“The blanket not only insulates the heat coming from the core and prevents the core from cooling, but also concentrates radioactive elements whose decay generates heat,” said Vedran Lekic, a professor at the University of Maryland and co-author of a new paper published in Nature. “And when that happens, the core is likely to be unable to produce the convective motions that would create a magnetic field—which can explain why Mars currently doesn’t have an active magnetic field around it.”

Earth’s magnetic field comes from its core, where molten, electrically conducting iron flows beneath the crust. This magnetic field is global, meaning it surrounds the entire planet. Even though Mars is a rocky, terrestrial planet like Earth, Mars does not generate a magnetic field on its own, outside of relatively small patches of magnetized crust.

Without the protection a magnetic field provided, Mars’ atmosphere was stripped, and eventually, any water on the surface – even oceans – would have evaporated as water vapor in the atmosphere was lost to space, making it incapable of sustaining life.

NASA’s InSight mission deployed the first seismometer on the surface of Mars. It recorded “Marsquakes,” and it has also helped determine the layering and thickness of the planet’s crust, the structure of the mantle, and the size of Mars’ core and its composition. Data from InSight is helping planetary scientists to work out the internal structure of Mars. Lekic and his colleagues say that InSIght has now revealed, surprisingly, the molten silicate layer overlying the planet’s metallic core.

Silicates are rock-forming minerals that make up the crust and mantle of both Mars and Earth. The molten layer on Mars lies between the mantle and core. Earlier research with data from InSight revealed that the Martian core is molten but is larger than previously thought. With the discovery of this molten layer, the researchers say this explains “other geophysical data and analysis of Martian meteorites,” according to a press release from the University of Maryland.

They also theorize that Mars was at one time a molten ocean of magma that later crystallized to produce a layer of silicate melt enriched in iron and radioactive elements at the base of the Martian mantle. The heat emanating from the radioactive elements would then have dramatically altered the thermal evolution and cooling history of the red planet.

“These layers, if widespread, can have pretty big consequences for the rest of the planet,” Lekic said. “Their existence can help tell us whether magnetic fields can be generated and maintained, how planets cool over time, and also how the dynamics of their interiors change over time.”

The InSight lander mission officially ended in December 2022 after more than four years of collecting data on Mars. InSight was part of the overall effort to understand Mars and if it was habitable in the past. By probing the planet’s interior, it has revealed some of the planet’s geological history. Another finding by InSight’s magnetometer showed that the planet’s magnetic field may have been much stronger on the surface than orbital measurements showed, which strengthens the case for its potential ancient habitability.

As this new research indicates, analysis of the spacecraft’s observations continues.

“This new discovery of a molten layer is just one example of how we continue to learn new things from the completed InSight mission,” Lekic said. “We hope that the information we’ve gathered on planetary evolution using seismic data is paving the way for future missions to celestial bodies like the Moon and other planets like Venus.”

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

26-10-2023 om 21:40 geschreven door peter  

A new study titled “Io’s polar volcanic thermal emission indicative of magma ocean and shallow tidal heating models” presented these results. The lead author is Ashley Gerard Davies from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “The extreme level of volcanic activity on Io, the most volcanically active object in the Solar System, is the result of tidally-induced internal heating,” the authors write. That’s not a new conclusion, but there’s more to the research.

Juno’s Jovial Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) instrument acquired the data behind this research. JIRAM is an image spectrometer, and was designed to probe Jupiter’s upper atmosphere in infrared, including the giant planet’s auroral regions. But now the focus has shifted to Io, and JIRAM is observing the moon’s widespread volcanic activity.

“Io is the most volcanic celestial body that we know of in our solar system,” said Scott Bolton, Juno principal investigator from the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio. “By observing it over time on multiple passes, we can watch how the volcanoes vary – how often they erupt, how bright and hot they are, whether they are linked to a group or solo, and if the shape of the lava flow changes,” Bolton said in May 2023 when Juno came within about 35,500 km (22,000 miles) of Io.

Since then, Juno has closed the distance even more, and its latest pass brought it to within 12,000 km (7500 miles.) But it’s not just the proximity that is driving more discoveries. Juno follows a polar orbit, while previous observations of Io have been mostly confined to an equatorial plane. Why does that matter?

Scientists have been studying Io intently, trying to discover what drives its volcanic nature. They’ve developed detailed models of the moon, but haven’t been able to test them as rigorously as they can now. “Models predict enhanced heat flow at Io’s poles if tidal heating is deep in the mantle, and at lower latitudes if heating is predominantly in the asthenosphere, or a magma ocean is present,” the authors explain.

But now scientists have Juno’s data to work with, and its polar orbit is giving researchers a more complete look at the moon.

“The distribution of Io’s volcanic activity likely reflects the position and magnitude of internal tidal heating,” the authors write. Now that JIRAM has provided polar data, researchers have complete, global near-infrared coverage that reveals the distribution and the magnitude of thermal emission from Io’s actively erupting volcanoes. With that data, the researchers can probe the moon’s interior and models developed to explain it.

The research uncovered differences in energy output between the poles and the more equatorial regions, and between the poles themselves. “On average, Io’s polar volcanoes individually generate less energy than volcanoes at lower latitudes; and the south polar volcanoes generate less energy per volcano than the north polar volcanoes,” the researchers explain.

Why are these findings significant? It’s because of previously developed models.

“We show that the distribution of volcanic heat flow from 266 active hot spots is consistent with the presence of a global magma ocean, and/or shallow asthenospheric heating,” the authors write.

This isn’t the first study to suggest that Io has a magma ocean. Previous research from 2009 based on Galileo’s magnetometer data showed that the moon must have a magma ocean about 50 km (30 mi) below the surface. But Galileo only did one flyby of the moon, leaving room for some doubt to creep in. More recent analysis of the same data strengthened the same conclusion, showing that the magma ocean is 50 km thick.

But there was always a little doubt cast on those conclusions because they lacked global infrared data. Now that scientists have that data, the case for a magma ocean is solidifying

Jupiter’s moon Io, as seen on 16 October

NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Brian Swift/CC BY

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

26-10-2023 om 21:30 geschreven door peter  

In a new preprint paper, a team of scientists, led by Andrew Rivkin, the Investigation Lead for DART, explain how they used two instruments on JWST to measure spectra of Didymos about two months after the DART impact. One of their biggest takeaways is that Didymos and Dimorphos appear to be of the same composition, which is that of an ordinary chondrite. That’s the class of stony meteorites which account for over 80% of total meteorite falls on Earth. This means DART’s test was an extremely good proxy for the type of asteroids that might pose a threat one day.

“One of the benefits of using the Didymos system was definitely that we thought it was representative of most of what’s out there in its properties,” Rivkin told Universe Today via email. “People working on planetary defense often note that the ‘asteroid picks us rather than the other way around,’ but showing that what we did at Dimorphos is broadly applicable is very important.”  

For the new observations, the scientists used NIRSpec – the near infrared spectrometer — and MIRI, the mid-infrared instrument, on November 28, 2022.

At the time of the observations, the centers of Didymos and Dimorphos were never separated by more than 0.1” from each other, from JWST’s vantage point. But the team did take advantage of Dimorphos being occulted by Didymos during the MIRI observations.

“Didymos is roughly five times larger in diameter than Dimorphos and therefore it has roughly 25 times the cross-sectional area as Dimorphos,” the researchers wrote. “This size difference between the components means that roughly 96% of flux from the system typically comes from Didymos.”

The researchers said several lines of evidence suggest that the asteroid and its moon have similar compositions and the team concludes they “can reasonably estimate the composition of Dimorphos specifically from measurements of the Didymos-dominated flux.”

Given how hard it is to distinguish between Didymos and Dimorphos in long-range observations, I asked Rivkin if they were able to see any noticeable changes in the observations of Didymos after the impact to Dimorphos, given all the dust and debris from the impact. The results seem to indicate Didymos escaped mostly unscathed from DART’s impact of the asteroid’s moon.

“We have a lot of new results from observations of the Didymos system that are getting published (including this pre-print paper led by Theodore Kareta) talking about the tail development and evolution. It shows that after 25 days or so there was no extra brightness from debris within the Didymos system, and so by November 2022, observations of the system (including the JWST ones!) are pretty much all Didymos again.”

Rivkin added that they’ve made some puzzling observations using polarized light that suggest perhaps the average particle size or the average reflectivity might have slightly changed on Didymos, but they are waiting for spring 2024 to get more observations.

An interesting (and fun!) comparison that Rivkin and his team made is how similar in composition Didymos is to the Chelyabinsk meteor, the famous meteor that created a huge airburst event over Russia in February 2013. The Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest natural space object to enter Earth’s atmosphere since the 1908 Tunguska event. So, it too serves as a very representative near-Earth asteroid.

“Yes, that comparison seemed particularly apt!” Rivkin said. “What Didymos and Dimorphos are composed of are very common among near-Earth asteroids, so even a randomly chosen meteorite would have a good chance of matching!”

Other asteroids that have been studied even more closely — such as Eros and Itokawa — also have similar compositions, Rivkin said, even though they likely don’t come from the same original object. But all the asteroids mentioned here are from the same class, S-type asteroids – siliceous or stony.

Eros was the first asteroid to be orbited by a spacecraft (NEAR in 2000), and the first asteroid to have a spacecraft land on it. It was also the first near-Earth asteroid (NEA) to be discovered, in 1898. Itokawa was visited by the JAXA Hayabusa mission, and was the first asteroid from which samples were captured and brought to Earth for analysis.

Even though remote observations of distant objects like Didymos and Dimorphos are incredibly difficult – especially for precisely determining asteroid composition – Rivkin said he’s heartened by the success they’ve had.

“We’ve spent over 50 years trying to sort out some very detailed questions and how to approach them,” he said. “Studies like the JWST observations and all of the other great work done to observe Didymos over the years and the fact they agree on the big-picture story gives us a chance to step back and realize how far we’ve come in being able to remotely tell what something is made of.”

But the observations of  Dimorphos and Didymos will continue, and astronomers are looking forward to learning even more soon. ESA’s Hera mission is scheduled to arrive at the Didymos system in late 2026, and the researchers said they’ll be able to follow up or extend several of the results they found with JWST.

Hera specifically will be able to image Didymos’ surface at higher spatial resolution than was possible from DART (as well as from LICIACube — the Light Italian CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids, a cubesat that was part of the DART mission, which sent back images of the impact.) Hera will be able to perform a test of the regolith particle size inferences derived from mid-infrared spectroscopy and a do check on the measured thermal inertia.  

“We look forward to Hera and future JWST measurements of additional S-complex asteroids to help us continue efforts to understand the population of potential asteroid impactors, for the science return and to help inform planetary defense efforts to mitigate potential collisions,” the researchers said.

RELATED

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

26-10-2023 om 21:17 geschreven door peter  

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

26-10-2023 om 20:58 geschreven door peter  

The paper is “The JWST Galactic Center Survey: A White Paper.” Over a hundred participants from more than 80 institutions around the world are listed authors, with Rainer Schodel from the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (CSIC), Granada, Spain listed as first author.

“JWST has the unique capability to provide us with the necessary, game-changing data,” the authors write. “As a community, we have identified the key unknowns that are limiting the potential of the Galactic Center as a laboratory for extreme astrophysics and understanding how galactic nuclei shape the galaxy population.”

What are the unknowns in this turbulent region? Sgr. A*, the SMBH at the heart of it all, draws matter inexorably towards itself, shredding stars that get too close and creating an enormous swirling mass of gas and dust. Vast gas clouds are caught up in it all, and out of these clouds, stars in their multitudes are born and then extinguished, many as ultra-powerful supernovae. The Milky Way’s nuclear star cluster is there, too, and is many times more massive than Sgr. A*, an anomaly in galaxies. And then there’s the nuclear bulge, where old, comparatively metal-rich stars congregate.

This survey, if it takes place, will help astrophysicists untangle some of nature’s most perplexing, stubborn questions. In their white paper, the multi-national team of astronomers lays out five key questions that the JWST can help address in an observing campaign focused on the GC:

1. What is the formation history of the Galactic Center and its relation to the overall formation history of the Milky Way?
2. How much stellar mass formed in the past ~30 Myr and what does this imply for the overall energetics of the GC?
3. What is the origin of, and environmental variation in, the stellar initial mass function?
4. Why is the star formation rate one to two orders of magnitude lower than predicted by standard star-formation-dense-gas relations?
5. What is the 3D structure of the interstellar medium (ISM) orbiting and fueling accretion and star formation at the Galactic Center?

This is an ambitious list of questions that helps define the current state of astronomy and astrophysics. Perhaps the only things not mentioned are dark matter and dark energy, and those two phenomena are outside of the JWST’s primary focus.

Success depends on being able to resolve more detail than previous studies of the region. “By being able to resolve physical processes down to size scales separating individual stars, the survey will provide a foundation for addressing key open questions in other fields,” the authors write. The GC is an extreme environment, and is often the case in science, understanding the extremes helps us understand nature’s boundaries.

“What drives the mass flows and energy cycles in extragalactic nuclei and high-z environments?” the authors ask. “What shapes star formation and the evolution of nuclear star clusters, nuclear stellar discs and their interaction with central black holes?” These are all compelling questions.

The proposed survey is designed to address them. As a multi-epoch survey, it would examine the GC in three separate epochs separated by 1, 5, and 10 years. It would observe the nuclear stellar disk and associated giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in the central molecular zone (CMZ,) a region containing about 60 million solar masses of star-forming gas. To see inside the region accurately, the survey would utilize the JWST’s NIRCam and its system of filters.

One telescope can’t reveal everything, and the JWST won’t be alone in this survey. Success will rely on synergy with other telescopes. ALMA and the Hubble Space Telescope will be part of this observational coalition, as will future telescopes like the Roman Space Telescope, the ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope, and Japan’s JASMINE infrared astrometry mission.

“Together these surveys herald a revolution in the interpretation of current/future data, bring together research in different sub-fields, and answer key open science questions with enormous legacy potential,” Schodel and his colleagues write.

One of the questions the survey hopes to address is particularly fundamental in astrophysics: the Initial Mass Function (IMF.) The IMF describes how mass is distributed during star formation in a giant cloud of gas. The IMF is like an agglomeration of smaller sub-functions in star formation, and it also links individual star formation to larger issues of galaxy formation and evolution. “Thus, understanding the properties of the IMF and how it behaves in different environments has far-reaching implications for star formation theory and beyond,” the paper states.

The Milky Way’s galactic center is the only GC we can observe, and it’s been a tricky target. But the JWST has the power to probe this tumultuous astrophysical maelstrom more deeply than ever before. Along with the SMBH, the NSC, and gas clouds, there are other mysteries. The GC contains hundreds of mysterious magnetized radio filaments that are so far unexplained. Then there are the questions around stellar feedback and how it interacts with the Interstellar Medium (ISM) and how black hole feedback plays into it all.

If this survey takes place, it’ll provide answers that shift the horizon of our knowledge, and also highlight new questions. This survey will far surpass other GC surveys and observations. The authors claim that they can discern the proper motion for more than 10 million stars in the GC. “Such revolutionary data would enable exploring the GC kinematically down to almost solar mass main sequence stars,” the authors write, and that would be an enormous contribution.

As always, there will be surprises, and those surprises will almost certainly spread to scientific topics beyond the study of the GC. “The project proposed in this White Paper has implications for the entire GC community – and beyond,” the authors write.

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

26-10-2023 om 18:34 geschreven door peter  

The Craziest Alien Theories In Joe Rogan History

Alien Encounters and Theories: Unraveling the Mysteries with Joe Rogan

The Joe Rogan Experience Podcast, a popular platform renowned for its diverse range of discussions, has occasionally delved into the enigmatic world of UFOs and extraterrestrial theories. Throughout its history, a myriad of guests have shared their personal experiences, academic opinions, and mysterious tales about otherworldly entities. Here’s a breakdown of some of the most captivating segments on this topic:

1. Post Malone’s Alien Story:
   At the start, rapper and songwriter Post Malone narrates an uncanny encounter, adding his voice to the growing number of celebrities who’ve allegedly had close encounters of the third kind.
2. Bob Lazar: Wilson Document & Ancient Alien Technology:
   Bob Lazar, often termed the whistleblower of Area 51, discusses the controversial Wilson Document. He touches upon the possibility of ancient alien technologies being concealed from the public and their potential implications on human history.
3. Brazil’s Roswell:
   Dubbed as “Brazil’s Roswell,” this segment delves into an incident that echoes the infamous Roswell event in the USA. It adds to the intrigue surrounding UFO sightings and crashes in different parts of the world.
4. Will We See Aliens in Our Lifetime A philosophical and speculative discussion revolves around the potential of humanity making definitive contact with extraterrestrial beings within our lifetime. It’s a topic that stokes wonder and fear in equal measure.
5. Zimbabwe UFO:
   The mysterious case of a UFO sighting in Zimbabwe, witnessed by multiple individuals, especially children at a school, is dissected. This event remains one of the most well-documented and yet unexplained sightings in UFO history.
6. Physicist’s Opinion on Aliens:
   A refreshing perspective is added with a physicist weighing in on the possibility of extraterrestrial life. Grounded in science, this segment examines the odds and the scientific consensus around the phenomenon.
7. Travis Walton: Alien Abduction:
   Perhaps one of the most chilling accounts comes from Travis Walton, who claims to have been abducted by aliens. His detailed and harrowing story serves as a fitting climax to the sequence of otherworldly discussions.

From heated debates on the authenticity of these events to trying to fathom the unfathomable, Joe Rogan’s podcast episodes on alien theories present a captivating mix of skepticism and wonder. Whether you’re a believer or a skeptic, one thing is certain: these discussions will leave you pondering about our place in the vast cosmos.

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{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

26-10-2023 om 18:08 geschreven door peter  

UAP On Security Cam, Saint Louis, Missouri 6-15-2023, Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: 6-15-2023
Location of sighting: Saint Louis, Missouri, USA

Source: MUFON

Wow, look at this security cam video and you will see a huge glowing sphere passing over the house and away, but then it comes back and shoots off into the distance. UFOs often come out when at late night and early morning when there are less eyewitnesses around. This is 100% proof of that very fact. 

Scott C. Waring 

 

Eyewitness states: 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

26-10-2023 om 00:00 geschreven door peter  

Turkey Kumburgaz UFO Videos Are 100% Real With Clear View Of Alien Entities Sitting Inside Craft

A series of UFO incidents occurred between 2007 and 2009 in the town of Kumburgaz, situated near Istanbul, Turkey. The events stunned the media and UFO enthusiasts after the images and videos of the sightings went viral on the Internet. The video evidence of UFOs shared by a nightwatchman named Yalcin Yalman could be another strong evidence of non-human technology.

Back in 2008, Yalcin Yalman worked as a night watchman at the Yenikent facility from where he shot all these amazing videos of UFOs, hovering over the Marmara Sea near Kumburgaz. He even showed his second-hand camera to the media in a press conference held at the Dedeman Hotel in Istanbul.

Yalman said he started recording the strange crafts as a hobby to pass his time in the night. Due to the shaky videos, some skeptics claimed that the mysterious objects over the skies of Turkey could have been a US stealth drone or other aircraft. However, numerous experts confirmed that the videos were authentic. Besides, many people witnessed the same unknown crafts in the sky. The sightings gained attention from locals, national media, and even CNN. Several videos were recorded between June 8 and 12, 2009, showing mysterious objects and lights.

Originally, the video was analyzed and made public by the Sirius UFO Space Sciences Research Center led by researcher Haktan Akdoğan. Haktan said the UFOs were often seen by civilians and military pilots during an International UFO Congress in 2009. (Source)

In 2009, after the conference, there were witnesses of 8-10 people including UFOlogist Dr. Roger Leir, who also witnessed and verified the Kumburgaz UFO sighting. Dr. Leir was present during the filming of one video on May 17, 2009, and confirmed that as the UAP turned, it was similar to the “Roswell” shaped craft (more boomerang-shaped) rather than a traditional disc. Dr. Leir discussed this incident that happened with him after the conference on Coast to Coast with George Knapp.

Dr. Leir told Knapp that he, Yalman and others went to Kumburgaz to film UFOs. The group stayed up from midnight to 4 o’clock in the morning to capture any possible sightings. The conditions were ideal, with clear skies and no obstructions. During the filming, they observed a bright object below the full moon, which initially appeared as a potential star or planet. As they focused on this object, they discovered a semi-circular craft with a multitude of lights, possibly shaped like a boomerang or a cylindrical saucer.

Dr. Leir said, “You’d think, ‘Well, gee, a bright sky, bright moon, you’re not going to see anything.’ But in this case, the moon was a big help. It essentially lit up the exterior portion of the craft, which initially, when we saw it, looked a bit like a boomerang because we weren’t seeing it straight on, so we couldn’t tell the exact shape of the craft. But then we went to full film on it, and we could see that it was either a boomerang, or we were looking at a certain portion of a cylindrical craft or a saucer.

Till this day, I don’t know, and I don’t know what the analysts said about the shape. But it was either one of the two: either a boomerang shape with a round front or a complete saucer. It did turn a couple of times, so we were able to see the side, and it looked like it could have been saucer-shaped. But then we got the biggest shock of our lives because we could see light that was emanating from the internal portion of the craft in three areas. One was directly in front, and one was on either side.

This was a full-on front view, and folks can look at the Coast website and they can not only see the video but please go to the Chilean analysis because there are some still photos there which show what we saw when we looked in the central portion. That was a big shock to look and see, not a Rorschach-type thing, but actual entities that were, whatever they were doing, looking out the front of the craft, just the same as we were looking at them.”

Video Observation

From 2007 to 2009, Yalman recorded approximately 30 videos. The footage was taken with a MiniDV Canon DM-GR1-A based on the NTSC system with a diaphragm set at a maximum of 1.8. It is a 3CCD 20x optic 100x with a teleconverter mounted on a 58 mm adapter. The tele-objective is a Sony VCL HGD 1758 model lens, x 1.7. [2007 to 2009 Original Raw Footage]

The videos were examined by two influential state-sponsored organizations in Turkey, “The Scientific and Technology Research Board of Turkey” and “The TUG National Observatory.” Their objective was to identify any evidence of forgery, but the results supported the authenticity of the videos. The original film cassettes were also studied by individuals from Japan, Chile, Brazil, and Russia, and despite several attempts, no one has been able to conclusively demonstrate evidence of a hoax, fraud, or manipulation, leaving the case unidentified.

Yalman’s camera was equipped with a zoom option which allowed him to even capture the pilots, sitting in one of the crafts. The image is shaky due to the hand movements while zooming. However, with the editing software, the video was stabilized, and the result shocked everyone. Two humanoid figures could be seen in the image with large black eyes and oversized heads.

“We see the heads of not only one UFO but also of two beings in the images. This is the first in the world.” He further added that those images would have a great impact on UFOlogy. He had been researching UFOs for 22 years and had never seen something like this. He stated: “These are the most remarkable images taken in Turkish history.”

[In translation] Akdoğan stated that “these beings are generally seen in areas rich with resources, volcanic areas, and historical places. They started to come more frequently after nuclear tests. Maybe the released radiation also harms the cosmic neighbors, we disrupt the balance in the universe. Maybe they observe this dangerous process.” (Source)

According to the report issued by the Scientific and Technology Research Board of Turkey, the examination of these frames has yielded the following results:

• The images were recorded in digital NTSC format by the above-mentioned camera.
• The date on the video indicates that the recordings were made during 2007, 2008, and 2009.
• The footage images of the object that visibly have a certain configuration are not computer animations, special video effects or studio-re-created images or models. The footage is genuine.
• The first observation made from the footage is that some of the images were recorded in the nighttime sky at a certain altitude from the horizon. The footage also covers images of the moon in some parts which proves that the video was shot in the nighttime and open air. But, the fact that digital date displays show AM in certain frames and PM in others, raises suspicion about the validity of the time in which the recordings were made.
• Since in some parts, there is no other object that can be featured as a reference in the close-up frames and no observable differences were found on background examination, the actual location, distance, dimensions and nature of the objects could not have been determined.
• Through the examination of shootings of multiple dates, it is a strong possibility that 2-3 different objects were captured. However, it is difficult to determine whether the objects are moving or not. Their movement is slow even if they do so.
• The reflections of light on the objects are sometimes caused by the moon which was in a convenient location at that time, and sometimes produced by some other sources of light.
• The light reflection from the left side of the object which is seen on the August 10th shootings is not produced by the moon. At that time, the moon was in a phase that was pretty close to the “new moon” phase and located approximately at a 10-degree proximity/angle to the horizon. Moreover, the image processing analysis conducted on some parts of the footage revealed that the center of the object has the same density as its background, namely is of a transparent nature.

Not Debunked

Adam Goldstack of UAP Media UK mentions that many debunkers try to explain the craft as cruise ships but according to former F-16 fighter pilot and researcher Chris Letho, it does not add up. Letho analyzed the videos and case and calculated the object’s size, horizon distance, plus visual angles from the Marmara Sea. He concluded the logistics of a cruise ship did not match the reported UAP. (Source)

Additionally, the triangulation of the UAP in most video cases was calculated to be too high to be a cruise ship or boat, by other researchers. Alternatively, in the fixed/stabilized camera videos (as shown below), we can see that the objects are motionless against a black background in the vast majority of videos. The motionless aspect of the UAP could also discount the “small-boat theory,” given that even on calm waters/oceans floating objects will still move and rock around slightly. Additionally, despite the mass mainstream media coverage in Turkey at the time, no person has ever come forward to state that the objects/boats belonged to them or that they were sailing off the coast in the middle of the night.

Goldstack writes, “From an analytical perspective, the Turkey Kumburgaz UFO case is unique with regards to the clear and multiple video footage obtained. Through this case, we also have sequential data that display behavioral patterns, times, and dates. We see all of the twenty-five video encounters/incidents at night-time/early morning (with one in the late evening), which is in keeping with the wider range of Ufology data that suggests UAP often appears at night-time.

We also see another significant pattern displaying the encounters around water – in this case, the Marmara Sea. The Sea of Marmara itself is a small sea with an area of 11,350 km2 (4,380 sq mi) and with dimensions of 280 km × 80 km (174 mi × 50 mi). The sea has a greatest depth of 1,370 m (4,490 ft). How significant the Sea of Marmara is to potential UAP has still not been explained. No connection to nuclear facilities or weapons has been linked in this case.”

RELATED

{ https://www.howandwhys.com/ }

25-10-2023 om 23:45 geschreven door peter  

NASA krijgt "wetenschappelijke schat" met buitenaardse bodemstalen niet open

Artikel van Wim De Maeseneer  

"Een wetenschappelijke schat", zo noemde NASA de verzamelde bodemstalen van de planetoïde Bennu twee weken geleden. Op 11 oktober werden de eerste resultaten en foto's bekendgemaakt van het ruimtegruis dat 3 jaar onderweg is geweest.

NASA verklaarde toen dat de capsule nog niet werd geopend, omdat er zoveel zwart stof en steentjes aan de buitenkant van de capsule waren blijven hangen dat de wetenschappers zich daar eerst uitgebreid zouden over ontfermen.Nu blijkt dat NASA de capsule eigenlijk niet open krijgt. "Het team heeft 70,3 gram stenen en stof kunnen verzamelen, veel meer dan de 60 gram die we voor ogen hadden", zo staat te lezen op de blog van NASA over de OSIRIS-REx-missie.

"Het goede nieuws is dat er nog veel meer stalen verzameld zijn. Maar na verschillende pogingen om de capsule te openen, ontdekte het team dat twee van de 35 sluitingen niet kunnen worden geopend met het voorziene gereedschap."

NASA zoekt nu andere manieren om de bodemstalen uit de capsule te halen, zonder ze te beschadigen en besmetten.

 

NASA krijgt "wetenschappelijke schat" met buitenaardse bodemstalen niet open

© VRTNWS

Voor alle duidelijkheid: de capsule met de bodemstalen was tijdens de terugkeer naar de aarde beschermd door nog een tweede omhulsel. Het ruimtegruis dat zich buiten de afgesloten capsule bevond, is dus niet per definitie onbruikbaar.

Zo veel ruimtegruis dat deksel eerst niet dicht kon

In oktober 2020 kon het onbemande OSIRIS-REx-ruimtetuig bodemstalen oppikken van de planetoïde Bennu, die op dat moment zo'n 330 miljoen kilometer van de aarde stond.-

Tegen de verwachting in konden veel meer steentjes en stof worden meegenomen. Zo veel dat het deksel eerst niet meer kon sluiten, waardoor een deel van de stalen verloren zijn gegaan. NASA verwacht dat er in totaal toch nog 250 gram ruimtegruis kon worden meegenomen.Bennu is een grote ruimterots die rond de zon draait en waarschijnlijk 4,5 miljard jaar geleden is ontstaan, in het prille begin van het zonnestelsel. Wetenschappers verwachten dat Bennu de bouwstenen bevat waaruit het zonnestelsel, en ook het leven op aarde, is opgebouwd. De eerste analyses van de bodemstalen tonen inderdaad aan dat er water- en koolstof zijn op Bennu.

GERELATEERDE VIDEO'S

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25-10-2023 om 22:36 geschreven door peter  

1. The first of sever

al sightings occurred in the early hours of December 26, 1980

It is now almost 40 years since the UFO incident at Rendlesham forest. Understandably, the facts are murky as contradictory accounts have emerged in the years since the incident took place.

It all started on December 26, 1980, when U.S. military personnel spotted strange lights above Rendlesham Forest in Suffolk, United Kingdom.

2. The sightings took place near RAF Bentwaters and RAF Woodbridge in Rendlesham Forest

RAF Bentwaters was an airbase used by the United States Air Force (USAF) during the Cold War until 1993.

Sections of the U.S. Air Force were stationed at the airbase when the incident occurred, including eyewitnesses that, to this day, claim they saw an extraterrestrial craft in the forest in the month of December 1980.

3. It is one of the few officially documented UFO sightings where witnesses claim to have seen a craft land

Nick Pope, who was a Ministry of Defence employee from 1985 to 2006, and who wrote a book titled 'Encounter in Rendlesham Forest: The Inside Story of the World's Best Documented UFO Incident', described the incident with the following words:

“This was not some vague ‘lights in the sky’ sighting – the UFO actually landed.”

4. U.S. Air Force officer John Burroughs described agitated animals and red and blue lights near a farmhouse

One of the men asked to investigate the strange blue, red, orange, and white lights coming from the forest was, John Burroughs. In a witness statement, published in 1981, he said:

"The woods lit up and you could hear the farm animals making a lot of noises... You could see the lights down by a farmer’s house [on the forest's edge]... We climbed over the fence and started walking toward the red and blue lights and they just disappeared."

5. Officer Jim Penniston's witness account describes a craft made from "smooth, opaque, black glass"

USAF officer Jim Penniston, who was with Burroughs during the incident, described seeing a craft covered in hieroglyphic-like characters. He said the following:

“I estimated it to be about three meters tall and about three meters wide at the base. No landing gear was apparent, but it seemed like she was on fixed legs. I moved a little closer... I walked around the craft, and finally, I walked right up to the craft. I noticed the fabric of the shell was more like a smooth, opaque, black glass.”

6. Indentations on the ground and high radiation levels were recorded the next day

The morning after the incident witnessed by Burroughs and Penniston, indentations on the forest floor were spotted, as well as damage to the trees in the area where the lights had been seen.

Radiation levels recorded at the site of the indentations were also reported to be unusually high.

7. Colonel Halt recorded a running commentary during the second UFO sighting at Rendlesham Forest

On December 27 1980, two nights after the first reported incident, United States Air Force Lieutenant Colonel Charles Halt was ready. Known as a pragmatic character, Halt set out to disprove the wild theories doing the rounds at the RAF bases. When more lights were spotted, he took his tape recorder and joined a military patrol group.

The resulting audiotape has since been declassified by the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. It is now public domain, and can be listened to here:

During the recording, in which he mentions objects and lights in the sky, as well as a red orb floating near the ground, Colonel Halt says:

“It looks like an eye winking at you... Here he comes from the South, he's coming towards us now... Now we're observing what appears to be a beam coming down to the ground. This is unreal."

The recording is considered today to be one of the most valuable pieces of evidence from the Rendlesham Forest incident.

8. Burroughs and Penniston, the first two witnesses, suffered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

In the Encounter in Rendlesham Forest book, Penniston wrote: “I left the forest a different man… I was in awe of the technology and yes, a knowing that it was not an aircraft which could have been manufactured in 1980 or even now.”

Both Penniston and Burroughs have since suffered from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, The Telegraph reported in 2015. In recent years, Penniston has claimed that the craft telepathically transmitted binary code into his brain.

9. Numerous eyewitness statements emerged following the incident

Burroughs, Penniston, and Col. Halt have been the most vocal in saying they believe what they saw was extraterrestrial in origin, but they are not the only eyewitnesses. 

Sgt. Adrian Bustinza, a security police commander who investigated the incident at the time, said: “When I arrived [at the scene], it was going in and out through the trees and at one stage it was hovering.”

10. Some eyewitnesses claim not to have seen any UFO

Another witness, Ed Cabansag, described seeing, "a glowing near the beacon light, but as we got closer we found it to be a lit-up farmhouse. We got to a vantage point where we could determine that what we were chasing was only a beacon light off in the distance."

The Ministry of Defence has claimed that the lights came from the nearby Orfordness lighthouse — more on this in section 16. It also stated that the event posed no threat to national security, and was, therefore, never investigated as a security matter. 

11. In 1983, a U.K. newspaper ran a front-page story which stated, "UFO LANDS IN SUFFOLK, And that's OFFICIAL"

In the following years, as accounts about the Rendlesham Forest incident were released, the press started to respond to the growing public interest around the events

In 1983, the News of the World ran a front-page story which proclaimed: "UFO LANDS IN SUFFOLK, And that's OFFICIAL."

12. Statements from radar operators have recently corroborated Colonel Halt's claims

As recently as 2015, the then-75-year-old Col. Halt announced that he had obtained written statements from radar operators at RAF Bentwaters and nearby Wattisham airfield that an unknown object was, in fact, tracked at the time of the incident.

As per the BBC, Halt claimed they had not wanted to come forward until after they had retired from their military roles.

"I have confirmation that (Bentwaters radar operators)... saw the object go across their 60 mile (96km) scope in two or three seconds, thousands of miles an hour, he came back across their scope again, stopped near the water tower, they watched it and observed it go into the forest where we were," said Col. Halt. 

13. Today, there is a 'UFO Trail' set out for forest trekkers

In 2005, due to the public interest in the UFO incident, the Forestry Commission used Lottery proceeds to create a trail in Rendlesham Forest. They called it the "UFO Trail".

In 2014, the Forestry Service commissioned an artist to create a sculpture, that was placed at the end of the trail, based on drawings made by eyewitnesses of the UFO.

14. In 2015, a dog walker posted a fresh video of UFO footage from Rendlesham Forest

There have been more incidents of unexplained lights and UFOs in the United Kingdom and Rendlesham Forest since 1980.

Only five years ago, a dog walker posted the above video of bright moving unidentified lights in the sky above Rendlesham Forest, filmed alongside an RAF helicopter.

15. There is a story about incredibly futuristic technology secretly installed at RAF Bentwaters

Daniel Simpson, director of The Rendlesham UFO Incident, a fictionalized account of the story filmed on location in Rendlesham Forest, told The Telegraph the following story:

"I recently heard a very interesting story of a guy that went up to the Bentwaters airbase and, because it’s privately owned, some of those buildings are rented out to people. A company up there wanted to have their internet sorted out and this guy dug down and – he was a telecom guy – he came back and he was sheet white. He couldn’t believe it.

"He said he’d just come across these cables, two-foot down, and they were cables delivering such a powerful internet connection – but they were cables from 1980... They were from 1980 and yet they were so in advance of what we’ve even got now. I’m told that all the time what we get [technologically] is much behind what they [the military] actually know."

16. Recent claims suggest the Rendlesham Forest incident was a 'revenge' hoax by the SAS

In December 2018, Dr. David Clarke, a British UFO researcher, reported a claim that the incident was set up by the SAS as a revenge plot on the USAF. According to the story, in August 1980, the SAS parachuted into RAF Woodbridge to test security at the site.

The USAF detected and captured the SAS troops, who were subsequently interrogated, beaten up, and reportedly even called "unidentified aliens." As a form of revenge, the SAS devised their own prank version of an alien event.

"....as December approached, lights and colored flares were rigged in the woods. Black helium balloons were also coupled to remote-controlled kites to carry suspended materials into the sky, activated by radio-controls," The Telegraph explains in an article about the purported hoax.

17. One original proponent now believes it was an Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) that was seen at the site

Jenny Randles was one of the first journalists to report on the incident. She also co-authored the first book on the case in 1984, Sky Crash: A Cosmic Conspiracy. 

In 2010, Randles suggested that a UAP, an Unidentified Aerial Phenomena of unknown origin, might be responsible for what eyewitnesses experienced.

"Whilst some puzzles remain, we can probably say that no unearthly craft were seen in Rendlesham Forest," she explained. "We can also argue with confidence that the main focus of the events was a series of misperceptions of everyday things encountered in less than everyday circumstances."

18. Some UFO skeptics believe the sightings were caused by a meteor and atmospheric distortions

As science writer and UFO skeptic Ian Ridpath explains, on the night of the incident, the British Astronomical Association Meteor Section reported that "an exceptionally brilliant meteor, termed a fireball by astronomers, was seen over southern England. It is shown that this fireball is most likely what they saw and that nothing landed in Rendlesham Forest."

Some skeptics have also suggested the lights seen in the sky may have been bright stars distorted by atmospheric and optical effects, a common source of UFO reports.

19. Others have suggested the sightings may have been caused by the nearby Orfordness lighthouse 

According to the witness statements from 26 December, the flashing light seen from the forest lay in the same direction as the nearby Orfordness Lighthouse. Timings on Halt's audiotape also suggest that the light he saw flashed every five seconds — the same flash rate as the lighthouse.

As Daniel Simpson countered to The Telegraph, “the lighthouse theory is rubbish. Lighthouses don’t fly down into forests, split up into five different lights and zap off into space at Mach-3. They don’t move through the trees and get mistaken by up to 20 witnesses from the United States Air Force.” 

20. There have been suggestions of a government cover-up

Colonel Halt, who recorded the audiotape commentary during the second incident, has gone on record saying that he believes what he saw was of extraterrestrial origin and that the incident was covered up by the U.K. and U.S. governments.

The Ministry of Defence, meanwhile, is adamant that the Rendlesham Forest incident was of no threat to national security, and therefore, hadn't merited a full investigation.

21. Details continue to emerge as "Britain's Roswell" earns iconic status

Academic David Clarke argues that Rendlesham Forest, which now has an iconic status amongst UFO enthusiasts, is passing into legend. And it's not about to be put to rest — new witnesses have emerged as recently as 2016 and 2019, one of which describes a glowing "reddish ball", and a new documentary called Capel Green is in the works. 

With a lack of any satisfying conclusive evidence on either side, skeptics and proponents will continue to debate the matter, and compare it to the Roswell UFO incident in 1947. What do you believe?

25-10-2023 om 18:49 geschreven door peter  

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

25-10-2023 om 18:14 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS (VIDEOS) - 25/10/2023

The UFO Reporter Part 1: The Files of George Knapp | NewsNation Prime

For the first time, NewsNation is bringing you unprecedented access to the files of legendary television reporter George Knapp. “I have secret stashes of files and things all over the station,” Knapp said in an exclusive interview with NewsNation's Brian Entin. “Mountains of evidence compiled from the government’s own files.”

The UFO Reporter Part 2: The Files of George Knapp | NewsNation Prime

In an exclusive interview, Legendary Las Vegas journalist George Knapp sits down with NewsNation's Brian Entin to discuss his career covering UFOs and UAPs, giving unprecedented access to his archives that date back decades.

Pentagon Confirms Military UFO Aircraft That Defies Physics

12 Secret Aircraft That Don’t Exists. In the enigmatic realm of conspiracy theories, lies a vast and intriguing world filled with astonishing and mysterious machines. These machines, which the government vehemently denies, possess extraordinary capabilities that surpass those of ordinary devices. Among these remarkable contraptions are aircraft that can only be described as stealthy and as swift as rockets. They appear to have emerged straight out of a captivating science fiction movie or perhaps even UFO sightings. Astonishingly, the Pentagon has officially acknowledged the existence of UFO-like aircraft that defy the laws of physics, specifically at the infamous Area fifty-one. The shroud of mystery and secrecy surrounding these phenomena continues to captivate our minds, leaving us pondering over the extraordinary world of covert planes and peculiar sightings gracing our skies. As we embark on this exploration, hold on tight as we delve into the realm of twelve secret aircraft that don't exist..

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This MASSIVE Structure Was Just Detected Moving Close To Our Moon

In the vast expanse of the cosmos, where mysteries unfold and secrets lurk in the shadows, something extraordinary is happening. High above our Moon, a silent guardian of the night sky has become the stage for an enigma that defies explanation. A colossal structure beyond our comprehension, has been detected, moving with purpose towards our lunar neighbor. What secrets does this massive structure hold? Could it be the key to unlocking the mysteries of our universe, or does it herald an event of cosmic proportions that will forever alter the course of human history? Join us as we venture into the darkness to unveil the truth behind this massive structure moving close to our moon.

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Clearest UFO Sightings

Michio Kaku: "Oumuamua Just Returned & Something Weird Is Happening!"

When ‘Oumuamua came close to Earth in 2017, many people believed the pancake looking celestial body was an alien spaceship sent to spy on us. This theory, however, was shot down fast and branded a conspiracy by many scientists. But now, this same space object is coming back to Earth, and it has everyone talking and wondering if this is really an alien intergalactic spaceship. And this includes highly rated scientists like Dr. Michio Kaku.

Compilation Of UFO Footage That Was Shown On The Channel

This is a look back at some of the UFO videos that i'm so proud to have shown on the channel and i felt we should take another look at. Thanks to you guys for your endless support of me and the channel and i sure hope you all will enjoy this video. Much love to you all, Stay Blessed and safe.

The Fermi Paradox: Fallen Empires

The cosmos seem silent and empty of any great interstellar empires, but perhaps they once existed, and if so, what titanic ruins might they have left behind?

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

25-10-2023 om 17:51 geschreven door peter  

Ever think about ET Bases on the Moon? NASA Photo is proof, UFO Sighting News.

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

25-10-2023 om 16:49 geschreven door peter  

BREAKING: Former Gov Insider CONFIRMS US Unraveling Alien Tech Secrets! #UFOTechReveal

In today’s world, the term “UFO” isn’t just confined to science fiction movies or late-night radio shows. With a staggering increase in UFO sightings reported around the globe, the topic has propelled itself from the fringe to the forefront of international attention.

The evolution of technology, especially with the ubiquity of smartphones, has allowed people from various walks of life to capture and share mysterious objects in the sky with ease. But is this sudden surge in reports merely a result of our hyper-connected age? Or is there something more to these UFO sightings?

Several prominent figures, from former military personnel to respected journalists, have engaged in passionate discussions on this topic. This very discourse has been amplified recently when a certain podcast delved deep into potential government knowledge about unidentified aerial phenomena. Their guest lineup, featuring experts like Luis Elizondo, Jeremy Corbell, and James Fox, added credibility to the claims of potential otherworldly encounters.

Video:

• Ex-Government employee reveals the US is indeed reverse engineering UFO technology?! | The Big Thing

https://youtu.be/AyZZwq-IH_8

Interestingly, the overwhelming public interest isn’t solely based on grainy videos or obscure testimonies. The conversation took a curious turn when David Grusch, a renowned entity in this domain, became the focal point of discussion, hinting at potentially game-changing revelations in the next six months to a year.

Speculation aside, this upsurge in UFO sightings isn’t just about trying to prove the existence of extraterrestrial life. It’s about humanity’s innate desire to understand the unknown and broaden its horizon. Whether these sightings will lead to conclusive evidence or remain a tantalizing mystery is still up in the air (pun intended!). But one thing’s for certain, as our world becomes increasingly interconnected, the quest for truth about these enigmatic events will only intensify.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

25-10-2023 om 15:42 geschreven door peter  

Strange anomaly in sun's solar cycle discovered in centuries-old texts from Korea

25-10-2023 om 01:02 geschreven door peter  

Old Lessons, New Challenges

According to a report titled “Human Health and Performance Risks of Space Exploration Missions,” compiled by NASA’s Human Research Program in 2009, the Artemis Program will be more dependent on EVA excursions away from a pressurized habitat or vehicle than any program in the history of NASA:

“EVAs will be required to conduct planned scientific expeditions, assemble structures, perform nominal maintenance, and intervene and solve problems outside of the vehicle that cannot be solved either robotically or remotely. The ultimate success of future Exploration missions is dependent on the ability to perform EVA tasks efficiently and safely in these challenging environments. With lunar missions planned for up to 30 times more EVA hours than during the Apollo era, exploration missions to the moon and Mars will present many new challenges with regard to crew health, safety, and performance.”

While mission planners anticipate EVAs much longer than any performed by the Apollo astronauts, NASA’s understanding of human health and performance parameters in lunar gravity is limited to lessons learned from the Apollo Era. Subsequent observations and studies involving microgravity EVAs aboard the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station (ISS) have provided invaluable lessons. However, this data has mainly been used to design new spacesuits, like the recently unveiled Exploration Extravehicular Mobility Unit (xEMU).

Nevertheless, the report also indicates that there has been limited quantification of the physiological and biomechanical variables associated with suited activities in unit and partial gravity. For the astronauts conducting EVAs as part of Artemis III (and subsequent missions), the risks and hazards largely depend on the distance being explored and whether a rover is involved. As study co-author David A. Kring, a researcher with the CLSE-LPI, told Universe Today via email:

“The initial Artemis missions will be limited to walking. The principal challenge in that type of mission will be terrain slope. Any traverse needs to be on slopes less than 20 degrees. Astronauts will also be asked to stay within 2 kilometers [1.24 mi] of the lander and, ideally, keep the lander in sight. After rovers are deployed, astronauts can travel farther from a lander. It may also be possible to reuse rovers in multiple missions. In that case, Houston will telerobotically drive rovers from one astronaut landing site to another. Topography and slope will affect the paths taken. Some of the lunar mountains are larger than Mt. Everest on Earth.”

Exploring the Lunar South Pole

What is needed to ensure that crews don’t exhaust themselves or fall prey to the many geographical hazards that characterize the terrain, Kring and his colleagues consulted data from the LRO’s Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA), which obtained 5-meter per pixel (16.4 ft/pixel) measurements the Moon’s southern polar region in 2015 – from which, they identified 521 PSRs. They then created an automated pipeline called MoonPath, which combines a Monte Carlo approach with Dijkstra’s minimum cost path algorithm to calculate traverse paths that minimize metabolic workload.

As Kring noted, these methods were developed with the help of early-career scientists and students in the midst of their Ph.D. studies. These students joined the team in Houston as part of a NASA-sponsored Exploration Science Summer Intern Program sponsored by the Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute (SSERVI). Their case study was also focused on three candidate landing regions officially identified last year by the Artemis Campaign Development Division at NASA HQ. Designated 001, 001(6), and 004, these locations are all PSRs primarily located at the base of craters near the lunar poles.

Like the other candidate landing regions, they are of significant scientific interest due to the potential presence of volatile compounds like water ice, which could be used to produce everything from drinking water and oxygen gas to rocket propellants. As Pena-Asensio explained, the resulting algorithm operates under a set of constraints, including round-trip traverses, minimizing steep slopes, avoiding large boulders, and restricting the overall distance to a 2 km (1.24 mi) radius:

“The optimal strategy for minimizing metabolic workload is to find the shortest and flattest route. Our tool evaluates the properties that an astronaut would encounter along the traverse, such as topographical variations, the incidence of sunlight on their bodies, direct line-of-sight to the lunar lander, temperature, and bearing capacity. Additionally, we estimate the walking speed and time based on Apollo mission records.”

Atlas for Artemis

The result of their work was an atlas that included all 521 traverses and descents to PSRs in the southern polar region. Based on their analysis, the team found that 94?% of all these PSRs are accessible from the rim on slopes below 15°. They further determined that 20 and 19 PSRs are accessible from potential landing sites 001 and 001(6) (respectively), four of which are accessible on slopes entirely below 10°, and that traverses around site 004 are more workload-demanding. This type of information is critical for optimizing astronaut EVAs and identifying accessible targets for science operations.

As they indicate in their paper, the pipeline and traverse atlas can be used to support mission planning for the collection of ice and volatile samples and address major scientific priorities. It can also be used to calculate the minimum workload astronaut paths to any other geologic and exploration targets within the AEZ or elsewhere on the Moon. As Kring summarized:

“The planning tool that the team developed will sharpen our ability to plan geologic traverses that astronauts can successfully complete on schedule. The tool be used to sharpen individual notional traverses. The tool can also be used in an automated mode that allows the team to investigate a constellation of traverse options and, thus, identify the best one from a metabolic perspective. The team developed the tool to assist Artemis astronauts, but it can also be used to explore robotic missions to the lunar surface.”

Further Reading: 

• Acta Astronautica

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

25-10-2023 om 00:37 geschreven door peter  

“This study is a testament to immense technological progress we have made since 1972 when the last [crewed] Moon mission returned to Earth,” said Northwestern’s Dieter Isheim, who co-authored the paper, published in the journal Geochemical Perspectives Letters. “These samples were brought to Earth half-a-century ago, but only today do we have the necessary tools to perform microanalysis at the requisite level, including atom-probe tomography.”

When the Mars-size object hit the Earth and formed the Moon, the energy of the impact melted the rock that eventually became the Moon’s surface.

“When the surface was molten like that, zircon crystals couldn’t form and survive,” explained Philipp Heck from the Field Museum, another co-author. “So, any crystals on the Moon’s surface must have formed after this lunar magma ocean cooled. Otherwise, they would have been melted and their chemical signatures would be erased.”

Apollo 17 was the sixth and final Apollo mission to land people on the Moon and was the only Apollo mission to have a trained geologist among its crew. Lunar module pilot and geologist Harrison Schmitt joined Commander Gene Cernan and Command Module Pilot Ron Evans. The astronauts landed on the southeastern rim of the Serenitatis Basin, known as Taurus-Littrow. Schmitt and Cernan collected about 243 pounds (110.4 kg) of soil and rock samples that were brought back to Earth for further study. Previous studies concluded that the samples from Apollo 17 came from the oldest known impact craters on the Moon.

For the new experiment on these samples, a small portion of the lunar sample was sharpened into a very sharp tip, using a focused ion beam microscope. Then, UV lasers evaporate atoms from the surface of that tip. The atoms travel through a mass spectrometer, and how fast they move provides evidence of how heavy they are, which in turn tells the scientists what the atoms are made of.

“These crystals are the oldest known solids that formed after the giant impact,” Heck said. “And because we know how old these crystals are, they serve as an anchor for the lunar chronology.”

Heck said that radiometric dating works somewhat like an hourglass.

“In an hourglass, sand flows from one glass bulb to another, with the passage of time indicated by the accumulation of sand in the lower bulb,” he said. “Radiometric dating works similarly by counting the number of parent atoms and the number of daughter atoms they have transformed to. The passage of time can then be calculated because the transformation rate is known.”

A previous study by co-author Bidong Zhang suggested this older age of the lunar surface. Zhang worked with lead author Jennika Greer to use the atom probe tomography facility at Northwestern to get a nanoscale look at the lunar samples, which confirmed the age of this oldest known lunar crystal

Greer was a doctoral candidate at the Field Museum and the University of Chicago and is now a research associate at the University of Glasgow.

“It’s amazing being able to have proof that the rock you’re holding is the oldest bit of the Moon we’ve found so far,” said Greer. “It’s an anchor point for so many questions about the Earth. When you know how old something is, you can better understand what has happened to it in its history.”

The researchers said it’s important to know when the Moon formed since it is such an important part of our planetary system.

“It stabilizes the Earth’s rotational axis, it’s the reason there are 24 hours in a day, it’s the reason we have tides,” said Heck. “Without the Moon, life on Earth would look different. It’s a part of our natural system that we want to better understand, and our study provides a tiny puzzle piece in that whole picture.”

Sources:

• Northwestern University
• Field Museum
• Paper: 4.46 Ga zircons anchor chronology of lunar magma ocean

RELATED

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

25-10-2023 om 00:23 geschreven door peter  

The Tunguska event was a mega explosion, which occurred near the Podkamennaya Tunguska River in what is now Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia, on June 30, 1908. It is classified as an impact event even though it exploded in the sky rather than hit the surface with as a result that about 2,000 square km of forest was flattened. 

No one disputes it occurred, but how it occurred is a heated controversy. 

Despite the best efforts of mainstream science, we still haven't gotten anything but ad hoc explanations that leave some inescapable facts shouting for attention. 

The event began around 7:15 in the morning of June 30th, 1908. A blue-white fireball that some say was brighter than the Sun raced across the sky and then exploded (with the power) of a 10 to 15 megaton hydrogen bomb. 

The shockwave alone was enough to knock people off their feet and break windows hundreds of kilometers away. The explosion though devastated 2,000 square kilometers, felling almost 60 million trees, and yet somehow left a ring of burned trees standing near the epicenter. Even stranger, several more unburned trees remained in the middle of those. 

Seismic stations across Europe and Asia felt the explosion, and even as far as Britain fluctuations of atmospheric pressure were detected. That pulse of air pressure circled the Earth twice. Astronomers observed a red-glowing haze in the upper atmosphere for several nights after, even if they didn't understand what had caused it. 

And then comes another oddity. Reports of an unusually bright nighttime sky begin coming out the night before the Tunguska event and several more unusually bright nights follow. For weeks, reports say the night sky was so bright you could read under it. Both the Smithsonian Astrophysical and Mount Wilson Observatories reported a decrease in atmospheric transparency that would persist for several months. 

Most astronomers today figure the destruction was caused by either a small comet or asteroid bursting a few miles off the surface, with estimates putting the object around 100 meters in diameter. According to the calculations of Christopher Chyba of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, only a stony meteorite would explode at 10 kilometers up where the Tunguska blast is thought to have occurred. 

However, a comet of that size would disintegrate much higher in the atmosphere, causing less damage on the ground. Yet, over a hundred years later scientists still argue over several unexplained facts and to this day no trace of the impacting object has ever been found. 

Andrei Ol’khovatov, an independent Russian physicist who was intrigued by the Tunguska then agrees that the impact theory leaves too many unanswered questions. 

He points out witnesses reporting strange weather and increased seismic activity in the area for days before the event. This absence of any coherent explanation has invited plenty of speculation from the mainstream. Everything from a miniature black hole passing through the earth to anti-matter bombs going off in the night. UFOs, extraterrestrial weaponry, even a theory about Tesla's death ray have been introduced to explain the unexplained. 

But guess what they left out - 'the electrical force'. The one single force that allows for a unified solution that doesn't need to leave out any fields of evidence. 

Proponents of the Electric Universe ask us to judge this perspective based on predictive success and their theories’ ability to explain all relevant data, without leaving a substantial collection of evidence on the cutting room floor, like the mainstream. So, let's pencil electricity into the equation and see what happens - the extraordinary power of a high-energy explosion above ground. The most likely origin of the object responsible for the Tunguska event was the short-period comet Encke acknowledged source of the Beta Taurid meteor shower which was at its peak on June 30th, 1908. 

In the Electric model, the energy released by a comet fragment when they encounter Earth isn't limited to the mass and kinetic energy of a fragment. Instead, it packs the entire punch of the charge differential between itself and the earth. 

What did they leave out? Electricity. Researchers who ignore the electrical force end up theorizing an object with grossly exaggerated mass and size, and these inaccuracies have made the search for fragments of the original bolide difficult. They're looking in the wrong places. Repeated testimony of strange sounds before the event 

In terms of the speed of sound in the earth's atmosphere, the reports of weird sounds in advance, might seem absurd. But not when you consider electrophonic sounds that are heard either before or during sightings of brilliant meteor fireballs up to a hundred kilometers distant. Electrophonic sounds are a direct conversion by transduction of very low frequency electromagnetic energy into sound, through a medium that can be as simple as a gold tooth or a pair of glasses. 

Reports of such unusual sounds connected with meteors, auroras, earthquakes, and even nuclear bomb tests, substantiate this effect. The easiest way to understand it, is as a natural resonance of extensive plasma discharge in earth's atmosphere, or underground in the case of earthquakes. In the case of the incoming comet, the body is electrified in respect to the earth. 

Plasma Sheath 

In our electric solar system, planets and comets all have a plasma sheath that isolates them electrically from the solar plasma. But when these plasma sheaths touch, the two bodies see each other electrically for the first time. 

Now consider that these comets have plasma sheaths that are millions of kilometers in diameter. Even at the incredible speeds they're traveling, their plasma sheaths reach us days in advance, causing electrical interaction with the earth long before any physical encounter. 

Strange Weather 

Reports of strange weather before the event.” In our electric solar system it's the flow of electric current between the planets and the solar plasma that primarily drive earth’s weather patterns. Seen in these terms, electrical disturbances resulting in unusual weather would be expected, even days before a comet's arrival.

Reports of strange seismic activity before the event 

New evidence is linking earthquakes to occurrences of underground lightning. The intrusion of even a minor electrical charged body approaching the earth, could certainly trigger earthquakes in the same way electrical sunspot activity does. 

Geomagnetic storms 

Geomagnetic effects before the event. Professor Weber of Kiel University observed unusual regular periodic deviations of the compass needle. An effect repeated each evening from the 27th through the 30th of June 1908. The recordings look like geomagnetic storms often caused by solar electrical activity. But in this instance, it was the approaching comet causing the disturbance. The duration of these storms indicate that comets are copious sources of electrons, meaning they carry substantial negative charge compared to the inner solar system and have a vastly greater influence than mere gravitational or inertial considerations would suggest. 

Global atmospheric pressure pulse

The earth's atmosphere forms the dielectric of a capacitor with the two plates being pressure pulses earth and the ionosphere. The comet’s electrical disturbances cause pressure pulses through the atmosphere, both before and when the comet arrives. Consider the giant ionospheric disturbance that accompanied the 9.3 magnitude Sumatra earthquake on December 26, 2004, where the ionosphere moved up and down by almost 40 kilometers. Such changes have been recorded in the atmosphere five to ten days before an earthquake. 

Missing crater

When a comet passes close to earth, the plasma discharge that takes place between them can cause the comet to fragment or burst from internal electrical stresses. Now these fragments can melt or vaporize in the intense plasma discharge leaving nothing left to create a crater on the ground. 

Interestingly, the Tunguska epicenter is over the top of a Triassic volcano. Volcanoes are the focus of electrical discharge activity and may retain electrical conductivity that differs from the surrounding crust, adding another credible argument that the blast was electrical. 

Absence of meteoric fragments

 If it was just the fire and air friction breaking the bolide apart, we'd expect to find its stony remains, but as noted above all this gets vaporized in the discharge. Also, ground zero has nothing to do with any impact or crater, but is instead the spot where a focused plasma discharge between earth and comet occurs, meaning most Standard Model researchers don't even know where to look. 

Instantaneous eruption of fire across hundreds of square kilometers 

A discharge at these levels would have been like nothing the locals had ever seen. Both regular radiation fires and electrically ignited ones would have erupted all over a wide area, all at the same time, setting it all ablaze. 

Frightful lightning and thunder in the midst of the firestorm. Saint Elmo's fire and ball lightning are generated at the earth's surface and the locals would have seen lightning snaking across a clear blue sky. 

Lightning 

Blasts of heat, along with a shock wave many kilometers from the explosion. Wherever the discharge touches down, there's intense heat and a blast, but these touchdown points are often far from the bolide’s track or the epicenter of the explosion. ”Presence of microscopic glassy spheres over a large area.” When those comet fragments vaporize, the explosion sprays glassy spherules outward from the discharge. 

Electrical fusing 

It's a common effect of lightning and yes easily demonstrated in the lab. After a hundred years, the experts are still debating if this was a comet or an asteroid that exploded over Tunguska. The comet camp points out cometary material found in a wide area, but the asteroid camp claim a fragile comet would get destroyed too high in the atmosphere. What neither side understands is that a comet is just an asteroid large enough to hold its own charge, while moving along a highly elliptical orbit through the Sun's electric field. There are no icy dirt balls. Both form the same way, and an asteroid that's big enough can become a comet simply by being knocked out of its regular circular orbit. 

The above theory proposed by the Electric Universe model of cosmology could be the answer to the question of what really caused the Tunguska event. It's electric! 

The Universe is electric

The Electric Universe Theory generally states that electricity is the engine behind a long list of natural and astrophysical spectacles. It supports the idea that invisible electricity powers surround our planet, our solar system, the galaxy and... everything and that cosmic occurrences are electrical in nature.  

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

24-10-2023 om 22:41 geschreven door peter  

Old Apollo Moon Rocks Suggest the Moon is Millions of Years Older Than We Thought

Also, the Moon was once covered in a magma ocean.

BY DORIS ELÍN URRUTIA

 

HUM Images/Universal Images Group/Getty Images

Crystals packed inside Apollo's lunar rocks suggest that the Moon could be a much older age than we thought.

Half a century after the last Apollo mission departed the Moon in December 1972, scientists have taken a fresh look at its precious parcels. A team sharpened the lunar rocks the astronauts had ferried to Earth, and then, by using a precise dating technique that measures the decay of unstable molecules called isotopes, researchers concluded that the Moon is at least 4.46 billion years old. Their new estimate, published in a new study in the journal Geochemical Perspectives Letters, suggests the Moon is older than previously estimated by 40 million years.

“It’s amazing being able to have proof that the rock you’re holding is the oldest bit of the Moon we’ve found so far,” Jennika Greer, lead author of the new study and former doctoral candidate at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, said in an announcement.

HOW DID THE MOON FORM?

The crystals that researchers examined are traces of a violent encounter between ancient Earth and a Mars-sized object. Fittingly, it's called the Giant Impact hypothesis.

This crash is time zero on the clock for the Moon’s existence as we know it. The event would have caused a molten ocean across the Moon’s entire surface.

As Philipp Heck, curator for meteoritics and polar studies at the Field Museum and the study’s senior author, explained in the announcement, “When the surface was molten like that, zircon crystals couldn’t form and survive.” Once the magma ocean cooled down, the zircon crystals would begin to form. They are, therefore, a good way to estimate the minimum possible age for the Moon.

HOW DID THEY FIGURE OUT THE MOON’S AGE?

Greer says the team used a focused ion beam microscope like “a very fancy pencil sharpener” to prepare the lunar sample for observation. The team produced five of these “nanotips.” Ultraviolet lasers then evaporated atoms from the tip; this allowed the team to learn what they were made of.

The next step was to look at the proportion of different isotopes. The team could then discern how many atoms had transformed during the passage of time as they underwent radioactive decay. This technique, which Heck described as an “hourglass,” provides a reliable way to learn the ancient age of a sample.

This new study is proof that astronomers need only peer into the nearby universe to make exceptional discoveries.

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

24-10-2023 om 21:18 geschreven door peter  

 https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

24-10-2023 om 21:09 geschreven door peter