket launched the Yaogan-37, Shiyan-22A and Shiyan-22B satellites from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center on Jan. 13, 2023.

The rocket sheds insulation tiles during launch, a normal occurrence.

Credit: Space.com | footage courtesy: China Central Television (CCTV) | edited by Steve Spaleta

• (https://twitter.com/stevespaleta)

Mars Rover's Dead // Green Comet Incoming // JWST’s First Exoplanet

Keep your eyes on the sky for a comet, another Mars rover has died, the leaky Soyuz is going to be replaced, JWST dominates the American Astronomical Society meeting, and is Starship just around the corner

James Webb Finds More Strange Galaxies and Other Unexplained Objects (Jan 2023 Update)

SpaceX Starship 120m rocket full Stacked Testing, 33 Engines Firing!

After rapidly stacking Ship 24 and Booster 7 earlier this week, SpaceX has begun testing a fully stacked Starship rocket for the first time in three months, ready for a full wet dress rehearsal and 33-engine static fire.
Meanwhile, SpaceX is launching Falcon Heavy for the US Space Force’s Mission today.
All this and more in today's episode of Alpha Tech:

Elon Musk’s SpaceX could start the countdown for its first orbital launch!
On Jan 14, 2023, SpaceX conducted propellant load testing on Starship 24 and Super Heavy Booster 7 at the orbital launch mount.

Standing around 120 meters tall, Starship is unequivocally the largest and most voluminous rocket ever built. With its 33 Raptor V2 engines, the fully assembled Ship 24 and Booster 7 stack would have likely weighed around 4000-5000 tons. Starship has a peak thrust of 75.9 MN and can deliver more than 100 t to low Earth orbit, which would classify the rocket as a super heavy-lift launch vehicle.

For its recently fully-integrated test, though, SpaceX appears to have put Starship through a fairly limited cryogenic proof. The lack of frost on Ship 24 would make me hesitant to call it partial full-stack WDR. But def a partial Booster 7 WDR if using methane and oxygen, plus some limited and ambiguous Ship cryo loading.
For Ship 24 and Booster 7’s combined debut, Super Heavy was filled maybe 10-20% and Starship around 25-50% of the way with either liquid nitrogen (LN2) or a combination of LN2 and liquid oxygen (LOx). It’s difficult to tell but it’s unlikely any methane (LCH4) fuel was involved.

Beyond the basic mechanical demonstration that Super Heavy Booster 7 is strong enough to support a partially loaded Starship, which probably wasn’t in doubt, it’s likely that the main purpose of this first full-stack cryoproof was to ensure that all the systems required to fuel Starship on top of Super Heavy were working as expected. That’s no small feat given that Starship is both the tallest rocket and largest upper stage ever assembled. To fully fuel a Starship for an orbital launch, around 1200 tons of propellant (or LN2 for a cryoproof) – equivalent to the weight of more than two entire Falcon 9 rockets – must be pumped around 85 meters up Starbase’s integration tower.
SpaceX Starship 120m rocket full Stacked Testing, 33 Engines Firing!

What the First Man on the Moon Hid for All These Years

It's hard to find a person who has never seen one of the most famous photos in the world of the first man on the Moon. Neil Armstrong had been getting ready for his mission for over three years. To resist microgravity conditions, he had to learn how to walk sideways, by being strapped and suspended at an angle and trying to walk along walls. What other things did he have to learn? And did Neil Armstrong have any secrets?

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Rings Around Stars, Laser Space Propulsion, Life on Cold Moons | Q&A 206

How do we determine the velocities of objects in distant space? Can we use a laser a space engine on a spaceship? Can we find stars with rings? Is it possible to see the same star at different stages of its life? All this and more in this week's Q&A.

00:00 Start

02:21 [Tatooine] Can stars have rings?

07:59 [Coruscant] Can we see stars at different life stages with gravitational lensing?

11:29 [Hoth] Why not launch payloads from orbit?

14:30 [Naboo] What would happen if time stopped?

16:20 [Kamino] Does Elon/Twitter impact spaceflight confidence?

18:28 [Bespin] How can there be life on cold moons?

22:49 [Mustafar] What if a meteor hits the Moon while astronauts are there?

25:58 [Alderaan] Shouldn't ETs be benevolent like Vulcans and not malevolent like Klingons?

27:51 [Dagobah] How do we determine the speeds of objects in space?

30:06 [Yavin] Why go back to the Moon?

32:08 [Mandalore] Do you ever get tired of speculating and not lending your intellect to progress?

34:14 [Geonosis] Wen JWST Deep Field?

35:20 [Corellia] Why is Sag A* disk not aligned with the galaxy?

37:23 [Crait] Will there be a Mars colony this century?

39:43 [Endor] Could we use a laser as an engine on a spaceship?

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14-01-2023 om 18:30 geschreven door peter  

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

14-01-2023 om 01:35 geschreven door peter  

 BY MATT WILLIAMS

The research was conducted by members of the Galactic Plane Pulsar Snapshot HI (GPPS HI) survey, which consists of astrophysicists with the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) National Astronomical Observatories, the CAS Key Laboratory of FAST, the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, Peking University, Guangzhou University, and Southwest University in Chongqing. Their results were published in a series of papers (“Peering into the Milky Way by FAST“), which recently appeared in the Science China Physics Mechanics and Astronomy journal.

Observing neutral hydrogen in the ISM is vital to astronomers since it is from dense hydrogen clouds that new stars are born. When young and bright, these stars are detectable from how their radiation ionizes surrounding gas. In time, stars will undergo gravitational collapse and go supernova, shedding their outer layers and becoming white dwarf remnants (like a pulsar). The shock waves produced by these explosions compress interstellar gas and accelerate electrons (and nuclei) to close to the speed of light that interact with the interstellar magnetic field and radiate faint radio waves.

The study of the ionized gas in the interstellar medium is therefore fundamental to the study of the birth and death of stars. It is also the last major component of the Milky Way that hasn’t been explored in detail. The FAST array is especially suited for this purpose because it is the most sensitive single-dish radio telescope in the world and is equipped with a highly-sensitive L-band 19-beam cryogenic receiver. This corresponds to radio frequencies of 1 to 2 gigahertz (GHz) in the Ultra High Frequency (UHF) domain, making it an excellent instrument for hunting pulsars and exploring the ISM.

In its first data release, FAST detected the distribution of neutral hydrogen (HI) gas across 88 square degrees of the night sky, between 33° and 55° Galactic longitude and ±2° Galactic latitude. Though the fine calibration is still in progress, the results of this survey are already the most sensitive to date, showing unprecedented detail about the distribution of HI gas in our galaxy. As emeritus professor John M. Dickey of the University of Tasmania in Australia and the University of Minnesota wrote of the GPPS HI survey:

“[T]he improvement in angular resolution and sensitivity over all previous surveys is impressive. FAST can go deeper and detect fainter emission over wider areas than other telescopes both because it has a larger collecting area (aperture diameter 300 m within the reflector diameter of 500 m), and because it uses a sensitive, 19-beam receiver with Tsys?22 K to collect the radiation… Meanwhile, [the] publication of this first paper on the GPPS HI survey is a landmark accomplishment, worthy of celebration and international attention.”

Logarithmic scale of the Solar System, Heliosphere, and Interstellar Medium (ISM).

Credit: NASA/Caltech-JPL

For the first study in the series, the CAS team processed the hydrogen radio recombination lines (RRL) in the spectral line data for the same sky area covered by the GPPS HI survey. This revealed luminous regions resulting from bright star ionization and patches of diffuse ionized gas (DIG) of unknown origin. The team also tested the FAST observations for radio continuum radiation within our galaxy in an area of 5°× 7° in the sky. The results confirmed the presence of two large faint radio-emissions structures (G203.1+6.6 and G206.7+5.9) that correspond to supernova remnants.

They further confirmed that one of these supernovae took place roughly 1,400 light-years from the Sun. This data is likely to have significant value for studies of the cycle of gas and star formation in the Milky Way. Dr. Dana S. Balser, a scientist at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), was quoted by China Daily Mail, saying:

“This GPPS RRL survey is the most sensitive survey to date and has sufficient angular resolution to separate DIG emission from HII regions… Large single-dish telescopes such as the FAST are the best to probe the DIG, the last major component of the Milky Way Galaxy to be well characterized.”

In addition, the team relied on FAST data to measure the polarization and Faraday rotation of 134 faint pulsars in the Galactic halo – the part of our galaxy that extends beyond the main visible component. This required that they measure the magnetic fields that permeate the ISM in this region of the galaxy, which is no easy feat. Nevertheless, using FAST’s extreme sensitivity, the team not only located these pulsars but obtained a magnetic field strength reading of about two microgauss in the Galactic halo. These new measurements provide evidence for magnetic field reversals in the spiral arms of the outer Milky Way.

The interstellar magnetic field in such a wide region was impossible before FAST became operational. Jing Yipeng, a CAS researcher from Jiao Tong University in Shanghai, looks forward to the research that the GPPS HI and future surveys using FAST will allow. “The sensitive FAST observations can reveal unprecedented details of the Milky Way,” he said. “The databases of neutral hydrogen and ionized hydrogen published by these papers are valuable resources for astronomers [all] over the world.”

Further Reading:

•  EurekAlert!, 
• Science China Physics,
• Mechanics & Astronomy

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

14-01-2023 om 01:05 geschreven door peter  

Artist's impression of the huge halo of hot gas surrounding the Milky Way Galaxy.

Credit: NASA

 BY MATT WILLIAMS

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

14-01-2023 om 00:49 geschreven door peter  

An ongoing human presence on Mars requires a few things to succeed, and the foundation of success is built on water and oxygen. The lunar south pole contains vast quantities of primordial water ice, frozen solid in the region’s craters where sunlight never reaches it. That ice can be melted and separated into hydrogen and oxygen.

Everyone involved in lunar science knows this, and the established idea is that the ice would be processed in situ, and oxygen would be put in cryogenic pressure vessels called dewars and transported to wherever it was needed. Since the equatorial regions have the most sunlight and the most solar energy, that’s likely where lunar bases will be established.

But instead of bottling oxygen and transporting it, which could get complicated, Lunar Resources has another idea. Construct an oxygen pipeline from the ice deposits at the south pole or from where oxygen is being extracted from the regolith to facilities elsewhere on the Moon. That idea has caught NASA’s attention, and the Lunar South Pole Oxygen Pipeline (LSPOP) is a Phase One project at NIAC, the NASA Innovative Advanced Concept program.

“We propose the Lunar South Pole Oxygen Pipeline (L-SPoP), a gaseous oxygen pipeline at the Moon’s South Pole,” Curreri writes in a press release explaining the idea. “A lunar pipeline has never been pursued and will revolutionize lunar surface operations for the Artemis program and reduce cost and risk!”

Oxygen is critical. We need it in human habitats, in vehicles, and in any life-support systems anywhere on the Moon. We also need it as an oxidant for rocket fuel. Ferrying large quantities of oxygen from the south pole to the equator could be cumbersome and would require dedicated vehicles, tanks, and facilities. A pipeline would eliminate vehicles and other resources, including human work hours, from the process.

“The process of moving this oxygen on rovers is more energy intensive than the extraction process and is thought to be the MOST expensive aspect in obtaining in-situ oxygen for use on the Mooconsidering the long distances a resource extraction area will be from a human habitat or liquefaction plant,” Curreri writes.

NASA has already invested significant funding in oxygen and water extraction. Some efforts show that we could get enough oxygen from the regolith. But water can only come from the ice at the poles, and it makes sense to get oxygen from there since some of the water will need to be split to get hydrogen anyway.

Pipelines on Earth are a problem. But not on the Moon. For a lunar oxygen pipeline, leaks don't matter. They don't pollute or cause any damage. The oxygen simply escapes. There's no shifting or changing surface to disrupt the pipeline. The only potential hazard is an impact.

Lunar Resources will explore different ideas for its lunar pipeline concept, but they're starting with a 5 km pipeline. “Our starting concept is for a 5 km pipeline to transport oxygen gas from an oxygen production source, for example, our molten regolith electrolysis (MRE) extraction site or any other source, to an oxygen storage/liquification plant near a lunar base,” Curreri explains.  

LSPOP would be manufactured in segments on the Moon’s surface and then joined together in a five km length. The pipeline would likely be made of aluminum, which is plentiful on the Moon’s surface, especially at the south pole. “Other in-situ metals which will also be analyzed for consideration include iron and magnesium,” Curreri writes.

The pipeline would be long-lived, repairable, and evolvable. It would also be cheaper than other methods, though lunar manufacturing would still need some support from Earth.

Lunar Resources says the pipeline could be constructed robotically from metals from the lunar regolith, though some minimal use of Earth materials would still be needed. It could also be repaired robotically. NASA projects that Artemis will need 10,000 kg of oxygen per year initially, and the LSPOP can reach deliver that with a flow rate of about 2kg/hour. It needs minimal power over its lifetime, would be very reliable, and its lifetime in the lunar environment would exceed 10 years.

The Lunar South Pole Oxygen Pipeline is a Phase One selection in the NIAC Program. That means NASA will fund a 9-month-long study for the concept. It provides an opportunity to explore the overall viability and advance the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of the LSPOP. After Phase One ends, Lunar Resources can apply for Phase Two funding, which develops concepts for up to two years.

{  https://www.universetoday.com/  }

13-01-2023 om 23:57 geschreven door peter  

Astronomers believe that galaxies that have already passed through the core of the cluster once, known as backsplash galaxies, will be slightly different than galaxies that are just now falling in. To test this idea a team of astronomers recently examined a series of clusters with data taken from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. They used the velocities of galaxies inside those clusters to separate them into in-falling galaxies and backsplash galaxies.

They found that backsplash galaxies were consistently older, meaning that they had a lower fraction of young stars inside them. The backsplash galaxies also tended to be quieter in terms of overall seller activity than their in-falling cousins.

The astronomers behind the study hypothesize that when backsplash galaxies first encounter the dense environments of the inner cluster, this ramps up star production inside the galaxies. This eats up a lot of usable gas to make future generations of stars, and so when galaxies climb their way back out to the other side of the cluster they have less fuel and so make stars at a far slower pace.

Further understanding the relationship between in-falling and backsplash galaxies will help astronomers piece together the complicated lives of these massive clusters of galaxies.

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

13-01-2023 om 23:25 geschreven door peter  

You won’t believe what these Trowbridge (UK) residents caught on camera: A UFO unlike any other!

On the evening of August 19, 2022, a group of witnesses in Trowbridge, Wiltshire, England, were treated to a spectacular and unusual sight in the sky. The group, who were out and about enjoying the evening, reported seeing bright white and red lights swirling and multiplying in the sky.

According to the witn O ess report, the lights initially appeared small, but they quickly got brighter and continued to swirl around, going up and down and leaving a “glittery” trail behind. At first, the group thought the lights might be a firework or drone, but as the lights continued to split and re-join, they realized that this was not the case.

• Find out more about the UFO phenomena in UK at this link.
  

The witnesses recorded the sighting on their phones, but they reported that the event lasted longer than what they were able to capture. They described the lights as a Unidentified Aerial Phenomenon (UAP) and were amazed by the sight.

This UFO sighting has recently been submitted to the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) for further investigation. As one of the leading organizations for investigating UFO sightings, MUFON will likely be conducting interviews with the witnesses and reviewing the evidence to try to determine what exactly was observed in the skies above Trowbridge.

While sightings of UFOs and UAPs are not uncommon, it is always interesting to hear from witnesses who have had the opportunity to observe these phenomena firsthand. This particular sighting in Trowbridge is certainly intriguing and has left many people wondering what exactly it was that was seen in the sky that evening.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

13-01-2023 om 21:58 geschreven door peter  

The truth is out there: Pentagon’s 2022 report on UFOs raises more questions than answers

On Thursday, the ODNI, the intelligence division of the Pentagon, officially released the report on the various unidentified aerial phenomena that have been identified and reported to the agency since 2002. The report covered over 500 UAP reports submitted by various agencies, including NASA, the Department of Energy, NOAA, and the FAA.

The agency evaluated over 350 newly reported UAP reports, and 26 of them were classified as drones. Out of these, 163 were attributed to balloons, while six were found to be airborne clutter, such as plastic bags and birds. However, over 170 reports of UFO sightings were still deemed untraceable and uncharacterized.

• 2022 | A Tear in the Sky Trailer (NOT RATED)

Despite the growing number of reported UAP sightings, the agency noted that many of these incidents are still untraceable and uncharacterized. This highlights the need for better data analysis to identify and attribute these airborne objects to their possible origins. The report also noted that the increasing number of drones has raised concerns about the safety of the country’s airspace.

According to the report, there have been increasing reports of UAP activities in sensitive or restricted airspace, which highlights the potential risks associated with adversary reconnaissance or flight operations. The agency also noted that weather conditions and atmospheric phenomena can contribute to these sightings.Nieuwbouw in de Kijker januari

The report noted that although UFOs pose a threat to flight safety, many of these sightings lack sufficient data to provide reliable and high-level certainty. The report also noted that due to the proliferation of unmanned aircraft, the government is becoming more focused on ensuring that the country’s airspace is safe.

Full report is available at this link:

•  https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Unclassified-2022-Annual-Report-UAP.pdf

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

13-01-2023 om 21:28 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS - 13/01/2023

How do 'planet factories' churn out super-Earths?

A new study by Caltech’s Konstantin Batygin and his colleague theorizes how super-Earths are formed.

Credit: Caltech/R. Hurt (IPAC)

Black hole twists star into 'donut shape,' Hubble discovery

NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has discovered a tidal disruption event 300 million light years away. The donut shaped remains of a star were found around a hungry black hole.

Credit: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center

NASA Astronauts Spot Strange Lights on the Dark Side of the Moon

https://youtu.be/HVYDuw5j0AE

NASA Astronauts Spot Strange Lights on the Dark Side of the Moon. Something very strange happened during the Apollo 8 mission while the astronauts were on board the spacecraft. Something that even NASA cannot explain even till this day. A strange light, like fire, with smoke coming out of it.

• #nasa #apollomission #alien

Russia's Crazy Decision On Soyuz Leak Damaged!!! NO SpaceX, NO Dragon rescue...

Russia's Crazy Decision On Soyuz Leak Damaged!!! NO SpaceX, NO Dragon rescue...
Now, we finally have an answer.
On Wednesday, officials from NASA and the Russian state-owned space corporation, Roscosmos, said a replacement Soyuz spacecraft will launch to and autonomously dock with the station next month. The crew that would have flown in the damaged Soyuz MS-22 vehicle will instead fly home in this Soyuz MS-23 spacecraft later in 2023. The leaky Soyuz MS-22 vehicle will make an autonomous return to Earth, bereft of crew, likely in March.

If an emergency occurs aboard the space station that requires evacuation before the replacement arrives, cosmonauts could ride home in the damaged capsule, according to Roscosmos official Sergei Krikalev, but they would face risks from high temperatures and humidity levels that exceed medical limits, requiring a more direct reentry flight home.
“Space is not a safe place,” he said. “This situation is not very safe, but it is not a dead end where we have no options.”

Well, they accept the risk and refuse SpaceX's Dragon rescue.
In some ways, the Russians are even more conservative than we are, so that wouldn’t surprise me.
Find out everything about this in today's episode of Alpha Tech:

Four weeks ago, as two Russian cosmonauts were preparing to conduct a spacewalk, a Soyuz spacecraft attached to the International Space Station started to leak uncontrollably.

The spacewalk was canceled, and since then, Russian and US spaceflight engineers have been analyzing the cause of the leak and its implications for future travel to and from the large laboratory in low-Earth orbit. They have now deduced that a micrometeoroid or small piece of orbital debris struck the external cooling loop of the Soyuz spacecraft, causing all of its coolant to vent into space, and put a recovery plan into place.
Russia's Crazy Decision On Soyuz Leak Damaged!!! NO SpaceX, NO Dragon rescue.

Bloody Rituals of the Mayans | Ancient Aliens

Spanish conquerors found thousands of Mayan handwritings that depicted secret rituals. See more in this clip from "Aliens and Lost Civilizations."

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More Than 200 Exoplanets Discovered In 2022!

The global hunt for exoplanets has remained focused on finding a planet like Earth that contains elements of life. The concept of planets beyond our own solar system, or exoplanets, has captivated the public for decades. And with the advances in technology in recent years, we are now able to detect and study these distant worlds in ways that were once unimaginable. In this regard, 2022 was a year of extraordinary success, as astronomers from across the globe discovered over 200 planets beyond our solar system, some of which are poised for further investigation by the James Webb Space Telescope and others. Since the beginning of the planetary survey outside our Solar System, the exoplanet database contained less than 5,000 planets when the year began. In this video, let’s take a look back at the most exciting exoplanet discoveries of 2022.

In a recent tweet, NASA stated, "We started the year with fewer than 5,000 confirmed exoplanets." We end up with 5,235 known worlds. About 4% are rocky planets like Earth or Mars. What will the new year bring? More planets!" So far, the exoplanet catalogs offer a diverse spectrum of planets in terms of composition and features. Small, rocky planets like Earth, gas giants many times the size of Jupiter, and hot Jupiters in dangerously tight orbits around their stars are among them. Meanwhile, the list includes "super-Earths," which are potentially larger rocky planets than our own, and "mini-Neptunes," which are smaller copies of our system's Neptune. But what exactly are exoplanets, and why are we searching for them? - -

"If You happen to see any content that is yours, and we didn't give credit in the right manner please let us know at Lorenzovareseaziendale@gmail.com and we will correct it immediately"

"Some of our visual content is under an Attribution-ShareAlike license. (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/) in its different versions such as 1.0, 2.0, 3,0, and 4.0 – permitting commercial sharing with attribution given in each picture accordingly in the video."

Credits: Ron Miller, Mark A. Garlick / MarkGarlick.com

Credits: Nasa/Shutterstock/Storyblocks/Elon Musk/SpaceX/ESA/ESO/ Flickr

00:00 Intro

4:40 5. WASP-121 b,

5:40 4. THE HULK PLANET TOI-1075 b

7:20 3. "rugby ball" Planet 2. A Rare “SUPER NEPTUNE”

11:06 1. A Jupiter-Sized Hidden World

James Webb Just Detected A Huge Structure Older Than The Universe We Know

James Webb Just Detected A Huge Structure Older Than The Universe We Know The James Webb Space Telescope is living up to its promise as a time machine. The spectacularly sensitive observatory is finding and confirming galaxies more distant, and therefore existing earlier in the universe’s history, than any seen before. And now, it has confirmed extreme distances to four galaxies, one of which set a record for cosmic remoteness by shining about 13.475 billion years ago

CIA Classified Book about the Pole Shift, Mass Extinctions and The True Adam & Eve Story

CIA Classified Book about the Pole Shift, Mass Extinctions and The True Adam & Eve Story

In 1966 a well-known engineer released a book with information that could impact everyone on earth. But before anyone could read it, it was classified by the CIA. We only learned of its existence a few years ago because of a Freedom of Information request. The CIA only released 57 pages of the original 284-page manuscript. And those pages have been, in the CIA's own words, "sanitized". Why does the CIA think this book is so dangerous that they had to hide it from the public for 60 years; and continue to hide most of it? It's because the man who wrote it describes the end of the world.

• #CIA #Conspiracy #EndOfTheWorld
  

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

13-01-2023 om 18:31 geschreven door peter  

Giant Balls Found In Russia Forest, Destroyed By Men In Military Uniforms, Jan 2023, UFO Sighting News.£

Date of discovery: Sept 2022, but gone today.

Location of discovery: Sochi Forest, Russia

News source: 

• https://sochistream.ru/novosti/obshhestvo/v-sochi-gigantskie-shary-vernutsya-osenyu-2023-goda-103493/

Two massive balls were found in a forest in Russia 3 months ago. Even Russian news has reported these strange objects with thoughts that they could have originated from space and possibly be alien in origin. However recently this week, two men in military uniforms, claiming to work for the local forest service, used sledge hammers to destroy the two balls. One broken ball reveals a metal framework within ball. Was it technology from another world, a crashed alien UFO or probe? We will never know. All remains of it are gone, and no other evidence of it ever being there is gone. But if it wasn't a real UFO, then why the rush to destroy something using military? The screams coverup, by the Russian government. Which is 100% proof in itself that these two balls, were real UFOs. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

News states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

13-01-2023 om 01:06 geschreven door peter  

Classic Disk Recorded Over Penza, Russia On Jan 10, 2023, Photos, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: January 10, 2023

Location of sighting: Penza, Russia 

News source: 

• https://penza-online.ru/obshchestvo/ona-pryam-nad-dvorom-visela-zdorovaya-v-okrestnostyakh-penzy-zamechena-letayushchaya-tarelka-foto

At first glance you might think this is fake, but its not and here is the proof, most people who fake make perfectly level UFOs. This one is tilted, just like Nuclear Physicist Bob Lazar of Area S4 said UFOs do when they move in a direction. This is 100% real and its just fantastic that it was seen in Russia! So few sightings make it to Russian news, so this is one rare gem. Its easy to make out the metal disk hull and the upper dome area. Classic disk at its best. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

News states: (google translated)

A UFO was seen over Poim yesterday. An unknown flying saucer circled over the village for some time, and then disappeared from view. The picture was taken by a local resident, there is hardly any doubt about the lack of ability to work with Photoshop.- This is where the Bath Bridge, where Rinat Murakov ... she hung right above the yard, healthy. And then, while the boy began to set up the phone, she had already begun to fly away and turned out to be small. And she's so big... It looks like extraterrestrial intelligent beings are closer than we think...

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

13-01-2023 om 00:44 geschreven door peter  

Two UFOs Over South Australia Following Passenger Jet, Jan 11, 2023, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: January 11, 2023

Location of sighting: Adelaide, South Australia

Source: MUFON #127859

 

This report just in, a person was photographing passenger jets passing overhead when he accidentally caught two UFOs. The objects are oval disk like craft which have no wings, no trails, no lights...nothing to identify it as anything but a UFO. Australia desert is perfect for hiding alien bases, which are usually 5km below the surface. Out there in the outback, few people tred due to the high temperatures and lack of roads, nothing but rocks and dirt as far as the eye can see. Yet, UFOs are frequently seen both at night and in the day in the outback, with no explanation of how or why they are there. 100% proof of aliens following passenger jets. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

Eyewitness states: 

While photographing a Virgin Boeing heading to Coolangatta in Queensland from Adelaide. I saw two large disc shaped objects approach the aircraft from the west coming in from below the aircraft. The objects passed the Boeing at an incredible speed and were last seen heading east in the same direction as the aircraft. The duration of the sighting was about one minute, and in that time, I managed to get four photographs of the incident. There has been a lot of U.F.O. sightings over Adelaide in January. Please find a photograph of the incident.

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

13-01-2023 om 00:31 geschreven door peter  

UFO seen over Mexico volcano Popocatepetl, Jan 2023, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: Jan 2023
Location of sighting: Atlixco, Mexico

Source: 

• https://www.kosmo.com.my/2023/01/11/ufo-dipercayai-terbang-berhampiran-gunung-berapi-aktif-di-mexico/

 

This just in, a person was taking photos of the moon and accidentally caught a UFO over the volcano. The volcano just happens to be Popocatepetl, which is the most famous volcano in the world due to how often UFOs are seen near its mouth on live cam. However this was taking by a photographer in the area. Just amazing detail, so much so, you can see the metal on the craft, the shape, the seams along the metal like never before. Also note, the light trail of clouds behind it, as I have said many times, UFO can make clouds, usually to hide within. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

News states: Karla Garcia told the news portal that her boyfriend, Luis Guerra woke up early one morning recently at their home in Atlixco, Puebla to prepare early breakfast when they heard the eruption of the Popocatepetl volcano. Karla said, Guerra took out his cell phone and started taking pictures and videos and focused on the full moon visible on the side of the mountain. "He then sent me the photo via WhatsApp and when I woke up, I saw it and shared (the photo) on my WhatsApp status," Karla said. However, Karla, who remained in bed, began to receive messages from friends telling her about objects that looked like a UFO flying near the volcano. "As my boyfriend is not a fan of social networks, I asked him if I could upload his photo to Twitter and he said yes,' added García.

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

12-01-2023 om 23:57 geschreven door peter  

Mysterious Lights Filmed Near Military Base: Are They UFOs or Something Else?

On a recent Reddit thread, a user by the name of hyperionkills posted a video of a UFO sighting near a military base in North Carolina. According to the user, the area in which the sighting occurred is a no-fly zone with nothing but woods in the surrounding vicinity. The user also claims that the object appears to be moving faster than planes, but others in the thread suggest that the illusion of speed may be due to the object being low to the ground.

Some have suggested that the objects may be Chinese sky lanterns, which are illegal in North Carolina due to the fire risk. However, the wind direction at the time of the sighting was blowing in the direction of the objects’ movement, which could support the theory that they are lanterns.

Others in the thread speculate that the objects could be government or military technology, or even extraterrestrial in origin. The user who recorded the video also mentions that they thought it could have been something related to SpaceX, but the company had launched a mission (CRS-26) that was in Florida at the time of the sighting.

The user also reported that there were Blackhawk helicopters from Fort Bragg in the air at the same time, but that the objects in the video did not look like helicopters.

In conclusion, the true nature of the objects in the video remains unknown, but theories range from Chinese sky lanterns, to military or government technology, to even extraterrestrial activity.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

12-01-2023 om 22:16 geschreven door peter  

Mysterious Lights Filmed Near Military Base: Are They UFOs or Something Else?

On a recent Reddit thread, a user by the name of hyperionkills posted a video of a UFO sighting near a military base in North Carolina. According to the user, the area in which the sighting occurred is a no-fly zone with nothing but woods in the surrounding vicinity. The user also claims that the object appears to be moving faster than planes, but others in the thread suggest that the illusion of speed may be due to the object being low to the ground.

Some have suggested that the objects may be Chinese sky lanterns, which are illegal in North Carolina due to the fire risk. However, the wind direction at the time of the sighting was blowing in the direction of the objects’ movement, which could support the theory that they are lanterns.

Others in the thread speculate that the objects could be government or military technology, or even extraterrestrial in origin. The user who recorded the video also mentions that they thought it could have been something related to SpaceX, but the company had launched a mission (CRS-26) that was in Florida at the time of the sighting.

The user also reported that there were Blackhawk helicopters from Fort Bragg in the air at the same time, but that the objects in the video did not look like helicopters.

In conclusion, the true nature of the objects in the video remains unknown, but theories range from Chinese sky lanterns, to military or government technology, to even extraterrestrial activity.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

12-01-2023 om 22:16 geschreven door peter