The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
02-07-2023
Giant gravitational waves: why scientists are so excited
Giant gravitational waves: why scientists are so excited
Astrophysicists describe what galaxy-wide gravitational waves could mean for our understanding of black holes and the history of the cosmos.
Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time that are generated when large masses accelerate. They were first detected in 2015, but the latest evidence hints at ‘monster’ ripples with wavelengths of 0.3 parsecs (1 light year) or more; the waves detected until now have wavelengths of tens to hundreds of kilometres.
Here Nature reports what these monster gravitational waves could mean for our understanding of the cosmos, and how the field could evolve.
How do the newly announced gravitational waves differ from those astronomers had already found?
Gravitational waves were first spotted by the twin detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in Louisiana and Washington State. They sensed the ripples produced by two black holes spiralling into each other and merging. LIGO and its counterpart Virgo in Europe have since reported dozens of similar events.
For the latest results, the authors relied on special beacon stars called millisecond pulsars. The teams tracked changes over more than a decade in the distances between Earth and millisecond pulsars in the Milky Way, comparing the signals from arrays of dozens of the beacon stars. These pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are sensitive to waves that are 0.3 parsecs long or more.
And whereas LIGO and Virgo spot evidence of the last stages of individual merger events — regularly spaced waves coming from one definite direction in the sky — the four PTA collaborations have so far found only a ‘stochastic background’, a constant jostling in random directions. This is comparable to the random sloshing of water on the surface of a pond caused by the rain.
What is the origin of the waves?
The most likely explanation for the stochastic background seen by PTAs is that it is produced by many pairs of supermassive black holes orbiting each other in the hearts of distant galaxies, says Sarah Burke-Spolaor, an astrophysicist at West Virginia University in Morgantown.
Most galaxies are thought to harbour one such monster black hole, with a mass millions or billions of times that of the Sun. And astronomers know that throughout the Universe’s history, many galaxies have merged. So, some galaxies must have ended up with two supermassive black holes, known as a black-hole binary.
Researchers also have calculated that in the crowded centre of such a galactic merger, each black hole would transfer some of its momentum to surrounding stars, slinging them out at high speed or simply dragging them around. As a result, the two black holes would eventually slow down and end up orbiting each other at distances of around 1 parsec, explains Chiara Mingarelli, a gravitational-wave astrophysicist at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut.
Only paired black holes that got much closer to each other than 1 parsec would contribute to the PTA signal, however. “They need to be separated by a milliparsec to emit detectable gravitational waves,” says Mingarelli. Theories that explain how this would happen are speculative, however, and whether the binaries can do this has been an open question, known as the final-parsec problem. “If you don’t overcome the final-parsec problem, then you don’t get any gravitational waves,” says Mingarelli.
Scientists will now seek to verify that the PTA signal does indeed come from binary supermassive black holes. If that could be confirmed, it would be evidence that supermassive black holes can come very close to each other in nature.
That result would be of fundamental importance, says Monica Colpi, an astrophysicist at the University of Milan-Bicocca in Italy — showing that thousands of black-hole binaries across the Universe have somehow ‘solved’ the final-parsec problem. “It would be the discovery that such a population exists.”
What would such binary black holes mean for LISA, Europe’s planned space-based detector?
Supermassive-black-hole pairs that got close enough to emit gravitational waves would eventually collide and merge. That’s because the gravitational waves themselves would carry energy and momentum away from the black holes, turning their orbits into spirals. In hundreds to tens of thousands of years, each of the pairs would end up colliding.
Colpi says this could be good news for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), a trio of probes the European Space Agency plans to launch in the mid-2030s.
As the black holes spiral inwards, the frequencies of their gravitational waves will increase and, in some cases, enter LISA’s spectrum of sensitivity. LISA will be sensitive to wavelengths of between 3 million km and 3 billion km — shorter than the wavelengths that can be detected by the PTAs, although still much longer than those seen by ground-based detectors. So LISA could see several of these mergers during its mission.
Black-hole mergers could also help to explain how some of the black holes have grown so large: they are themselves the result of earlier mergers.
Could something other than binary black holes be producing the stochastic background?
There is a plethora of exotic-physics theories that predict a similar omnidirectional background of waves coming from all directions in space. These sources could constitute part or even most of the signal. The possibilities include certain types of dark matter and even cosmic strings, hypothetical infinitesimally thin defects in the curvature of space-time. Cosmic strings could develop kinks, which could eventually snap, producing gravitational waves.
One of the most exciting alternative explanations is a cosmic gravitational-wave background originating from the early Universe, says Burke-Spolaor. Telescopes that see across the electromagnetic spectrum — from radio waves to γ-rays — are limited in how far away they can peek, and thus in how far into the past they can see. This is because, long before galaxies and stars existed, an opaque ionized gas filled the cosmos. This blocks astronomers’ view of what happened in the Universe during its first 400,000 years or so.
But gravitational waves can travel across any medium. As a result, any such waves created since the first instant after the Big Bang could still be around and be detectable as part of a stochastic background, providing a window into the extreme physics of the Big Bang. “That is just amazing to me,” says Burke-Spolaor. “Who knows what’s back there.”
There have long been stories, rumors, and reports of aliens amongst us. According to some conspiracy theorists we are definitely not alone, and not only are we not alone, but these extraterrestrials are infiltrating our society under the guise of being human. It may all sound like the plot of some science fiction movie, but these reports won’t go away, and so here we have a selection of some of the more bonkers of such accounts. Put on your tinfoil hat and fasten your seatbelt, because we are going for a ride into the truly bizarre.
A suitably off-the-wall case of some sort of shapeshifting alien infiltrator comes to us from the site ThinkAboutit Docs, from a source they call an “anonymous Intelligence officer and planetary patriot” called simply “Commander X,” who allegedly holds a high-security position within the Intelligence Community. According to this Commander X, not only are aliens here on Earth, but they walk amongst us in disguise, and he claims he to have collected several reports of encounters with such mysterious entities. Some of these reports originate from a place called Dulce Base, which is an alleged underground facility on the Colorado–New Mexico border near the town of Dulce, New Mexico, and which is also ground zero for a plethora of bizarre conspiracy theories and rumors, ranging from that the U.S. government is keeping captured aliens there and reverse engineering UFOs, to the idea that the base itself is jointly-operated by both human and aliens. Legends here abound, including aliens using human guinea pigs for bizarre genetic experiments, medical experiments on human abductees, firefights between aliens and the Delta Force, and everything in between, and one to add to the pile are all of the shapeshifting aliens running around there. According to this Commander X, Dulce Base is very real, and many of the personnel stationed there are kept in the dark about what is really going on there. He also claims that the base is partly manned by shapeshifting aliens in disguise, and one such report he says comes from a private who was stationed on the surface at Dulce. This unnamed private supposedly had no idea of just how deep the rabbit hole went at the base, but would learn that something was off after a very odd encounter involving what he believes was an alien posing as a human being. The witness would say:
One morning last September, I was working on a routine job when another of the young enlistees, a mechanic, came in with a small rush job he wanted welded at once. He had the print and proceeded to show me exactly what he wanted. We are both bending over the bench in front of the welder when I happened to look directly into his face. It seemed to suddenly become covered with a semi-transparent film or cloud. His features faded and in their place appeared a ‘thing’ with bulging eyes, no hair and SCALES for skin. I stood and looked at it for about 20 seconds. WHATEVER IT WAS stood and looked at me without moving. Then the strange face seemed to fade away, and at the same time recede into the ordinary face of the young man underneath. The dissipation of the imposed face lasted or took about five seconds before it was completely gone and I was standing there weak, my mouth open and staring at the young man who had come in with the rush order. The young ‘man’ did not seem to be conscious of the elapsed time when I had observed all this but went right on talking about the job as if nothing had happened. This is hard to take but I assure you it was still harder for me. No one can realize a jolt you could get from seeing anything like this until they have experienced it for themselves. It was several days before I had myself convinced that maybe after all what I had seen was real and that I was not suffering from illusions and the beginning of insanity.
The witness would have another similar weird encounter a few days later, when he saw another instance of this shape changing phenomenon. He says of this encounter:
The next time was later at night at the guard house near the front gate, on the way to work. I had purchased some small items and on arriving I went around to the guard house with my slip to retrieve my package. There was only one guard on duty. I handed him the check and he began to look at the package, taking his time. I waited a minute, then happened to look directly at him again. His face began to change. Again a face of a strange creature was imposed. You could see through the imposed face for a few seconds and then it became the only one visible [solidified is the word] and again about 20 seconds duration. Again five seconds for dissipation and the guard started to move normally again, found my package and gravely handed it to me and I walked out without a word being said.
Dulce is not the only place where these sort of sightings are happening by a long shot. Another location that has apparently had sightings of shapeshifting aliens is the Dugway Proving Ground (DPG), which is a U.S. Army facility outside of Salt Lake City, Utah, established in 1942 to test biological and chemical weapons. According to ThinkAbouIt:
Aside from Dulce, New Mexico and the Nevada Test Site, other areas where these “chameleon” sightings have taken place include Deep Springs, CA where these alien “impostors” have allegedly been sighted; and Dugway, Utah where one woman by the name of Barbara who worked as a hair stylist claimed she saw one of the HIGH RANKING MILITARY OFFICIALS transform temporarily into an entity with ‘reptilian’ features. Another source at Dugway who worked in an auto shop claimed that he saw a similar phenomenon while changing the tires on the car of one Dugway military official. Remember that Dugway works closely with Area 51, which is just to the west and across the state border. It is interesting that there are claims that the joint CIA-alien activity within the ‘Dreamland’ underground complexes of Nevada have and are being extended to the underground facilities below the St. George and Dugway areas of Utah, among other sites.
A thoroughly off-the-wall account supposedly comes from the Madigan Military Hospital south of Seattle, Washington near Fort Lewis. According to UFO researcher Val Valerian, the hospital is absolutely overrun with reptilian aliens posing as human beings, and he says of it in the Leading Edge newsletter, all caps and all:
About a year ago, we ran into SEVERAL PEOPLE who stated that they ‘had heard’ that ‘REPTILIAN HUMANOIDS WERE WORKING AT A U.S. ARMY HOSPITAL’ NEAR FORT LEWIS, WASHINGTON. At that point, these statements were simply filed away in ‘rumor’ status, pending the arrival of something more substantial. Descriptions of the nature of and appearance of alien humanoid forms that could be termed ‘REPTILIAN’ vary widely. REPTILIAN HUMANOIDS HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED IN ITALY AS LOOKING VERY LIZARD-LIKE, EVEN WITH TAILS. Logic would seem to tell us that if alien humanoids were in fact in ‘collusion’ with military medical personnel at a hospital, they would not in fact have the appearance of anything other than humans, or be close enough to humans to blend in. About a month ago, the nature of synchronicity brought me to an espresso bar, where I chanced to engage a lady in her early 50’s in some small conversation about an entirely unrelated matter. She had been a nurse for some twenty years, and sixteen of those twenty years had been spent working for the U.S. Army. She retired from the service and was now job hunting in the local area. She was very professional, and seemed to know a lot about the nursing field.
Gradually, her conversation got around to a ‘very unusual place’, Madigan Military Hospital, which is located on Route 5 south of Seattle. She had applied for work at the hospital and noticed that it was indeed a hospital unlike any she had ever seen before. Madigan is a brand new $150-million-dollar facility, built about a year or so ago. From her description, there are small R2D2-type robots that shuttle prescriptions between floors, all the equipment is prototype ‘one-of-a-kind’, like laser x-rays and a lot of equipment that was extremely high tech. It was not this alone which peaked my interest, but a comment she made later. She made the statement that when she entered a specific lab in the hospital, she noticed that all the personnel were extremely absorbed in their work — nothing too uncommon about that. But then she stated that she had the thought that some of the equipment looked quite ‘alien’, AND TWO MEN WHO LOOKED EXACTLY ALIKE TURNED AND LOOKED AT HER IN RESPONSE TO HER THOUGHT. She said that THE EYES OF THESE TWO MEN WERE QUITE PENETRATING AND THAT THEY BOTH MOVED IN UNISON. That got my interest. She then stated that during the tour of the facility, the individual who was escorting her said that the top floor of the hospital AND TWO OF THE SUB-BASEMENT FLOORS were Top Secret R&D areas and were off limits to BOTH military and civilian personnel. That really got my attention.
The nurse supposedly had some pretty outlandish stories to tell about her visit to the hospital. According to her, there was equipment there far more advanced than anything she had ever seen before, and that there were some very odd procedures being carried out on patients. She explains of one of these (all caps not mine):
I noticed that a patient walked over and climbed on an exam table. The procedure they were doing always requires that the patient must be sedated, HOWEVER I NOTICED THAT THE PHYSICIAN LEANED OVER THE PATIENT AND TOUCHED THE PATIENT IN THE CENTER OF THE FOREHEAD WITH ‘HIS’ INDEX AND MIDDLE FINGER OF ONE HAND. IMMEDIATELY, THE PATIENT FELL INTO A STATE OF SEDATION AND THE PROCEDURE WAS STARTED. What kind of doctor can touch a patient in that way and sedate him? I looked around at the other personnel in the room at this time. There were two, a Private First Class and a Specialist 4th Class at opposite ends of the room from where I was standing. BOTH OF THESE MEN WERE THE SAME SIZE, HAD THE SAME SKIN COLOR, AND MOVED IN A VERY DELIBERATE MANNER. I was talking with the Sergeant and happened to say something to myself very softly while having the thought how strange these people seemed. BOTH OTHER MEN TURNED AND LOOKED AT ME ALMOST AS IF TO STARE AT ME. I GOT THIS STRANGE FEELING. I had heard before from a friend whose brother had made the uncharacteristic comment that ‘ALIENS WORKED AT MADIGAN’. ‘ALL’ THE PEOPLE IN THE ROOM AND THE MILITARY PERSONNEL IN GENERAL THAT I HAD SEEN IN THE HOSPITAL SEEMED TO MOVE VERY VERY SLOWLY, ALMOST IN SLOW MOTION. I left the area and went back to the Sergeant’s office.
She was so intrigued by this otherworldly strange place that she decided to go back there several weeks later with a friend, and it would only further convince her that there was something off about the place. She says (all caps make a major appearance yet again):
My friend and I entered through what is known as the clinic mall. This area houses the outpatient clinic. THERE WERE VERY FEW PEOPLE THERE FOR SUCH A LARGE CLINIC. We were told that THERE ARE THREE FLOORS BENEATH THE HOSPITAL and one floor above that are off limits to ALL PERSONNEL, MILITARY AND CIVILIAN, and that these areas were classified Top Secret and were research and development [R&D] areas. THERE ARE VERY UNUSUAL ANTENNAS ON TOP OF THE HOSPITAL. The three-story main service area has a complex on top of it THAT APPEARS TO HAVE NO ENTRANCE AND NO WINDOWS. Judging from the way the hospital is built, there are a lot of ‘DEAD AREAS’ that comprise spaces THAT CANNOT BE ACCESSED FROM THE MAIN SERVICE AREA. The personal feeling we both got being in the hospital WAS THAT WE STARTED TO FEEL VERY DRAINED, AND WE BOTH EXPERIENCED GETTING A DULL HEADACHE. It wasn’t until we had driven SEVERAL MILES from the facility that we started to feel better.
What is going on with this freakish place and is it staffed by aliens in disguise as humans? Who knows? It is all a pretty damn strange story and it’s hard to really know what to make of it. These aliens have supposedly even wormed their way into the Pentagon itself, as well as other top level government agencies. According to the ThinkAboutIt docs report:
Sometime during the 1980’s a Secretary working in the Pentagon noticed a high-ranking Pentagon ‘official’ who had apparently lost a contact lens. The eye from where the lens fell out was NOT human, but instead contained a vertically-slit pupil. No one working at the Pentagon seemed to know where the official worked although they had apparently assumed that he was supposed to be there in some capacity or another. The Secretary however informed her superiors of the strange incident, and immediately Security Personnel approached the ‘officer’ who apparently was not aware of his missing contact lens. The ‘man’ did not make any major attempts to resist. When the apartment of this ‘official’ was searched, copies of several sensitive documents on the “Star Wars” or “Strategic Defense Initiative” program were discovered. Apparently the entity had been stealing the documents and transmitting their contents to some point beyond the planet. Rumor had it that the entity was physically examined and it was discovered that its internal organs were NOT human.
Several areas across the Western U.S. where surface and/or underground military installations exist have reportedly produced similar ‘Chameleon’ sightings. There seems to be a trend which involves the infiltration of the NSA-CIA and the subsequent ‘replacement’ of agency personnel, and in turn Military-Industrial personnel, by alien life forms not loyal to planet earth nor to the human race in general. These reports are very similar to other reports that made the rounds within ‘fringe’ research groups during the early 1980’s concerning the reported ‘assimilation’ of high-ranking Communist officials and scientists by serpent-like humanoids, reptilian beings that were reputedly revived out of suspended animation from a frozen city that was discovered under the northern Siberian ice fields. The was referred to as the “Siberian Affair”.
Every bit as bizarre as any of these cases is an account of a supposed military operation to actually track and capture an alien infiltrator in disguise living amongst us. Our story here comes from UFO researcher Victor Martinez, an alleged former federal employee and coordinator of news at the Joint Recon Study Group. According to Martinez, officials of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), U.S. Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) and other U.S. government agencies have long been involved in top secret security activities involving human-appearing extraterrestrial beings in the U.S., and he relates one such operation carried out in 1980, which was called “Operation TANGO-SIERRA.” Martinez claims that he learned of this operation through a close intelligence contact in the DIA, who outlined the government’s plans to monitor and detain an extraterrestrial entity masquerading as human being to live among us. It supposedly began with the alien abduction of a federal employee by an alien disguised as a human being, and the contact says:
The original operation began in early 1980 when an Earth female was identified by U.S. intelligence as being a so-called ‘alien abductee.’ She had been abducted by a male non-human in 1977 which was her first abduction. This woman was single, 23-years-old and a trusted, well-respected U.S. government employee. The male non-human showed the Earth woman abductee projections of alien life on another planet. The projection was from a small, triangle device. The woman viewed this projection which she described as images displayed in a 3-dimensional ‘holographic’ view.
The male non-human never harmed the Earth woman abductee. During the three years of her ongoing abduction, the Earth woman was taken by the male non-human through a ‘veil of light’ to another place. The Earth woman described this place as being ‘a light bubble.’ She would sit inside the bubble and view these holographic projections with the male non-human. On one occasion, the male non-human introduced the Earth woman to another male, whom the Earth woman described in debriefing details as not being human, i.e., not being an Earth male abductee. The Earth woman called this other being a “creature.' This creature performed a medical examination on the Earth woman. The woman did not fully consent to the alien’s examination as she was temporarily paralyzed. After the examination, the woman was taken back to her residence. When the Earth woman brought up her abduction by a male alien to the attention of a co-worker, the co-worker contacted an office security official, who then contacted U.S. intelligence officials.
U.S. intelligence spent hours and hours vetting the woman’s story, conducting thorough background investigations, performing surveillance, and administering several polygraph examinations. The Earth woman’s story was eventually deemed to be factually true and correct. U.S. intelligence then mounted a very special, highly classified operation to capture this alien being, who lived near Landover, Maryland.
An intensive investigation was allegedly launched by the "7602 Air Intelligence Wing, Section III," which would last 5 months and involve around 60 intelligence officers tasked with determining whether or not this man was an actual extraterrestrial creature/non-human and a possible imminent or potential threat to national security. The mysterious individual was purportedly identified, followed, and detained without incident, after which he was questioned. The report says of this questioning:
The male non-human was interrogated by teams of AFOSI special agents over several weeks and in total was questioned and intensely interrogated for many months by other agencies. It was during this time that the male non-human disclosed its race, its resident planet and the reason it came to Earth. The male alien basically cooperated and provided details of its life on his alien home world. The non-human entity was released on the direct orders of then President Carter in late 1980, and subsequently left Earth and returned to its home planet. The male non-human originated from the star system Delta Pavonis, 20 light-years from Earth where it was the 4th planet from their sun. It is roughly the same size as our Earth. The travel time to Earth was 18 Earth months using a very complex propulsion system and time-space displacement travel mode. Back then in 1980, we could not understand the alien propulsion system and we never saw his spacecraft. When President Carter let the male non-human leave, he just vanished. I was never in the intelligence loop as to how he left or how he departed Earth.
I’m not sure how they learned English so well nor other languages. You’ve got to remember that this was extreme compartmentalization. I knew just what I was supposed to know. There is much more to the alien debriefing that I do not know. From what I’ve learned over the years, this race of alien beings originally came to Earth as explorers about a century ago. Apparently, they could assume the human shape and form and easily live among us. With respect to the male non-human’s employment, he worked as a records keeper for the U.S. Dept. of Commerce in Washington D.C. He was able to manufacture his own identification documents by assuming the name/ID of a deceased Earth human. He was in a career that did not require a high-level security clearance thereby enabling him to escape the much greater scrutiny given to ‘Secret’ clearance level background checks and above.”
Martinez’ source also explains that, although the alien looked perfectly human, and that his race was able to take human form through some unexplained process, they were definitely not human, and that their real form was rather hideous. He would also explain the aliens’ agenda to some extent, and he would say of all of this:
Although they possessed the human shape, form and basic anatomy, they were not human beings like you and me. Their actual, normal, ‘real’ appearance was that of a hideous-looking creature that would most certainly scare, frighten and terrify a normal Earth human. Above all, they did not have any extra powers nor abilities. They had no weapons and never tried to harm Earth humans. Their sole intent and stated mission was that they just wanted to study Earth humans and obtain the basic structure of the human body, anatomy and social interplay.
I don’t know how many others of this specific type of aliens were among us as I was not authorized that specific highly classified information. However, I am positive that there were more similar-type operations than just this one. ‘Operation TANGO-SIERRA’ was just one operation that lasted nine months from start to finish in the D.C area.” “U.S. intelligence had more such operations around the U.S., with one in the southwest and another in the northwest, but I don’t know for sure on the location details. Indeed, the government was claimed to be very intently focused on investigating “the presence of extraterrestrial creatures having infiltrated the highest levels of the United States government. As for other visiting alien races, we knew of nine of them. The Ebans (Ebens) were the nicest while the Trantaloids were the ugliest, meanest sons-a-bitches and most dangerous. I only know that the very inner circle of our government knows. That is about all I can tell you. I never spoke with the male non-human in ‘Operation TANGO-SIERRA,’ but I was actively involved in this operation. Most of the older fellows who knew all of this are dead now. Former CIA Director Richard M. Helms was our boss for this operation. He died some years ago.
Our friend Commander X claims that this phenomenon of shapeshifting “chameleons” or “alien infiltrators” involves several different races of aliens, including the “Greys” and “Reptilians,” and that they use a wide variety of techniques to blend in, such as “reconstructive surgery, molecular shape-shifting occult-technology, techno-hypnotic transmitters, and portable laser-hologram technology.” This technology is purportedly very sophisticated and hard to detect, but some have found a way to do it. Enter researcher George Andrews, who is author of the book “Extraterrestrial Friends and Foes,” who says of some of the attempt to see through the alien disguises:
A friend of mine and four of his friends experimented with crystalline structures a year or two ago, and they figured out how to cut them along certain planes so they could actually see the aura or energy field around people. That’s when they discovered that all people aren’t ‘people’, or the people they thought they were. It appears that some E.T. humanoids have a dark blue ovoid aura. It so happens that all the people they checked that met these criteria also wore dark glasses and made every attempt to act like they really wanted nothing to do with people in general. They followed one of these people out into the desert where he evidently had a trailer. After waiting until dusk, they made a pretense of needing help and knocked on the door. After a short while, the light went on and the man came to the door. He looked normal, EXCEPT THAT HIS PUPILS WERE VERTICAL SLITS INSTEAD OF CIRCLES. It works. The only trouble is that it costs $2,000 to put a pair of those glasses together.
It is all pretty bizarre, to say the least, and it leaves us wondering just what to make of all of this. Are there really aliens walking among us who have the power to change their shape to blend in? Are out highest positions in the government being infiltrated by these extraterrestrial forces mimicking us and carrying out some sort of twisted charade? Or is this just the tabloid, sci-fi nonsense it all sounds like? There is really no way to truly know, and believe it or not, it is all a very damn weird corner of the alien and UFO pehnomenon.
Euclid gelanceerd: de ruimtetelescoop die een van de grootste mysteries van ons universum moet ontrafelen
Vandaag is het zover. Rond 17u Belgische tijd zal ESA haar Euclid ruimtetelescoop lanceren. Euclid gaat een ongekend nauwkeurige atlas van ruimte en tijd maken om te ontdekken waarom het heelal steeds sneller blijft uitdijen. Wetenschappers hopen daarmee nieuw inzicht te krijgen in een van de grootste vraagstukken over ons heelal: wat zijn donkere materie en energie? SpaceX lanceert de telescoop vanuit Florida.
Maarten Muns, Martijn Peters
Bron:Trouw
KIJK.
Bekijk hier de lancering van de Euclid ruimtetelescoop
Ruimtetelescoop Euclid, genoemd naar de oude Griekse wiskundige Euclides, gaat de structuur van het heelal op de allergrootste schaal opmeten. Dat gaat een uiterst gedetailleerde kaart opleveren met 2 miljard sterrenstelsels, een flink deel van het waarneembare heelal. En die kaart vertelt ook nog eens hoe al die sterrenstelsels zich de afgelopen pakweg 10 miljard jaar ontwikkeld hebben.
Wetenschappers hopen hiermee prangende kosmologische kwesties mee te kunnen oplossen. Raadselachtige donkere materie, donkere energie, zwaartekracht en de ontwikkeling van het heelal: het blijft in nevelen gehuld. Dit zijn vijf fundamentele vragen waarmee Euclid op pad gaat.
Ons heelal bestaat uit heel veel sterren en sterrenstelsels, plus nog wat wolken van stof en gas. Toch? Als je dit aan een kosmoloog vraagt, is dit verre van het goede antwoord. Al die sterrenstelsels zijn enkel wat we kunnen zien. Maar dat is nog geen vijf procent van wat er werkelijk moet zijn.
Zeker twintig procent van het heelal moet uit ‘donkere’ materie bestaan. Spul dat we niet kunnen zien maar waarvan we wel de zwaartekracht-effecten kunnen meten. En dan is er nog heel veel donkere energie, een mysterieuze uiteendrijvende kracht die zorgt dat de uitdijing van het heelal steeds sneller gaat. Van allebei hebben wetenschappers geen idee wat het precies is.
Wat is donkere materie?
Op de allergrootste schaal bekeken vormen de sterrenstelsels in ons heelal een soort spinrag, ook wel het kosmische web genoemd. Maar de zwaartekracht van al die sterrenstelsels samen is simpelweg niet voldoende om een dergelijke structuur te kunnen vormen, legt René Laureijs, project scientist van Euclid uit.
Volgens veel wetenschappers moet zich onzichtbare ‘donkere materie’ tussen en rond de sterrenstelsels bevinden. De zwaartekracht ervan is meetbaar, maar waaruit het bestaat is totaal onbekend. Door goed te kijken naar de zwaartekrachteffecten van deze donkere materie gaat Euclid de verdeling ervan in kaart brengen. Dat helpt de vraag te beantwoorden waarvan het is gemaakt.
Wat is donkere energie?
In de jaren twintig van de vorige eeuw ontdekte astronoom Edwin Hubble dat alle sterrenstelsels van ons wegvliegen. Het heelal dijt dus uit, als een ballon die opgeblazen wordt. In de late jaren negentig ontdekten wetenschappers tegen alle verwachtingen in, dat dit opblazen steeds sneller gaat.
De onbekende, uiteendrijvende kracht die hiervoor verantwoordelijk is, noemden ze donkere energie. Waar zwaartekracht aantrekkend werkt, duwt donkere energie alles juist uit elkaar. Dit constante geduw lijkt inherent aan de lege ruimte zelf te zijn. Hoe meer lege ruimte er ontstaat, hoe meer donkere energie er ook komt. En dus wordt alles steeds sneller uit elkaar geduwd.
Op aarde merken we helemaal niets van donkere energie. Ook tussen bijvoorbeeld naburige sterrenstelsels trekt de zwaartekracht nog altijd veel sterker. Alleen op de allergrootste kosmische schaal speelt donkere energie een hoofdrol.
Als donkere energie kan veranderen, dan moeten we de kosmologische theorieën herbekijken
Kan donkere energie veranderen?
Donkere energie zorgt dus dat het heelal steeds sneller uitdijt. Maar dat versnellen begon pas zo’n zes miljard jaar geleden, toen het heelal pakweg half zo oud was als nu. Toen werd donkere energie sterker dan zwaartekracht.
Om meer te begrijpen over deze geheimzinnige energievorm willen wetenschappers onder meer ontdekken of donkere energie constant is of veranderingen ondergaat, vertelt Laureijs. In dat laatste geval moeten namelijk de kosmologische theorieën herbekijken.
Met Euclid kunnen wetenschappers de vorming van de allergrootste kosmische structuren gedurende miljarden jaren bekijken.
Omdat het heelal zo groot is en omdat licht tijd nodig heeft om ons te bereiken, is diep het heelal in kijken ook ver terug in de tijd zien. Euclid gaat terugkijken naar dat moment zes miljard jaar geleden, toen donkere energie zo sterk werd dat het zich met de ontwikkeling van het heelal begon te bemoeien.
Is zwaartekracht wel wat we denken?
De effecten van donkere materie en de vorming van sterrenstelsels in een webachtige structuur heeft allemaal met zwaartekracht te maken. Zwaartekracht begrijpen we vooral dankzij de algemene relativiteitstheorie van Einstein. Maar is deze theorie ook geldig op de allergrootste kosmische schaal? Dat weten kosmologen niet zeker.
Met Euclid kunnen wetenschappers de vorming van de allergrootste kosmische structuren gedurende miljarden jaren bekijken. Mogelijk vinden ze met Euclid aanwijzingen dat de zwaartekracht op kosmische schaal net iets anders werkt dan gedacht. En ook dan moeten de theorieën op de schop.
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Valiant Thor: Unraveling the Enigmatic Story of the Alien Residing in the Pentagon
Valiant Thor: Unraveling the Enigmatic Story of the Alien Residing in the Pentagon
In the world of UFOlogy and extraterrestrial enthusiasts, there are myriad accounts, sightings, and stories that spark intrigue and fuel the pursuit of the truth. One such tale, steeped in mystery and seemingly out of a sci-fi blockbuster, is that of Valiant Thor – a supposed alien who not only visited Earth but allegedly had a direct line with the U.S. government.
Born from the pages of the book “Stranger at the Pentagon,” (Amazon link) authored by Dr. Frank E. Stranges in 1967, the narrative surrounding Valiant Thor quickly gained traction. The story suggests that Thor, an alien from Venus, came to Earth in 1957, landing in Virginia where he was taken to meet President Eisenhower and Vice President Nixon. He then spent three years living at the Pentagon, presenting solutions to eradicate poverty, disease, and even nuclear threats.
One might quickly dismiss such claims as the imaginative works of an eager author. However, Stranges himself claimed to have met Thor, describing him as a man of ‘extraordinary’ abilities. Valiant Thor, according to Stranges, had an elongated lifespan of 490 years and possessed a pair of lungs more advanced than our own, letting him breathe in any atmospheric condition.
Nevertheless, the story of Valiant Thor doesn’t come without controversy and skepticism. Some critics point out the striking resemblance of Thor’s narrative to the plot of the 1951 film “The Day the Earth Stood Still”. This has led many to question whether Valiant Thor’s tale is a genuine account of alien interaction or simply a case of creative plagiarism.
What adds another layer to this already riveting tale is the existence of a rock band, Valient Thorr, that was established in 2001. With all members adopting ‘Thor’ as their surname, they seem to pay homage to this unique character in their very foundation.
Despite the ongoing debates, the story of Valiant Thor has undeniably left an indelible mark on the extraterrestrial enthusiast community. It pushes the boundaries of our understanding of the universe and makes us wonder – could we really have been visited by an alien diplomat named Valiant Thor?
VIDEO:
Valiant Thor – The Alien Who Lived in the Pentagon
In 1995, Fox Televisioncaptivated millions with a medical autopsy of a space alien. The 17-minute black and white clip purported to show military doctors examining a bloated, humanoid-looking extraterrestrial that had died in a flying saucer crash.
The broadcast generated so much hoopla that Fox aired it two more times that year, tacking on “added footage” of the UFO wreckage. Even then, the hoax—recycling the Roswell myth, which holds that the U.S. government in 1947 recovered an alien craft from the New Mexico desert—was old hat.
The latest version of this fable is the widely circulated story of—you guessed it—crashed UFOs that the U.S. government has been hiding for many decades. In June, a recently retired intelligence community “whistleblower” madethis claim, like others before him in years past. That the latest “bombshell” landed without any evidence or corroboration has not dampened our feverish enthusiasm. “Are we finally ready to admit UFOs are aliens?” asks the Daily Beast in itsheadline.
Americans have a bottomless appetite for this stuff. The initial story of crashed aliens was the Roswell incident, which stemmed from an actual cold war event; a balloon from a then-secret U.S.military project had fallen near Roswell, N.M., just as the flying saucer phenomenon was taking root. Ever since, the crashed saucer myth and UFOs in general have steadily profited news and entertainment outlets, and they have sated a deep human need for mystery.
I get it. Aliens are cool. Fuzzy UFO videos, which (let’s be honest) the media uncritically hype way too much, are fun. Maybe this is why friends and family members are always texting me the latest, craziest UFO story (that is quickly proven to be bogus). UFOs are so damn entertaining!
(A quick public service announcement: All this talk for decades about a “cosmic Watergate” is not amusing to everyone. Some people get really worked up and land in serious legal trouble; others find it a gateway to a toxic, paranoid swamp and entice vulnerable minds to join them.)
For the most part, the ubiquitous alien icon is now a gimmicky relic from a larger landscape of escapist fantasy, the same terrain that has relegated other faddish subjects, like the Bermuda Triangle and Nessie, to the annals of pseudoscience. UFOs, in contrast, remain an enduring American obsession. Why? Are they so much fun that we can’t let them go?
It’s more than that. “Despite centuries of scientific and social progress, we remain, at our most intimate level, believers,” writes author Marc Fitch in Paranormal Nation: Why America Needs Ghosts, UFOs, and Bigfoot. Indeed, this is a core sentiment of the hit 1990s X-Files show, which is embodied on the poster of a flying saucer above agent Mulder’s office wall with the phrase, “I want to believe.”
Perhaps it also explains why Scott Brando, a diligentmonitor and debunker of phony UFO videos that regularly go viral online, is alwaysplaying whack-a-mole. People fall prey to such hoaxes because they “need to believe something extraordinary” or “satisfy their craving for mystery,” he wrote in an e-mail to Scientific American.
That human desire for mystery is something that UFO promoters—and theyseem to have multiplied in recent years—are adept at fulfilling. Hence, all the recycling and reimagining of classic UFO narratives, such as Men in Black.
On occasion, there is a creative blending that invents a new myth for the UFO canon. The latest is a 512-acre ranch in rural Utah that is supposedly a “hotspot” for UFOs, poltergeists, animal mutilations and “shadow creatures.” A Las Vegas TV journalist (who is also a host of a conspiracy-themed radio show), refers to the ranch as a “paranormal Disneyland.”
It’s the basis for a scripted reality show on the History Channel called The Secret of Skinwalker Ranch. The main character is a retired Department of Defense astrophysicist (afeatured character for years on Ancient Aliens) who also happens to be theformer chief scientist of the Pentagon’s 2022 Unidentified Aerial Phenomena report produced by an agency task force.
Like the latest UFO “whistleblower,” these fellows all have otherwise impeccable credentials. As Mick West, a prominent skeptic and debunker, writes in a 2021 Guardianpiece, such influential messengers couch “weak evidence” for UFOs as compelling. “Don’t be fooled,” he cautions.
But what if, like fans of professional wrestling, we know it’s just a big goof and don’t care? After all, ghost stories are fun. It’s the same with UFOs. The filmmaker behind the Alien Autopsy video latersaid he regretted his deception, but admitted “it was a joke, a bit of fun.”
Avid consumers of UFO stories seem to be in on the joke. “Part of this whole thing is just wonderful bullshit,” Adam Frank, an astrophysicist at the University of Rochester, said to me in a recent conversation about the latest wave of UFO mania. “It has nothing to do with science, but we all love talking about aliens.” Frank was speaking in general about the silliness factor that has long made it virtually impossible to take UFOs seriously—except as a sociocultural phenomenon.
Pop culture needs a consistent diet of this junk food to meet our incessant UFO hunger. Will we ever kick the habit? UFO promoters obviously don’t think so. In recent days, the “whistleblower” hasspoken out more to say that the multiple space alien crafts retrieved by the U.S. military are the size of football fields and held by unnamed U.S. defense contractors. Additionally, he suggested that the Vatican is involved in the cover-up and that, oh, by the way, people have been murdered to keep all this hushed up.
That does not sound like fun. Perhaps this is why no one texted it to me.
This is an opinion and analysis article, and the views expressed by the author or authors are not necessarily those of Scientific American.
What UFOs actually are is one of the mysteries that the entire world is yearning to have answered. Top agencies from all around the world invest millions of dollars to uncover this reality and determine the cause of numerous UFO sightings. George Knapp recently broke a story about an Alabama-based private company that he asserts might be working with alien technology.
Controversial physicist Bob Lazar told long ago about the alleged secret US program aimed to reverse engineer the alien technology. Perhaps he knows something that we do not. Investigative American journalist George Knapp was the first person who interviewed Lazar and brought his story to the world. Now, Mr. Kanpp believes that a private American company named “Radiance Technologies” might be reverse engineering UFOs.
Radiance Technologies, Inc. is an employee-owned small business prime contractor. It has over 900 employees working in more than 15 U.S. and international offices. It serves customers in the Department of Defense (DOD), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the national intelligence community, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), other government organizations, and selected commercial customers.
In 2021, the US Congress passed a bill (soon-to-become law) that would allow funding to reverse engineer UFO technology. In a few months, the Pentagon created an office to track UAP, and NASA also joined in the investigation. Any data gathered could also be used in funding requests to “replicate any such advanced characteristics and performance” of UAPs, according to Military.com. This means that government plans to encourage the reverse engineering of UFOs.
Mr. Knapp claims that this private defense contractor has an office inside Wright-Patterson Air Base that is known for holdingalleged UFO material. Radiance Technologies has quietly become a major player in developing Cutting Edge weapons and systems for the Pentagon but unlike some of its larger competitors Radiance without hesitant talks about a topic long considered Fringe or forbidden UFOs. (Source)
Tim Tinsley, president of Radiance Technology
Tim Tinsley, a president of Radiance Technology avidly said that he would like to work on UFO technology if somebody offered them to do it. “Why not,” he says. “I’m waiting for one of those.” Tinsley is an engineer who spent two decades working on missile defense systems before joining Radiance.
Mr. Knapp hinted (as per the information available on their website) that Radiance deals in exotic defense Technologies such as Star Wars-like direct energy, Hypersonic missile systems to defend against cyber warfare, etc.
Perhaps they are working on other unclassified projects at Nellis Air Force Base, however, Tinsley refrained himself telling about it. “I can’t tell you a lot,” Tinsley said. “I can tell is you is we’ve supported the Las Vegas community, Nellis Air Force Base, for over 20 years.” He noted the work is mainly for the Air Force in research and development, test and evaluation spectrum.
For more than three decades, Nellis Air Force Base has been rumored to be the home of mysterious materials of unknown origin. The rumor claims that a top-secret operation located at or close to Nevada’s Area 51 military base has been attempting to reverse-engineer alien technology. However, this rumor has been dismissed as folklore by military organizations and defense companies.
However, Radiance Technology is unable to validate the claims. Longtime Navy intelligence official Jay Stratton, who earlier served as the chief of the Pentagon’s unidentified aerial phenomenon, or UAP, task force, was hired as a reverse engineering specialist, according to an announcement made months ago. (Source)
“I am very excited to join Radiance Technologies. Radiance has a great culture, balancing mission focus and vision with a strong emphasis on the professional and personal growth of our employees. I’m excited to provide our customers with a diverse and innovative approach to delivering capabilities and supporting our nation in strategic competition,” said Stratton.
Dr. Travis Taylor, who collaborated with him as the lead scientist for the UAP task team, was recommended for hire by Stratton to Radiance. When Radiance announced the hire of two UFO research veterans, the news releases didn’t downplay the association and specifically mentioned their credentials. But is the business concerned about the notion that they could be creating UFOs through reverse engineering? (Source)
Taylor, for his part, isn’t saying what he and Stratton are working on but makes it clear what they’re hoping to tackle, writes Mr. Knapp. “Jay and I are working on growing the capabilities, doing reverse engineering of foreign materials,” Taylor explained. “If we were to get something to reverse engineer, we would absolutely want to do that.”
During an interview for On Balance With Leland Vittert, a member of the US House of Representatives Tim Burchett was asked about the Navy’s possession of more videos of UFOs that it is not willing to release to the public for reasons of National Security.
First of all, Burchett again highlighted the UFO cover-up by the intelligence agencies and the Department of Defense, recalling what happened at the last public hearing in Congress. “We are the most technologically advanced nation in the world, and they present us with these lousy videos, which — during the hearing — weren’t even able to pause properly to show us two or three frames,” he said. “Everything is bad, they don’t trust us. It’s all about power and control,” he added.
Vittert then asked the Congressman about the statement issued by the Navy and how they are refusing to release any more videos showing UAP. He questioned whether this might be because it is a proprietary technology that adversary nations should not know about. The Congressman replied by saying that he thinks the United States Government had probably reverse-engineered alien technology. He claims that many sightings are made on military installations or over restricted airspace.
The Congressman was also asked about his thoughts on whether the Navy was working on technology that could have applications in space or similar to that. In addition, he was asked whether he thought Roswell was a weather balloon. “They are covering it up, and American taxpayers should sue them. It’s so compartmentalized that probably a lot of the people working on it — reverse engineering projects — don’t even know what they’re working on,” he said.
We know shockingly little about the omnipresent force that makes up 68% of all energy in the universe
Astronomers hope to find signatures of dark energy in the distribution of galaxies in cosmos mapped by the Euclid mission.
(Image credit: ESA)
Scientists think that only about 5% of the stuff that makes up the universe is known to us.
Yes, you are reading that right. Cosmological models show that invisible energy and matter must make up a combined 95% of the universe for it to work according to existing theories.
The invisible part of the universe consists of two components, dark energy and dark matter. The latter is somewhat less mysterious and sciets are fairly certain of its existence: The rules of gravity simply wouldn't work without it. Galaxies as we see them wouldn't have been able to assemble to their current sizes in the time they've had since the Big Bang if visible matter was all there was. In fact, many galaxies wouldn't even hold together as they do, if the gravity of visible matter was the only force pulling them together.
Europe's new space telescope Euclid will attempt to map this invisible stuff, but what if its findings don't fit expectations? A lot is at stake, including Einstein's famed and widely accepted theory of general relativity.
The first observations indicating that dark matter must be prevalent in the universe to prevent things from flying apart were made in the 1930s. Since then, astronomers have found that this invisible dark matter must make up at least 85% of all matter in the universe. Scientists have been trying for decades to detect this invisible matter, which, they think, must consist of some sort of particles, maybe akin to the inert neutrinos that barely interact with the visible world.
The situation with dark energy is, however, more complicated. The discovery of this elusive force dates back to 1998 when astronomers found that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. The expansion itself was initially driven by the energy from the Big Bang, but since the Big Bang happened so long ago (13.8 billion years ago, to be exact), this expansion should be slowing down.
To make up for this conundrum, theorists postulated that some mysterious force, dark energy, must exist that acts against gravity and drives matter apart. Cosmological models show that dark energy accounts for 68% of all energy in the cosmos, according to NASA. But astronomers admit that the evidence for its existence is a bit vague.
"[The acceleration of the expansion] of the universe doesn't make sense when you think that there's just gravity there," Isobel Hook, a professor of astrophysics at Lancaster University in the U.K. and a Euclid scientist, told Space.com. "It shouldn't be slowing down. So the fact that we observe it getting faster means that there must be something else. And we just call that thing dark energy because we don't really know at all what it is."
Hook was a member of the team that made that 1998 discovery and since then has been wondering, just like many other scientists, what this dark energy actually might be.
"We really don't know," she said. "The best theory is that it's probably some kind of property of space itself, like a kind of energy that's everywhere, at all times, but there's no explanation for what that should be."
Models show that this energy must be distributed evenly across the universe and that it has always had the same strength. In the universe's early days, the effects of dark energy were not as visible, because the original 'kick' from the Big Bang was driving most of the universe's expansion. Some 5 to 6 billion years ago, however, dark energy became "a predominant force, acting against the gravity of both, the normal and dark matter," Giuseppe Racca, Euclid project manager at the European Space Agency (ESA), told Space.com
"It's a little bit unsettling, that this energy appears to have a constant density as the universe expands," Racca said. "It means that [additional] energy is created because the density is constant. It is not diluted by the universe becoming bigger. So it means that there is additional energy."
There is, however, also the possibility that there is no such thing as dark energy after all, and that the cosmological models that require its existence are wrong. These models are based on Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity that describes the physical 'rules' of the universe in a series of equations. If future observations by the Euclid telescope (and other upcoming telescopes designed to study dark energy) suggest that dark energy is not such a constant, omnipresent force, that would mean that this famed theory is not entirely correct.
"We know that general relativity works very well at the level of a system," said Racca. "But there is a possibility that it doesn't work all that well at cosmic scales and therefore dark energy is not needed."
Euclid will look for the evidence of dark energy by mapping the distribution of galaxies 10 billion years back in time and comparing how this distribution has changed throughout the evolution of the universe. The observations will reveal whether there really appears to be a constant omnipresent force in action or whether perhaps something else is going on.
"We might find that we don't see [the effects of] this energy constant everywhere, but we see some differences somewhere or in time," said Hook. "Then things will get really interesting and it really would be revolutionary, because we'd have to completely change our theories."
And that would likely mean Nobel Prizes for the discoverers. The Euclid telescope, launched on July 1 by a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket, will take six years to map one third of the sky outside our galaxy, the Milky Way. Only then will astronomers have enough data to know for sure.
Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community@space.com.
Melting Water in Mars’ Past Could Have Created Martian Gullies
Image of gullies in Terra Sirenum on Mars taken by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera onboard NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
Melting Water in Mars’ Past Could Have Created Martian Gullies
A recent study published in Science examines how thin channels inside impact craters on Mars could have formed fromMartian gullies, which share similar characteristics with gullies on Earth and are typically formed from cascading meltwater, despite the Martian atmosphere being incapable of supporting liquid water on its surface. However, the researchers hypothesize these gullies could have formed during periods of high obliquity, also known as axial tilt, on Mars, which could have resulted in a brief rise in surface temperatures that could have melted some surface and subsurface ice, leading to meltwater cascading down the sides of impact craters across the planet.
A planet’s axial tilt plays a primary role in determining the climate. For Earth, its axial tilt undergoes a stable precession between 22.1 degrees and 24.5 degrees every 41,000 years due to the gravitational stability from our Moon. As a result, our climate and seasons are relatively stable. However, the planet Mars experiences much more severe axial tilt variances over the course of hundreds of thousands to millions of years, resulting in equally severe changes in climate and seasons, since it doesn’t have a large enough orbiting body to stabilize it. This is because despite Mars having two moons, Phobos and Deimos, they are both much smaller than Earth’s Moon and provide a negligible gravitational tug on the Red Planet.
Currently, the axial tilt of Mars is approximately 25 degrees, but the researchers hypothesize through model simulations and orbiter images that when the axial tilt was at 35 degrees, this resulted in both a rise in atmospheric pressure and summertime surface temperatures across the planet to briefly to allow liquid water to exist. This liquid water could have then cascaded down the sides of impact craters, producing the thin channels we see today, and they say these conditions could have existed as recently as approximately 630,000 years ago.
Mars’ obliquity (axial tilt) varies cyclically over the course of hundreds of thousands to millions of years, which affects the planet’s climate and seasons, to include atmospheric pressure and summertime surface temperature. (Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)
“We know from a lot of our research and other people’s research that early on in Mars history, there was running water on the surface with valley networks and lakes,” said Dr. Jim Head, who is a professor of geological sciences at Brown University and a co-author on the study. “But about 3 billion years ago, all of that liquid water was lost, and Mars became what we call a hyper-arid or polar desert. We show here that even after that and in the recent past, when Mars’ axis tilts to 35 degrees, it heats up sufficiently to melt snow and ice, bringing liquid water back until temperatures drop and it freezes again.”
The formation of impact crater gullies has been debated in the scientific community for several years, with previous studies suggesting they were formed from carbon dioxide frost sublimation (evaporation) from the Martian regolith, which free up rocks and rubble that slide down impact crater slopes, producing the thin channels. This most recent study not only challenges those previous hypotheses but attempts to paint an entirely new picture for how these impact crater channels form in the first place.
“Our study shows that the global distribution of gullies is better explained by liquid water over the last million years,” said Dr. Jay Dickson, a former researcher at Brown who is now at the California Institute of Technology, and lead author of the study. “Water explains the elevation distribution of gullies in ways that CO2 cannot. This means that Mars has been able to create liquid water in enough volume to erode channels within the last million years, which is very recent on the scale of Mars geologic history.”
Image of gullies in Terra Sirenum on Mars taken by the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera onboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. (Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona)
As seen on Earth, liquid water leads to life. Therefore, this study raises new hypotheses as to whether life could exist on Mars, either in the present or the past, and the researchers note that axial tilt of Mars will eventually go back to 35 degrees. Additionally, the study also raises awareness for future targets of exploration on the Red Planet, as well. There are currently 4,861 separate gully formations identified across Mars, which include craters, valleys, and mounds, totaling tens of thousands of individual gullies that could be explored on future missions.
What new discoveries will researchers make about gullies on Mars, and could liquid water exist on the surface during periods of high axial tilt? Only time will tell, and this is why we science!
Blastoff! SpaceX launches Euclid 'dark universe' space observatory, nails landing
Blastoff! SpaceX launches Euclid 'dark universe' space observatory, nails landing
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launches ESA's Euclid space telescope from Florida's Cape Canaveral Space Force Station on July 1, 2023. Euclid is a dark matter and dark energy hunter.
You have to see this. It's a video of something that DavidShane 83 recorded when thinking he might be looking at a star, but instead he found this iridescent glowing being the size of a moon. The person is turned toward Earth, clearly watching over Earth and then seems to get excited and I see two legs, two arms and a head. The being excitement makes it dance a jig for a few seconds, the pow! It turns full angelic mode, forming huge bird like yellow wings and a cloak. There are things beyond science and faith in the vastness of space, and its watching over Earth, and maybe, just maybe if you pick the right night, and the right glowing light, you may see it too.
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LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS - 01/07/2023
LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS - 01/07/2023
Black UFO Cruising The Morning Sky Over Las Vegas. June 26, 2023
This Object was sighted over Las Vegas, Nevada on June 26, 2023 At 5:45am. The witness stated the following: "Tf is going on in Vegas. Firstly, its hard to tell in the video but this thing was pretty large, I’d guess bigger than a 747. Second, it made zero noise, and typically I can hear planes from this distance all day long. Third, speaking of planes, for about an hour around this time there was zero planeactivity, and I mean zero. Usually I see or hear commercial planes every2-3min (approx.) all morning and day long. NOTHING?! Sus. I watched this thing for probably 15-20min, it ended up doing a 180 and headingback where I first spotted it, but at a way higher elevation, so high Ieventually lost sight of it."
UFO 'evidence': Expert says some images are better than others | Banfield
UFO investigator James Fox took a closer look at documented UFO sightings.
'There's safety in numbers': UFO expert predicts more people will come forward | Banfield
Whistleblower David Grusch is not the only high-level government official to come forward with claims about UFOs, according to Sen. Marco Rubio. Nick Pope, an expert on UFO's, weighs in on "Banfield."
'This is a Hollywood script': Michio Kaku on reports of UFOs, aliens | Banfield
Air Force veteran David Grusch claims the government is covering up evidence that UFOs really are extraterrestrial and that he has seen evidence of a secret crash retrieval program. He alleges the U.S. has even retrieved bodies from other species. Theoretical physicist Michio Kaku tells "Banfield" to "follow the evidence."
Watch: ROTATING GREEN LIGHT Sparks UFO Speculation In Ohio, NOT YET DEBUNKED: Report
Briahna Joy Gray and Robby Soave react to reporting that there was a rotating green light spotted in Ohio. Originally aired June 26, 2023;
Full interview: Investigators say 2nd Roswell UFO debris field discovered | Banfield
UFO investigators Ben Hansen and Donald Schmitt join NewsNation's "Banfield" for a special report on UFO mysteries and share new details on the Roswell incident.
Understanding UFOs with Dr. Michio Kaku
The truth is out there? NBC News' Gadi Schwartz and Dr. Michio Kaku discuss UFOs sightings and where they come from.
Marco Rubio CONFIRMS More UFO Whistleblowers Have Info On Gov't UAP Retrieval Program: Rising Reacts
Briahna Joy Gray and Robby Soave discuss Sen. Marco Rubio's (R-Fla.) recent admission on UFOs. Originally aired June 27, 2023;
Navy Pilot Shares Video Footage Of His UFO Encounter | UFO Witness
Ben Hansen meets with a Navy pilot that had a traumatic encounter with a UFO. Despite this happening years ago, he still gets emotional while recalling the experience.
Evidence on UFO retrieval program is 'overwhelming': Coulthart | Elizabeth Vargas Reports
Whistleblower David Grusch is not the only high-level government official to come forward with claims about UFOs, Sen. Marco Rubio, R-Fla., revealed on NewsNation Monday. Earlier this month, Grusch claimed the government is covering up evidence that UFOs really are extraterrestrial. He spoke exclusively to award-winning investigative journalist Ross Coulthart, reporting for NewsNation.
Coulthart, who has spent years reporting on the subject of UFOs, joins "Elizabeth Vargas Reports" to discuss Rubio's recent statement and says he suspects there will be multiple hearings regarding the new reports.
Crop Circles & Ancient Wisdom: Unraveling the Mysteries of our Past
Crop Circles & Ancient Wisdom: Unraveling the Mysteries of our Past
Crop circles, the mysterious patterns that appear overnight in farmland, have been a subject of controversy and fascination for decades. Some attribute them to natural phenomena, others to human pranksters, and yet others believe them to be signs from extraterrestrial beings. Among the various theories, one has stood out prominently – a connection to the Mayan civilization and their prophecy about significant planetary changes.
The Mayan civilization, which thrived from approximately 2000 BC to 1500 AD, is renowned for its intricate knowledge of astronomy and calendrical systems. One of their most famous prophecies relates to a cycle of time that ends on December 21, 2012, which some have interpreted as a prediction of an impending global transformation or even an apocalypse.
Mayan Prophecies and Crop Circles (FULL DOCUMENTARY) – ETs, Ancient Aliens, History
Curiously, various crop circles have exhibited intricate Mayan symbolism and calendrical information. For example, in 2004, a crop circle appeared in Silbury Hill, England, which remarkably resembled the Mayan symbol for “zero”. The ‘zero’ was surrounded by 13 smaller circles, symbolizing the Mayan concept of time divided into 13 periods or ‘baktuns’. Intriguingly, the end of the 13th baktun corresponded with the date of the Mayan prophecy, December 21, 2012.
In subsequent years, more crop circles with unmistakable Mayan imagery have surfaced. Among these, the Mayan “Hunab Ku” symbol, a representation of the creator god and the galactic core, has been frequently depicted. The recurring pattern of these Mayan symbols in crop circles has been interpreted by some as a cosmic signal, a message urging humanity to heed the wisdom of our ancient ancestors and prepare for a transformative event.
Crop circles have also been associated with the phenomenon of squaring the circle, an ancient geometric problem that symbolizes the marriage of heaven and earth, or the unification of physical reality with the divine. The consistent appearance of this symbolism in crop circles might be seen as a call to balance our materialistic tendencies with spiritual growth and consciousness expansion.
Scientific predictions about increased solar activity and significant climate changes coincide with the timeline of the Mayan prophecy. This synchronicity between ancient wisdom, crop circles, and modern scientific observations might suggest that the Mayan prophecy is not a doomsday prediction, but a forewarning of significant global changes that require our attention and consciousness shift.
Indeed, the mysterious phenomenon of crop circles may serve as a reminder that the wisdom of ancient civilizations such as the Mayas holds profound relevance in our current era. It’s a call for us to respect and learn from their advanced understanding of the cosmos and time. Whether human-made or extraterrestrial, these intricate designs seem to amplify a timeless message – a message of transition, transformation, and awakening.
Whether or not we find definitive explanations for the crop circles, they undeniably serve as fascinating symbols that stir our collective imagination and invite us to explore the mysteries of our existence.
In 2021, John Ramirez, who spent 25 years in the CIA, came out as a vocal speaker on UAPs and shared truthful insights on the subject that he learned throughout his career. He attained a GS-15 grade, which indicates that he worked for the agency in a relatively senior capacity. He believes that the exploration of consciousness and its connection to the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena issue can significantly shape our understanding of the phenomena and their implications on humanity.
In his recent interview with “Into the Wyrde with Holly Wood,” Ramirez discussed various UFO incidents and weighs on the subject a non-human intelligence has been around us for a long time. He refers to the narratives about the Roswell incident and mentions that there were accounts of telepathic communication with survivors of the crash, suggesting a conscious aspect of the phenomenon from the beginning.
Ramirez explained that the CIA had separate divisions focusing on the aerospace and aerodynamic components of UFOs and the life sciences, which encompassed physiology and psychology related to the phenomenon. This indicates the CIA’s interest in exploring consciousness, which later manifested in the remote viewing program: a form of projecting one’s mind to a different location.
He also mentions terms like “psychoenergetics,” telepathy,” and “telekinesis,” alluding to the CIA’s involvement in high-strangeness programs related to consciousness exploration. Ramirez believes that the CIA continues to explore these capabilities to expand human consciousness and enhance human potential.
He emphasizes that consciousness is a crucial aspect of the phenomena, as without it, unidentified sightings would simply be meaningless objects in the sky from unknown origins. In the interview, Ramirez further discusses his beliefs regarding non-human forces and their influence on humanity throughout history.
He acknowledges the depiction of these forces in ancient literature and art as demonic figures but asserts that the current and historical contact with visitors, often labeled as demonic, is not necessarily so. He suggests that there might be Earth forces living with us that have had contact with humans, which some humans have perceived as harmful and unfriendly.
Ramirez refers to the book “Skinwalkers at the Pentagon,” which explores these contacts and the phenomenon known as the skinwalker hitchhiker effect. He notes that the book was approved by the Defense Intelligence Agency as unclassified, indicating that the program and research discussed in the book did occur. He mentions having recently finished reading the book and finds it interesting that it has come up in the conversation.
When asked about the role of non-human intelligence in humanity’s technological progress over the past 50 years, Ramirez suggests looking back at ancient myths and legends as lost human history. He believes that the ancient accounts document instances of contact with non-human intelligence, which he equates to divine beings or divine intelligence. Ramirez says that these beings were here to help humanity, but conflicts among them may have led to differing agendas. He mentions examples like Prometheus bringing fire to humans against the wishes of other gods, drawing parallels to Earth religions and their involvement of divine beings.
“If you look at the Sumerian texts, they knew a lot more about the world than we give them credit for because we look at history so linearly. You know, we think that we are the pinnacle of knowledge and that before us, they didn’t have the knowledge we have now. But what I think happened was that they did have the knowledge. However, that knowledge was lost or suppressed by other humans with agendas. And now, we are rediscovering that knowledge through science. But through that science, we are going to rediscover our connection to the Divine and these non-human intelligences who have been here and want to help us, not destroy ourselves,” said Ramirez.
Ramirez describes his experience and involvement with UFOs and contact experiences. He clarifies that he joined the CIA not specifically to research UFOs, but because he was interested in that type of work and wanted to utilize his training at a higher level. However, during his time at the CIA, he began experiencing frequent contact and communication with beings that he could not see the faces of, but who appeared shrouded in a cloak.
Ramirez mentions having a negative experience where he saw a being described by many as a “reptilian.” He fought with it and had claw marks the following morning. He acknowledges that skeptics and debunkers may dismiss his experiences as self-inflicted wounds, but he asserts that it was a genuine encounter. He also describes seeing a green shroud with sparkles in his bedroom, which made him feel safe and protected, and he was told to go back to sleep.
The interview then shifts to Ramirez’s medical records. He mentions experiencing right nostril nosebleeds, which led him to be examined by CIA doctors. They discovered a surgical incision in his right nostril, despite he had never had any surgery there. His medical records, including information about his CIA operations and required inoculations for foreign countries, are now the property of the CIA. He attempted to request his records but was denied access. He mentions contacting a doctor associated with the intelligence community who may have the clearance to access his medical records.
The interviewer expresses their sympathy for Ramirez’s experiences and mentions shifting gears to a different topic. They ask about Ramirez’s use of the term “scheduled dissemination” in reference to disclosure. Ramirez explains that during his time at the CIA, there was no impetus or motivation to disclose information about UFOs. He mentions the Legacy program that existed since the 1940s and recounts a significant event in 1952 when UFOs were seen over Washington, D.C. This event led to meetings sponsored by the CIA and other government agencies to address the situation.
Ramirez reveals that an officer named Edward Tauss was responsible for a program to disinform the public about UFOs starting in 1952. Movies at that time began portraying scary aliens and the idea of them taking over the Earth and controlling minds. Ramirez mentions a movie called “The Flying Saucer” from 1950, which was the first UFO movie made by Hollywood and credited the authorities in helping making this movie, and the plot ended up being that the saucer was reversed engineered.
He also references the classic film “The Day the Earth Stood Still” from 1951, where a speech in the movie implies that aliens visit Earth because humanity is destroying itself.
Ramirez on Reptilians
Ramirez discusses the topic of reptilians and their alleged involvement in society and governmental structures. Ramirez clarifies that when referring to reptilians, he does not mean actual lizards, but rather individuals with reptilian ancestry who may appear human. He suggests that there may have been various non-human races that aided in humanity’s evolution outside of natural evolution.
Ramirez mentions a slide he presented in an interview with Jay Anderson of Project Unity, where he said that humans may have had advancements and influences from other beings, including reptilian beings. Ramirez shed his view on the NRO (National Reconnaissance Office) logos and Reptilian imagery/symbols:
“It’s interesting though, when I look at some of the official logos launched by the NRO, which is the actual secret space program of the US intelligence community, they launch secret spacecraft into orbit and I can say that much, but they use these lizards as part of the logos and I find that very strange. And they’re lizards that are crawling all over the Earth.”
While acknowledging that some people consider these ideas as conspiracy theories, Ramirez suggests paying attention to well-researched books by authors like Joseph Farrell and John W. Warner IV. He mentions Farrell’s works on Antarctica and Warner’s books on the history of early programs and their connection to German searches for Atlantis. Ramirez believes that there are shadow government and deep state entities pulling strings behind the scenes, although he does not specifically identify any individuals.
Previously, Ramirez also stated in an interview with Project Unity that humans are hybrids. According to him, Elizondo is unable to use the word “hybridization,” but the Pentagon employees are counting on him to do so eventually. Elizondo discusses the possibility that non-human intelligence have been in contact with humans for a very long time on the Theories of Everything podcast. This would imply that we have all forgotten about our own past, which would hide the possibility that we are hybrids of humans and extraterrestrials.
Additionally, Ramirez claimed that government is aware of an impending event in 2027 that will reveal something significant, so people are being prepared. He has been stating that there is a presence on Earth (which he refers to as demonic) who are just projecting their own belief systems to make us disbelieve what we believe in.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
30-06-2023
ANOTHER UFO is spotted flying over Las Vegas - weeks after family claimed ‘10ft aliens with large shiny eyes' were spotted in backyard and police dashcam footage filmed strange light crashing from the sky
ANOTHER UFO is spotted flying over Las Vegas - weeks after family claimed ‘10ft aliens with large shiny eyes' were spotted in backyard and police dashcam footage filmed strange light crashing from the sky
Two beams of light can be seen in the sky, hovering next to one another in the new clip that was posted on social media
It was filmed on Wednesday, June 22, at 10.30pm over Las Vegas. The unidentified objects were in the sky for '20 minutes straight'
Two beams of light can be seen in the sky, hovering next to one another in the new clip that was posted on social media.
It was filmed on Wednesday, June 22, at 10.30pm over Las Vegas. The unidentified objects were in the sky for '20 minutes straight' according to the person who filmed it.
A second local resident then posted an image of their view from Thursday night, showing two interlocking white circular beams of light in the sky.
Two beams of light can be seen in the Las Vegas sky, hovering next to one another in the new clip that was posted on social media
Some people online speculated that it could have been the planet Venus lighting up the sky, but others claimed that it may be something else, considering the recent activity in Las Vegas.
Over the weekend, a green fireball, believed to be a meteor, was spotted falling from the sky by residents in San Diego, Tucson, and Las Vegas.
Meanwhile, the Las Vegas UFO mystery has deepened after police installed high-tech cameras outside the home where residents reported seeing '10ft aliens with large shiny eyes' in their backyard.
Doug Poppa, a former police officer who has been following the story of the mysterious object falling from the sky from April 30, said it baffled him why the Las Vegas Metro Police Department placed surveillance cameras outside.
Over the weekend, a green fireball, believed to be a meteor, was spotted falling from the sky by residents in San Diego, Tucson, and Las Vegas
He interviewed the family who made the call - and they told him that the cops installed the camera to 'protect' them from UFO fanatics who might bother them.
Despite being skeptical, Poppa, who is a podcaster, said he now believes the family is somewhat credible.
A Vegas officer’s body camera picked up the object at about 11:50pm on April 30, after a resident reported something '100 percent not human' on their property, local TV channel 8 News Now reported.
The footage shows a bright blue ball of light traveling through the dark sky at speed.
Approximately 39 minutes after the first call, another resident contacted 911, saying that there were two unknown entities in his backyard after he saw an object fall from the sky.
The potential UFO sighting has been caught on Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department bodycam footage
'There’s like an 8-foot person beside it and another one is inside us [sic] and it has big eyes and it’s looking at us — and it’s still there,' the homeowner told police in audio obtained by the TV channel.
During the initial 911 phone call about the alleged UFO and alien sighting, the caller said: 'In my backyard. I swear to God this is not a joke, this is actually — we’re terrified.
'They’re very large. They’re like 8 foot, 9 feet, 10 foot. They look like aliens to us. Big eyes. They have big eyes. Like, I can’t explain it. And big mouth. They’re shiny eyes and they’re not human. They’re 100 percent not human,' he claimed.
The responding officers expressed their trepidation at the odd events.
'I’m so nervous right now,' one officer can be heard telling his partner.
'I have butterflies, bro — saw a shooting star and now these people say there’s aliens in their backyard.'
'I don’t believe in it but what I saw right now, I do believe in it,' one of the reported witnesses said to police.
The area of the alleged sighting was searched, and the witnesses interviewed, but no new information was found.
NASA's Perseverance Mars rover sent back a photo of a large dark stone with a hole in its center that looks like a donut but representatives of the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute in Mountain View, California, say it is more likely part of a large meteorite which created similar other rocks of the same color scattered about nearby. Has anyone checked to see if The Simpsons (particularly Homer) predicted this?
NASA's Mars rover Perserverance snapped this photo of a possible meteorite on the Red Planet on June 23, 2023. This image, processed by Stuart Atkinson, is a refined view based on Perseverance's raw image data.
(Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/S Atkinson)
The Stafford Township Police Department in New Jersey is asking for the public’s help in apprehending Thomas L. Bintz of Chandlersville, OH, for committing fourth-degree Criminal Mischief and third-degree Theft in stealing the iconic Jersey Devil statue from in front of Lucilles Luncheonette - Country Cooking in Warren Grove – the Jersey Devil is New Jersey’s most famous cryptid and the man who carved the wooden statue has promised to make a replacement if the original isn’t found. Bigfoot and Mothman should let the other cryptids know to BOLO.
A woman in Alton, Pennsylvania, reports walking her dog at 1 am and seeing a tall, dark creature with a white human face, glowing eyes and long black wings which it used to fly off – while some people suspect it was a Piasa Bird (a flying creature from Native American mythology), most think it was the Mothman and are predicting bad things will be happening soon just as they did in Point Pleasant in 1967. Richard Gere … call your agent.
WYDOT District 5 (Wyoming Department of Transportation ) in northwest Wyoming posted a U.S. Forest Service warning sign on its Facebook page cautioning residents to be on the lookout for Bigfoot and if confronted, follow some simple steps like don’t run from Bigfoot, don’t chase it, don’t yell at it and don’t feed it … but definitely take pictures of Bigfoot and send them in. It would be fitting if Bigfoot has its own warnings to not engage with humans unless they offer food.
The International UFO Lab in Fukushima City, Japan, released six photographs and videos that the group believes are highly likely to depict real UFOs – the photos and videos of round and triangular flying objects were taken from a total of 494 reports it received from people both in Japan and abroad over the past year and were the only ones which could not be explained as drones, birds, airplanes, bugs or other conventional objects. Isn’t it time the U.S., Japan and other countries collecting UFO evidence compared notes?
An article published in arXiv.org by European and American planetary scientists claims they have found evidence of large planets in the Oort Cloud on the far outer edge of the solar system, which could have been captured from other solar systems or even from our own after being thrown out during the early days of the formation of the other planets – but they don’t believe any of these are the hypothetical “Planet X” because they are too far away to affect the orbits of Uranus or Neptune. It’s a sad day in astronomy when the public doesn’t care unless the discovery is Planet X.
The mystery of the recent Las Vegas UFO and its 10-foot aliens has not been solved, and now a second UFO anomaly has occurred over the city – a video shows two lights over Vegas hovering next to each other on June 22 at 10.30 pm for “20 minutes straight” according to the witness. Maybe it’s time for a new slogan: What lands in Vegas … stays in Vegas.
Visitors to Murphysboro, Illinois, can now see a life-size statue of the Big Muddy Monster, an 8-foot, 8-inch whit-furred Bigfoot-like cryptid which first emerged coved in mud from the Big Muddy River 50 years ago and became the town’s most famous cryptid and potential tourist attraction as it appeared numerous times and was investigated by the local police. Petre Seeger sang about being “waist deep in the Big Muddy” but nobody wants to be waist-deep in the Big Muddy Monster.
Scientific teams in Australia, the US, Europe, China, and India simultaneously released papers announcing they have independently found a signal in the timing of flashing stars called pulsars that points to giant, long-wavelength gravitational waves which are the low-pitch background hum of the universe - this is not a detection of gravitational waves yet but the closest evidence so far. Is it just a hum or is it the music of alien gravitational wave surfers?
Paleoanthropologist Briana Pobiner of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History led a team performing a detailed, 3D analysis of cuts on a leg bone belonging to a mysterious human relative who lived in what is now Kenya 1.45 million years ago and found they made by stone tools and suggest the maker was cutting flesh from the bone so they could eat it – which would make this the earliest known evidence of hominins eating other hominins in what we now call cannibalism. There was no evidence to indicate what fermented grape drink they ate with it.
A new fictional movie about a billionaire’s search for the Loch Ness monster ran into technical difficulties while filming and the director ended up going 50 miles away and using Loch Awe and Portsonachan instead of Loch Ness and Inverness-shire. Will Nessie be played by Loch Awe logs?
British UFO hunter John Mooner released photos of a UFO flying over the Devon countryside and he claims the pictures show an “alien flying saucer” with “two black rectangular windows on the dome portion of the craft and four black openings along the bottom part of its structure" and he also saw “some type of force field emanating around it” – evidence which convinced abductee Mooner that “the alien presence is real” and “we are not alone.” Will Senator Rubio (see above) accept the photos even though Mr. Mooney is not a registered Florida voter?
A study by Doris Arzoumanian at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan proposes that isotope ratios found in meteorites indicate a nearby supernova exploded while our solar system was forming but it was prevented from being destroyed in the blast by a filament of molecular gas which formed a birth cocoon around the early solar system. We saw Birth Cocoon open for Iron Butterfly.
A new study of a prayer book found at Wormsley Library near High Wycombe found etchings in the margins that were drawn by King Henry VIII in the final years of his life and suggest the king was worried about killing off his wives and wondered if he would be forgiven when he died. The doodles also indicate he should have spent more time in art class and less in beheading class.
Dutch archaeologists have discovered a 4,000-year-old sanctuary made of ditches and burial mounds in the central Netherlands which they believe served the same ritual purpose as Stonehenge in southern England because the wooden and soil structure, which was big as at least three soccer fields, was aligned with the sun on the solstices and contained animal skeletons, human skulls and valuable items at key viewing locations. Get ready for stores in Amsterdam to start selling chocolate henges.
It seems like every lake has a monster and visitors at Lake Payette in McCall, Idaho, posted videos of what they claim is Sharlie the Lake Monster, which was first seen in 1920 by a railroad logging crew which thought it was a giant log until it moved; in 1944, a group of people near the Narrows saw a creature they claimed was 35 feet long, with a dinosaur-type head and humps like a camel … the latest video shows a wake and something trying to rise out of the water. The creature is also called Slimy Slim, which sounds more like a jerky snack sold at the Lake Payette convenience store.
The lost ancient Maya city of Ocomtúnhas has been found deep in the Balamkú ecological reserve in Campeche, Mexico, where "pyramidal structures" up to 49 feet (15 meters) high were spotted by researchers using airborne laser scanning (LiDAR) and then located by researchers cutting their way through the jungle - Ocomtún means "stone column" in the Yucatec Maya language and the city was named for the columns found there which may have been part of entrances to upper floors of the Maya buildings surrounding the plazas. How does one lose a pyramid? (Asking for a friend who never has his keys or remote control.)
A LiDAR view of the lost city of Ocomtún.
Image credit: Ivan Sprajc/INAH
An inscribed stone found at the Ocomtún site Ivan Šprajc via National Institute of Anthropology and History
Ruins of a Ocomtún building, featuring a staircase Ivan Šprajc via National Institute of Anthropology and History
The Eslabón Perdido (Missing Link) research group has discovered the 260-foot-long wreck of a German U-Boat off the coast of Argentina which it claims could be evidence that Adolf Hitler escaped Berlin near the end of World War II and traveled to Latin America - the Simon Wiesenthal Centre is now calling on the Argentine government to release more information on the finding and end its “suspicious” silence which has many believing it is hiding what could be evidence that would rewrite history and also show it helped the Nazis after the war. To paraphrase Edwin Starr: War … what is it good for? Printing new history books … say it again.
Didier Archimbaud, a farmer in Saint-Babel, France, recently found a huge 3,000 square meter crop circle drawn in his wheat field which attracted curious visitors and cause a crop circle specialist to liken it to a UFO and, but to the farmer it was “the work of a little joker who had fun.” That may be one of the few times farmers in England agree with a Frenchman.
Police in Istanbul were called in when a private security guard working at the petrol station watched a crow down directly in front of him and drop a severed human index finger and a severed thumb on the ground – the incident has prompted an investigation into what may be a homicide. This should make it easier to remember that a group of crows is called a “murder.”
Another stereotype bites the dust as a new study of hunter-gatherer societies around the world found that 79% contained women who were hunters, they continued to hunt even after they became mothers, they had a variety of efficient hunting tools, more than 70% of female hunting expeditions were classified as "intentional" rather than opportunistic killings which occurred while gathering plants, and everyone in their community accepted them as hunters. Maybe it’s time to reconsider women’s football and male cheerleaders.
Archaeologists in Pompeii have discovered a still-life fresco of a Mediterranean meal from the time just before the 79 CE eruption of Mount Vesuvius that looks like it has a pizza on a tray – except pizza wasn’t invented until the 1800s so researchers think this was a flat focaccia which may have been covered with dried fruits like pomegranates and dates, spices and a pesto. Pizza with pomegranates? All of a sudden, pizza with pineapple doesn’t sound so bad.
For those who believe octopuses are aliens or at least highly intelligent beings, researchers from the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) watched octopuses (Octopus laqueus) sleep and noticed they had short bursts of sudden frenzied activity where their arms and eyes twitched, their breathing rate quickened, and their skin changed colors – changes that normally occur when they are awake and suggest the octopuses were going through rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and were probably dreaming just like humans do. Well, not quite like humans do – they’re probably not dreaming of sushi bars.
Asserted Alien Encounters: The Claim of Extraterrestrial Impregnation
Asserted Alien Encounters: The Claim of Extraterrestrial Impregnation
Amidst the sprawling cityscape, you’ll find Geraldine Orozco, a woman with a story so extraordinary that it challenges the boundaries of our understanding. This is not a tale of your ordinary city-dweller; this is an account of an alleged encounter with beings from another world. It’s an exploration of the chilling claim of alien hybridization, a concept that has both intrigued and baffled UFO enthusiasts for years.
The Unconventional Encounter
Geraldine Orozco’s narrative began years ago when she found herself unexpectedly pregnant. Despite not trying to have children with her partner, Geraldine was carrying a child. However, the normal excitement and anticipation quickly turned into a mystery. As abruptly as it started, her pregnancy ended in an unexplained miscarriage, a situation that would repeat itself over time, always leaving no trace of a fetus.
The Awakening
As years passed, a peculiar incident in 2013 changed the course of Geraldine’s life. One night, she awoke to an intense, blinding light illuminating her room. The light was accompanied by an eerie sensation of paralysis, followed by the bewildering experience of being levitated and carried through her window. Geraldine found herself on what she describes as an alien craft, in the presence of intimidating beings. Her descriptions mirror popular depictions of ‘The Greys’ or ‘Zeta Reticulans,’ tall, slender creatures with expansive eyes and gray skin.
Geraldine’s narrative takes a profound turn when she reveals the existence of her alien-human offspring. In her account, these beings presented her with children – part human, part alien, bearing an uncanny resemblance to her. As she gazed into the depths of their large, profound eyes, Geraldine recognized them as her own. This realization provided a shocking perspective on her earlier unexplained miscarriages.
She came to believe her unborn children were not lost naturally but were being extracted from her womb for some form of inter-species experimentation. In other words, her human fetuses were being harvested and mutated into hybrid lifeforms by these extraterrestrial beings.
Speaking Out: A Beacon of Support
Haunted by her experiences and resolved to seek answers, Geraldine decided to step into the public eye in 2016. She launched a website as a platform for other women who might have had similar experiences. Astonishingly, she received responses from hundreds of women worldwide who reported nearly identical stories. Her platform has since become a global support group, providing solace to those who’ve experienced what they believe to be a hybridization program.
Medical Evidence: An Enigma Yet Unresolved
Adding a layer of complexity to her story, Geraldine sought medical examinations in the aftermath of her experiences. Following an ultrasound, she discovered a cyst that her doctor noted was typically found in women who’d had children. This medical anomaly, combined with her recurrent, unexplained miscarriages, brought an added level of credibility to her narrative.
Despite the incredulity of her claims, the medical mysteries surrounding her case invite us to keep an open mind. As UFO sightings and encounters continue to intrigue us, stories like Geraldine’s remind us that there are aspects of the universe that remain profoundly uncharted and cryptic.
Geraldine Orozco’s experiences straddle the line between the known and the unknown, questioning the limits of our understanding. As we step forward into this vast cosmic playground, we might find ourselves closer to unraveling the mysteries of the universe. Whether or not we believe in alien-human hybridization, we cannot ignore the compelling nature of Geraldine’s story, and the countless others who share similar experiences. It may be easy to dismiss such tales as mere fantasies, but the persistence of such narratives across the globe does make one wonder: are we truly alone in the universe?
Bridging the Gap: Geraldine and Science
Interestingly, Geraldine’s account doesn’t stand alone in its otherworldly claims. Her encounters echo in the stories of numerous women around the world, forming a fascinating tapestry of shared experiences. When threaded together, they weave a narrative that is hard to dismiss. This shared narrative has prompted some in the medical and scientific communities to approach such cases with renewed interest and an open mind.
One such example is former federal agent Ben Hansen. Hansen, an ardent UFO investigator, delved into Geraldine’s claims with a blend of fascination and scientific curiosity. Confronted with the anomalies of her medical records, he encourages the scientific and medical community to acknowledge these cases and take them seriously. If there are indeed inexplicable pregnancies occurring, it’s an issue that needs addressing, he suggests.
The psychological implications of these experiences are also of paramount importance. Geraldine and others like her often grapple with PTSD-like symptoms, resulting from the trauma of their encounters. Therefore, ensuring support and understanding for these individuals becomes as important as understanding the phenomenon itself.
A Riveting Journey Into the Unknown
At its core, Geraldine’s story provokes deep contemplation about the mysteries of life and our place in the universe. It’s a narrative that stretches our imagination and challenges us to question our understanding of reality.
Alien-human hybridization might sound like a concept borrowed from science fiction, but for those like Geraldine, it’s a lived reality. As we gaze into the cosmos, we can’t help but ponder the possibility of life beyond Earth. While we may not have all the answers, it’s stories like these that keep our curiosity alive and drive our relentless pursuit for truth.
In the grand scheme of things, whether you believe in Geraldine’s story or not, her tale adds to the grand mosaic of human experience. In exploring these, we might yet uncover new dimensions of understanding, reshaping our conception of what’s possible, and deepening our appreciation for the boundless enigma that is the universe.
On July 1, the European Space Agency’s (ESA) Euclid spacecraft will launch on a mission to explore the very essence of the universe.
Euclid will spend six years learning the positions, shapes, and distances of more than a billion galaxies across more than one-third of the night sky. Euclid is more than a decade in the making. Its designers have calibrated the fresh spacecraft to map material strewn across space and time, providing an insight into the enigma of dark energy and dark matter.
Light has a finite speed. Photons from distant galaxies take longer to reach Euclid than the light from closer objects. Farther light is older light, revealing things as they once were. Euclid will take advantage of this. It will observe galaxies out to 10 billion light-years ago, and this, ESA officials say, will result in “the largest, most accurate 3D map of the universe.”
Space is littered with clues about how galaxies interact with each other, how they evolve, how they’ve grown apart, and how they stay together.
Euclid will siphon a plethora of light from space at a distant orbit around Earth. Mission data may aid cosmologists in their quest to better grasp the unseen universe and to derive a more precise measurement for the universe’s puzzling outward acceleration.
Euclid stands in the clean room of Thales Alenia Space in Cannes, France, on February 21, 2023.
PICTURE ALLIANCE/PICTURE ALLIANCE/GETTY IMAGES
This phenomenon is a likely byproduct of the mysterious realms at the heart of Euclid’s mission. Dark matter binds galaxies and galaxy clusters together, while dark energy powers the universe’s speedy outward reach.
“Dark energy and dark matter reveal themselves by the very subtle changes they make to the appearance of objects in the visible universe,” Euclid project scientist René Johannes Laureijs said during an ESA Euclid press conference held on Friday. “Otherwise we don’t know about them. They must show somewhere.”
“And it’s very subtle, otherwise they would have been discovered earlier. Euclid wants to measure dark energy and dark matter with unprecedented high precision and accuracy,” he added.
WHAT IS COSMOLOGY?
The Euclid mission is linked to cosmology, a branch of astronomy that deals with understanding why space is the way it is, how it emerged, and where it’s headed.
At the moment, cosmologists predict that 95 percent of the universe is “something that is totally unknown to us,” ESA cosmologist Guadalupe Canas Herrera said on Friday. About 25 percent is thought to be dark matter, and 70 percent is dark energy.
Cosmology is heavy on theory. But Canas Herrera said that, at its heart, cosmology is an experimental science where observations are compared to theoretical models. Euclid’s data may prove existing predictions, or improve them, she added.
WHAT IS THE EUCLID MISSION?
Though dark matter cannot be seen, it distorts the appearances of galaxies through lensing. Dark energy is also observationally evasive, but Euclid’s 3D map will trace the progression of the night sky over grand timescales, and reveal the hand of dark energy.
In order to get a third of the sky survey in six years, Euclid is optimized to take images that are sharp, as well as larger than what other observatories like the Hubble Space Telescope could achieve in the same timescale, Laureijs said.
Euclid carries two scientific instruments onboard: The Visible Instrument (VIS) and the Near-infrared spectrometer and photometer (NISP). All in all, the mission will result in about one million images, 12 billion sources across 10 billion years, and the distribution of 1.5 billion galaxies, Yannick Mellier, leader of the Euclid Consortium of scientists, said on Friday.
The Euclid team expects to get the first data later this year. The data will be released publicly during three periods, Mellier added. The first two releases will happen in 2025 and 2027, with the final one in 2030.
According to ESA, this galaxy (called NGC 5585) may have a higher
In 1998, a supernova observation first revealed to scientists that, instead of decelerating, the universe was actually expanding faster and faster.
This new observation was a puzzle. Astronomers had previously thought the expansion triggered by the Big Bang would slow down over time, as things we can see typically do. The existence of a force called dark energy could explain the acceleration. As NASA explains, dark energy is perhaps inherent to space itself, and since there is more space now than there was in the past, there might be more of this force around to make the universe expand faster.
Euclid could offer a new level of accuracy in the measurement, plus show if the acceleration varied throughout the history of the universe.
As Caltech explains, in the early 20th century, astronomers pinpointed the speeds at which certain galaxies were rotating. Mass and gravity are related entities, and by looking at the visible matter alone, the galaxies were spinning much too fast to remain intact. Something unseen was thought to be at play, preventing them from flying apart. The same is true for clusters, or groups of galaxies that somehow have extra hidden mass to stay bound together.
WHEN WILL EUCLID LAUNCH?
In order to help constrain the dynamics of how the universe behaves, Euclid must launch into a prime observational spot, located in space.
To get there, the 15-foot-tall spacecraft will launch from Cape Canaveral in Florida aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket no earlier than 11:11 a.m. Eastern on July 1. It will travel on a weeks-long journey to a gravitationally-stable perch about a million miles from Earth, called Lagrange point 2 or L2.
“Very important for Euclid is that the L2 orbit provides the best observing environment,” Laureijs said on Friday. “L2 also enables us to see the whole sky… it’s an ideal place for a mission like Euclid to have more than one-third of the sky viewed with extremely stable conditions.”
Around October, after setting up its systems and properly cooling down, Euclid will commence its investigations of the unseen universe.
A view from the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope in Guizhou, China, which monitored pulsars to detect gravitational waves.
Credit: NAOC of CAS
Gravitational waves are back, and they’re bigger than ever.
After the historic first detection of the space-time rattles in 2015 using ground-based detectors, researchers could have now rediscovered Albert Einstein’s waves withan entirely different technique. The approach tracks changes in the distances between Earth and beacon stars in its Galactic neighbourhood called pulsars, which reveal how the space in between is stretched and squeezed by the passage of gravitational waves.
Whereas the original discovery spotted waves originating from the collision and merger of two star-sized black holes, the most likely source of the latest finding is the combined signal from many pairs of much larger black holes — millions or even billions of times the mass of the Sun — slowly orbiting each other in the hearts of distant galaxies. These waves are thousands of times stronger and longer than those found in 2015, with wavelengths of up to tens of light years. By contrast, the ripples detected since 2015 using a technique called interferometry are just tens or hundreds of kilometres long.
“We can tell that the Earth is jiggling due to gravitational waves that are sweeping our Galaxy,” says Scott Ransom, an astrophysicist at the US National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Charlottesville, Virginia, and a senior member of NANOGrav, one of four collaborations that announced separate results on 29 June1–4.
“We’re not using the ‘d’ word — for detection — yet,” says Ransom. “But we do think this is strong evidence.” Each group has seen hints of an expected signature of gravitational waves, but without the statistical certainty of a firm discovery, Ransom and others say. Researchers will now pool their data to see if they can reach that threshold together.
“If this is confirmed, we’ll have 20 years of work studying this new background,” says Monica Colpi, who studies the theory of gravitational waves and black holes at the University of Milan–Bicocca in Italy. “It will put an army of astrophysicists to work.”
Catching a wave
Three collaborations have amassed decades’ worth of pulsar data and are reporting similar results: the North American group NANOGrav; the European Pulsar Timing Array, with the contribution of astronomers in India; and the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array in Australia. A fourth collaboration, the Chinese Pulsar Timing Array, says it has found a signal with merely three years of data, owing to the exceptional sensitivity of the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST), which opened in 2016 in the Guizhou region.
Keija Lee, a radio astronomer at Peking University in Beijing who led the FAST study, says he was not surprised by the result4. “My calculation for the gravitational-wave sensitivity of FAST observation was done back in 2009, when I was a PhD student.”
An artist’s impression of gravitational waves caused by supermassive black holes.
Credit: Danielle Futselaar, MPIfR
All the groups use massive radio telescopes to monitor ‘millisecond’ pulsars. These are incredibly dense neutron stars that spew radio waves from their magnetic poles. Each time a pulsar rotates on its axis, its radio beam travels in and out of the line of sight to Earth, resulting in a pulse with regular intervals. Millisecond pulsars rotate the fastest, up to several hundred times per second.
“We can use them basically as clocks,” says Andrew Zic, a radio astronomer at the Australia Telescope National Facility in Sydney and a lead author of the Parkes paper3. Slight changes in the arrival time of a pulsar’s signals can mean that the space between the star and Earth has been altered by the passage of a gravitational wave.
The timing of a single pulsar would not be reliable enough to detect gravitational waves. Instead, each collaboration monitors an array of dozens. As a result, they have found a signature called the Hellings–Downs curve, which predicts how, in the presence of gravitational waves coming from all possible directions, the correlation between pairs of pulsars varies as a function of their separation in the sky. NANOGrav was first to spot the signal1, and reported it to colleagues in 2020. But the team decided to wait for the other collaborations to see hints of the curve before publishing.
The Green Bank Observatory in West Virginia is another radio telescope used in the pulsar-monitoring effort.
Credit: Jay Young for Green Bank Observatory
“Seeing the Hellings–Downs curve actually appear for the first time in a real way — that was a beautiful moment,” says Chiara Mingarelli, a gravitational-wave astrophysicist at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, and a member of NANOGrav. “I’m never tiring of seeing it.”
Alberto Vecchio, an astrophysicist at the University of Birmingham, UK, and a member of the European team, says his first reaction when he saw his group’s results2 was, “Bloody hell, there could be something interesting here.”
The long game
Einstein first predicted gravitational waves in 1916. On 14 September 2015, the twin detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) in Louisiana and Washington State confirmed his prediction by detecting a burst of waves from the merger of two black holes. Physicists have since captured gravitational waves from dozens of such events.
If the latest signal is from the combined gravitational waves of thousands of pairs of supermassive black holes across the Universe, it would be the first direct evidence that such binaries exist and that some have orbits tight enough to produce measurable gravitational waves. Colpi says a major implication is that each of the pairs will ultimately merge — creating bursts similar to the ones seen by LIGO, but on a much larger scale. The signals of some of these collisions will be detected in space by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), a European Space Agency mission due to launch in the 2030s.
Researchers hope that they will eventually go beyond the Hellings–Downs curve and see signals of individual supermassive-black-hole binaries close enough to our Galaxy — and therefore loud enough, in gravitational-wave terms — to stand out of the background signal. “To see an isolated source, it has to be really strong,” says Vecchio.
But for now, other origins of these waves cannot be ruled out, including possible residual gravitational noise from the Big Bang.
“It’s been a long and patient game,” says Zic. “Now we’re really starting to open the window into this ultra-low-frequency gravitational-wave spectrum.”
After Decades of Observations, Astronomers have Finally Sensed the Pervasive Background Hum of Merging Supermassive Black Holes
In this artist’s interpretation, a pair of supermassive black holes (top left) emits gravitational waves that ripple through the fabric of space-time. Those gravitational waves compress and stretch the paths of radio waves emitted by pulsars (white). Aurore Simonnet for the NANOGrav Collaboration
After Decades of Observations, Astronomers have Finally Sensed the Pervasive Background Hum of Merging Supermassive Black Holes
We’ve become familiar with LIGO/VIRGO’s detections of colliding black holes and neutron stars that create gravitational waves, or ripples in the fabric of space-time. However, the mergers between supermassive black holes – billions of times the mass of the Sun — generate gravitational waves too long to register with these instruments.
But now, after decades of careful observations, astronomers around the world using a different type of gravitational wave detection method have finally gathered enough data to measure what is essentially a gravitational wave background hum of the Universe, mostly from supermassive black holes spiraling toward collision.
Scientists say the newly detected gravitational waves are by far the most powerful ever measured, and they persist for years to decades. They carry roughly a million times as much energy as the one-off bursts of gravitational waves from black hole and neutron star mergers detected by LIGO and Virgo.
“It’s like a choir, with all these supermassive black hole pairs chiming in at different frequencies,” said scientist Chiara Mingarelli, who worked about 190 other scientists with the NANOGrav (North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves). “This is the first-ever evidence for the gravitational wave background. We’ve opened a new window of observation on the universe.”
The observatories use the combined power of several radio telescopes. In the US and Canada, the NANOGrav observatories include the now destroyed Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico, the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia, and the Very Large Array in New Mexico. This collaboration collected data from 68 pulsars, to effectively form to form a huge type of detector called a pulsar timing array. Astronomers now announced they have found the first evidence of a consistent background hum of long-wavelength gravitational waves that fills the cosmos.
Also reporting similar results is the European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA), in collaboration with Indian and Japanese colleagues of the Indian Pulsar Timing Array (InPTA). Observatories there include the Effelsberg Radio Telescope in Germany, the Lovell Telescope of the Jodrell Bank Observatory in the United Kingdom, the Nançay Radio Telescope in France, the Sardinia Radio Telescope in Italy and the Westerbork Radio Synthesis Telescope in the Netherlands.
For this collaboration, 25 years of observing 25 pulsars revealed the gravitational waves with wavelengths much longer than those seen by other experiments.
Pulsars are fast-spinning neutron stars that emit narrow, sweeping beams of radio waves. Credit: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
“Pulsars are actually very faint radio sources, so we require thousands of hours a year on the world’s largest telescopes to carry out this experiment,” said Dr. Maura McLaughlin of West Virginia University and co-Director of NANOGrav, in a press release. “Now, [our] pulsar observations are showing the first evidence for the presence of gravitational waves, with periods of years to decades.”
“We are incredibly excited that after decades of work by hundreds of astronomers and physicists around the world, we are finally seeing the signature of gravitational waves from the distant Universe.,” said Dr. Michael Keith, from the Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics at The University of Manchester, in another press release. “The results presented today mark the beginning of a new journey into the Universe to unveil some of its unsolved mysteries.
The gravitational wave detections we’ve been reporting on since 2015 by the ground-based LIGO (the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory) and Europe’s Virgo detector are fleeting, high-frequency gravitational waves. A longer, low-frequency signal could be perceived only with a detector much larger than the Earth. By studying the pulsars, astronomers essentially turned our sector of the Milky Way Galaxy into a huge gravitational-wave antenna.
Pulsars are the ultra-dense remnants of the cores of massive stars following their demise in a supernova explosion. Pulsars spin rapidly, sweeping beams of radio waves through space so that they appear to “pulse” when seen from the Earth. The fastest of these objects, called millisecond pulsars, spin hundreds of times each second. Their pulses are very stable, and astronomers can use them as precise cosmic timepieces.
The supermassive black hole binaries at the cores of galaxies produce electromagnetic waves at radio to gamma-ray wavelengths that can be detected by telescopes on Earth and in space. They also produce gravitational waves that can be studied through their effects on an array of radio pulsars. These dual electromagnetic and gravitational wave messengers provide extremely valuable insights that cannot be gleaned from either type of observation alone. Illustration: Olena Shmahalo/NANOGrav.
Supermassive black holes are thought to reside at the centers of the largest galaxies in the Universe. When two galaxies merge, the black holes from each end up orbiting each other as a binary system long after the initial galaxy merger. Eventually, the two black holes will unite. In the meantime, their slow dance around each other stretches and squeezes the fabric of space-time, generating gravitational waves that emanate out like ripples in a pond.
Since they are long-lasting, the gravitational-wave signals from these gigantic binaries are expected to overlap, like voices in a crowd or instruments in an orchestra, producing an overall background hum that imprints a unique pattern in pulsar timing data.
NANOGrav’s results were published in five papers in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, while papers appeared in other journals from the European, Australian, Indian and Chinese pulsar timing arrays.
The NANOGrav papers report a “strong evidence” of these long, low-frequency signals, reporting the detection at a 3.5- to 4-sigma level, which is less than the 5-sigma threshold that physicists usually want to claim a discovery. But a 4-sigma amplitude is better than the 3.5 sigma from the Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) spacecraft on the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The scientists for NANOGrav say they have more than 99% confidence that the signal is real.
But to confirm these measurements, the researchers want to collaborate even further to expand the current datasets to create an International Pulsar Timing Array. This will use the power of an array consisting of over 100 pulsars, observed with thirteen radio telescopes across the world, combining more than 10,000 observations for each pulsar. This should allow the astronomers to obtain solid proof of having detected a pervasive background hum of gravitational waves.
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Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
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