How Many Dimensions Does Our Universe Really Have?

Does our Universe have extra dimensions, and how do they influence our reality?

 Matthew S. Williams

While this kind of talk may sound like something farfetched or purely speculative, it is actually a vital part of our understanding of how our Universe works. If and when we determine how many dimensions our Universe has (and what each of them does), we will finally have a Theory of Everything (ToE) and know how it all fits together.

Dimensions 101

To break it down, the term “dimension” refers to any mathematical measurement. This can generally refer to a physical measurement (an object or space) or a temporal measurement (time). There are three dimensions that we experience daily, which define the length, width, and depth of all objects in our Universe (the x, y, and z-axis, respectively).

However, scientists maintain that to understand the laws of nature, one must include a “fourth dimension,” which is time. Without this coordinate, the position, velocity, and acceleration of objects in our Universe cannot be properly measured. It’s not enough to know where an object is in terms of three spatial coordinates. You also need to know when the object was where.

Beyond these four dimensions, theoretical physicists have ventured that there may be more at play. The number of dimensions varies, but the purpose behind extra dimensions is to find ways of unifying the known laws of the Universe, which theoretical physicists have been trying to do for about a century.

• Electromagnetism
• Weak Nuclear Force
• Strong Nuclear Force
• Gravitation

The first three forces are all described by the field of Quantum Mechanics and are associated with specific subatomic particles. Electromagnetism is associated with electrons (a lepton), which are responsible for electricity, magnetism, and all forms of electromagnetic radiation. That includes visible light (color), heat, microwaves, radio waves, ultraviolet radiation, and gamma rays.

The weak nuclear force deals with interactions between subatomic particles responsible for the radioactive decay of atoms and is associated with particles smaller than a proton (bosons). At higher energies, this force merges with electromagnetism, which has given rise to the unified term “electroweak force.”

The strong nuclear force governs particles that are the size of protons and neutrons (hadrons) and is so-named because it is approximately 137 times as strong as electromagnetism, millions of times stronger than the weak nuclear force, and 10³⁸ times as strong as gravitation. It causes quarks to come together to form larger protons and neutrons and binds them to create atomic nuclei.

Superstring theory, a variation on ST, requires the existence of 10 spacetime dimensions. These include the four dimensions immediately apparent to us (length, width, depth, time) and six more that are not. 

These extra six dimensions are curled up into a compact space. On order the string scale (10^-33 cm) we wouldn’t be able to detect the presence of these extra dimensions directly because they’re just too small. 

According to the theory, the fifth and sixth dimensions deal with possible worlds that began with the same initial conditions. 

The fifth dimension encompasses worlds with slightly different outcomes than ours, while the sixth is where a plane of possible worlds would be visible. The seventh dimension is where one could see possible worlds that started with different initial conditions and then branched out infinitely — hence why the term “infinity” is used to describe them.

On its face, the first possibility seems highly unlikely. After all, ongoing particle experiments — like those conducted with the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) — have confirmed that the Standard Model of particle physics is correct. Similarly, General Relativity has been confirmed many times over since Einstein formally proposed it in 1915.

That leaves us with the second possibility: that extra dimensions cannot be measured or characterized using current methods and experiments. A well-studied possibility is that dimensions are “curled up” at tiny scales, which means their properties and influence on spacetime could only be measured at subatomic levels.

Another possibility is “compactification,” where certain dimensions are finite or temporal in nature. In short, this theory posits that curled-up dimensions become very small or close in on themselves to form circles. If this is true, then the six extra dimensions would likely take the form of a Calabi–Yau manifold (these are shapes that satisfy the requirement needed for the six “unseen” spatial dimensions of string theory).

For astrophysicists and theoretical physicists, compactification and the idea that extra dimensions are tiny explains why the Universe still exists billions of years after its emergence. If these dimensions were larger, they would accommodate enough matter to trigger gravitational collapses and the formation of black holes (which would consume the rest of the Universe).

The fact that the cosmos still exists after 13.8 billion years, and shows no sign of being torn apart, would suggest that this theory is sound. Alternatively, the laws of physics may operate differently in these extra dimensions. Either way, there’s still the unanswered question of how we might observe and study them.

How do we find them?

So if the Universe really does have extra dimensions that are imperceptible to us, how are we going to find evidence of their existence and determine their properties? One possibility is to look for them through particle physics experiments, like those conducted by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) — the operators of the LHC — and other particle accelerator labs.

At CERN, scientists boost particles to high energies before smashing them together and measuring the resulting cascade of subatomic particles. Detectors gather clues about the particles, such as their speed, mass, and charge, which can be used to work out their identity.

Theories involving extra dimensions predict that there must be heavier versions of standard particles recurring at higher and higher energies as they navigate smaller dimensions. These would have exactly the same properties as standard particles (and so be visible to detectors like those at CERN) but at a greater mass. If evidence of these were to be found, this might suggest the presence of extra dimensions. 

To date, astronomers have been unable to see this far back in time since no telescopes have been sensitive enough. This will change in the near future, thanks to next-generation instruments like the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (RST), the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), and the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT).

This coincides nicely with existing Dark Matter and Dark Energy surveys that are observing early comic history in the hopes of measuring their influence on cosmic evolution. Since some theorists venture that the existence of extra dimensions could help explain the “Dark Universe,” these observations could address several mysteries at once.

This dual approach is not unlike our current understanding of the Universe, which scientists can only understand in one of two ways — the largest (GR) and tiniest of scales (QM). By observing the Universe with a very wide and very tight-angle lense, we may be able to account for all the forces governing it.

Much like other ToE candidates, the belief that the universe is made up of ten dimensions or more is an attempt to take all the physical laws we understand and find out how they fit together. In that respect, it’s like assembling a puzzle, where each piece makes sense to us, but we are unaware of what the bigger picture looks like.

It’s not enough to put pieces together wherever they appear to match. We also need to have an overall idea of what the framework is, a mental picture of what it will look like when it is finished. This helps to guide our efforts so we can anticipate how it will all come together.

{ https://interestingengineering.com/ }

31-01-2025 om 15:40 geschreven door peter  

Could we travel to parallel universes?

But how would we get to one of those parallel universes?

The trick is to build a time machine. It doesn't matter how you do it; you just need to go back in time. Normally, going back in time introduces all sorts of nasty paradoxes, like the infamous grandfather paradox, or, less violently, inconsistent histories. Try going back in time and destroying your time machine. Now it doesn't exist, which means you can't go back in time to destroy it, which means it should exist.

Related: 

• How long does it take to travel to the moon?

Perhaps time travel into the past is forbidden for exactly these reasons, according to Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture. Or perhaps time travel into the past is allowed, but with one strict rule: You can't change the past. This is known as Igor Novikov's self-consistency conjecture. But how could you go into the past without changing it?

One possible answer is that when you travel into the past, you don't go into your own past. Instead, you slip into another history. If you go back in time and kill Hitler, you're not killing the Hitler of your past; you're killing somebody else's. And in that alternate universe, Hitler was always killed by a time-traveling assassin from another universe. When you return to the future, you come back home, with an unchanged past.

The many-worlds interpretation offers a natural platform for creating these alternate histories. If the universe is constantly splitting and branching anyway, then time travel simply moves you from one of those branches to another. Or, in another possibility, when you go back in time, you create a new branch that didn't exist before.

While this all sounds neat and tidy, it runs into the slight complication that nobody has ever gotten it to work. We don't know how this process actually unfolds or through what mechanism the alternate history emerges.

Attempts to navigate the issue by studying quantum mechanics have had mixed results. Left to their own devices, quantum fields tend to go haywire when time machines are involved. You can stabilize them — if you give up some of the core tenets of the theory, like the correspondence principle or unitarity, which say that quantum processes eventually lead to macroscopic behavior and that fundamental reactions are reversible. Nobody is really willing to give those up, since they seem central to the theory — so we're stuck on that front.

Besides, even classical, non-quantum systems run into issues. Let's say you have a switch that can turn your time machine on and off — say, by opening or closing a wormhole. We don't know how the alternate histories can accommodate changes in their space-time structures like that, regardless of whatever quantum processes are happening on a subatomic level.

However, if we could build a time machine, we could easily test whether alternate histories are created. All we'd have to do is change something in the past that you remember. If you're not allowed to do it (say, no matter how hard you try, you just can't kill Hitler), then you know there's only one timeline with a past that is locked in stone. But if you accomplish the mission, then you know that alternate histories are real and that the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics might be valid.

We don't know if any of this is possible. On the other hand, we can't exactly rule it out. Time travel into the past seems forbidden but for reasons we can't readily discern. Our past seems to be gone forever — but it's also possible that it's just one branch of many and that visiting alternate universes is as easy as … Well, it's not easy at all.

• Originally posted on Space.com.

{ https://www.livescience.com/space }

31-01-2025 om 14:35 geschreven door peter  

What Ancient UFO Sightings Reveal About Humanity’s Obsession With the Unknown

The earliest recorded observations of strange phenomena in the sky come from ancient civilizations. Sumerian and Babylonian cuneiform tablets, such as those in the Šumma ālu series from the second millennium B.C., describe shifting shapes and black meteors appearing in the heavens.

by Ivan Petricevic

 

Ancient Sky Events: Signs, Omens, or Something Else?

The earliest recorded observations of strange phenomena in the sky come from ancient civilizations. Sumerian and Babylonian cuneiform tablets, such as those in the Šumma ālu series from the second millennium B.C., describe shifting shapes and black meteors appearing in the heavens. These texts often interpreted such occurrences as divine omens rather than mysterious visitors from another world.

Chris Aubeck, director of the Magonia Exchange—an archival project dedicated to UFO history—emphasizes the challenges of defining ancient accounts as UFO sightings. “There is no consensus on what constitutes the first recorded UFO sighting in history,” Aubeck explained. He points out that while ancient records document strange celestial events, their meanings were often tied to spiritual beliefs.

Greg Eghigian, a historian and professor at Penn State, agrees, according to Live Science. He notes that ancient accounts must be viewed within their cultural context. “These stories are disconnected from the societies in which they were created,” he said. What appears puzzling or extraterrestrial today was often a symbol of divine intervention, religious significance, or natural phenomena like comets or meteors.

The Nuremberg “Sky Battle” of 1561

One of the most vivid historical accounts of an aerial phenomenon occurred on April 14, 1561, in Nuremberg, Germany. Witnesses described orbs, crosses, and other shapes battling in the sky, accompanied by a mysterious black arrow-like object. Hans Glaser, a local artist, even created a woodcut illustrating the event, depicting the objects as they “fell from the sky, burning as they hit the ground.”

Although dramatic, this event was interpreted at the time as a divine sign or apocalyptic warning. Modern researchers note that the imagery and interpretation reflect the religious worldview of the era rather than evidence of extraterrestrial visitors.

UFOs Enter the Modern Era

The narrative around UFOs shifted dramatically in 1947 when amateur pilot Kenneth Arnold reported seeing nine fast-moving objects near Mount Rainier, Washington. He described their movement as resembling a saucer skipping across water, leading to the now-iconic term “flying saucer.”

Arnold’s account captured public imagination, sparking a surge in reported sightings and the birth of modern UFO culture. At the time, many people believed these objects were advanced military aircraft rather than extraterrestrial visitors, reflecting Cold War-era anxieties.

“This sighting is widely regarded as the event that kick-started modern UFO culture,” Aubeck stated.

While UFO sightings continue to fascinate, they often reveal more about human culture than the mysteries of the cosmos. “Studying UFO sightings is valuable because they represent the urban legends of our time,” Aubeck explained. These stories demonstrate how cultural narratives and imagination shape the way we interpret the unknown.

Throughout history, people have gazed upward and wondered about the mysterious lights, shapes, and movements that defied explanation, weaving them into the fabric of their culture and beliefs. For ancient civilizations, these celestial events were often interpreted as messages from gods, warnings of impending events, or signs of divine favor. In more recent times, they’ve evolved into symbols of scientific intrigue, Cold War paranoia, and even hopes for extraterrestrial contact.

I believe that UFOs, in this sense, are far more than just strange objects in the sky. They represent the stories we tell ourselves about our place in the universe. Are we alone? Are there forces beyond our comprehension shaping our destiny? Every sighting, whether dismissed as a natural phenomenon or celebrated as a groundbreaking discovery, invites us to confront these timeless questions.

This enduring curiosity and creativity reveal something deeply human: our ability to turn the unknown into stories, myths, and hypotheses.

{ https://curiosmos.com/category/mysteries/ }

31-01-2025 om 13:11 geschreven door peter  

Astronomen zijn continu het heelal af aan het speuren op zoek naar verre werelden en andere interessante ruimte-objecten, maar het is zoeken naar een speld in een hooiberg. Australische wetenschappers hebben nu een nieuwe technologie ontwikkeld die mysterieuze hemellichamen opspoort door inkomende radiosignalen op bijzondere wijze te filteren. Deze innovatieve aanpak heeft in korte tijd al een aantal verrassende resultaten opgeleverd.

Astronomen en ingenieurs van CSIRO, het nationale wetenschappelijke agentschap van Australië, hebben hun krachten gebundeld en CRACO (CRAFT COherent detector) ontwikkeld. CRACO bestaat uit een cluster van computers en processoren die verbonden zijn met de ASKAP-telescoop, gelegen in het gebied van de Wajarri Yamaji-gemeenschap in West-Australië. Dit geavanceerde systeem is ontworpen om vliegensvlug raadselachtige verschijnselen, zoals fast radio bursts (FRB’s), op te sporen.

FRB’s en neutronensterren

De technologie is nu voor het eerst getest en een nieuwe studie laat zien dat CRACO al een aantal bijzondere ontdekkingen heeft gedaan: er zijn twee FRB’s geïdentificeerd, maar ook twee neutronensterren die met tussenpozen actief zijn, en het is gelukt om de locatiegegevens van vier pulsars sterk te verbeteren. Sindsdien zijn met het systeem nog eens meer dan twintig FRB’s opgespoord.

Hoofdonderzoeker Andy Wang van ICRAR maakt duidelijk dat de resultaten veel spectaculairder zijn dan het team ooit had kunnen denken. “Ons doel was om fast radio bursts te vinden, een mysterieus fenomeen, waaromheen een geheel nieuw onderzoeksgebied binnen de astronomie is ontstaan”, legt een enthousiaste Dr. Wang uit. “Met CRACO kunnen we deze flitsen beter detecteren dan ooit tevoren. Momenteel zoeken we naar signalen met een snelheid van 100 flitsen per seconde, en in de toekomst verwachten we dit te verhogen naar 1000 flitsen per seconde.”

Een kosmische zandzeef

CSIRO-astronoom Dr. Keith Bannister vergelijkt de schaal waarop CRACO waarnemingen doet met het zoeken naar een speld in een hooiberg. “CRACO benut ASKAP’s liveweergave van het heelal om FRB’s op te sporen. Het systeem verwerkt hierbij gigantische hoeveelheden data – zo’n 100 miljard pixels per seconde – om bursts te detecteren en hun locatie te bepalen”, legt Bannister uit. “Het is alsof je een heel strand afzoekt naar een muntje van vijf cent, en dat elke minuut opnieuw.”

Volgens Dr. Wang belooft CRACO een revolutie teweeg te brengen in de internationale astronomie, zodra het systeem op volle capaciteit werkt. De technologie is ontworpen om de triljoenen pixels die de telescoop ontvangt, te analyseren op zoek naar afwijkingen. Zodra iets ongewoons wordt gespot, geeft CRACO de wetenschappers direct een seintje, zodat zij snel extra gegevens kunnen verzamelen en de vondst verder kunnen analyseren.

Indrukwekkende technologie

Het onderzoeksteam zit niet stil: CRACO’s mogelijkheden worden continu uitgebreid om nog exotischere verschijnselen te detecteren. “Naast fast radio bursts van buiten ons sterrenstelsel detecteren we nu ook zogenaamde ‘langzame transiënten’. Dit zijn kortdurende hemelverschijnselen die door mysterieuze objecten binnen onze Melkweg worden veroorzaakt. Beide fenomenen zijn in Australië ontdekt, en het is geweldig dat we met deze indrukwekkende technologie verder kunnen gaan. Er liggen ongetwijfeld nog een aantal fantastische ontdekkingen in het verschiet”, zegt Wang.

Mysterieuze signalen uit het universum: fast radio bursts

Fast radio bursts (FRB’s) zijn korte, intense uitbarstingen van radiostraling die afkomstig zijn van onbekende bronnen in het universum. Ze duren slechts enkele milliseconden, maar in die korte tijd kunnen ze evenveel energie uitstralen als de zon in een heel jaar. Sinds hun ontdekking in 2007 blijven FRB’s astronomen fascineren. Veel FRB’s lijken eenmalig te zijn, maar sommige vertonen een repeterend patroon. Het is onduidelijk waar FRB’s vandaan komen. Mogelijke verklaringen zijn magnetars (extreem krachtige neutronensterren), gammaflitsen en botsingen tussen massieve objecten, zoals zwarte gaten of neutronensterren. Ook exotischere theorieën, zoals signalen van buitenaardse technologie, worden geopperd.

{ https://scientias.nl/ }

31-01-2025 om 12:43 geschreven door peter  

{ https://www.hln.be/weer-en-wetenschap/ }

31-01-2025 om 12:29 geschreven door peter  

Some of the Most Outlandish Alien Encounters Ever

Brent Swancer

The world of alien encounters can get pretty weird. It is something beyond the scope of our understanding and often floats off into the fringes of the bizarre. However, some cases are stranger than most, and here we will look at some of the more bonkers cases of alien encounters that really pushed the envelope of the odd. 

A curious early case takes us back to 1929 when a girl and her brother were playing in the garden at their home in Hertford, England, which brushed up against an orchard. As they played, they suddenly heard a curious sound like an engine coming from the orchard beyond their garden, and when they looked they could see a tiny biplane with a wingspan of just 12 inches come into view. The strange little plane landed, almost knocking down a dustbin in the process, and the two siblings could see a minuscule little man in the cockpit of the plane. This odd little gnome-like creature then waved at them before taking off into the air again and flying off out of sight.   

In later years there is a strange report from the year 1947, in Arrolaguetre, Rubiaco, Spain. On this day, four men, Marcelo Martin Sanchez, Fausto Dominguez Martin and Julian Sendin Martin were returning to their rural village when they stopped to take a breather in a nearby field. As they rested, their thoughts were interrupted by the sound of what seemed to be an intense clapping, which then mingled with a cacophony of what appeared to be the sounds of hundreds of faded voices chanting or murmuring together at the same time. Looking around in alarm, the men then saw something very bizarre indeed. An excerpt of the report cited on the site Extremadura Misteriosa says of it:   

“The men looked around and spotted a tremendously tall figure approaching their location on a nearby field. The bizarre figure seemed to swing its arms like a soldier. Even stranger, the bizarre figure was wearing a white shirt with a black stripe around the neck area and it appeared to be headless! The three stunned men watched as the headless giant walked by only about 5 meters from them, totally ignoring them. It disappeared quickly into the distance taking great strides as it did. Strangely the loud cacophony of sound seemed to originate from it.”   

What was this thing and what were those freaky noises all about? Who knows? The following year, in 1948, a resident of the Polish village of Wrzeszczyn by the name of Henryk Matczak was out in the woods collecting mushrooms when he saw quite a surreal sight. He would say of it:   

“I saw at a distance of maybe 30 meters a group of children dressed in green, maybe there were ten of them. At first I thought they were scouts, because they were dressed in green. Although this outfit, upon closer inspection, was not a scout uniform, as it was quite tight and more like some kind of sports swimmer's clothing. The outfit clung quite tightly to their bodies, and on their heads the “scouts” had hoods, slightly protruding over their heads. The outlines of the faces I could not see. Each looked the same and was about 1 m tall, the stature of a boy of eight years.   

I thought they were scouts, because not far away in those post-German warehouses the first scout conventions of the Polish Scouting Association had already been organized in the woods. But there was something wrong. These individuals were moving fast, bending down once, getting up, handing something to each other. I was stunned to see that they began to climb a large beech tree standing nearby, which had large branches spreading wide on the sides. “Scouts” began to climb the tree as if they had glue on their shoes and gravity did not apply to them at all.   

One climbed all the way up to the branch and disappeared into the leaves immediately followed by another. I recall that some of them waded all the way in and immediately retreated, going head down. This happened before I decided to get closer to simply talk to them and ask what they were doing here in the forest. Then these - let's say - five, who were standing on the ground, looked at me and began to watch me closely. I immediately turned around and started running away, because I no longer knew what I was dealing with.”   

Just what are we dealing with here? Aliens, interdimensional interlopers, or something else? An utterly perplexing case from the files of paranormal researcher Albert S. Rosales occurred in 1953, in the Ano Ilioupolis neighborhood, East Athens, Greece. The witness, a Vassaliki F, saw a strange woman in the streets of Ilioupolis while out taking a stroll, and it would only snowball into the bizarre from there. The odd report reads:   

“The witness –a woman with many paranormal experiences- saw a strange woman in the streets of Ilioupolis. She had large, protruding eyes, high forehead, incredibly thin waist and was wearing very old-fashioned gray clothes –a skirt and a jacket. Inside of this she was wearing tight transparent trousers. She was followed by a very small “dog”, actually a piece of shadow that was hovering very near the ground. She was holding the “dog” with a transparent thick cord. When the witness tried to ask her who she was and from when did she come, the strange woman glared at her and went away, vanishing in the Saint George site of antiquities. The next day, news was spread that in the nearby fields of Sain Nicholas, an “aluminium hut” came down from the sky and landed. It had “windows” through which a shepherd saw incredibly ugly dwarfs inside. Among them there was a dwarf with the head of an animal. In a few minutes, a door opened on the “hut” and a dwarf came out, holding something like a golden plate in his hands. Then, the strange woman Mrs. F. had seen the previous day made her appearance. The dwarf bowed to her, and she filled the “plate” with dirt. They both went into the “hut” and the latter took off and vanished in the sky with a loud bang.”   

What in the world was going on here? On the morning of July 13, 1959, a resident of Blenheim, New Zealand, went out onto her property to milk her dairy cows at around 5:30 am. Halfway across the paddock she saw a strange green glow through the low clouds, and then a green light broke through and split into two lights “like eyes or big lamps.” As this was happening, the whole area was bathed in an oddly colored light of “a horrid sort of colour,” as a circular craft about nine meters wide and with a curved glass cockpit silently descended towards her, with two shafts of green light beaming down from its underside and two rows of small, orange jets that shot outwards like spokes from the rim of the disc. Despite the witness’s fear, she thought it was all quite beautiful. A report on the incident from the APRO Bulletin and NOUFORS would say what happened next:   

“The air on this cold July morning became warm and she noticed a low hum. She was “scared stiff”, but curious and enchanted by the lights. It was an image she could still recall in detail decades later. “It was just imprinted indelibly on my mind. I just took it in. I saw everything in those few minutes.’’ Inside the curved glass cockpit, she could see two figures wearing shiny silver suits and helmets. The suits were tight like a wet suit and looked like they were made of aluminium foil. The men were seated one in front of the other. Both had their backs to her. A flickering light shone up from below them, reflecting off their suits. Then one of the silver suited men emerged from the craft and walked towards her. She could see his face through a small visor in the helmet. He was wearing a wide belt with a black disc at the centre. He had a harness on his chest that held a small dial and a series of tubes coming out of the helmet. His left hand was missing and was encased in a dark sheath. Then he shouted at her in a foreign language she did not recognise. He retreated back to the craft and got back on board.   

After a few moments, the jets starting shooting out from the craft again. It tilted at an angle and then shot up into the sky at great speed. As it retreated behind the clouds it made a soft, high-pitched whine. Then she was alone. Standing in a waft of hot peppery air. She was relieved that the attracting power of the green lights had gone, but didn’t know what to do next. Eventually, she finished milking the cows. “While I was milking I kept wondering and felt a bit shaken and puzzled, and did not quite know what to do about it.’’ She returned to the house and woke her husband Frederick to tell him what she had seen. She feared he would laugh at her, but he took her seriously and asked if she had called the police. She rang the police at 7am. Woodbourne commanding officer Arthur Gainsford visited the farm and interviewed Moreland later that day. Her husband Frederick had told Gainsford about his wife’s claims that morning. Gainsford found Moreland calm and rational. Local police told him she was ‘’a rational and stable person from their personal knowledge of her when she was of assistance to them on another matter.’’   

Moving on into the 60s we come to an outlandish case involving what can only be described as “space penguins.” On the morning of February 14th, 1967, farmer Claude Edwards was surprised to notice that all of his cattle were eerily staring off in the same direction. When he looked to see what was holding their attention, he saw a “large green-gray mushroom-shaped craft” about 70 feet away from him, which he described as smooth, metallic, covered in "shiny silk" and dotted with port holes through which a dazzling array of colors shone.  

This light show was mesmerizing, and Edwards found himself approaching the craft, where he noticed a group of very odd entities beneath it. He would say that they looked like penguins, and were 3 feet tall and green with no hands, neck, or visible form of locomotion, and beak-like protrusions instead of mouths. Edwards tried to get closer, but when he did he was stopped by some sort of invisible force field, which also happened to deflect some rocks he threw towards the ship. The space penguins then filed into the craft and shot away at high speeds. Edwards was so reluctant to talk about his bizarre experience that he told his story only on the promise that it would not be published until after his death.   

From the pages of Albert S. Rosales’ book “Humanoid Encounters 1970-1974: The Others amongst Us,” there is a weird encounter reported by a student at the University of Georgia by the name of Mars Walker. He claims that one evening he was reading in his modest apartment near the campus when he was startled by a “high-pitched, siren-like sound.” When he went to his window to find out the source of the eerie sound, he saw a glow emanating from outside, so he opened the door to check it out and was met with the sight of a round, smooth craft that slowly descended from the sky about fifty yards away. That’s when things would get really weird. The report continues:   

“After five minutes the pitch of the sound became sharper “and a thing took shape within the doughnut shape of the middle.” It required another minute before the form became clearly visible. According to Walker, “It was a human-like being standing erect,” and colored like “a sea green opaque, like a hologram.” The most prominent aspect of the creature was its “medusa-head,” composed of objects resembling tentacles that surrounded the head. Each hand had three or four fingers, but otherwise seemed human. “The odd thing to me” Walker continued, “is how little attention it paid me. No interest in communicating with me or threatening me or any other activity, besides observing.” The scene was surreal; the creature bathed in the pale-green light like “an electrical field,” the student thought. Perhaps it was a hologram. Apparently finished with its duties, the entity went back inside the craft. After a half hour the UFO departed.”   

From 1977 there ia a weird encounter in a place called Harrah. which is a tiny rural town in Yakima County, in the center of Washington State, in the United States, with a current population of less than 600 citizens. One frigid winter morning in January of 1977, a 9-year-old José Cantu woke up and went to the kitchen to make something for breakfast. As he did, his concentration was broken by glancing at what he at first thought to be a tiny little man walking past the window. He went to investigate and would soon see that not only was this not a little man, but that it was something far odder than anything he could have imagined.   

When Cantu went out into the yards, he was greeted by the sight of a quartet of otherworldly entities that defied classification. Each of the beings was rotund, greenish in color, standing three feet high, with no legs but rather merely wire and tube adorned wide based hovering rotating pedestals where legs would normally be. Perhaps even stranger still, each of the creatures had a pair of mushroom-capped antennas, coarse hair, pig-like noses and a single eye that peered out of round faces. The arms of the beings were described as floppy, tiny little protuberances that looked like they would be worthless for any sort of practical use.   

Cantu was so shocked by all of this that he hid himself, and that was when he noticed several metallic crafts, each with another little, green, pig-nosed, cyclops sitting within it. These crafts opened to reveal ramps that descended to the ground, after which the entities ascended into the crafts and they took ff with a puff of smoke. Shortly after this, the boy ran to tell his mother what had happened, but she didn’t believe him. He would also tell his teacher and classmates at school, and considering that he was considered to be an honest boy not prone to tall tales, his teacher and a teacher’s aide went with him to investigate the site where he claimed he had seen the bizarre creatures. There they found circular indentations in the ground and a spherical dent in the ground where one of the crafts had apparently sat. They also discovered that the uncut grass in the center of the circular patterns was swirled upward for reasons unknown. In the end, everyone present was convinced that the boy was telling the truth.   

The following year there was a report from Francavilla, Abruzzo, Italy in 1978. On this evening, Mr. Alfredo D'Aviero was returning home on his motorcycle, and since the road was in such poor condition and so riddled with potholes, he looked down to watch where he was going and avoid an accident. A report from Albert S. Rosales on the strange incident continues:   

“When he looked up again he found himself facing two unusual characters: they were two strange "little boys", with small, round eyes, arms behind their back and they seemed to laugh, and one of them seemed to have a slightly crooked jaw. They wore a silvery-white outfit tinged with green, zouaves and cuff. At the head,they wore tight hats that also tightened the chin covering the ears, on the left side of their heads,they wore a small "feather". Their legs didn't have any knees and were as stiff as two sticks. The beings also wore some kind of stilts so you can see the bone-free ankles. D'Aviero tried to offer the two cigarettes and persimmons, but they refused any offer, at which D'Aviero decided to "take them" to Francavilla as proof of his experience. He got closer, he got hit by a blinding flash of light, when he opened his eyes again, the two beings were gone.”   

What in the world? Just as eerie is a report from 1983, in Val Trebbia, Emilia Romagna, Italy. On a beautiful afternoon the witness, only known as Mr. A. was riding his ‘Aprilia’ trail motorbike on the dry bed of the Treibbia River when he suddenly noticed a “being of very unusual features.” A report on the matter from the files of Albert Rosales reads:   

“The witness described the figure as a sort of “flying nun” dressed in a long and dark-colored diving suit, apparently rigid and without folds. The figure also wore a sort of headdress or helmet that closely resembled the one worn by the nuns. The being flew faster than A’s motorbike and at a height of about twenty/thirty centimeters from the ground with its torso slightly bent forward. The bizarre flying figure covered a distance of one hundred and fifty/two hundred meters in about three or four seconds always remaining level to the ground, then it suddenly shot off into the nearby bush and disappeared from sight. It did not make any noise it did not disturb the waters of the river or dust from the ground. The whole encounter lasted about ten interminable seconds. Frightened, the witness immediately reversed and drove towards his house where he told his family what he had seen.”

These are all incredibly strange cases that really skirt the periphery of the bizarre. It is hard to know what we are dealing with in such unconventional accounts. Are these really aliens or do such encounters represent something else entirely? For now, the answers remain elusive, but the reports keep coming in. 

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

30-01-2025 om 22:03 geschreven door peter  

'City-killer' asteroid has a 1-in-83 chance of smashing into Earth in 2032, NASA says

Although the asteroid is currently moving away from us, Earth will have several close shaves with the space rock in the next half century. Its next sideswipe will occur in late 2028, followed by six more close approaches between 2032 and 2074. Of these, the one with the highest chance of impact will be on Dec. 22, 2032, according to NASA.

All of these factors place 2024 YR4 at Level 3 on the Torino Impact Hazard Scale, the system scientists use to determine an asteroid's threat level. For objects at this level, "attention by public and by public officials is merited if the encounter is less than a decade away." However, most asteroids in this category are eventually downgraded to Level 0, which means "the likelihood of a collision is zero, or is so low as to be effectively zero."

Threats like this are the reason NASA and other space agencies are interested in developing techniques to redirect asteroids, as demonstrated by the Double Asteroid Redirection Test mission. The chances of a catastrophic asteroid impact are usually very low, so it is crucial to continue monitoring objects of interest, astronomers say. Even though 2024 YR4 probably won't trigger a mass extinction like the dino-killing space rock that slammed into what is now Mexico 66 million years ago, astronomers will keep a close eye on the asteroid as it circles back toward our planet.

RELATED VIDEOS

{ https://www.livescience.com/ }

30-01-2025 om 21:42 geschreven door peter  

Their results represent the first in-depth analyses of the minerals and molecules in the Bennu samples. Among the most compelling detections (reported in the Nature Astronomy paper) were 14 of the 20 amino acids life on Earth uses to make up protein cells. They also detected five nucleobases vital to DNA and RNA, which most complex lifeforms on Earth use to store and transmit genetic instructions, including how to arrange amino acids into proteins. As Associate Administrator Nicky Fox of the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters explained in a NASA press release:

“NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission already is rewriting the textbook on what we understand about the beginnings of our solar system. Asteroids provide a time capsule into our home planet’s history, and Bennu’s samples are pivotal in our understanding of what ingredients in our solar system existed before life started on Earth.”

The teams also reported exceptionally high abundances of ammonia in the Bennu samples and formaldehyde. Ammonia is an important component in biology since it can react with formaldehyde to form complex molecules like amino acids. These building blocks have previously been detected in other rocky bodies, including meteorites retrieved on Earth. However, the way OSIRIS-REx found them in pristine condition on an asteroid supports the theory that objects that formed far from the Sun could have delivered the raw material for life throughout the Solar System. Said Glavin:

“The clues we’re looking for are so minuscule and so easily destroyed or altered from exposure to Earth’s environment. That’s why some of these new discoveries would not be possible without a sample-return mission, meticulous contamination-control measures, and careful curation and storage of this precious material from Bennu.”

Glavin and Dworkin’s team analyzed the Bennu samples for hints of compounds related to life on Earth. Meanwhile, Tim McCoy and Sara Russell, the curator of meteorites at the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History in Washington and a cosmic mineralogist at the Natural History Museum in London (respectively), looked for evidence of where these molecules formed. As they reported in the study appearing in Nature, they discovered hints that they came from an ancient prebiotic environment.

These included traces of 11 minerals ranging from calcite to halite and sylvite, compounds that form from salts dissolved in water that become solid crystals (brines) once the water dissolves. Evidence of similar brines have been detected on Ceres, Saturn’s moon Enceladus, and other bodies in the Solar System. While scientists have also detected brines in meteorites that fell to Earth, they have never seen a complete set created by an evaporation process that could have lasted thousands of years or more. Moreover, some minerals found in Bennu have never been detected in other extraterrestrial samples.

Another analysis was carried out by members of the OSIRIS-REx sample analysis team, including researchers from the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Hokkaido University, Keio University, Kyushu University, and Tohoku University. Together, they analyzed a 17.75 mg sample using high-resolution mass spectrometry for organic molecules with a ring structure containing carbon and nitrogen (N-heterocycles). This revealed a concentration of N-heterocycles 5-10 times higher than that reported from the sample taken from Ryugu (~5 nmol/g) by the Hayabusa2 mission.

In addition to the five nitrogenous bases, their analysis showed evidence of the purines xanthine, hypoxanthine, and nicotinic acid (vitamin B₃). “In previous research, uracil and nicotinic acid were detected in the samples from asteroid Ryugu, but the other four nucleobases were absent,” said team member Dr. Toshiki Koga of JAMSTEC. “The difference in abundance and complexity of N-heterocycles between Bennu and Ryugu could reflect the differences in the environment to which these asteroids have been exposed in space.”

While these findings have provided compelling evidence of where the building blocks of life on Earth came from, several unanswered questions remain. For starters, amino acids can be created in “mirror-image” versions, similar to how complex lifeforms have a left and right side – hands, feet, brains, lungs, heat chambers, etc. While life on Earth almost exclusively exhibits the left variety, the Bennu samples contain an equal mixture of both. This could mean amino acids started in equal mixtures on Earth billions of years ago but made a left turn along the way.

This is not unlike theories regarding matter and antimatter in the early Universe and how “normal” matter came to be predominant. In any case, these findings are a key piece in the ongoing study of how and where life may have emerged in the Solar System. “OSIRIS-REx has been a highly successful mission,” said Dworkin. “Data from OSIRIS-REx adds major brushstrokes to a picture of a solar system teeming with the potential for life. Why we, so far, only see life on Earth and not elsewhere, that’s the truly tantalizing question.”

Further Reading: 

• NASA, 
• Hokkaido University, 

• Nature Astronomy

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

30-01-2025 om 21:26 geschreven door peter  

Trips to other worlds have been the stuff of science fiction for more than a century — going back to Jules Verne’s “From the Earth to the Moon” and continuing today with shows like “For All Mankind.” But most of those tales are told from the perspective of intrepid explorers who have to deal with life-threatening dramas.

In contrast, most of the stories in “Daydreaming in the Solar System” have to do with space travelers having fun, or handling the day-to-day challenges of living in an otherworldly locale.

“Often you’re visiting a place for the very first time, and of course it’s an amazing, awe-inspiring place, but you’re also very concerned about not dying,” Moores said. “So, we wanted to take that away — that bit of danger — so that people dive into the environment. Everywhere we went, we needed the right combination of an interesting activity, an interesting environment.”

Moores and Rogerson also use a second-person perspective. You’re the one riding a submarine through the hidden seas of Europa, an icy moon of Jupiter. You’re the one spelunking on Hyperion, a spongy Saturnian moon that appears to contain 40% empty space.

The end of each chapter takes a deeper dive into the peculiarities of each extraterrestrial environment. For example, riding a balloon around Venus makes sense because the surroundings at an altitude of 30 to 40 miles are similar to Earth’s when it comes to temperature and atmospheric pressure. In contrast, the surface of Venus is hellishly hot.

Ballooning on Venus is much more than a daydream. More than a decade ago, NASA engineers came up with a concept that called for sending habitable airships into the Venusian atmosphere. More recently, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory has been looking into a mission that would use robotic balloons to study the clouds of Venus.

Similarly, the idea of sending mini-subs through Europa’s subsurface ocean is being considered as a follow-up to NASA’s Europa Clipper mission. A robotic submarine has also been proposed for exploring Titan’s hydrocarbon seas — although NASA’s Dragonfly mission to Titan, which relies on a rotorcraft, will be taking precedence.

The authors don’t shy away from the important issues: In one chapter, they describe in depth how to brew a delicious cup of coffee on Titan — and then explain why you could conceivably put on a pair of mechanical wings and flap your way through the Saturnian moon’s dense atmosphere after your morning cup of joe.

Will humans ever be able to experience the adventures described in the book? “I hope so,” Moores says.

“One thing that our publisher pointed out when we submitted our final manuscript, which wasn’t actually intentional, was that they felt that the book was actually very optimistic and very hopeful — just the framing of it, that you could imagine the future in a way that actually allows these things to happen,” he says. “So many other works are a little bit apocalyptic right now.”

• My co-host for the Fiction Science podcast is Dominica Phetteplace, an award-winning writer who is a graduate of the Clarion West Writers Workshop and lives in San Francisco. To learn more about Phetteplace, visit her website, DominicaPhetteplace.com.

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Adventures of an interplanetary architect | Xavier De Kestelier

5 Fascinating Missions in Space | Planet Explorers: Full Series | BBC Earth Science

Adventures of an interplanetary architect | Xavier De Kestelier

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

30-01-2025 om 21:11 geschreven door peter  

The warming ground sublimates frozen CO2 into vapour that accumulates under the solid CO2. Eventually, the gas escapes through weak spots in the ice. It can erupt into geysers that spread darker material out onto the frozen surface.

The HiRISE camera on NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter captured this image of these geysers on Mars in October 2018. It has also captured other images of Martian CO2 geysers.

Some of Mars’ CO2 geysers erupt and create dark spots as large as 1 km across. They are fueled by considerable power and can erupt at speeds up to 160 km/h.

Sometimes the eruptions create dark regions under the ice which look like spiders.

Scientists are calling these features araneiform terrain or spider terrain. They are found in clusters that give the surface a wrinkled appearance. NASA scientists recreated these patterns in lab tests to understand the processes behind their formation. “The spiders are strange, beautiful geologic features in their own right,” said Lauren McKeown of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.

The process that explains how the CO2 cycle creates these features is called the Keiffer model. Hugh Keiffer was with the US Geological Survey when he and his colleagues published a paper explaining the model in 2006 in Nature titled “CO2 jets formed by sublimation beneath translucent slab ice in Mars’ seasonal south polar ice cap.”

“We propose that the seasonal ice cap forms an impermeable, translucent slab of CO2 ice that sublimates from the base, building up high-pressure gas beneath the slab. This gas levitates the ice, which eventually ruptures, producing high-velocity CO2 vents that erupt sand-sized grains in jets to form the spots and erode the channels,” Keiffer and his co-authors wrote in their paper.

Maybe humans are biased, but there’s nothing as beautiful and splendorous as Earth. Generations of poets have acclaimed its beauty to the point where it borders on the spiritual. However, when it comes to CO2 geysers and the natural patterns they create, Mars has something that Earth doesn’t.

“These processes are unlike any observed on Earth,” the authors of the 2006 paper stated.

Source: 

• Geyser Season on Mars

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

30-01-2025 om 20:56 geschreven door peter  

30-01-2025 om 20:33 geschreven door peter  

ESA houdt de onlangs ontdekte ruimterots nauwlettend in de gaten.

Astronomen hebben een nieuwe ruimterots ontdekt die mogelijk op ramkoers ligt met de aarde. Deze planetoïde, 2024 YR4 genoemd, heeft een diameter van 40 tot 100 meter – groot genoeg om flink wat schade aan te richten als hij zou inslaan.

2032
2024 YR4 werd op 27 december 2024 door de ATLAS-telescoop aan het licht gebracht. Vlak na de ontdekking berekenden slimme waarschuwingssystemen dat de planetoïde, hoewel de kans miniem is, op 22 december 2032 de aarde zou kunnen raken.

Grootte
2024 YR4 heeft zoals gezegd een diameter van meer dan 50 meter. Ter vergelijking: een passagiersvliegtuig zoals een Boeing 747 is ongeveer 70 meter lang. Planetoïden van deze grootte slaan gemiddeld eens in de paar duizend jaar in op de aarde. Mocht 2024 YR4 inderdaad inslaan, dan zou dit niet per se catastrofale gevolgen hebben. Wel zal het ernstige schade kunnen aanrichten als hij bijvoorbeeld dicht bij een grote stad of dichtbevolkt gebied landt. Op dit moment is het nog te vroeg om te bepalen waar op aarde een eventuele inslag zou kunnen plaatsvinden.

Asteroid 2024 YR4 Is Level 3 On The Torino Scale, With A Very Close ...

Gevaarlijke planetoïde
Door dit risico staat de ruimterots nu bovenaan ESA’s lijst van gevaarlijke planetoïden. Sinds begin januari hebben astronomen prioriteit gegeven aan vervolgwaarnemingen met telescopen over de hele wereld. Wat we nu over de planetoïde weten, is dat zijn baan rond de zon ellipsvormig (excentrisch) is. Op dit moment beweegt de planetoïde zich bijna in een rechte lijn van de aarde weg, waardoor het moeilijk is om zijn exacte baan te bepalen. Nieuwe gegevens zullen echter helpen om de grootte en koers van de planetoïde nog nauwkeuriger in kaart te brengen.

Hoe wordt de baan van aardscheerders berekend?
De baan van planetoïden wordt berekend door het elliptische pad rond de zon te bepalen dat het beste past bij de beschikbare waarnemingen. Dat wil zeggen, het berekende pad van het object rond de zon wordt aangepast totdat de voorspellingen van waar de planetoïde op verschillende waargenomen tijdstippen aan de hemel had moeten verschijnen, overeenkomen met de posities waar het object daadwerkelijk op diezelfde tijdstippen werd gezien. Naarmate het aantal waarnemingen toeneemt, kan ook de exacte baan van de ruimtesteen verbeterd worden. Op die manier krijgen astronomen een goed beeld van waar het object zich in de toekomst zal bevinden.

Toch is er geen reden om in paniek te raken. ESA schat de kans dat 2024 YR4 op 22 december 2032 de aarde zal raken, namelijk op slechts 1,2 procent. Omdat de kans op inslag binnen de komende vijftig jaar meer dan 1 procent is, wordt de planetoïde nauwlettend in de gaten gehouden. Op dit moment heeft geen enkele andere grote planetoïde een inslagkans van meer dan 1 procent. Maar vergeet niet: er is ook een 99 procent kans dat 2024 YR4 ons voorbij zal schieten.

Risico neemt eerst toe, dan weer af
Toch kan een mogelijke inslag niet volledig worden uitgesloten. Daarom staat planetoïde 2024 YR4 op dit moment op niveau 3 van de Schaal van Torino: een nauwe passage die de aandacht van zowel astronomen als het publiek trekt. Het is goed om te weten dat de kans op inslag vaak eerst toeneemt, maar naarmate er meer waarnemingen zijn, meestal snel weer naar nul daalt. In het verleden zijn er meerdere objecten met een vergelijkbare beoordeling geweest die uiteindelijk van de lijst verdwenen naarmate er meer gegevens binnendruppelden. Wil je weten waarom? Bekijk dan de onderstaande video.

Bombardement uit de ruimte
Overigens is het niet heel zeldzaam dat onze aarde wordt geraakt door stof en gesteente vanuit de ruimte. Elke dag wordt de aarde gebombardeerd met meer dan 100 ton stof en deeltjes ter grootte van zandkorrels. Ongeveer één keer per jaar raakt een planetoïde ter grootte van een auto de aardse atmosfeer. Dit heeft weinig gevolgen, behalve dat ze als oplichtende vuurbollen kunnen worden gezien terwijl ze in onze atmosfeer opbranden. Elke 2000 jaar treft een steen ter grootte van een voetbalveld de aarde, wat wel aanzienlijke schade kan aanrichten. Slechts eens in de paar miljoen jaar komt er een object langs dat groot genoeg is om al het leven op aarde om te leggen (denk aan de planetoïde die een einde maakte aan het dino-tijdperk). Inslagkraters op de aarde, de maan en andere planetaire lichamen zijn hiervoor het bewijs.

Risicolijst
De komende maanden zal 2024 YR4 steeds moeilijker zichtbaar zijn vanaf de aarde. In die tijd zal ESA de waarnemingen blijven coördineren met steeds krachtigere telescopen. Uiteindelijk wordt ook de beroemde Very Large Telescope van de Europese Zuidelijke Sterrenwacht in Chili ingezet om zoveel mogelijk gegevens te verzamelen. Het is overigens ook mogelijk 2024 YR4 uit het zicht verdwijnt voordat we een inslag in 2032 volledig kunnen uitsluiten. Als dat gebeurt, zal de planetoïde waarschijnlijk op ESA’s risicolijstje blijven staan totdat hij in 2028 weer te zien is.

Hoewel het nog steeds uiterst onwaarschijnlijk is dat 2024 YR4 over zo’n zo’n zeven jaar op aarde neerstort, hebben we gelukkig een plan klaarliggen voor het geval het ergste scenario werkelijkheid zou worden. Zo bewees de DART-missie namelijk dat we in staat zijn de baan van een ruimterots te veranderen. Dit betekent dat we de koers van een gevaarlijke aardscheerder kunnen afbuigen, waardoor we de aarde kunnen beschermen. En dat is toch een geruststellende gedachte!

Bronmateriaal

• "ESA actively monitoring near-Earth asteroid 2024 YR4" - ESA
  
• "NASA Shares Observations of Recently-Identified Near Earth Asteroid" - NASA

{ https://scientias.nl/ }

30-01-2025 om 20:21 geschreven door peter  

The Pudasjärvi UFO Wave: Finland’s Mysterious Encounters of 1969 

In the late 1960s, a quiet corner of northern Finland became the unlikely epicenter of one of the most perplexing UFO waves in history. The Pudasjärvi UFO wave, spanning from 1969 to 1971, left locals and researchers alike bewildered by a series of strange orbs, eerie lights, and unexplained encounters. Could these sightings have been the result of natural phenomena, top-secret government experiments, or even extraterrestrial visitors? The events that unfolded remain one of Finland’s greatest unsolved mysteries.

A Surge of Unexplained Sightings

Pudasjärvi, a remote region characterized by dense forests and rolling fells, became a focal point for UFO activity starting in September 1969. Over a period of several months, multiple witnesses, including farmers, teachers, taxi drivers, and entire families, reported seeing luminous objects in the night sky. These were not fleeting glimpses—some sightings lasted for hours, leaving behind eerie traces of light beams, magnetic disturbances, and inexplicable movements.

Eyewitnesses described the objects as:

• Glowing orbs that hovered over frozen lakes and tree lines.
• Pulsating lights that moved in intelligent patterns.
• Unidentified craft that appeared pear-shaped or disk-like.

The most remarkable encounter occurred on September 8, 1969, when a taxi driver, Ahti Kula, along with his passengers, observed a bright light in the distance. As they continued their journey, the light moved closer, displaying deliberate maneuvers that defied conventional aircraft behavior. Their observations were later corroborated by other witnesses, reinforcing the credibility of their experience.

Unexplained Magnetic Anomalies

The persistent sightings prompted scientific investigations, particularly due to reports of magnetic disturbances in the area. Researchers noted that compasses malfunctioned, and some locations displayed inexplicable fluctuations in the Earth’s magnetic field. Despite attempts to link these anomalies to known natural causes, no definitive explanation was found.

Professor Juhani Oksman, a leading Finnish electromagnetic expert, conducted research on the phenomenon and concluded that there was no current scientific explanation for what had been observed in Pudasjärvi.

The Gunshot Incident and Alleged Alien Contact

One of the most chilling accounts from the Pudasjärvi UFO wave occurred in 1971, when two brothers, Hugo and Seppo Kell Lampi, reportedly fired a rifle at a UFO after experiencing repeated sightings. The men, who worked as snowplow operators, had encountered strange lights multiple times and eventually felt threatened by their presence. One night, Seppo rushed inside their home in a panic, prompting Hugo to grab his hunting rifle and shoot at the unidentified object.

What happened next is both bizarre and unsettling. A local man, Unto Laine, later claimed that on the very night of the shooting, he was inside the UFO, interacting with its alien occupants. According to Laine, the beings—slender, approximately 160 cm tall, and dressed in protective suits—were shocked by the attack and asked, “Why are they shooting?” His only response was, “We are so primitive.”

Laine further asserted that the beings gave him the gift of healing, an ability he claimed to have used for the rest of his life, even stating that he had treated Boris Yeltsin, the future Russian leader. Strangely, shortly after the incident, both Kell Lampi brothers died unexpectedly, which fueled speculation that the UFO encounter had some deeper significance.

Theories and Explanations

The Pudasjärvi UFO wave remains one of the most well-documented and debated cases in Finland’s history. Theories attempting to explain the sightings include:

1. Natural Phenomena – Some researchers speculate that the glowing orbs may have been ball lightning, auroras, or atmospheric anomalies unique to Finland’s northern latitudes. However, this does not account for the intelligent movement patterns witnessed by multiple individuals.
2. Secret Military Projects – The late 1960s and early 1970s were rife with Cold War-era experimental aircraft and missile tests. Some believe that these sightings could have been classified military technology being tested in remote areas.
3. Extraterrestrial Visitors – The sheer volume and consistency of reports, coupled with accounts of direct interactions with beings, have led some UFO researchers to conclude that these events may indeed be evidence of extraterrestrial contact.

Legacy of the Pudasjärvi UFO Wave

Decades later, the events in Pudasjärvi continue to intrigue UFO enthusiasts, skeptics, and scientists alike. Despite extensive documentation and firsthand testimonies, no concrete explanation has been found. The mystery endures, reminding us that even in our technologically advanced world, there are still phenomena beyond our understanding.

Was the Pudasjärvi UFO wave a misunderstood natural occurrence, secret military technology, or genuine extraterrestrial contact? The answers remain elusive, but one thing is certain—something truly extraordinary happened in northern Finland in 1969, and its legacy continues to spark curiosity and debate to this day.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

30-01-2025 om 18:18 geschreven door peter  

• READ MORE:  'Doomsday' fish found on beach sparks fears of looming disaster

By ELLYN LAPOINTE FOR DAILYMAIL.COM and JONATHAN CHADWICK FOR MAILONLINE 

Humanity is officially one second closer to world annihilation, scientists say. 

The Doomsday Clock has been revealed – and it now sits at 89 seconds to midnight, one second closer than last year. 

It's also the closest the clock has ever been to midnight in its 78-year history, meaning we're nearer to world-ending catastrophe than ever before. 

The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, which decides where the hands are set, cited the Russia-Ukraine war, ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, the threat of nuclear war, climate change, a looming bird flu pandemic and AI arms race for the update. 

The Chicago-based nonprofit created the Doomsday Clock in 1947 during the Cold War tensions that followed World War II to warn the public about how close humankind was to destroying the world. 

'We set the clock closer to midnight because we do not see sufficient positive progress on the global challenges we face,' said Daniel Holz, board member and physicist at the University of Chicago.

'Setting the Doomsday Clock at 89 seconds to midnight is a warning to all world leaders,' he added. 

Since 2023, it has been set at 90 seconds to midnight, but this year scientists predicted it would move forward to reflect the troubling global outlook.

Scientists unveiled the 2025 update for the 'Doomsday Clock' today, revealing that it has moved one second closer to midnight. Pictured with the clock, former President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos (left) and Robert Socolow (right), professor emeritus at Princeton University and member of the Atomic Scientists' Science and Security Board

The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, which decides where the hands are set, cited the Russia-Ukraine war, ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, the threat of nuclear war, climate change, a looming bird flu pandemic and AI arms race

Why has the Doomsday Clock gone forward? 

Moving the Doomsday Clock one second closer on Tuesday signified humanity's failures to make progress from the global threats in the past 12 months. 

The Russia-Ukraine war, Israel's ongoing conflicts in the Middle East, and the threat of nuclear war, climate change and AI all mean the clock has gone forwards for the first time in two years. 

'The factors shaping this year's decision – nuclear risk, climate change, the potential misuse of advances in biological science and a variety of other emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence – were not new in 2024,' Holz said.

'But we have seen insufficient progress in addressing the key challenges, and in many cases this is leading to increasingly negative and worrisome effects.' 

Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine launched Europe's bloodiest conflict since World War II, while there's a growing sense 'a nation may end up using nuclear weapons'.

'The war in Ukraine continues to loom as a large source of nuclear risk,' Holz said. 

'That conflict could escalate to include nuclear weapons at any moment due to a rash decision or through accident and miscalculation.'  

+14

View gallery

The Doomsday Clock was set at 89 seconds to midnight, the closest the Clock has ever been to midnight in its 78-year history. The symbolic clock edges closer to midnight to reflect human-made global catastrophes

An Israeli attack on al-Hudari family house reduces the building into rubble in Gaza City, Gaza on January 05, 2025

Harrowing fires in California this month were related to climate change, according to scientists. Pictured, a home is engulfed in flames, Los Angeles, January 8, 2025

President Donald Trump speaking in the White House's Roosevelt Room flanked by Masayoshi Son, Chairman and CEO of SoftBank Group Corp; Larry Ellison, Executive Charmain Oracle and Sam Altman, CEO of Open AI on January 21, 2025, to announce $500B AI investment. 

Russian President Vladimir Putin in November lowered the threshold for a nuclear strike in response to a broader range of conventional attacks, a move the Kremlin described as a signal to the West. 

Russia's updated doctrine set a framework for conditions under which Putin could order a strike from the world's biggest nuclear arsenal.

The Middle East has been another source of instability with the Israel-Gaza war and broader regional hostilities involving countries including Iran. 

'We are watching closely and hope that the ceasefire in Gaza will hold,' Holz said.  

Meanwhile, nuclear-armed China has stepped up military pressure near Taiwan, and nuclear-armed North Korea continues with tests of various ballistic missiles.

Climate change poses another existential threat. Last year was the hottest in recorded history, according to scientists at the UN World Meteorological Organization. The last 10 years were the 10 hottest on record, it said.

'While there has been impressive growth in wind and solar energy, the world is still falling short of what is necessary to prevent the worse aspects of climate change,' Holz said.

Last year also saw staggering advancements in artificial intelligence, prompting increasing concern among some experts about its military applications and its risks to global security.

The 2025 Clock time signals that the world is on a course of unprecedented risk, and that continuing on the current path is a form of madness

2024 also saw advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) that have contributed to the decision to move the time forward (file photo)

2024 was the hottest year on record, beating the record set by 2023. The average global temperature in 2024 reached 15.1°C (59.2°F), 0.72°C (1.3°F) warmer than the 1991-2000 average

Governments have addressed the matter in fits and starts. In the US, then-President Biden in October signed an executive order intended to reduce the risks that AI poses to national security, the economy and public health or safety. 

His successor Donald Trump revoked it last week, and also announced a private-sector $500 billion investment in AI infrastructure.

'Advances in AI are beginning to show up on the battlefield in tentative but worrisome ways, and of particular concern is the future possibility of AI applications to nuclear weapons,' Holz said.

'In addition, AI is increasingly disrupting the world's information ecosystem. AI-fueled disinformation and misinformation will only add to this dysfunction.'

What is the Doomsday Clock?

The Doomsday Clock is a symbolic timepiece showing how close the world is to a human-made global catastrophe, as deemed by experts. 

Every year, the clock is updated based on how close we are to the total annihilation of humanity ('midnight').

If the clock goes forward and gets closer to midnight (compared with where it was set the previous year), it suggests humanity has got closer to self destruction.

Moving the Doomsday Clock one second closer on Tuesday signified humanity's failures to make progress from the global threats of 2024. Scientists noted that a looming pandemic was part of their decision

In 2024, the hands did not move to reflect an unchanging global situation 

But if it moves back, further away from midnight, it suggests humanity has reduced the risks of global catastrophe in the past 12 months.

On some years, such as 2024, the hands of the clock haven't moved at all – which suggests the global situation has not changed.

The clock is set by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, a nonprofit organization based in Chicago that publishes an academic journal.

Although symbolic and not an actual clock, the organization does unveil a physical 'quarter clock' model at an event when revealing if and how the hands have moved.

After the unveiling, the model can be found located at the Bulletin offices in the Keller Center, home to the University of Chicago Harris School of Public Policy.

Every January, the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists reveals its annual update to the Doomsday Clock – even if the hands are not moved. 

When was the Doomsday Clock created?

The Doomsday Clock goes back to June 1947, when US artist Martyl Langsdorf was hired to design a new cover for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists journal.

The Doomsday Clock goes back to June 1947, when US artist Martyl Langsdorf was hired to design a new cover for the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists journal 

Dr Leonard Rieser, Chairman of the Board of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, moves the hand of the Doomsday Clock back to 17 minutes before midnight at offices near the University of Chicago on November 26, 1991

With a striking image on the cover, the organization hoped to 'frighten men into rationality', according to Eugene Rabinowitch, the first editor of the journal.

It came amid a backdrop of public fear surrounding atomic warfare and weaponry, just two years after the Second World War ended.

Langsdorf initially considered drawing the symbol for uranium before sketching a clock to convey a sense of urgency.

She set it at seven minutes to midnight because 'it looked good to my eye', Langsdorf later said.

On the cover of later issues in subsequent years, the hands of the clock were adjusted based on how close we are to catastrophe.

After the Soviet Union successfully tested its first atomic bomb in 1949, Rabinowitch reset the clock from seven minutes to midnight to three minutes to midnight.

Since then, it has continued to move forwards and backwards.

In 2009, the Bulletin ceased its print edition, but the clock is still updated once a year on its website and is now a much-anticipated highlight of the scientific calendar.

The Doomsday Clock’s time is set by the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists’ Science and Security Board (SASB) in consultation with its Board of Sponsors, which includes nine Nobel Laureates. Factors included nuclear weapons threats, the climate crisis, biological threats, and disruptive technologies like artificial intelligence (file photo)

Who decides what time to set the Doomsday Clock at?

Shortly after it was first created, Bulletin Editor Eugene Rabinowitch decided whether or not the hands should be moved.

Rabinowitch was a scientist, fluent in Russian, and a leader in the conversations about nuclear disarmament, meaning he was in frequent discussions with scientists and experts all over the world.

After considering the discussions, he would decide whether the clock should be moved forward or backward, at least in the first few decades of the clock's existence.

When he died in 1973, the Bulletin's Science and Security Board took over, made up of experts on nuclear technology and climate science, and has included 13 Nobel Laureates over the years.

The panel meets twice a year to discuss ongoing world events, such as the war in Ukraine, and whether a clock change is necessary.

When were the hands furthest away from midnight?

In 1991, following the end of the Cold War, the Bulletin set the clock hands to 17 minutes to midnight.

The end of the war saw the US and the Soviet Union sign the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty.

This meant the countries would cut down their nuclear weapons arsenal, reducing the threat of nuclear war.

Unfortunately, the hands have not been as far away from midnight since then – and they do not look like moving back to this position any time soon.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

29-01-2025 om 23:45 geschreven door peter  

By SHIVALI BEST FOR MAILONLINE 

The existence of Scotland's legendary Loch Ness Monster has been hotly-debated for nearly a century. 

Affectionately referred to as Nessie, the large marine creature is said to inhabit the freshwater loch south of Inverness.

Now the mystery may have been finally been solved - by none other than Prince William. 

The Prince of Wales today visited Earthshot Prize finalist, Nature Metrics, at their Surrey HQ, where he was shown the Nature Intelligence Platform. 

This tool is able to identify individual species from small samples of soil, sediment, water, or air. 

During a demonstration of the technology, the Prince of Wales asked one of the researchers the million dollar question: 'Does this mean you could find the Loch Ness Monster?'

Unfortunately, the researcher poured cold water on any hopes that the monster is real.

'It might just be a very big eel,' she said. 

The Prince of Wales today visited Earthshot Prize finalist, Nature Metrics, at their Surrey HQ. The company's Nature Intelligence Platform is able to identify individual species from small samples of soil, sediment, water, or air

The existence of Scotland's legendary Loch Ness Monster has been hotly-debated for nearly a century. Now the mystery may have been finally been solved - by none other than Prince William 

During his visit, the Prince of Wales was shown Nature Metrics' eDNA Surveying Tool.

'All living things leave traces of their DNA in the environment (eDNA),' the company explains on its website. 

'We use this to identify individual species from small samples of soil, sediment, water and air.'

The demonstration sparked Prince William to ask the 'question that everyone is going to want to know' - does this mean we could find the Loch Ness Monster?

In response, the researcher said: 'Do you know what, people have tried. 

'People came from New Zealand to try that. They took about 500 eDNA samples in Loch Ness. 

'They said they found eels, and it might just be a very big eel, but that felt like it was clutching at straws a bit!

'All they needed to find was one bit of unidentified reptile DNA and they could have had a story.'

+5

Affectionately referred to as Nessie, the large marine creature is said to inhabit the freshwater loch south of Inverness

The Loch Ness monster isn't the only mythical creature that Nature Metrics has been asked to help find. 

'We've been asked to try and find the Yeti and Bigfoot - all sorts,' the researcher added.

The revelation comes shortly after naturalist Adrian Shine said people spotting 'long-necked' creatures on Loch Ness were actually misidentifying waterbirds in calm conditions.

While mysterious humps or loops in the water were really just boat wakes, he said, which are the 'largest cause of monster sightings'.

He added that the Nessie of popular imagination was simply the classic sea serpent depicted on old maps in a new inland setting.

Mr Shine, a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and founder of the Loch Ness Project, says he is a 'sympathetic sceptic' when it comes to the monster.

But he offered few comforts to those who believe Nessie is real.

He said: 'Boat wakes are probably the number one cause of monsters sightings, and waterbirds are the long-necked ones.'

'Of course there are long-necked creatures on Loch Ness – we call them swans.

'And in calm conditions you can lose your ability to judge distance, and if you can't judge distance, you can't judge size.' 

What IS the Loch Ness Monster?

Rumours of a strange creature living in the waters of Loch Ness have abounded over the decades, yet scant evidence has been found to back up these claims.

One of the first sightings, believed to have fuelled modern Nessie fever, came in May 2, 1933.  

On this date the Inverness Courier carried a story about a local couple who claim to have seen 'an enormous animal rolling and plunging on the surface'.

Another famous claimed sighting is a photograph taken in 1934 by Colonel Robert Kenneth Wilson.

It was later exposed as a hoax by one of the participants, Chris Spurling, who, on his deathbed, revealed that the pictures were staged.

Other sightings James Gray's picture from 2001 when he and friend Peter Levings were out fishing on the Loch, while namesake Hugh Gray's blurred photo of what appears to be a large sea creature was published in the Daily Express in 1933.

Robert Kenneth Wilson, a London physician, captured arguably the most famous image of the Loch Ness Monster. The surgeon’s photograph was published in the Daily Mail on April 21, 1934 - however it was later proven to be a fake 

The first reported sighting of the monster is said to have been made in AD565 by the Irish missionary St Columba when he came across a giant beast in the River Ness.

But no one has ever come up with a satisfactory explanation for the sightings - although in 2019, 'Nessie expert' Steve Feltham, who has spent 24 years watching the Loch, said he thought it was actually a giant Wels Catfish, native to waters near the Baltic and Caspian seas in Europe.

An online register lists more than 1,000 total Nessie sightings, created by Mr Campbell, the man behind the Official Loch Ness Monster Fan Club and is available at www.lochnesssightings.com. 

So what could explain these mysterious sightings? 

Many Nessie witnesses have mentioned large, crocodile-like scutes sitting atop the spine of the creature, leading some to believe an escaped amphibian may be to blame.

Native fish sturgeons can also weigh several hundred pounds and have ridged backs, which make them look almost reptilian.

Some believe Nessie is a long-necked plesiosaur - like an elasmosaur - that survived somehow when all the other dinosaurs were wiped out.

Others say the sightings are down to Scottish pines dying and flopping into the loch, before quickly becoming water-logged and sinking.

While submerged, botanical chemicals start trapping tiny bubbles of air.

Eventually, enough of these are gathered to propel the log upward as deep pressures begin altering its shape, giving the appearance of an animal coming up for air.

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{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

29-01-2025 om 23:12 geschreven door peter  

Scientists uncover the 'strongest evidence yet' for aliens: Breakthrough study confirms asteroid Bennu contains the building blocks of life

• READ MORE: Scientists come up with a way to save Earth from asteroid collision

By XANTHA LEATHAM DEPUTY SCIENCE EDITOR FOR THE DAILY MAIL

Experts have unearthed the 'strongest evidence yet' for aliens on other planets after pieces of an asteroid were found to contain the building blocks of life.

In 2020, a NASA spacecraft collected a sample from an asteroid called Bennu as part of a nail-biting mission that took place more than 200 million miles away.

Once it had returned to Earth samples of the dust were sent to laboratories around the world, including in the UK, to be studied by scientists.

Now, analysis has revealed that traces of ancient brine within the sample contain minerals crucial to life and which kicked off the chemical processes that led to a lush and fertile Earth.

And experts say this is the 'strongest evidence yet' that the building blocks for life as we know it are spread across the solar system – and have been there for billions of years.

The discovery has been published across two papers – one which indicates Bennu was part of a long-lost wet, salty world which originated at the dawn of the solar system, and another which reveals a 'suite' of organic materials that were detected in the sample.

Among them are all five nitrogenous bases - molecules required for building DNA and RNA - and amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

Professor Sara Russell, from the Natural History Museum, was one of the scientists studying the 'dust'.

Experts have unearthed the 'strongest evidence yet' for aliens on other planets after pieces of an asteroid were found to contain the building blocks of life

In 2020, a NASA spacecraft collected a sample from an asteroid called Bennu as part of a nail-biting mission that took place more than 200 million miles away. Once it had returned to Earth samples of the dust were sent to laboratories around the world, including in the UK, to be studied by scientists

Analysis has revealed that traces of ancient brine within the sample contain minerals crucial to life and which kicked off the chemical processes that led to a lush and fertile Earth

She said: 'One of the interesting things we found in there was a whole range of salts. That includes sodium chloride, which is what we put on our chips, and loads of other salts like phosphates and carbonates.

'We think these actually formed a briny, salty water that may have been underground in the asteroid.

'This sort of salty fluid would be a perfect place to make organic molecules. And in the early solar system there would have been millions of asteroids like Bennu, so it could have been really important for "seeding" the Earth and other planets with all these ingredients they can use for life.'

She said although there isn't any evidence for life elsewhere in the solar system yet, 'now we know there were there were all of these ingredients around'.

'I imagine that whatever rained down on Earth would have also rained down on Mars and on the moons of the giant planets, and they might have been really great environments for life to begin,' she added.

'I think it's likely that the fact we've found these things in abundance means that life may have begun elsewhere.

'This is really strong evidence that these building blocks for life were widespread throughout our solar system.'

The two new studies, which appear in the journals Nature and Nature Astronomy, are among the first published analyses of the Bennu samples.

Scanning electron microscope images of trona found in samples of the asteroid Bennu returned by NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission

Earth-originating examples of minerals found in Bennu samples. Foreground, left to right: calcite, gaylussite, sylvite with halite, villiaumite

Some of these crucial 'building blocks' have not been detected in meteorites that have fallen to Earth – most likely because their composition would have been altered after burning through the atmosphere and they would have been easily contaminated after hitting the ground.

Bennu consists of pieces of a larger asteroid that formed nearly 4.6 billion years ago, around the same time as the solar system.

By understanding the composition of the Bennu samples, scientists can gain insights into the conditions of that time, helping answer questions about how the solar system - and Earth - formed.

'It's interesting that although Bennu had everything needed for life, it did not form,' Professor Russell added.

'The complex and delicate conditions needed to catalyse life really bring into focus the abundance of biodiversity here on Earth.'

Co-lead author Tim McCoy, curator of meteorites at the Smithsonian Museum in Washington said: 'This extraordinary work, done at the scale of microns, will help us understand what happens at the scale of planets.'

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

29-01-2025 om 21:49 geschreven door peter  

Asteroid Bennu contains the 'seeds of life,' OSIRIS-REx samples reveal

The two teams of researchers who made the discoveries published their findings Jan. 29 in two papers in the journal Nature Astronomy.

"We now know from Bennu that the raw ingredients of life were combining in really interesting and complex ways on Bennu's parent body," study co-lead author Tim McCoy, curator of meteorites at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, said in a statement. "We have discovered that next step on a pathway to life."

Bennu is a potentially hazardous asteroid that has a 1-in-2,700 chance of striking Earth in the year 2182 — the highest odds of any known space object. But scientists are more interested in what's trapped on the space rock: As a carbon-rich asteroid, it likely contains many of the primordial molecules present when life first emerged on Earth.

Related: 

• NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission almost bit the dust — then Queen guitarist Brian May stepped in

OSIRIS-REx launched in September 2016 and traveled 200 million miles (320 million kilometers) to reach Bennu.

Once there, the spacecraft orbited the asteroid for nearly two years as flight engineers searched for a landing site. Upon making contact with the space rock, OSIRIS-REx fired a burst of nitrogen from its Touch-and-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism to stick the landing and prevent itself from sinking through the asteroid. The nitrogen burst captured a 4.29-ounce (121.6 grams) sample in the process.

In October 2023, the sample was brought to Earth aboard OSIRIS-REx's capsule, which reached speeds of up to 27,000 mph (43,000 km/h) before it deployed its parachute and landed safely in the Utah desert. To avoid contamination, the sample container was taken to a clean room before being opened.

The researchers behind the first study received slices of the Bennu sample, which they examined under a scanning electron microscope. This enabled the team to study features on the sample's surface with a resolution of one-hundredth the width of a human hair.

The scientists discovered sodium carbonate, typically found in evaporated lakes that once contained life on Earth, on the space rock's surface. Within the sodium carbonate, the team found 11 minerals that are important precursors for organic compounds. The mineral compositions differed subtly from those found on our planet; being rich in phosphorus and poor in boron, when the reverse is true in Earth’s lakes.

The researchers think brine similar to that found on Bennu could also exist on other bodies in the solar system, such as the dwarf planet Ceres and Saturn's icy moon Enceladus.

In the second study, conducted by scientists in Japan, a separate piece of the sample was also found to contain the five nucleobases — adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil — which combine with ribose and phosphate to form DNA and RNA, the ladder-like structures that make up the genetic code of all life on Earth.

This is the first time that scientists have found these nucleobases on a distant asteroid. In 2023, a sample taken from the Ryugu space rock by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft was found to contain uracil, yet the other nucleobases were missing.

It's unclear what this means for life beyond our planet. While the existence of these minerals on Bennu is a sure indication that the asteroid had the right ingredients for life, the researchers are unsure if the asteroid's environment was too harsh for the compounds to grow into complex organic structures. To further investigate, the scientists plan to reexamine meteorites in their collection for similar salts and compounds.

"We now know we have the basic building blocks to move along this pathway towards life, but we don't know how far along that pathway this environment could allow things to progress," McCoy said.

{ https://www.livescience.com/space }

29-01-2025 om 20:47 geschreven door peter  

Chinese astronauts make rocket fuel and oxygen in space using 1st-of-its kind 'artificial photosynthesis'

In this case, the astronauts created the hydrocarbon ethylene, which can be used as rocket fuel. But by using different catalysts in the reaction, the researchers believe they could instead produce methane, which could also be used for fuel; and formic acid, which can be used as a preservative, antibacterial agent or precursor to making sugars, Interesting Engineering reported.

"This technology mimics the natural photosynthesis process of green plants through engineered physical and chemical methods, utilizing carbon dioxide resources in confined spaces or extraterrestrial atmospheres to produce oxygen and carbon-based fuels," Chinese state television channel CCTV reported Jan. 19. "The work is expected to provide critical technical support for human survival and exploration in outer space."

Related: China plans to build enormous solar array in space — and it could collect more energy in a year than 'all the oil on Earth'

The researchers have not revealed details about the technology. However, it supposedly requires much less energy than the electrolysis technology used to create oxygen from water on the International Space Station (ISS), the South China Morning Post reported. Electrolysis uses up to a third of the ISS's power output, according to a 2023 study.

{ https://www.livescience.com/space }

29-01-2025 om 20:26 geschreven door peter  

{ https://curiosmos.com/ }

29-01-2025 om 18:51 geschreven door peter  

Why is Antarctica a Magnet for UFO Stories?

An illustration of Antarctica at night.

{ https://curiosmos.com/ }

29-01-2025 om 18:32 geschreven door peter