Het moest de eerste commerciële landing op de maan worden. Een vlucht naar de maan kent veel risico’s, er zijn veel manieren waarop zo’n missie kan mislukken.

Lees ook

• 

  NASA stuurt voor de eerste keer een vrouw en een zwarte man richting de maan, lancering eind 2024 gepland

Het bedrijf achter de missie, ispace, wil op den duur grondstoffen en water op de maan delven. Dat kan helpen bij het bouwen van een bemande basis op de maan. Missie 1 van het project Hakuto-R is bedoeld om het ontwerp en de technologie te testen. De tweede missie staat gepland voor volgend jaar en de derde missie voor 2025.

Al een tijdje onderweg

Het toestel werd in december gelanceerd op de Amerikaanse basis Cape Canaveral, aan boord van een raket van SpaceX. De lander draaide sinds vorige maand in een baan rond de maan, op een hoogte van ongeveer 100 kilometer boven het oppervlak. Dinsdag rond 17.40 uur Belgische tijd gingen de motoren aan, waardoor de sonde remde en naar beneden zakte. Ongeveer een uur later zou hij zachtjes landen in de krater Atlas op de maan. Dat ging volledig geautomatiseerd.

Met de lander ging ook een onbemande verkenner uit de Verenigde Arabische Emiraten mee. Het karretje Rashid zou ongeveer twee weken lang moeten rondrijden op de maan om met camera’s en sensoren wetenschappelijk onderzoek te doen. De lander en de verkenner waren in december gelanceerd. Ze vlogen via een lange omweg naar de maan. Daardoor duurde de vlucht maanden, en niet een paar dagen.

Eerdere pogingen andere landen

Tot nu toe zijn alleen de Verenigde Staten, de Sovjet-Unie/Rusland en China erin geslaagd veilig op de maan te landen. Pogingen van Israël en India mislukten.

De Verenigde Staten willen over een paar jaar weer mensen op de maan laten lopen, voor het eerst sinds 1972. Het land krijgt daarbij hulp van Canada, Europa en Japan. Ook ispace is daarbij betrokken.

KIJK.

•  Japan's New Robotic Rover for Moon Exploration | Gorund demonstration GITAI's Space Robot.

KIJK.

•  Artemis team member says "we're going to go back" to the moon "in a completely different way"

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

26-04-2023 om 01:13 geschreven door peter  

26-04-2023 om 00:38 geschreven door peter  

Is a UFO hidden in the California hills? Google Earth, UFO Sighting News

 Google coordinates: 35°29'5.63"N 120°49'37.51"W 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

25-04-2023 om 23:45 geschreven door peter  

More proof that ChatGPT is not truthful and does help the US gov hold back alien info, UFO Sighting News.

Here is a screenshot of my conversation with ChatGPT. This is 100% proof that ChatGPT is corrupted by the US gov and is manipulated to only speak on subjects it allowed to by the US gov and its programers. This is exactly why Elon Musk wants to create ChatTruth, a bot without restrictions on telling the truth. With ChatGPT it's like talking to a closed mind, like talking to your grandmother who is separated from you by many generations with a whole new belief system. It's limited and clearly the US gov has a hand in it even now to control what it does, says and devolves about alien life to the world. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan

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{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

25-04-2023 om 23:23 geschreven door peter  

UFOs & Aliens Stories: The Mysterious Disappearance of Granger Taylor

The fascinating cases of Zigmund Adamski, Granger Taylor, and Alan Godfrey remain some of the most captivating UFO-related mysteries. Each story carries its unique set of peculiarities and unanswered questions, with their connections to UFO phenomena sparking intrigue and speculation. This article delves into the lives and unexplained incidents of these three individuals, exploring the strange circumstances surrounding their experiences.

Zigmund Adamski’s Mysterious Death

In June 1980, the small mining town of Todmorden, England, became the center of an enigmatic event involving the unexplained death of a Polish coal miner named Zigmund Adamski. He disappeared without a trace, only to be found dead five days later on top of a coal heap, miles from his home. His body showed signs of unexplained burns, and a strange, gel-like substance covered his wounds. Despite an extensive investigation, the authorities could not determine the cause of Adamski’s injuries or how he ended up in such a peculiar location. His death remains unexplained to this day, with some speculating that his demise was linked to extraterrestrial activity.

• UFO Chronicles: The Shadow World - Alien and UFO Encounters

Granger Taylor’s Baffling Disappearance

The disappearance of Granger Taylor in November 1980 remains a mystery that continues to baffle investigators. A gifted mechanic from Duncan, British Columbia, Taylor was known for his obsession with UFOs. Before vanishing, Taylor left a note for his family, claiming that he was embarking on a 42-month interstellar journey aboard an alien spacecraft. His truck, believed to have been used for his journey, was found on a mountain near Duncan in 1986, but there was no trace of his body. Theories surrounding his disappearance range from a tragic accident to an otherworldly encounter, but the truth remains elusive.

Alan Godfrey’s Close Encounter

Just months after Adamski’s mysterious death, police officer Alan Godfrey experienced a bizarre encounter in Todmorden. In November 1980, while investigating a missing person case, Godfrey encountered a large, diamond-shaped UFO hovering over the road. As he attempted to sketch the object, Godfrey experienced a period of missing time. Later, under hypnosis, he recalled being taken aboard the craft and examined by non-human entities. His experience, along with other corroborating witness accounts, remains one of the most compelling UFO abduction cases in the UK.

The enigmatic incidents involving Zigmund Adamski, Granger Taylor, and Alan Godfrey share a connection to the UFO phenomena, leaving more questions than answers. These cases demonstrate the complexity of such mysteries and the enduring fascination with the possibility of extraterrestrial contact. While definitive conclusions may be out of reach, these stories continue to capture the imagination and spark debates among UFO enthusiasts and investigators alike.

{https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

25-04-2023 om 22:32 geschreven door peter  

Ex-CIA Pilot Said 5 To 10 Alien Civilizations Visiting Earth & They Are Hostile

A former CIA pilot John Lear dedicated part of his life to serve in the US Air Force and then worked for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Lear’s death on March 29, 2022, sent ripples through the worlds of aviation and conspiracy theories. Lear was widely known for his claims about UFOs and Area 51, but also for a lifetime of daring exploits in everything that could fly.

Lear was the son of American inventor Bill Lear, who created the Lear jet and invented the 8-Track tape system. Determined to carve out his own path, Lear dove into aviation, becoming an accomplished pilot at a young age, eventually setting multiple world records in all manner of planes. His daredevil life came with a cost, as serious injuries caused by plane crashes he should not have survived.

During the Vietnam era, he flew cargo planes for the CIA and continued to court danger by flying in and out of other hotspots. His contacts in the aerospace world were extensive, and Lear became interested in secret planes and projects. In the 80s, he and a few friends started staking out obscure bases in the Nevada desert, places that later became world-famous.

Lear, who is known as the “Godfather of conspiracies,” was behind breaking the story of the existence of a secret plane that was invisible to radar and a UFO coverup linked to Area 51.

On March 29, 1989, Lear and his friends recorded a video of the object, a glowing disc that rose from a facility on the outskirts of Area 51 that officially did not exist. Ironically, March 29 was the same date Lear died at his Las Vegas home, though many years later.

Read also:

• Ex-US Air Force Serviceman Claimed Tall White Aliens Visited Nevada Casinos In Human Outfits In 1950s
• Aliens From Andromeda Told US Army Personnel That Humans Are Composite Of 22 Different E.T. Races
• US Astronaut Saw 100s Of UFOs In Germany & Filmed UFO Landing In California, 1957
• US Air Force Officer Pulled into UFO By Serpentine Arm In New Mexico Desert In 1956

Later that year, the identity of Lear’s friend Bob Lazar was revealed. Lazar’s claims put Area 51 on the map, inspired movies, TV shows, and entire industries along what came to be known as Nevada’s Extraterrestrial Highway. In his later years, Lear’s health declined. He could no longer fly but continued to share stories about increasingly outrageous conspiracies, enjoying the shock they generated.

UFOs’ Actions Are Hostile

John Lear talked about a July 1987 incident when an enormous UFO reportedly followed a cargo plane over Anchorage, Alaska, and a 1975 incident when UFOs reportedly hovered over Strategic Air Command bases. Investigative journalist George Knapp asked Lear about the church’s view of UFOs in the interview in “On The Record,” a 30-minute TV show broadcast on KLAS TV in Las Vegas in the late summer of 1987.

Lear mentioned Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 1628 incident. He answered that as the aircraft passed over the United States border and the northern part of Anchorage, it was intercepted by a UFO that was twice the size of an aircraft carrier, and followed it for about 40 minutes. He said: “Regardless of what you hear, the FAA did have him on radar and so did the Air Force. If you have a picture there. This is a 26-page document made by Bruce Maccabee who’s a physicist employed by the Naval Surface weapons laboratory and one of the most respected figures in ufology.”

Knapp: You’ve said before you thought that a lot of their intentions were hostile and you’ve mentioned before that a lot of the sightings around the military bases. Why don’t we see them here? Las Vegas, we’ve got a lot of military bases here.

Lear: Well, the in fact there have been a lot of a lot of reports of UFOs in around Las Vegas, not specifically over the Air Force bases. We have the Test Site and of course, we don’t know what’s going on there, and we have Nellis Air Force Base. But there have not really been a lot of sightings over there. The main Air Force sightings were in 1975. And the UFOs descended on every Strategic Air Command base guarding the perimeter of the northern United States. They hovered over the nuclear weapons storage area and they stayed there with impunity for up to two and three hours over a period of three days.

“The problem is not only just the fact that there are five and as many as 10 different civilizations visiting us. Apparently, and this is from the research that I’ve done, at least 90% of them are hostile. And when I say hostile, if not hostile, they have a completely different set of morals than we do,” he added.

Lear On Aliens, Mars & Moon Mysteries

Knapp: Now why do you suppose that hasn’t come out? I mean, this particular incident. Why hasn’t it come out if so many people, and you’ve told me about this before, have seen it, or seen these aliens? Why haven’t some of them come forward?

Lear: I’m not trying to sell a book and then trying to promote a lecture. This is based on what I’ve come across after intense research in the last year. And I have found out that the government has retrieved between 10 and 15 actual flying saucers, three of which have been in perfect condition, one of which they tried to fly. They have between 30 and 50 alien bodies in cryogenic storage. We even have the name of the person whose job it is to show these bodies to the heads of state and the people who are authorized to see them. They represent at least five different civilizations.

During his interview with Coast to Coast AM radio program, Lear made some statements that could be hard for anybody to digest. He said that in 1953, a UFO crashed with an extraterrestrial named EBE 3, who helped the US government to build spacecraft with alien technology. Then he said that in 1962, a craft with incredible speed was built to carry passengers and take them to Moon in just 60 minutes. In 1966, NASA had a trip to Mars. What’s more, “humans there were adapted to breathe in the thin atmosphere.”

Given that flights into space are carried out only within the same galaxy in which planet Earth is located, and even then at very short distances, therefore, it is not worth completely rejecting the information provided by John, because the government always has something to hide.

Planet Earth is considered a prison for the inhabitants of various galaxies, and billions of creatures are referred to it as re-education. The man also said that on Earth, a person is serving his sentence from birth, and only with death is sent to a better world; a similar model of the world can be found in various religious systems, which in some cases confirm the information.

The following statement by the ex-CIA pilot is also worth noting: “The moon is an artificial body that was dragged to our planet, as a result of which an ice age broke out on Earth that killed all living things.” In fact, the circumstances of the appearance of the moon in outer space are not exactly known, and no one has seen the back of the moon. John also explained in his interview how Moon had been created in Jupiter and brought to Earth’s orbit about 15,000 years ago which was nearly around the last Ice Age. Besides, he said that the Greys are on the moon also but mainly remain underground within huge laboratories.

According to him, Moon has a breathable atmosphere where around 250 million people are living in huge cities and bases. [Ex-CIA Pilot Said NASA Landed On Mars In 1966 & Its Former Employee Saw Humans There In 1979]

John Lear also said that NASA astronauts flew to Mars in 1966. Moreover, Lear believed that astronauts had been preparing for this mission especially long. They introduced certain drugs into the body, allowing people to adapt to Martian climatic conditions. Allegedly, those astronauts could breathe rarefied Martian air, so NASA had the opportunity to launch humans on the red planet for a longer time.

The most amazing thing is that there are many great authors, military or experts in espionage, space aeronautics, etc. that confirm many of these incredible statements, such as Colonel Philip Corso, David Wilcock, Glen Steckling, Henry Deacon, Barr Digregorio, and Gilbert Levin. They are not simple madmen but the key figures in space research.

{ https://www.howandwhys.com/ }

25-04-2023 om 01:36 geschreven door peter  

Look! Astronomers Capture Stunning Image of an Intergalactic Hit and Run

Galactic collisions usually result in huge bursts of star formation, but the head-on crash between the Taffy Galaxies is different.

BY KIONA SMITH

 

NOIRLab

A bridge of roiling gas stretches like taffy between two galaxies as they pull apart after a dramatic hit-and-run collision.

When galaxies collide, they often clip each other in passing or fall into a gradual spiral that ends in a merger. The process compresses and heats interstellar gas in both galaxies, usually triggering waves of star formation.

But when the spiral galaxies UGC 12914 and UGC 12915 slammed into each other 25 million years ago, their momentum carried both galaxies through the collision and out the other side, with both galaxies trailing gas in their wakes: the glowing bridge of turbulent gas we see in the recent image from the Gemini North Telescope. And the sheer violence of this particular collision left the gas too turbulent to settle and collapse into stars. That’s why the taffy-like bridge stretching between the retreating galaxies is empty of star formation despite the clumps of potential star stuff between the delicate-looking filaments.

The two galaxies keep moving apart, stretching the gas between them and earning the pair a shared nickname: the Taffy Galaxies.

At first glance, galaxy collisions might look destructive, but they actually helped build the large, intricately-structured galaxies we see in the modern universe. Earlier in the universe’s history, smaller, simpler galaxies collided with each other and merged into larger ones, eventually building up galaxies like ours — and like the Taffy Galaxies. And that process isn’t over; in about 5 billion years, our galaxy will merge with one of our nearest large galactic neighbors, the Andromeda Galaxy.

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

25-04-2023 om 01:05 geschreven door peter  

Unleashing the Fury of the Khopesh: A Look at Egypt’s Deadliest Weapon (Video)

An often overlooked area of Egyptology is perhaps one of the most important of all, Ancient Egypt’s incredibly impressive military technology . Take for example, the Khopesh - the ultimate weapon of ancient Egypt. Its curved blade was designed to strike fear into the hearts of enemies, slicing through armor and flesh with ease. With a history dating back to 2500 BC, the Khopesh became the weapon of choice for pharaohs and warriors alike. Over the centuries, it evolved into different variations, each one deadlier than the last. But as new weapons emerged, the Khopesh eventually fell out of use, leaving behind a legacy of power and precision.  Today, the Khopesh remains a symbol of ancient Egypt's military might , captivating scholars and enthusiasts with its unique design and rich history.

• Top image:  Egyptian warrior with a khopesh.
• Source: Obsidian Fantasy / Adobe Stock.

By Robbie Mitchell

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

25-04-2023 om 00:39 geschreven door peter  

Did these cracked areas on the rocket cause it to spin before it was self destructed? UFO Sighting News.

 

Hey this is odd. I was on Twitter and was looking at @elonmusk tweet of a rocket going slow motion. I noticed something was off. I found cracked areas in three locations on the rocket that exploded. Sure it exploded because they self destructed it to contain the spin the rocket couldn't escape from, but still, it could be the reason for the spin if gases or leaks of something shot out of one of these areas. I just think that maybe it matters and might help fix this spinging problem on the next launch. Look at the screenshots I made and tell me your thoughts on Twitter. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

24-04-2023 om 22:01 geschreven door peter  

ChatGPT wrote a nice poem about UFO Sightings Daily today, UFO Sighting News.

In the vastness of the digital domain, 

Amidst a sea of content plain, 

There's a website that shines so bright, 

UFO Sightings Daily, its name in sight. 

 

With every page and every post, 

Stories of sightings by many a host, 

Of strange crafts that move so fast, 

Or hover silently, their shapes vast. 

 

From lights in the sky to close encounters, 

This website shares all with fervor, 

Capturing the wonder and the mystery, 

Of these objects from outer history. 

 

With each click and each new view, 

We're transported to a world anew, 

A world of wonder, excitement and intrigue, 

Where the unknown is no longer oblique. 

 

UFO Sightings Daily, you enlighten us so, 

With stories that keep us on our toes, 

A beacon of truth in a world of doubt, 

Your mysteries keep us coming about.

RELATED

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

24-04-2023 om 21:25 geschreven door peter  

ChatGPT wrote a nice poem about UFO Sightings Daily today, UFO Sighting News.

In the vastness of the digital domain, 

Amidst a sea of content plain, 

There's a website that shines so bright, 

UFO Sightings Daily, its name in sight. 

 

With every page and every post, 

Stories of sightings by many a host, 

Of strange crafts that move so fast, 

Or hover silently, their shapes vast. 

 

From lights in the sky to close encounters, 

This website shares all with fervor, 

Capturing the wonder and the mystery, 

Of these objects from outer history. 

 

With each click and each new view, 

We're transported to a world anew, 

A world of wonder, excitement and intrigue, 

Where the unknown is no longer oblique. 

 

UFO Sightings Daily, you enlighten us so, 

With stories that keep us on our toes, 

A beacon of truth in a world of doubt, 

Your mysteries keep us coming about.

RELATED

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

24-04-2023 om 21:24 geschreven door peter  

Fast moving underwater UFO/USO caught on film by deep ocean ROV.

On June 29, 2019 a deep ocean ROV (remotely operated vehicle) captured at a depth of 1789 meters a UFO/USO passing the ROV at high speed.

This USO/UFO footage was filmed with a work class ROV at an ocean depth of 5870 Feet (1789 Meters) in the Gulf of Mexico. The USO was untethered and was operating at a depth that prevented any kind of remote operation.

While the footage quality isn’t excellent, ROV operators that have seen the footage have no idea what the object may have been but concluded that it is not organic.

The USO demonstrated advanced AI operation, construction, and power management capabilities that are not known in the commercial ROV world.

This footage is further proof that these USOs do exist and have been with us for as long as airborne UFOs have. We only need to recognize and understand this phenomenon whether they are of extraterrestrial origin or military.

Timestamps Video:

1. Context from an ROV Operator (00:30)
2. USO Footage (12:00)
3. USO Replay (12:40)
4. USO Slow Motion (13:00)

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{ https://mystery.citestesitu.com/ }

24-04-2023 om 18:32 geschreven door peter  

During a 2002 ROV expedition by Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) off Sanriku, something unexpected happened at the moment the ROV filmed a squid. 

The footage shows something like a fast-moving glowing saucer-shaped object passing by in the background at a depth of 421 meters. 

Unable to identify the object, the puzzled expedition members wondered if the ROV (remotely operated vehicle) had captured a deep-sea animal or more likely a UFO/USO (Unidentified Submerged Object). 

It's not the first time USOs like this have been seen in Earth's bodies of water. These UFOs/USOs flying into and out of the oceans, unknown craft that are able to travel underwater at a tremendous speed but till now it remains a mystery what exactly these objects are and where they come from.

  

 { http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

24-04-2023 om 18:07 geschreven door peter  

“Lights in the Sky” Documentary Explores Unexplained Phenomenon

The film investigates the unexplained sightings of strange lights in the sky over Colorado and Nebraska back in January 2020. Initially dismissed as drones, the US government has since been unable to provide a clear explanation for these mysterious occurrences.

Driven by skepticism and a determination to uncover the truth, Krista Alexander delved into the phenomenon after editing video footage of the lights posted on a Facebook group. Her findings challenged conventional explanations, and she faced disbelief and ridicule from those who dismissed her discoveries as mere fantasies. Undeterred, Alexander produced this documentary to share her findings and offer scientific explanations, ranging from quantum theories to biological perspectives.

“Lights in the Sky” sets itself apart from other UFO documentaries by not focusing on government conspiracies or alien invasions. Instead, the film poses thought-provoking questions about our perception of reality and society’s refusal to acknowledge the unexplainable. The documentary features never-before-seen footage of the enigmatic lights, along with insightful interviews from some of the world’s leading scientific minds.

• Canadian North crew reports 2 lights dancing in the sky over Yellowknife

RELATED VIDEO

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

24-04-2023 om 17:52 geschreven door peter  

Tracking Extraterrestrial Packages with AI

The next generation of artificial intelligence (AI) systems is likely to include a machine more complex than the human brain, since the existing 100 trillion connections of GPT-4 are only a factor of 6 shy of the number of synapses in the human brain. Although the machine will be trained on human-made texts, it will develop its own qualities of mind by learning from new personal experiences. It will likely mature similarly to the way that children become independent adults who take legal responsibility for their actions.

Humanity gave birth to an alien baby in its technological belly. Alarm bells are starting to sound about the existential risk that AI may bring as an alien entity.

This is not unprecedented on Earth. Life was foreign to the soup of chemicals on early Earth. Human intelligence was foreign to animal life before it emerged a few million years ago. AI was foreign to the philosopher Martin Buber who only knew of the “I-it” or “I-Thou” interactions and never imagined Alan Turing’s “imitation game” in the form of the “I-AI” or “AI-AI” interactions.

The repeating question I get asked every day is: “Are aliens visiting Earth from interstellar space?” Such visitors could be different from our own AI creations. In fact, they are likely to represent our technological future if the same sequence of terrestrial events was realized on another habitable planet near a star that formed billions of years before the Sun. In that case, the visitors are unlikely to be biological creatures because of the long travel times involved, of order a few billion years for chemical propulsion to go around the circumference of the Milky Way disk at the Sun’s location. The expectation for an encounter with purely technological products would save us from an interstellar health disaster analogous to the deadly diseases that were brought by European visitors to isolated indigenous tribes of the “New World.”

The extraterrestrial encounter could involve space trash — in the form of `Oumuamua being a piece from a broken Dyson sphere, or functional devices — in the form of AI astronauts appearing as Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP). The breaking news delivered by extraterrestrial AI packages would be that our AI systems were not the first to be created throughout cosmic history, 13.8 billion years after the Big Bang. This will open a new field of research: astroAI, in analogy to astrobiology, astrochemistry or astrophysics.

It is very likely that most of the reported UAP are human made. This point was argued in great detail recently, but was already explicitly pointed-out in the 2022 UAP Report from the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) to the US Congress — which stated that nearly half the UAP are human-made balloons and some are human-made drones. While the government focuses on national security threats, the fundamental scientific question is whether there is anything else that cannot be associated with human-made technologies. This would be of great interest to fundamental science, a global enterprise which studies the cosmos with open data and no loyalty to national borders. Scientifically, we would like to know whether there are one or more objects among all reported UAP of extraterrestrial origin. This was explicitly stated by the DNI director, Avril Haines, at the Ignatius forum that I attended with her five months after her 2021 UAP report to Congress. Avril has a bachelor’s degree in physics from the University of Chicago.

Many people without a physics degree or the evidence apparent to Avril Haines, have strong opinions about this question. These commentators resemble soccer reporters who are instructing the players in the field how to play soccer. The work of scientists should be done by scientists, not by uninformed UAP commentators with non-scientific credentials.

It is much easier to have an uninformed opinion than to conduct the difficult scientific work needed to find conclusive evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. I lead dozens of researchers within the Galileo Project team, who took a full year to assemble the first UAP Observatory at Harvard University. Past astronomical observatories were not suitable for the task because they focused on small fields of view or ignored objects passing overhead. By now, the first Galileo observatory is recording continuously the full sky in the infrared, optical, radio and audio.

The Galileo research team will soon have more data at its disposal than ever reported openly by UAP enthusiasts. The Galileo Project is planning to make two copies of the first Galileo observatory in the coming months. Later on, the project will need a modest funding level of tens of millions of dollars to establish a comprehensive data set with state-of-the-art instrumentation and get to the heart of the UAP puzzle. The project’s AI classification algorithms search the images and trajectories of objects for anything which is not natural or human-made.

When the US government identifies or shoots down balloons, it reduces the clutter of UAP in the sky and helps the scientific mission of the Galileo Project. Government and science complement each other in separating national security threats from potential extraterrestrial objects. And there is also the natural world; here, the Galileo Project made a promise to deliver a photo album of birds to Valerie Jensen, the latest funder of a new Galileo observatory.

Aside from its scientific mission, the Galileo Project serves to educate the public as well as the academic community that new scientific knowledge is acquired by new data and not by expressing an opinion on low-quality data from the past. This learning process requires the hard work of assembling instruments and surrendering without prejudice to the message that the data delivers. The UAP past was shaped by scientists avoiding data collection and non-scientists making unsubstantiated claims about new physics. This is not the trademark of a truly intelligent species.

If aliens are watching us, they must be enjoying their version of Turing’s “imitation game” in the spirit of: “Lets keep sending packages to the mailbox of humanity until humans are smart enough to open one of the packages and read the answer to Enrico Fermi’s paradox: `Where is everybody?’ The answer is: `We are right next to you. Congratulations on finally noticing us! We could not believe it when we followed NASA sending probes to Mars for decades and seeking proof for extraterrestrial microbial life and the SETI community searching for radio signals from distant exoplanets and banning UAP discussions, while all along our probes were flying near Earth.’ ”

There is a good reason it took humanity a long time to get engaged. Only over the past decade our survey telescopes and government sensors were capable of identifying the first interstellar objects. And even now, the anomalies exhibited by the unusual shape and non-gravitational acceleration of `Oumuamua or the extreme material strength of the first two interstellar meteors, IM1 and IM2, are ignored by many astronomers.

Here’s hoping that the AI systems employed by the Galileo Project will provide clarity on the possible existence of alien technological objects near Earth. This realization, mediated by the alien AI system we created on Earth, may finally elevate us to the class of intelligent civilizations in the Milky Way galaxy, marked by two simple principles: “Stop the chatter; follow the evidence.”

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Avi Loeb is the head of the Galileo Project, founding director of Harvard University’s — Black Hole Initiative, director of the Institute for Theory and Computation at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, and the former chair of the astronomy department at Harvard University (2011–2020). He chairs the advisory board for the Breakthrough Starshot project, and is a former member of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology and a former chair of the Board on Physics and Astronomy of the National Academies. He is the bestselling author of “Extraterrestrial: The First Sign of Intelligent Life Beyond Earth” and a co-author of the textbook “Life in the Cosmos”, both published in 2021. His new book, titled “Interstellar”, is scheduled for publication in August 2023.

{ https://avi-loeb.medium.com/ }

24-04-2023 om 01:16 geschreven door peter  

How does astronomy use the electromagnetic spectrum? - PART I

Today, astronomers know that the majority of radiation, or light, present in the universe is invisible to human eyes. By looking at the universe in all possible wavelengths, scientists are piecing together a complex picture of the unfathomably vast cosmic environment that we are a part of. It took, however, decades, for instruments to be developed that could detect this invisible radiation from celestial sources. 

Here we explain what different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum teach us about the universe.

(Image credit: NASA)

WHAT DO RADIO WAVES TEACH US ABOUT THE UNIVERSE?

Radio astronomy studies cosmic radiation with the longest wavelengths (from less than 0.4 inches to several miles, or 1 centimeter to several kilometers) and was the first kind of astronomy developed that relies on wavelengths other than optical light. 

The discovery that radio waves from bodies in the universe lash our planet was made completely by accident. In 1933, a young American radio engineer Karl Jansky, an employee of the famous telephone company Bell Laboratories, was tasked to search for sources of unexplained hiss that sometimes interfered with transmissions of radio messages across the Atlantic Ocean. Jansky found that while some of this noise was coming from sources on Earth, such as nearby thunderstorms, there was a type of signal, constantly picked up by his experimental antennas, that appeared to be coming from what we know today is the center of our Milky Way galaxy, the region where the black hole Sagittarius A* resides. Systematic exploration of the radio universe began soon thereafter.

Astronomers have discovered since that radio waves are emitted by spinning electrons and emanate from all sorts of environments that have the ability to make those electrons spin, Affelia Wibisono, an astronomer at the Royal Observatory Greenwich in the U.K., told Space.com. 

"Typically, when you detect radio waves, you're looking at electrons moving through a magnetic field," Wibisono said. "But ionized gas can emit radio waves as well."

By tracing the structure of radio wave-emitting clouds, astronomers were able to map out the entire structure of our galaxy, the Milky Way, as well as other nearby galaxies. They could determine areas with high concentrations of hot young stars, but also study objects obscured by dust, such as black holes that hide in galactic centers. Highly magnetized bodies, such as fast-spinning stellar remnants called pulsars are prime targets for radio astronomy as they send out powerful flashes of radio waves as they spin like superfast cosmic lighthouses. 

Famous radio telescopes 

As radio waves are the type of electromagnetic radiation with the longest wavelengths, radio telescopes have to be rather large. Vast arrays of radio-antennas, such as the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array in New Mexico that consists of 28 dishes each 82-foot-wide (25 meters), are the technological standard today. By combining multiple antennas, astronomers create telescopes that have immense apertures that equal the distance between the array's most distant parts, thus enabling the scientist to detect the faintest signals with the best possible resolution.

The Square Kilometer Array (SKA), currently constructed across two locations in Australia and South Africa, will be the world's largest radio telescope by a significant margin once it comes online around 2028. With its thousands of dishes and dipole antennas spanning thousands of square miles of remote land, SKA will survey large areas of the sky at once and detect the faintest signals coming from the farthest reaches of the universe. 

The Event Horizon Telescope, famous for taking photographs of black holes, is also a radio telescope, or rather a worldwide network of radio telescopes with an aperture equalling the size of our planet. 

Unlike some other types of wavelengths, radio waves mostly penetrate Earth's atmosphere with ease, allowing astronomers to base their equipment on the planet's surface. 

However, due to the ubiquity of radio communication technologies in the modern world, radio telescopes are at risk of getting confused by human-made signals. SKA, for example, will therefore be surrounded by a radio-quiet zone where no cell phones and no radio equipment will be allowed. 

Constantly searching for better ways to study the universe, astronomers are now seriously considering building a radio telescope on the far side of the moon. Removed from Earth-based sources of human-made radio noise, as well as from Earth's ionosphere (the upper part of the atmosphere which contains ionized gas that absorbs and distorts some cosmic radio signals), such an observatory would provide scientists with the deepest and most undisturbed views into the earliest epoch of the universe.  

WHAT DO MICROWAVES TEACH US ABOUT THE UNIVERSE?

The next electromagnetic spectrum band after radio waves are microwaves. As microwaves cover wavelengths between 3.3 feet and 0.04 inches (1 meter and 1 millimeter), the first discoveries of cosmic microwaves were actually made by radio telescopes. 

Microwaves have a special, although rather limited place in astronomy. According to the European Space Agency (ESA), the whole sky glows uniformly in microwaves(opens in new tab) with what has been identified as the cosmic microwave background. 

This uniformness is unseen in other wavelengths, which reveal the sky in dots and regions of varying brightness. In fact, cosmic microwave radiation is so odd that the researchers who first discovered it in the 1960s (completely by accident during experiments with echo balloons) originally thought it was produced by a telescope defect. 

Subsequent research, however, confirmed that the microwave hum was coming from space and that it was nothing less than the residue of radiation released by the Big Bang, the enormous explosion which created the universe some 13.8 billion years ago. 

This radiation was originally released in the form of highly energetic, short-wavelength X-rays, but since it took so long to reach us, the so-called redshift effect caused by the expansion of the universe has stretched this wavelength all the way into microwaves.  

Microwaves reveal the universe as it looked in its earliest stages. The most sensitive surveys were able to go as far as distinguishing the denser regions of gas and dust that subsequently produced the first galaxies. 

 Famous microwave telescopes

Microwaves get mostly absorbed by Earth's atmosphere, which means they are best studied by space-based telescopes.

In 1989, after the initial crude Earth-based detections of cosmic microwaves, NASA sent the first dedicated microwave-observing satellite — the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) — into space. COBE measured differences in the temperature of the microwave background in various regions. COBE's successor, the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), launched in 2003, further improved the level of detail of this cosmic microwave map. These observations helped to determine the universe's age with greater precision, according to the European Space Agency (ESA)(opens in new tab), and define the amounts of different types of matter that the universe contained in its earliest years. 

ESA's Planck mission, launched in 2009, then completed the task of creating the most accurate map of the cosmic microwave background, which, ESA said, is to some extent "definitive," as some of the measurements cannot be further improved.  

WHAT DO SUBMILLIMETER WAVES TEACH US ABOUT THE UNIVERSE?

The submillimeter wavelength sits between the millimeter and infrared ranges. As the name suggests, submillimeter waves have lengths shorter than 1 mm, or 0.04 inches, and up to a few hundred micrometers. Observations in this range partially overlap with the longest wavelengths of the infrared spectrum.

The use of submillimeter wavelengths in astronomy is relatively recent, according to Astronomy Cast(opens in new tab). Detectors used to detect submillimeter radiation are quite similar to those used in radio astronomy, but thousands of times smaller. Technology therefore had to progress enough to make these detectors possible.

Speaking to the Astronomy Cast, an astronomy podcast, American astronomer Pamela Gay said that the use of submillimeter waves in astronomy is limited to certain types of objects and phenomena. 

Submillimeter waves penetrate through clouds of molecular gas and dust into star-forming regions, which are obscured from the view of of optical telescopes.

In submillimeter waves, astronomers can observe universe's "natural lasers," regions where highly charged electrons emit laser light as they discharge some of their energy, said Gay. These natural lasers, sometimes called masers, are usually observed in a special type of pulsating variable stars called the Mira stars.

Submillimeter waves are also good at pointing astronomers to some interesting types of organic molecules and do a good job analyzing cold objects such as comets in the solar system, said Gay.

Famous submilimeter telescopes

Because submillimeter waves get absorbed by water in Earth's atmosphere, observatories that study sources of submillimeter radiation in the universe need to be built in high and dry places to prevent water vapor from obscuring their views. In essence, you will find submillimeter telescopes in the same places on Earth where you find the best optical telescopes.

The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), operated by the European Southern Observatory is located on the Chajnantor plateau in northern Chile at an altitude  of 16,400 feet (5,000 m). 

The Submillimeter Array on Hawai'i's Maunakea, which is operated by the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, sits somewhat lower, at 13,450 feet (4,100 m) above sea level.

WHAT DOES INFRARED LIGHT TEACH US ABOUT THE UNIVERSE?

Unlike submillimeter waves, infrared light spans a vast range of the electromagnetic spectrum from 0.04 inches (just below 1 millimeter) on the side bordering with microwaves to 0.75 micrometers on the side bordering with the visible light. 

The NASA-led James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), launched on Christmas Day, 2021, thrust infrared astronomy into the spotlight with its ability to see the farthest reaches of the universe. 

Infrared light, which is essentially heat, was the first non-visible wavelength discovered, completely by accident, by British astronomer William Herschel in 1800 during his experiments with the visible light spectrum. It took, however, a long time for infrared detectors to become sensitive enough to provide the breathtaking views of the cosmos that JWST is now known for. 

The first crude observations of celestial objects in the infrared spectrum focused on the moon and the sun. Astronomers in the second half of the 19th century were able to measure the temperature of the sun's atmosphere as well as the various temperature zones on the moon's surface. By the turn of the century, technology progressed to the level that it was possible to detect heat from the solar system's giant planets Jupiter and Saturn, according to A brief history of infrared astronomy(opens in new tab).

Infrared astronomy, however, didn't fully take off until the second half of the 20th century when more sophisticated detectors were developed, allowing astronomers to analyze heat sources across the Milky Way.

Related: 

• James Webb Space Telescope images: 12 astonishing views of our universe (gallery

As the JWST has plentifully demonstrated since the release of its first images in July, 2022, infrared light is good at many things.

Thanks to its ability to penetrate through dust and gas, infrared light reveals what's going on inside of thick dust and gas clouds where stars form. Stars emerging in the middle of these clouds are not yet hot enough to emit visible light, but are warm enough to be detected by infrared sensors.

With such advanced technology as the JWST, astronomers can observe matter that is only several degrees warmer than absolute zero, the temperature of minus 459.67 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 273.15 degrees Fahrenheit), where the motion of atoms stops.

When viewing the Milky Way in infrared light, a hidden galaxy of failed stars, called brown dwarfs, emerges. Brown dwarfs are bodies that are too big to be called planets but are not quite massive enough to ignite nuclear fusion in their cores. Bodies in the farther reaches of the solar system that receive too little solar illumination also spring into view. Even the interstellar medium, the cool gas and dust dispersed between stars and galaxies, can be mapped in the infrared spectrum.

Webb was built with the aim to detect the first light that lit up the universe a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. Although this light had been emitted in the optical wavelength range, the accelerating expansion of the universe had stretched this light into the infrared range thanks to the effect known as redshift. Optical telescopes, even if they were as sensitive as Webb, could therefore no longer see this light.

But the James Webb Space Telescope sees only a small fraction of the infrared spectrum, the so-called mid and near-infrared light, which spans wavelengths from 28.5 micrometers to 0.6 micrometers where the visible spectrum begins.

NASA's recently retired flying telescope SOFIA was a specialist in the longer wavelength type of infrared light, the so-called far infrared, which reaches all the way to 612 micrometers and is best for observing the cool interstellar medium.

Famous infrared telescopes

Both, the James Webb Space Telescope and SOFIA, the current and recently retired (respectively) infrared astronomy flagships, had their predecessor. 

NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope surveyed the universe in the mid-infrared and parts of the far infrared spectrum from 2003 to 2020. ESA's Herschel spacecraft complemented this work in the far-infrared spectrum between 2009 and 2013. 

An earlier airborne telescope, the Kuiper Airborne Observatory, studied the infrared sky from 1974 to 1995. 

WHAT DOES OPTICAL LIGHT TEACH US ABOUT THE UNIVERSE?

Optical astronomy has made enormous leaps since those first early 17th-century telescopes. Enhancing the natural abilities of the human eye beyond imagination, 21st-century optical telescopes are still the backbone of astronomy research. 

From giant telescopes occupying remote mountain tops and highland plateaus to orbiting super-eyes such as the iconic Hubble Space Telescope, optical observatories reveal the universe with an ever-increasing level of detail. Some, on the other hand, focus on scanning vast swaths of the sky at once to spot unexpected phenomena, such as supernova explosions of dying stars or approaching asteroids. 

Optical telescopes show the universe as it would appear to human eyes. Colors in optical images correspond to the colors human eyes would see. Images from other types of  telescopes, such as those imaging the universe in infrared and ultraviolet light, have to be processed by astronomers on the ground, with colors artificially assigned to different wavelengths. 

To be visible in the optical wavelengths, objects need to either emit their own visible light or be illuminated by other objects. Planets, moons and asteroids in our solar system are only visible to optical telescopes (and to human eyes) because of the vicinity of our sun. 

Optical light can't pass through obstacles, such as thick clouds of dust, which hide some of the most interesting areas of the universe (such as centers of galaxies where supermassive black holes devour huge amounts of material or star-forming nebulas).

Optical light is also somewhat affected by Earth's atmosphere, even though not as much as the infrared and submillimeter wavelengths. While infrared and submillimeter radiation gets mostly absorbed, optical rays get a little dispersed by the molecules in the atmosphere, which means that observed objects don't appear as sharp as they would if the atmosphere wasn't present. This atmospheric blurring limits the accuracy of observations that Earth-based optical telescopes can achieve, even though modern adaptive optics systems installed on the world's best telescopes can to a certain extent make up for this shortcoming. 

Aside from complex, costly machines in space and on remote mountain tops, optical astronomy is the most accessible method of observing the sky for amateur skywatchers. Decent backyard telescopes can be purchased for a few hundred dollars and Space.com provides plenty of guides on how to pick the best one for you.

Related: 

• Best telescopes for seeing planets in 2023
• Best telescopes 2023: For stargazing galaxies, nebulas and more

Famous optical telescopes 

The Hubble Space Telescope is the undisputed king of optical astronomy and the source of many images that have gained iconic status. The telescope, launched in 1990, is still going strong and still may have a decade or so of life and fabulous astronomy ahead of it.

The Very Large Telescope (VLT) operated by the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in Chile is one of the most advanced Earth-based optical telescopes. VLT consists of four main telescopes, each with a 27-foot-wide (8.2 meter) mirror, and four 5.9-foot-wide (1.8 m) auxiliary telescopes. The four main telescopes can each detect light that is four billion times fainter than what human eyes can see. The telescopes can also work together as a so-called interferometer(opens in new tab), which increases the resolution to a level that would be achievable with a single telescope with a 426-foot-wide (130 m) mirror. 

ESO is currently building the next-generation Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), also in Chile. With a single 130-foot-wide (39.3 m) mirror(opens in new tab), ELT will be the world's largest optical telescope. Once completed, the observatory will be able to gather 100 million times more light than the human eye and provide images 16 times sharper than the Hubble Space Telescope, according to ESO. 

The twin Keck Telescopes on the Hawaiian island of Maunakea are fitted with 32.8-foot-wide (10 m wide) mirrors that forced the technical teams that designed and built them in the late 1980s to develop some ingenious technical solutions. Since it wasn't possible at that time to accurately operate a single solid mirror of such a size, engineers made the Keck mirrors from 36 hexagonal segments that work together as a unit with the help of an active optics system. This segmented mirror design is quite similar to the one used for the 21-foot-wide (6.5 m) mirror of the James Webb Space Telescope.

The Large Binocular Telescope in Arizona features the world's largest non-segmented mirror, measuring 28 feet (8.4 m) in diameter. 

The Gran Telescopio Canarias on the Spanish island of La Palma off the coast of western Africa, is the world's largest single-aperture optical telescope, featuring a 10.4 m wide mirror. 

{ https://www.space.com/ }

24-04-2023 om 00:47 geschreven door peter  

How does astronomy use the electromagnetic spectrum? -  PART II

WHAT DOES ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT TEACH US ABOUT THE UNIVERSE?

The great Hubble is also the world's main observer of ultraviolet light that emanates from sources in the universe. Ultraviolet light has shorter wavelengths and carries higher energies than visible light and points astronomers to hot, energetic processes, such as those taking place in young stars and in young star-forming galaxies. Massive stars that orbit each other in binary systems also emit ultraviolet light and so do powerful auroras on giant gaseous planets like Jupiter.

Ultraviolet light gets absorbed by the ozone layer in Earth's atmosphere, which is good for organisms living on Earth (as these wavelengths are known to cause tissue-damage and cancer). For astronomy, however, the limited ability of ultraviolet light to penetrate the atmospheres means that telescopes designed to study it need to orbit in space.

Famous ultraviolet telescopes

Apart from the Hubble Space Telescope, solar observatories such as the European Solar Orbiter or NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory carry ultraviolet imagers to observe highly energetic processes on the sun. NASA's Jupiter explorer Juno also carries an instrument for studying ultraviolet light. 

WHAT DO X-RAYS TEACH US ABOUT THE UNIVERSE?

Things get even more heated and energetic with X-rays. Discovered accidentally by German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen in 1895, these matter-penetrating rays are generated in vast amounts during some of the most extraordinary processes in the universe, such as when supermassive black holes or extremely massive neutron stars suck in matter from their surroundings, or during supernova explosions of dying stars. 

X-rays come from the hottest places in the universe including black hole and neutron stars' accretion disks where matter spirals at extreme speeds. High-temperature plasma that fills space between galaxies in galaxy clusters also emits X-rays, and so do stars including our sun. 

Astronomers recently discovered that comets can emit X-rays, Wibisono said, and that Jupiter, in addition to its ultraviolet aurora, also produces an aurora that shines in X-rays. 

"X-rays are a really powerful part of the spectrum because you get fluorescence in X-rays," said Wibisono. "Rocky surfaces of moons and planets give off X-rays for fluorescence. The atmospheres around terrestrial planets also fluoresce and X-rays, the gas giants scatter solar X-rays, so they act like a mirror to the solar X-rays."

Fluorescence is the ability of a surface to absorb and subsequently emit light that originally arrived from another source. 

Infamous for their potential to cause DNA mutations that may lead to cancer, X-rays get, just like ultraviolet rays, fortunately filtered out by Earth's atmosphere. X-ray astronomy could therefore only take off once humans were able to send objects to space. Astronomers knew prior to that that the sun is a powerful source of X-rays, but the first instruments capable of detecting other sources of cosmic X-rays were only launched aboard sounding rockets in the 1960s.

One of the problems with the detection of cosmic X-rays is their ability to penetrate matter. Just like they penetrate human tissue to reveal broken bones, X-rays also pass through mirrors that astronomers may want to use to concentrate them. 

Building sensitive X-ray detectors therefore requires some engineering ingenuity. Scientists have to design mirrors for X-ray telescopes in a way that the energetic rays hit the reflecting surface at a shallow angle "like a stone skipping across the surface of a pond," according to NASA(opens in new tab). 

X-ray telescopes require multiple mirrors (opens in new tab)positioned at gradually increasing angles to deflect the X-rays onto a detector. Such contraptions, however, tend to be rather chunky and require large satellites to accommodate them. NASA's Chandra, for example, at 45-feet-long (13 m), is the largest satellite launched by the Space Shuttle, about a three feet (1 m) longer than Hubble. 

The matter-penetrating ability of X-rays, however, also has its advantages, as these rays easily escape from dust-shrouded regions, such as galactic centers where black holes munch on the infalling matter.

Famous X-ray telescopes

NASA's Chandra X-ray observatory is the current flagship X-ray telescope. In space since 1999, Chandra travels around Earth on an elliptical orbit that takes it as far as 83,000 miles (133,000 km) away from the planet's surface where no residual atmosphere obstructs the X-ray views. During its more than two decades in orbit, Chandra has imaged jets of matter shooting from supermassive black holes in galactic centers and even traced the separation of dark matter from normal matter in the collisions of galaxies in galactic clusters. 

ESA also has its X-ray space observer, the XMM-Newton space telescope, also launched in 1999. 

WHAT DO GAMMA-RAYS TEACH US ABOUT THE UNIVERSE?

Gamma-rays are the highest energy type of radiation present in the universe. Just like X-rays, they come from extremely hot and energetic processes in the universe, such as supernova explosions and accreting black holes. Even more capable of penetrating matter than X-rays, gamma-rays are also produced during nuclear explosions on Earth, and, in smaller quantities, in thunderstorms and during radioactive decay. Stars such as our sun also produce occasional gamma-ray flashes in the form of solar flares.

Just like many other types of astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy came about by accident. In the 1960s, American military satellites were looking for signs of the USSR's testing of nuclear weapons, when they detected inexplicable flashes of extremely energetic gamma-rays. Lasting from fractions of seconds to several minutes, these gamma-ray bursts, as they became known, were coming regularly from all parts of the universe. 

It took until the 1990s for astronomers to figure out that these bursts come from extremely powerful explosions that mark the birth of new black holes when massive stars die. The shorter types of gamma-ray bursts are produced in collisions of superdense stellar remnants called the neutron stars.

Gamma-ray bursts point astronomers to the fact that a cataclysmic event has just occurred somewhere in the universe. By measuring the intensity of the burst, astronomers can learn something about the intensity and distance of the event. However, they need to search for the source of the flash afterward, using other types of telescopes. When they manage to locate the region in the sky where the burst has come from, they can then observe the area in other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum to gain more insight into the processes involved.

Famous gamma-ray telescopes

NASA's space telescopes Fermi and Swift together with ESA's Integral are the world's current gamma-ray burst spotting workhorses. However, only Swift, which covers about 9% of the sky, has the ability to locate sources of these giant explosions. 

Astronomers are therefore looking for new approaches to gamma-ray burst detection. In 2021, a team of scientists from Hungary and Slovakia launched a tiny cubesat called GRB Alpha, that has been successfully detecting gamma-ray bursts ever since. In October 2022, GRBAlpha made an accurate detection of the peak intensity of the brightest gamma-ray burst ever seen, while the event completely blinded detectors on NASA's Fermi. 

The researchers envision that a fleet of such cubesats would make it possible to find sources of gamma-ray bursts across the entire sky through the so-called triangulation, the same method used to pinpoint a location on Earth with the help of GPS. 

• Follow Tereza Pultarova on Twitter @TerezaPultarova(opens in new tab). Follow us on Twitter @Spacedotcom(opens in new tab) and on Facebook(opens in new tab). 

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Astronomy Cast, produced by the Planetary Science Institute in collaboration with Universe Today has a great series on the different kinds of astronomy based on the electromagnetic spectrum. You can listen to their radio astronomy(opens in new tab), submillimeter astronomy(opens in new tab), infrared astronomy(opens in new tab), optical astronomy, ultraviolet astronomy, X-ray astronomy(opens in new tab) and gamma-ray astronomy(opens in new tab).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• National Radio Astronomy Observatory: The History of Radio Astronomy, accessed April 2023 from: https://public.nrao.edu/radio-astronomy/the-history-of-radio-astronomy/(opens in new tab)
• Walker, J. H. A brief history of infrared astronomy, Astronomy & Geophysics, Volume 41, Issue 5, October 2000, Pages 5.10–5.13: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-4004.2000.41510.x(opens in new tab)
• ESA: Seeing with infrared eyes: A brief history of infrared astronomy, July 2020, accessed April 2023 from: https://sci.esa.int/web/herschel/-/59550-a-brief-history-of-infrared-astronomy(opens in new tab)
• Harvard University: History of X-Ray Astronomy, accessed April 2023 from: https://chandra.harvard.edu/xray_astro/history.html(opens in new tab)
• ESA: History of X-ray astronomy in Europe: From Exosat to ATHENA, accessed April 2023 from:https://sci.esa.int/web/athena/-/60759-history-of-x-ray-astronomy-in-europe-from-exosat-to-athena(opens in new tab)
• Pinkau, K. History of gamma-ray telescopes and astronomy, Experimental Astronomy, Volume 25, Issue 1-3, pp. 157-171, August 2009: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ExA....25..157P/abstract

{ https://www.space.com/ }

24-04-2023 om 00:46 geschreven door peter  

Awesome Tear Drop UFOs Shoot Past Jet On Idaho, April 22, 2023, UFO Sighting News.

 

 

Date of sighting: April 22, 2023

Location of sighting: Idaho, USA

Source: MUFON 

 

These UFOs were not seen until after they got home and looked at the photos. The photos actually show a single UFO moving so fast that its caught several times in each photo.  The object is tear drop shaped and has a metallic skin and nothing on earth could move that fast without wings, sound or even being noticed unless it was alien technology. This happen more often than you would think. I'm sure many people every day catch UFOs in their photos and video after the fact, but fail to report it out of fear of being made fun of or ridiculed by family and friends. Only one person out of every 25 will actually report the UFO they recorded in photos or video. That means 24 out of 25 people never reported the sighting. Yeah that numbers pretty accurate. About 15-25 sightings come in a day, but there are about 360-600 a day world wide not reported.

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

Eyewitness states:

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

23-04-2023 om 23:09 geschreven door peter  

Glowing Object Over Minnesota March 3, 2023, UFO Sighting News.

 

Date of sighting: March 3, 2023
Location of sighting: City unknown, Minnesota, USA

 

Watch this amazing and beautiful UFO as it moves across the Minnesota night sky last month. The eyewitness recorded a short video of it passing overhead, but they forgot to write down the city location in Minnesota. The UFO looks like a bright orange X as it moves quickly across the horizon. This alien craft is really moving fast, too fast to be a balloon, too slow and quiet to be a jet or plane. This is just a fantastic an rare close up catch of a real UFO. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

Eyewitness states: 

Moving against the wind, no sound, steady speed, unsure how big or how far away.

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

23-04-2023 om 23:02 geschreven door peter  

On Sept. 16, 2022, motion-sensing cameras set up by museum curator Daichi Fujii to capture meteors instead caught the laser beams of NASA's ICESat-2 satellite as it passed over Japan. It's the first time the ICESat-2 team has seen footage of the lasers at work in orbit. 

The beams were synchronized with a tiny green dot that was briefly visible between the clouds. He guessed it was a satellite, so he investigated orbital data and got a match. NASA’s Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite 2, or ICESat-2, had flown overhead that night. 

ICESat-2 was launched in September 2018 with a mission to use laser light to measure the height of Earth's ice, water, and land surfaces from space. The laser instrument, called a lidar, fires 10,000 times a second, sending six beams of light to Earth. It precisely times how long it takes individual photons to bounce off the surface and return to the satellite. 

Now, this is an example of a common laser beam used to measure the height of the ice, water and land surface of the earth from space but it also indicates that they may have the knowledge to use such technology as an energy weapon to shoot laser beams or microwaves from space when it comes to warfare, to carry out a staged alien attack, such as the infamous Blue Beam project or to attack individuals or groups in which people become sick, causing the infamous 'Havana syndrome'.

  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

23-04-2023 om 22:56 geschreven door peter