Stunning, rainbow-colored object spotted by James Webb telescope could be an alien solar system in the making

"These grains are only one millionth of a metre across — about the size of a single bacterium," the researchers wrote in a blog post accompanying the image. "While the large dust grains are concentrated in the densest parts of the disc, the small grains are much more widespread."

Where star systems are born

Stars take tens of millions of years to form, growing from dense, billowing clouds of turbulent dust and gas to gently glowing protostars, before materializing into gigantic orbs of fusion-powered plasma like our sun.

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• James Webb telescope spots a dozen newborn stars spewing gas in the same direction — and nobody is sure why

Scientists think that planets form around young stars when dust and gas particles collide and stick together, snowballing over millions of years until they reach their final forms.

To study HH 30's edge-on disk (meaning JWST sees only the disk’s side from its vantage point near Earth), the researchers combined infrared data captured by JWST with longer-wavelength observations made by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) telescope and the Hubble Space Telescope. These data enabled the researchers to capture dust particles from millimeter down to micrometer scales.

The result is a breathtakingly detailed view of the dust's movement across the disk, showing it migrating within the disk and settling in a dense layer, where it is clumping to form the beginnings of planets. Nested alongside this are several layers of gas. One of these layers originates from the jet spat out by the star, while others are from a broader cone-shaped outflow enveloped by a nebula reflecting the star's light.

"Together, these data reveal HH 30 to be a dynamic place, where tiny dust grains and massive jets alike play a role in the formation of new planets," the researchers wrote.

{ https://www.livescience.com/space }

07-02-2025 om 20:42 geschreven door peter  

New research published in The Planetary Science Journal digs deeper into the issue to try and understand what processes could create Ariel’s surface features. Its title is “Ariel’s Medial Grooves: Spreading Centers on a Candidate Ocean World.” The lead author is Chloe Beddingfield from Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHUAPL).

“Ariel is a candidate ocean world, and recent observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) confirmed that its surface is mantled by a large amount of CO2 ice mixed with lower amounts of CO ice,” Beddingfield and her co-researchers write in their paper. These materials should be unstable on Ariel, though, and should sublimate away into space. “Consequently, the observed constituents on Ariel are likely replenished, possibly from endogenic sources,” the authors write.

The research is centred on Ariel’s chasma-medial groove systems and how they formed. These are trenches that cut straight through the moon’s huge canyons. While previous research has suggested that the trenches are tectonic fractures, this research arrives at a different hypothesis. “We present evidence that Ariel’s massive chasma-medial groove systems formed via spreading, where internally sourced material ascended and formed new crust,” the paper states.

This is similar to ocean-floor spreading on Earth, which is where new crust forms. If true, it can account for Ariel’s surface deposits of carbon dioxide ice and other carbon-bearing molecules.

“If we’re right, these medial grooves are probably the best candidates for sourcing those carbon oxide deposits and uncovering more details about the moon’s interior,” Beddingfield said in a press release. “No other surface features show evidence of facilitating the movement of materials from inside Ariel, making this finding particularly exciting.”

Ariel’s surface is dominated by three main terrain types: plains, ridged terrain, and cratered terrain. The cratered terrain is the oldest and most extensive type of terrain. The ridged terrain is the second main terrain type and is made of bands of ridges and troughs that can extend for hundreds of kilometres. The plains are the third type and are the youngest of the terrains. They’re on canyon floors and in depressions in the middle of the cratered terrain.

As far as scientists can tell, the grooves that intersect the canyons are the youngest surface features on Ariel. Previous research suggested that they result from the interplay between volcanic and tectonic processes. However, this research says otherwise: spreading could be responsible.

In the 1960s, scientists validated the idea of seafloor spreading on Earth, which led to the acceptance of plate tectonics. One of the main pieces of evidence for plate tectonics is the way the edges of continents like Africa and South America fit together if you “remove” the Atlantic Ocean and the intervening seafloor.

The same thing happened when Beddingfield and her colleagues “removed” the chasm floors on Ariel.

The researchers showed that when they removed the floors of the chasms, the margins lined up. This is strong evidence of spreading. “The margins of Brownie, Kewpie, Korrigan, Pixie, and Sylph Chasmata closely align when the Intermediate Age Smooth Materials (orange unit in Figure 1), which make up the chasma floors, are removed and the Cratered Plains (green unit in Figure 1) are reconstructed,” they write.

According to the research, spreading centers develop above convention cells underneath Ariel’s crust, and heat forces material upward to the crust. The material cools at the surface, forming new crust. The entire process is driven by tidal forces as Ariel orbits the much larger Uranus. This heats the moon’s interior, creating the convection. Some of the moon’s interior cycles between heating as the moon follows its orbit. It’s possible that internal material continuously melts and then refreezes.

“It’s a fascinating situation — how this cycle affects these moons, their evolution and their characteristics,” Beddingfield said.

Like other Solar System moons that experience tidal heating, Ariel may have an ocean under its surface. In a 2024 study, researchers proposed that another of Uranus’ moons, Miranda, could have a subsurface ocean maintained by tidal heating.

However, Beddingfield is skeptical about drawing a connection between Ariel’s grooves and a potential ocean.

“The size of Ariel’s possible ocean and its depth beneath the surface can only be estimated, but it may be too isolated to interact with spreading centers,” she said. “There’s just a lot we don’t know. And while carbon oxide ices are present on Ariel’s surface, it’s still unclear whether they’re associated with the grooves because Voyager 2 didn’t have instruments that could map the distribution of ices.”

The connection between the grooves and the materials deposited on Ariel’s surface is stronger though. “These new results suggest a possible mechanism for emplacing fresh material and short-lived compounds, including carbon monoxide and perhaps ammonia-bearing species on the surface,” said Tom Nordheim, a co-author of this research and the 2024 paper.

“Our results indicate that medial grooves in large chasmata on Ariel are spreading centers, resulting from the exposure of subsurface material, creating new crust,” the authors summarize in their conclusion. “Thus, these features are likely geologic conduits to Ariel’s interior and could be the primary source of CO2, CO, and other volatiles detected on its surface.”

Richard Cartwright from the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory led the 2024 study that used the JWST to identify CO ice and CO2 deposits on Ariel. To find more answers about this intriguing moon, Cartwright says we need a dedicated mission to Uranus and its moons. “We need an orbiter that can make close passes of Ariel, map its medial grooves in detail, and analyze their spectral signatures for components like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide,” he said. “If carbon-bearing molecules are concentrated along these grooves, then it would strongly support the idea that they’re windows into Ariel’s interior.”

The authors agree that only a dedicated mission can provide answers. “The medial grooves are some of the youngest geologic features observed on Ariel, and close flybys of these features by a future Uranus orbiter are imperative to gain insight into recent geologic events and the geologic and geochemical properties of this candidate ocean world,” they write.

There’ve been many proposed missions to Uranus. NASA, the ESA, JAXA, and the CNSA (China National Space Administration) have all had proposals. NASA’s Uranus Orbiter and Probe mission would study Uranus and its moons from orbit by conducting multiple flybys of each major moon. The probe would enter Uranus’ atmosphere. However, even if selected, a plutonium shortage means the mission wouldn’t launch until the mid or late 2030s.

So far, only China has firm plans to send a spacecraft to the ice giant. It will be part of their Tianwen-4 mission to Jupiter and would perform a single flyby of Uranus. The next launch windows for a mission to Uranus are between 2030 and 2034, but China’s mission isn’t scheduled until 2045.

Press Release: 

• New Study Suggests Trench-Like Features on Uranus’ Moon Ariel May Be Windows to Its Interior

Research: 

• Ariel’s Medial Grooves: Spreading Centers on a Candidate Ocean World

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

07-02-2025 om 18:38 geschreven door peter  

New research suggests an impact recently rattled Mars deeper than thought.

Something really rang the Red Planet’s bell. Research involving two NASA missions—the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, and the late InSight lander—has shed light on meteorite impacts and the seismic signals they produce. In a crucial finding, these signals may penetrate deeper inside Mars than previously thought. This could change how we view the interior of Mars itself.

The study comes from two papers published this week in the journal of Geophysical Research Letters. The primary data comes from NASA’s InSight mission, the first dedicated geodesy mission to Mars. Insight landed in the Elysium Planitia region of Mars on November 26^th, 2018, and carried the first ever dedicated seismometer to the Red Planet. During its four years of operation, Insight detected over 1,300 ‘marsquakes,’ until the mission’s end in 2022. Most were due to geologic activity, while a few were due to distant meteorite impacts. Occasionally, InSight would even see ‘land tides’ due to the passage of the moon Phobos overhead.

A Distant Mars Impact

As on Earth, the detection of seismic waves gives us the opportunity to probe the interior of Mars, providing clues as to the density, depth and thickness of the crust, mantle and core. To be sure, impacts have been correlated to seismic waves captured by InSight in the past. A fresh crater seen by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) in 2022 was correlated to an impact in the Amazonis Planitia region. But this was the first time an impact in the quake-prone Cerberus Fossae area was linked to InSight detections. The find is especially intriguing, as the area is quarter of a world away from the InSight landing site, at 1,640 kilometers (1,019 miles) distant.

The discovery of the 21.5-meter (71 foot) crater about the length of a semi-truck immediately presented scientists with a mystery. The smoking gun impact crater was more distant than thought. Typically, the Martian crust was thought to have a dampening effect on distant impacts. This means that the impact-generated waves took a more direct route via a ‘seismic highway,’ through the deeper mantle of the planet itself.

This discovery has key implications for what we generally think about the interior of Mars. This may also imply that our understanding and model for the planet’s interior may be due for an overhaul.

“Composition of the crust and how seismic waves from impacts travel through them is one factor,” Andrew Good (NASA-JPL) told Universe Today. “No current plans for follow-on seismometers on Mars, but there is a seismometer planned for the Moon in the near future,” says Good, in reference to the Farside Seismic Suite planned for 2026.

A New View of the Interior of Mars?

InSight team member Costantinos Charalambous of Imperial College London explains the finding in more detail, in an email to Universe Today:

The detection of this impact changes our understanding of Mars’ interior, particularly its crust and upper mantle, both immediately and in the longer term. However, in the latter case, it will take further work to know quite how!

The immediate shift in our understanding is that many more of the seismic events we detected at InSight have penetrated much deeper into the planet than we thought. Previously, we had thought that the crust would trap most of the high-frequency seismic energy, guiding it around the planet from the point of impact to InSight’s seismometer. We thought any high-frequency energy that penetrated more deeply into the mantle was quickly lost. But it now appears the Martian mantle is much better at propagating this seismic energy than we thought, allowing it to travel more quickly and farther. This tells us that the mantle has a different elemental composition that previously assumed, likely with a lower iron oxide content than earlier models predicted.

Additionally, because this impact was detected in Cerberus Fossae – a region where many recorded marsquakes likely originate – it provides a unique opportunity to distinguish seismic signatures generated by seismic activity driven by deeper, internal (tectonic) forces versus shallower, external (impact) sources.

Therefore, in the longer term, we will be re-examining the data from seismic events that we had previously assumed didn’t penetrate deeper into Mars. This work is ongoing, but these findings suggest new features of Mars’ upper mantle that we are seeking to confirm. Watch this space!

MRO’s Hunt For Impacts

Just how researchers imaged the tiny crater is the amazing second part of the story. NASA’s venerable MRO generates tens of thousands of images of the surface of Mars. These come mainly via the spacecraft’s onboard Context Camera. For years, researchers have used a machine learning algorithm to sift through the images. This looks for fresh impact sites that do not appear in previous frames. These areas are in turn flagged for closer scrutiny with the mission’s 0.5-meter High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera. The AI program was developed by NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

To date, the team has found 123 new craters within 3,000 kilometers (1,864 miles) of the InSight landing site. 49 of these (including the Cerberus Fossae impact) are potential matches with InSight seismology data.

“Done manually, this would be years of work,” says InSight team member Valentin Bickel (University of Bern, Switzerland) in a recent press release. “Using this tool, we went from tens of thousands of images to just a handful in a matter of days.”

InSight’s Legacy

InSight provided a wealth of seismology and geological information about Mars. The Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) instrument worked as planned. The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP^3) failed, however, to reach its target depth for returning useful science about the planet’s interior. Unfortunately, no dedicated follow on geology mission is set to head to Mars. This sort of exciting science will probably have to wait until the hoped for crewed missions of the 2030s.

InSight was a collaborative effort between NASA, the German Space Agency (DLR) and the French Space Agency (CNES). Other international partners also participated in the ground-breaking mission.

Still, it’s great to see missions like InSight still generating scientific results, long after they’ve fallen silent.

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

07-02-2025 om 18:07 geschreven door peter  

De explosie op 16 januari vulde de lucht met brokstukken en het spektakel leek regelrecht uit een Hollywoodfilm te komen. Maar de nasleep is voor de archipel, ten zuidoosten van de Bahama’s, minder glamoureus. Overal vinden bewoners brokstukken van het ruimtetuig terug.

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

07-02-2025 om 17:16 geschreven door peter  

USAF Pilot Ordered To Destroy Aircraft Carrier-Sized UFO, Claiming It Was Alien Spaceship

In 2008, the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) began disclosing the secret files concerning UFO/UAP phenomena that had been hidden for 50 years. The ministry’s recent release was in 2013. One astonishing incident, which was revealed in the MoD files, happened in 1957 over East Anglia, England. It involves the two U.S. fighter planes that were ordered to shoot down an aircraft carrier-sized UFO. (Archive Source)

The accounts of the incident were made public concerning the recollections of two retired pilots from the USAF 406th Fighter Interceptor Wing, which came to light when they met at a reunion at RAF Manston in 1988. One pilot said he was seconds away from firing 24 rockets at the object, which moved erratically and gave a radar reading like “a flying aircraft carrier.”

On May 20, 1957, 25-year-old USAF lieutenant Milton Torres was with the 514th Fighter Interceptor Squadron in the 406th Air Expeditionary Wing based at RAF Manston in Kent. Lt. Torres was the pilot of one of two F-86D jets at RAF Manston airfield when the incident occurred in the late evening on May 20.

Lt. Torres and the other pilot Dave Roberson were in the “alert shack” at RAF Manston when they received instructions to take to the air. The two pilots raced to their respective F-86Ds and took off well within the allotted five minutes.

Torres testified:

“I can remember the call to scramble quite clearly, however, I cannot remember specifics such as the actual vector to turn after take off. We were airborne well within the 5 minutes allotted to us, and basically scrambled to about Flight Level 310. Our vector took us out over the North Sea just east of East Anglia. Normally, Dave Roberson, the other member of the set of two fighters would be the lead ship. I can only suggest that I was leading due to an in-place turn of some sort.

I remember in quite specific terms talking as lead to the GCI3 site (whose call sign I cannot recall). I was advised of the situation quite clearly. The initial briefing indicated that the ground was observing for a considerable time a blip that was orbiting the East Anglia area.

There was very little movement and from my conversation with the GCI, all the normal procedures of checking with all the controlling agencies revealed that this was an unidentified flying object with very unusual flight patterns. In the initial briefing, it was suggested that the bogey was motionless for long intervals.

The instructions came to go ‘gate’ to expedite the intercept. Gate was the term used to use maximum power (in the case of the F86-D that meant full afterburner) and to proceed to an Initial Point at about 32,000 feet. By this time, my radar was on, and I was looking prematurely for the bogey.

The instructions came to report any visual observations, to which I replied ‘I’m in the soup and it’s impossible to see anything!’ The weather was probably high alto stratus, but between being over the North Sea and in the weather, no frame of reference was available, i.e. no stars, no lights, no silhouettes – in short nothing. GCI continued the vectoring and the dialogue describing the strange antics of the UFO.”

Aware that he was reaching the upper limit of his jet’s capabilities, Torres requested to come out of the afterburner, but ground control denied his request. At that time, he prepared to execute the order to “fire a full salvo of rockets at the UFO.” The F-86D carried 24 rockets that contained the power of a 75mm artillery shell.

As Torres prepared all 24 of his rockets for firing, he could hear the other F-86D pilot also responding to orders from ground control. “I wasn’t paying too much attention… but I clearly remember him giving a ‘Roger’ to all the transmissions. I can only suppose he was as busy as I was.”

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• Ret. US Army Major Showed Deleted UFO Photos Captured By Apollo Astronauts On Moon
• NASA Found Mystery Caves On Moon For Shelter But They Could Be Alien Bases, UFOlogists Suggest
• Grey Aliens Took Man From Puerto Rico To Their Underground Base In 1988 And Told Him They Want Peace

Torres was given a final turning maneuver to execute and was told to look 30 degrees to port. His radar screen displayed the UFO at 30 degrees and about 15 miles distant. He said: “The blip was burning a hole in the radar with its incredible intensity. It was similar to a blip I had received from B-52s and seemed to be a magnet of light.”

According to Torres, the radar return “had the proportions of a flying aircraft carrier.” He added: “By that I mean the return on the radar was so strong that it could not be overlooked by the fire control system on the F-86D… The larger the airplane the easier the lock on. This blip almost locked itself… it was the best target I could ever remember locking on to. I had locked on in just a few seconds, and I locked on exactly 15 miles, which was the maximum range for lock on.”

Suddenly, Torres noticed that the object on the radar screen was moving. He was left with the impression that the UFO was moving at no less than Mach 10 (over 7,000 miles per hour) when it disappeared.

According to Torres, the UFO “didn’t follow classic Newtonian mechanics. It made a right turn almost on a dime. The (Royal Air Force radar) scope had a range of 250 miles. And after two sweeps, which took two seconds, it was gone. And I was flying almost at Mach 1.”

He returned to the base and was debriefed the next day by an unnamed man who “looked like a well-dressed IBM salesman.”

“He threatened me with a national security breach if I breathed a word about it to anyone,” Torres said.

The documents contain no official explanation for the incident, which came at a time of heightened tension between the West and the Soviet Union. Planes were on constant stand-by at British bases for a possible Soviet attack.

The files blame other UFO sightings on weather balloons, clouds or normal aircraft. Torres said he had been waiting for 50 years for an explanation. “I shall never forget it. On that night I was ordered to open fire even before I had taken off. That had never happened before.”

Speaking to Miles O’Brien of Cable News Network (CNN), Torres said he is convinced the UFO he had encountered was designed by an “alien” intelligence and was not manufactured on Earth. He also noted: “It was some kind of space alien craft. It was so fast, it was so incredible… it was absolutely death-defying.” (Source)

UFO expert David Clarke said the sighting may have been part of a secret U.S. project to create phantom aircraft on radar screens to test Soviet air defenses. “Perhaps what this pilot had seen was some kind of experiment in electronic warfare or maybe it was a UFO,” he said. “Something very unusual happened.”

References:

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{ https://howandwhys.com/ }

06-02-2025 om 22:02 geschreven door peter  

Ex-US Navy Officer Saw ‘Non-human Entities’ In His Bedroom After ‘Gimbal UFO’ Encounter

By Vicky Verma

The Gimbal UFO event stands as a significant pillar in the UAP (Unidentified Aerial Phenomena) disclosure, introducing US military whistleblowers who claim to have witnessed the phenomena they describe as “non-human.” In 2020, the U.S. Department of Defense released three pivotal UAP videos that triggered widespread discussions within the UFO community, prompting inquiries into the information held by the US government regarding these phenomena.

These videos capture UFO encounters from November 2004 and two separate incidents from January 2015, each identified by distinctive nicknames: Flir (2004), Go Fast (2015), and Gimbal (2015). They depict pilots tracking unidentified objects in the sky. Among these, the renowned 2015 UFO “Gimbal” footage was recorded by US fighter pilots near the nuclear aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt, as an unidentified object appeared on their radar. Despite the pilots mentioning, “There’s a whole fleet of them, look on the SA,” the footage only displays a single mysterious object at the center of the frame.

Apart from Ryan Graves, a former Lt. U.S. Navy and F/A-18F pilot, there is another least discussed whistleblower who experienced the famous Gimbal UFO event. Matthew Roberts, a former cryptologist in the US Navy with 16 years of service, shared his experience and encounters with non-human entity during a Netflix series “Encounters.” He was present on the USS Theodore Roosevelt in 2015 during an event involving the now-famous “Gimbal footage.”

After going on several military missions and teaching other code experts while working on land, Matthew Roberts moved to the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI) for three years. His time at ONI ended in March 2020, and that is when he chose to quit the military, even though he was close to retiring in four years. The reason for leaving was the intense and personal experiences he had with unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) while at ONI, which he writes about in his book named “Initiated.”

Roberts described his initial reaction to the gimbal footage: “I was watching this footage, and I could see no kind of aviation surfaces that you would expect to see — wings, tail, rudders. There’s none of that.” He struggled to comprehend the unconventional movement of the object, stating, “I couldn’t really make sense of why this thing was kind of up in the air like it was.”

As he looked more closely at the video, Roberts realized something important: “I knew it didn’t belong to us or anyone else. So, the only other possibility, I think, is that it’s technology from non-human intelligence.”

Given his classified role and access to sensitive information, Roberts was aware that such encounters were not isolated incidents for the Navy: “I was kind of aware this was not a one-off event for the Navy. These things happen frequently, all the time, going against the wind.” Roberts confessed to being captivated by the footage, watching it obsessively. Despite his access to classified information, he had no awareness of the actions taken by the upper chain of command concerning these encounters.

In 2017, after transferring to the Office of Naval Intelligence, Roberts claimed to have had follow-on experiences with what he described as nonhuman entities. He recounted unsettling encounters where he would wake up feeling his body being moved across the bed and experiencing a hand grabbing his arm. Roberts believed these encounters were evidence of non-human intelligence.

“In 2017, I moved to the Office of Naval Intelligence, where I was going to work as an analyst. Shortly after I got there, I began having experiences related to the phenomenon. It was like the start of seeing nonhuman entities in my room at night. I would wake up several times a week, feeling my body sliding across the bed, and I knew they were taking me. One time, I woke up because I felt a hand grab my arm. I tried to raise my hands to my face, but I couldn’t move. I could see the outline of a shadowy figure with a torso, two arms, and a head standing over me.

Back when I was in the Navy and saw the footage, I already knew there was something nonhuman out there. So, when these entities started appearing in my room, I knew all of this was real. I had the comfort of knowing I wasn’t going crazy; I understood what it was. There’s a lot of sensor and radar evidence. I believe that if they just release all the footage and say, “Hey, this is what we have, we don’t even have to explain it, we don’t know,” there would be no doubt about whether the phenomenon is real. Everyone would know it.”

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• Journalist Reveals First-Ever Photograph of UFO Shot Down in Syria in 2021

Thinking about all the sensor and radar evidence, Roberts said that if they share all the available videos, people would not doubt if the UFO phenomenon is real. He said, “Everyone would know it.” Roberts’ account provides a unique perspective on the UFO phenomenon, combining his military background, access to classified information, and personal experiences with what he believes to be non-human entities.

Mick West, known for debunking UAPs, provided his explanation for the objects: arguing that mundane things – tech glitches, camera glare, balloons, and birds – are more likely than aliens. However, Journalist Daniel Lavelle asked Matthew Roberts about West’s theory to which Roberts politely replied “All aircraft – nationally, internationally – have to broadcast who they are. If they’re not broadcasting that, that’s very unusual. Mick West, bless his soul, he has never been in the military.”

In his book “Initiated: UAP, Dreams, Depression, Delusions, Shadow People, Psychosis, Sleep Paralysis, and Pandemics,” Roberts wrote about his personal interactions with UFOs, aliens (whom he now calls “The Progenitors”), and his intense psychological battle to cope with extraordinary paranormal experiences.

The book describes how Roberts went through strange experiences: encountering UFO aliens, other bizarre entities along with a series of other happenings forced him to question his sanity. “Initiated” tells the story of how Roberts went through tough times but came out on the other side as a changed person. He can now say he is truly “initiated.”

During his AMA on Reddit, Roberts described the non-human entities: “I saw ones that had blue skin and were tall. I saw very tall white ones that resembled Jack Skellington. I saw one that looked like a yard gnome. I saw some that appeared to radiate white light. I don’t know where they were from they never revealed that.”

Matthew Roberts explains that he never tried to film any of the encounters with non-human entities in his bedroom. When asked if he considered setting up a recording device, he mentions that these encounters often happen when individuals are in an altered state or when the entities appear in the sky with a craft, conveniently when the person does not have his cell phone.

He considered recording the experiences but decided against it. He reasons that it would not convince everyone, as some might think he faked it. Roberts believes the argument over the authenticity of any images would overshadow the main point, which is encouraging people to seek and have their own experiences with consciousness. He emphasizes that he does not need people to believe him; instead, he wants others to explore consciousness firsthand.

Roberts asserts that the truth of these experiences has been documented for thousands of years by various individuals, citing such authors as William Walker Atkinson, Mabel Collins, Joseph Campbell, Dr. John Mack, and Dr. Robert Moore. He challenges the notion that he could have orchestrated the biggest hoax in human history, suggesting that there may be something genuinely significant in these experiences.

He points to the wealth of evidence available for those willing to examine it, citing a podcast by Mark Gober called “Where is My Mind,” where accomplished scientists discuss their work on consciousness. Roberts believes that understanding consciousness surviving death is a crucial aspect of our existence, mentioning the Bigelow Institute for Consciousness Studies (BICS) and the substantial prizes offered for evidence of consciousness after death.

He suggested that these entities seem to have a significant level of control over the experiences people have, which contributes to why some individuals perceive these encounters as malevolent or evil. He acknowledged that many people who invest time and money into gathering evidence of these phenomena often end up without conclusive results.

In highlighting the rarity of tangible evidence, Roberts mentioned a particular case involving Peter Khoury, where there was reportedly some DNA evidence. However, he does not go into detail about the specifics of that case.

Roberts shared that his conscious experiences with these entities began in late 2017 and continued until the spring of 2018. During this period, he claimed to have been taken several times a week. He recounts instances of sleep paralysis as a child, where he felt a heavy presence and heard whispers. He mentioned a specific incident when he was a small boy, wrapping himself up tightly in a blanket to prevent the entities from whispering in his ear, a practice he later remembered and replicated as an adult.

In his book, Roberts takes a “mythopoetic approach to alien intrusion,” drawing parallels between his experiences and myths, religious texts, and the Hero’s Journey described by Joseph Campbell. He believes that within these encounters, individuals undergo a transformative process, akin to the cycle of death and resurrection, ultimately leading to a change in oneself.

Because of the intense experiences he had, Matthew Roberts decided to quit his military job. He then went to study psychology to learn more about the mind and emotions related to UFO phenomena. He is also working on another book that explains how his way of thinking influenced the unusual experiences he went through.

{ https://howandwhys.com/ }

06-02-2025 om 21:37 geschreven door peter  

[Video] Ex-US Army Officer Revealed That He Saw A Child-Size Alien After Roswell Crash

By Vicky Verma

The Roswell incident is one of the most popular unsolved mysteries in the world. Dozens of US military officers claimed that the crash involved the extraterrestrial craft with aliens, while skeptics tried hard to deny it. Besides, the US government covered the whole incident calling it a military program (Project Mogul).

Moreover, there are abundant theories that justify the extraterrestrial’s link to the crash that happened in New Mexico in July 1947.

A day after the legendary crash at a ranch near Roswell, the 509th Bomb Group issued a press release and revealed the news of the crashed UFO to the world. 1st Lt. Walter Haut, the public information officer at the 509th Bomb Group based in Roswell, was the first person who disclosed the incredible information to the press.

Unfortunately, a new press release was issued later, that certainly was to change the facts of the first one, and now the crashed UFO turned into crashed weather balloon. It made Haut a figure of public ridicule.

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Lt. Walter Haut was the close friend of Colonel William Blanchard who is regarded as the key player behind the scenes in the recovery of the Roswell disk. Haut swore to Col. Blanchard that he would keep the Roswell secrecy until his last breath. But in 2002, he came up with an idea to slightly reveal what he knew about the Roswell incident without breaking his words.

A video of Lt. Haut has recently been released. It was recorded in 2000, and in the video, he claimed to have seen a body of a “beat-up alien” the “size of a 10-year-old child” after the Roswell UFO crash. The video was first published by UFO researcher Anthony Bragalia, and it was recorded by Haut’s friends Dennis Bathaser and Wendy Connors.

Julie Shuster, Haut’s daughter was worried that the secrets of Roswell would be left behind as the world started losing the first-hand witnesses of the case such as Major Jesse Marcel, the first person who arrived at the crash site. Marcel might have left a cryptic journal behind on the Roswell subject, but Haut was adamant to leave the clear information behind.

Shuster, along with UFO researcher Don Schmitt persuaded her father to have a written document on his exclusive information on Roswell and save it for the future. Haut agreed and signed an affidavit, stating that he had seen a craft from outer space.

“It was not from this Earth, it was something manufactured off this Earth,” he said.

After his death in 2005, the affidavit was first published in a book entitled “Witness to Roswell: Unmasking the Government’s Biggest Cover-Up” (2007), authored by Thomas Carey and Schmitt.

In the affidavit, Haut revealed that there were two crash sites at Roswell, and he witnessed the first object that crashed in 1947. Shuster said that her father did see the bodies, and the craft was about 25 feet in diameter.

Carey and Schmitt became Haut’s friends, who later revealed to them the biggest secret. Carey described that the ship was of the size of a Volkswagen Beetle and was of an egg’s shape. To verify former army press officer claims, Carey and Schmitt found other witnesses with similar information.

Back to Haut’s confessional video, Bragalia said that a Digital Voice Stress Analysis (DVSA) expert looked at Haut’s testimony and concluded that he was telling the truth. Additionally, he said that the government could have been holding the aliens’ bodies in a secured locations “with access only by those with a need to know.”

References:

• https://www.ufoexplorations.com/roswell-officer-speaks-from-the-grave-video-released
• https://www.sbs.com.au/guide/article/2021/07/22/my-father-saw-bodies-chasing-truth-about-roswell

{ https://howandwhys.com/ }

06-02-2025 om 21:12 geschreven door peter  

Terrifying simulation reveals exactly what will happen if asteroid Bennu crashes into Earth in 2182

• READ MORE: NASA video captures first look at 'city-destroying' asteroid 

By WILIAM HUNTER

Of the thousands of space rocks whizzing through the solar system, there is one that has astronomers more worried than any other.

Astronomers predict that the 500-metre-wide asteroid Bennu has a one in 2,700 chance of hitting the planet in 2182 - similar odds to flipping a coin 11 times and getting the same outcome each time.

While the chances of an impact are slim, a terrifying new simulation has revealed exactly what would happen if this deadly asteroid crashed into Earth.

Researchers found that, in addition to a huge blast triggering earthquakes and tsunamis, Bennu's impact would kick up enough dust to trigger a two-year-long 'impact winter'.

Using a supercomputer and cutting-edge climate simulations, researchers from Pusan National University in South Korea predicted what would happen as Bennu injected millions of tonnes of dust into the atmosphere.

As dust blocks out light from the sun, the world would become cold and dry with temperatures falling 4˚C (7.2˚F) and global rainfall reducing by 15 per cent.

In some areas, including North America, precipitation would plummet between 30 and 60 per cent, making it nearly impossible to grow crops.

Lead author Dr Lan Dai, says: 'This would likely cause massive disruptions in global food security.'

Scientists have calculated what would happen if the asteroid Bennu hit the Earth. Their simulations show that the world would become colder, darker, and drier in a years-long 'impact winter' (stock image) 

The 500-metre wide asteroid Bennu (pictured) has a one in 2,700 chance of hitting the planet in 2182 - similar odds to flipping a coin 11 times and getting the same outcome each time.

Unlike the Chicxulub asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs, a collision with Bennu wouldn't necessarily trigger a mass extinction event.

Asteroids the size of Bennu are believed to hit Earth every 100,000-200,000 years, so it is likely that our early ancestors have already survived one of these impacts.

But what both Chicxulub and Bennu's impact would have in common is the massive disruption of global climate patterns.

Just like the theorised 'nuclear winter' that would follow a thermonuclear war, the explosion of an asteroid impact would eject a vast column of dust into the atmosphere.

If Bennu hit Earth, Dr Dai and his co-authors estimate that 100 to 400 million tonnes of dust would linger above Earth for around two years.

Those dust particles would act like a vast planet-wide umbrella, shading Earth from the sun's radiation and reflecting heat energy back out into space.

At its peak, the amount of shortwave radiation reaching Earth would fall by 28 per cent in the worst-case scenario.

Likewise, global temperature averages would fall by 1.6°C (2.9°F), 2.7°C (4.9°F), 3.4°C (3.1°F), and 4.0°C (7.2˚F) for dust injections of 100, 200, 300, and 400 million tonnes of dust respectively.

If Bennu (illustrated) hit Earth it would first cause an explosion big enough to trigger earthquakes and tsunamis. However, the more lasting impact would come from the 100-400 million tonnes of dust that would be ejected into the atmosphere 

The simulations show that the dust would banket Earth, blocking out the sun and leading to massive reductions in light (purple graph), surface temperature (pink graph), and precipitation (green graph)

Eurasia and North America would experience the most severe and rapid cooling as the dust concentrates in the northern hemisphere during the winter.

The simulation shows that global cooling will persist for up to four years after the impact, with a slow recovery starting after 24 months.

In the worst-case scenario, the rapid 'impact winter' would be equivalent to the disastrous global cooling caused by the Toba eruption which occurred around 74,000 years ago.

Believed to be the worst natural disaster in the past 2.5 million years, the Toba supervolcano triggered a six-year winter which led to mass die-offs and the near extinction of the human species.

Additionally, the researchers predict that the disruption to patterns of evaporation over the oceans will lead to 'massive drying' in many parts of the world.

Six months after the impact, global mean precipitation will be 0.46mm per day less, a reduction of around 15 per cent.

However, this will be accompanied by large increases in precipitation in some areas of the subtropics and severe droughts in others.

To make matters worse, the Bennu dust cloud would also cause rapid erosion of the ozone layer as radiation and heat become trapped in the upper atmosphere.

These maps show the predicted reductions in temperature (top) and precipitation (bottom) for the first two years after an impact. These show that the temperatures would fall by 4˚C (7.2˚F) and global rainfall would reduce by 15 per cent

These conditions would trigger huge reductions in the productivity in land (top) and marine (bottom) ecosystems. That would lower crop yields and destabilise global agriculture. On these maps darker regions show areas of greater reduction. 

The researchers predict that the global ozone column could be depleted by 32 per cent.

Although it would be offset by the blanketing dust, this could lead to dangerous increases in levels of UV radiation which causes sunburns, blindness, and cancer.

In their paper, published in Science Advances, the researchers say these changes would 'severely reduce the habitat suitability for humans'.

Dr Dai says: 'The abrupt "impact winter" would provide unfavourable climate conditions for plants to grow, leading to an initial 20–30 per cent reduction of photosynthesis in terrestrial and marine ecosystems.'

During the first summer after the impact, the rate at which ecosystems grow and store biomass, known as net primary productivity, would fall by 36 per cent on land and 25 per cent in the oceans.

Meanwhile, crop yields in East Asia could fall by as much as 50 per cent, potentially triggering widespread starvation.

However, some of Earth's ecosystems could actually stand to benefit from such a disaster.

Although they initially take a hit, the simulation shows that marine ecosystems would not only survive but thrive in the years after the impact.

If Bennu contains a large amount of iron, it could actually help marine ecosystems flourish by effectively fertilising the oceans. Pictured: A sample of Bennu prepared for testing

As the iron enters the ocean it would lead to an algae bloom, like this one seen over a tropical reef, which would support support the marine ecosystem. The researchers say this could help humanity feed itself during the years of impact winter 

After just six months, plankton in the ocean would have already recovered and would continue to increase to levels not even seen under normal climate conditions.

This unexpected bloom would be caused by a high proportion of iron in the asteroid's dust.

Iron is a key nutrient for plankton's growth but many areas such as the Southern Ocean and the eastern tropical Pacific are naturally iron-poor.

As the dust from the asteroid settles it would trigger a bloom of photosynthesising diatoms which in turn would attract zooplankton, small predators which feed on the diatoms.

'The simulated excessive phytoplankton and zooplankton blooms might be a blessing for the biosphere and may help alleviate emerging food insecurity related to the longer-lasting reduction in terrestrial productivity,' says Dai.

KILLING OFF THE DINOSAURS: HOW A CITY-SIZED ASTEROID WIPED OUT 75 PER CENT OF ALL ANIMAL AND PLANT SPECIES

Around 66 million years ago non-avian dinosaurs were wiped out and more than half the world's species were obliterated.

This mass extinction paved the way for the rise of mammals and the appearance of humans.

The Chicxulub asteroid is often cited as a potential cause of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.

The asteroid slammed into a shallow sea in what is now the Gulf of Mexico.

The collision released a huge dust and soot cloud that triggered global climate change, wiping out 75 per cent of all animal and plant species.

Researchers claim that the soot necessary for such a global catastrophe could only have come from a direct impact on rocks in shallow water around Mexico, which are especially rich in hydrocarbons.

Within 10 hours of the impact, a massive tsunami waved ripped through the Gulf coast, experts believe.

Around 66 million years ago non-avian dinosaurs were wiped out and more than half the world's species were obliterated. The Chicxulub asteroid is often cited as a potential cause of the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event (stock image)

This caused earthquakes and landslides in areas as far as Argentina. 

While investigating the event researchers found small particles of rock and other debris that was shot into the air when the asteroid crashed.

Called spherules, these small particles covered the planet with a thick layer of soot.

Experts explain that losing the light from the sun caused a complete collapse in the aquatic system.

This is because the phytoplankton base of almost all aquatic food chains would have been eliminated.

It's believed that the more than 180 million years of evolution that brought the world to the Cretaceous point was destroyed in less than the lifetime of a Tyrannosaurus rex, which is about 20 to 30 years.

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

06-02-2025 om 18:48 geschreven door peter  

BREAKING NEWS - NASA gives major update on stranded astronauts' rescue mission after Trump demanded they be brought home

By ELLYN LAPOINTE FOR DAILYMAIL.COM

NASA is bringing forward a new rescue mission for stranded astronauts after mounting political pressure.

Insiders say the space agency will bring Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore home around March 19 — about two weeks earlier than the original early April return.

By that date, they will have spent 286 days in space. 

Williams and Willmore have been stuck on the International Space Station (ISS) since June 2024, bringing them close to eight months on the orbiting laboratory when they were originally scheduled for an eight-day stay.

The new plan should allow the spacecraft that will bring Williams and Wilmore home to depart from the ISS earlier than previously scheduled. 

The move comes less than one week since President Donald Trump told Elon Musk to 'go get' the pair after they were 'virtually abandoned by the Biden administration.'

Thus, Musk and Trump may see this scheduling change as a political win. 

But NASA sources told Ars Technica that this contingency plan was set into motion before Trump took office and was just recently greenlit. 

NASA is expected to announce a new return date for astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore, who have been stuck on the ISS for more than eight months

The Space X Crew-10 mission was initially scheduled to launch in February, but a technical issue with the new Dragon capsule SpaceX intended to use prompted NASA to push the launch back to March. 

This decision also delayed Williams and Wilmore's flight back to Earth from the International Space Station (ISS), with NASA giving an estimated return date of early April. 

That's because the stranded astronauts are planning to hitch a ride home on the SpaceX Crew-9 return flight. The Crew-9 astronauts and their spacecraft have been at the ISS with Williams and Wilmore since September 29.

But they cannot depart from the space station until the Crew-10 astronauts arrive to replace them. 

That is because NASA protocol necessitates a 'handover period,' or a window of time where the previous ISS crew overlaps with the incoming crew to share information with them and ensure a smooth transition between the two teams. 

Therefore, getting the Crew-10 mission off the ground sooner would also allow Williams and Wilmore to come home earlier. 

The Dragon capsule SpaceX was originally planning to use for this mission — called C213 — is still under development, and the Crew-10 mission was supposed to be its maiden voyage.

But SpaceX and NASA are currently working to resolve a technical issue with C213 Dragon, which may be related to batteries on the spacecraft, Ars Technica reported. 

As a result, NASA decided that C213 would not be ready to launch until late April. 

At first, NASA opted to push back the Crew-9 return date in order to accommodate the Crew-10 mission delay. 

But at this point, if NASA waited for C213 to be ready to launch the Crew-10 mission, the astronauts currently on board the ISS 'would start to approach "redlines" on food, water and other supplies,' Ars Technica reported.  

So, in the interest of returning NASA's stranded astronauts to Earth 'as soon as possible' (as SpaceX CEO Elon Musk recently promised to do) NASA and SpaceX have reportedly decided to replace C213 with the C210 vehicle, which was used for the Crew-7 mission that returned to Earth in March 2024. 

Known as 'Endurance,' this spacecraft will now be used to launch the Crew-10 mission no earlier than March 12, sources told Ars Technica. 

If Crew-10 launches on time, Williams, Wilmore and the Crew-9 astronauts could return to Earth on March 19. 

By that date, Williams and Wilmore will have spent 286 days in space, which is far longer than their mission was originally intended to be. 

One June 5, these two NASA astronauts flew to the ISS for what was supposed to be an eight-day aboard the floating laboratory. 

But their spacecraft, Boeing's Starliner, was mired by technical issues before, during and after the launch, prompting NASA to delay the astronauts' return while the agency worked with Boeing to resolve the issues.

Ultimately, Starliner was deemed unfit to carry Williams and Wilmore home, and thus the spacecraft returned to Earth uncrewed in September. 

Since then, the two astronauts have been waiting to come home aboard the Crew-9 spacecraft, which arrived at the ISS later that same month. 

On January 28, Elon Musk made a post on his social media platform, X, stating: 'The [President of the United States] has asked [SpaceX] to bring home the 2 astronauts stranded on the as soon as possible. We will do so. Terrible that the Biden administration left them there so long.'

President Donald Trump confirmed the plan in a post on his own social media site, Truth Social: 'I have just asked Elon Musk and [SpaceX] to “go get” the 2 brave astronauts who have been virtually abandoned in space by the Biden Administration. 

'They have been waiting for many months on [the ISS]. Elon will soon be on his way. Hopefully, all will be safe. Good luck Elon!!!'

The statements spurred confusion as they seemed to convey that Musk himself would be flying to the ISS (which is not the case) and undermined the fact that SpaceX had already been tasked with bringing Williams and Wilmore home. 

With NASA now moving to bring the Starliner crew home two weeks earlier just days after these statements were made, it may appear as though the schedule change was politically motivated. 

But Ars Technica reported that the scheduling change was made spurred by 'pragmatism,' not politics.

Prior to the Crew-10 spacecraft swap, Endurance was not scheduled to fly again until later this spring, when it would launch the private Axiom-4 mission to the space station.

As a result, Axiom-4's will be delayed, sources said. 

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

06-02-2025 om 18:16 geschreven door peter  

Alien life may look nothing like life on Earth — so how should we go about looking for it?

Detecting life beyond Earth

Since the first discovery of an exoplanet in 1995, over 5,000 exoplanets, or planets orbiting other stars, have been found.

Many of these exoplanets are small and rocky, like Earth, and in the habitable zones of their stars. The habitable zone is the range of distances between the surface of a planet and the star it orbits that would allow the planet to have liquid water, and thus support life as we on Earth know it.

The sample of exoplanets detected so far projects 300 million potential biological experiments in our galaxy — or 300 million places, including exoplanets and other bodies such as moons, with suitable conditions for biology to arise.

The uncertainty for researchers starts with the definition of life. It feels like defining life should be easy, since we know life when we see it, whether it's a flying bird or a microbe moving in a drop of water. But scientists don't agree on a definition, and some think a comprehensive definition might not be possible.

Related: 

• 12 strange reasons humans haven't found alien life yet

NASA defines life as a "self-sustaining chemical reaction capable of Darwinian evolution." That means organisms with a complex chemical system that evolve by adapting to their environment. Darwinian evolution says that the survival of an organism depends on its fitness in its environment.

The evolution of life on Earth has progressed over billions of years from single-celled organisms to large animals and other species, including humans.

Spectroscopy might detect signatures of oxygen in a planet's atmosphere, which microbes called blue-green algae created by photosynthesis on Earth several billion years ago, or chlorophyll signatures, which indicate plant life.

NASA's definition of life leads to some important but unanswered questions. Is Darwinian evolution universal? What chemical reactions can lead to biology off Earth?

Evolution and complexity

All life on Earth, from a fungal spore to a blue whale, evolved from a microbial last common ancestor about 4 billion years ago.

The same chemical processes are seen in all living organisms on Earth, and those processes might be universal. They also may be radically different elsewhere.

In October 2024, a diverse group of scientists gathered to think outside the box on evolution. They wanted to step back and explore what sort of processes created order in the universe — biological or not — to figure out how to study the emergence of life totally unlike life on Earth.

Two researchers present argued that complex systems of chemicals or minerals, when in environments that allow some configurations to persist better than others, evolve to store larger amounts of information. As time goes by, the system will grow more diverse and complex, gaining the functions needed for survival, through a kind of natural selection.

They speculated that there might be a law to describe the evolution of a wide variety of physical systems. Biological evolution through natural selection would be just one example of this broader law.

In biology, information refers to the instructions stored in the sequence of nucleotides on a DNA molecule, which collectively make up an organism's genome and dictate what the organism looks like and how it functions.

If you define complexity in terms of information theory, natural selection will cause a genome to grow more complex as it stores more information about its environment.

Complexity might be useful in measuring the boundary between life and nonlife.

However, it's wrong to conclude that animals are more complex than microbes. Biological information increases with genome size, but evolutionary information density drops. Evolutionary information density is the fraction of functional genes within the genome, or the fraction of the total genetic material that expresses fitness for the environment.

Organisms that people think of as primitive, such as bacteria, have genomes with high information density and so appear better designed than the genomes of plants or animals.

A universal theory of life is still elusive. Such a theory would include the concepts of complexity and information storage, but it would not be tied to DNA or the particular kinds of cells we find in terrestrial biology.

Implications for the search for extraterrestrial life

Researchers have explored alternatives to terrestrial biochemistry. All known living organisms, from bacteria to humans, contain water, and it is a solvent that is essential for life on Earth. A solvent is a liquid medium that facilitates chemical reactions from which life could emerge. But life could potentially emerge from other solvents, too.

Astrobiologists Willam Bains and Sara Seager have explored thousands of molecules that might be associated with life. Plausible solvents include sulfuric acid, ammonia, liquid carbon dioxide and even liquid sulfur.

Alien life might not be based on carbon, which forms the backbone of all life's essential molecules — at least here on Earth. It might not even need a planet to survive.

Advanced forms of life on alien planets could be so strange that they're unrecognizable. As astrobiologists try to detect life off Earth, they'll need to be creative.

One strategy is to measure mineral signatures on the rocky surfaces of exoplanets, since mineral diversity tracks terrestrial biological evolution. As life evolved on Earth, it used and created minerals for exoskeletons and habitats. The hundred minerals present when life first formed have grown to about 5,000 today.

For example, zircons are simple silicate crystals that date back to the time before life started. A zircon found in Australia is the oldest known piece of Earth's crust. But other minerals, such as apatite, a complex calcium phosphate mineral, are created by biology. Apatite is a primary ingredient in bones, teeth and fish scales.

Another strategy to finding life unlike that on Earth is to detect evidence of a civilization, such as artificial lights, or the industrial pollutant nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. These are examples of tracers of intelligent life called technosignatures.

It's unclear how and when a first detection of life beyond Earth will happen. It might be within the solar system, or by sniffing exoplanet atmospheres, or by detecting artificial radio signals from a distant civilization.

The search is a twisting road, not a straightforward path. And that's for life as we know it — for life as we don't know it, all bets are off.

• This edited article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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{ https://www.livescience.com/ }

06-02-2025 om 17:44 geschreven door peter  

Watch humanoid robots waltzing seamlessly with humans thanks to AI motion tracking software upgrade

Humanoid robots could soon move in a far more realistic manner — and even dance just like us — thanks to a new software framework for tracking human motion.

Developed by researchers at UC San Diego, UC Berkeley, MIT, and Nvidia, "ExBody2" is a new technology that enables humanoid robots to perform realistic movements based on detailed scans and motion-tracked visualizations of humans.

The researchers hope that future humanoid robots could perform a much wider range of tasks by mimicking human movements more accurately. For example, the teaching method could help robots operate in roles requiring fine movements — such as retrieving items from shelves — or moving with care around humans or other machines.

ExBody2 works by taking simulated movements based on motion-capture scans of humans and translating them into usable motion data for the robot to replicate. The framework can replicate complex movements using the robot, which would let robots move less rigidly and adapt to different tasks without needing extensive retraining.

Related: 

• 8 of the weirdest robots in the world right now

This is all taught using reinforcement learning, a subset of machine learning in which the robot is fed large amounts of data to ensure it takes the optimal route in any given situation. Good outputs, simulated by researchers, are assigned positive or negative scores to "reward" the model for desirable outcomes, which here meant replicating motions precisely without compromising the bot's stability.

The framework can also take short motion clips, such as a few seconds of dancing, and synthesize new frames of movement for reference, to enable robots to complete longer-duration movements.

Dancing with robots

In a video posted to YouTube, a robot trained through ExBody2 dances, spars and exercises alongside a human subject. Additionally, the robot mimics a researcher's movement in real time, using additional code titled "HybrIK: Hybrid Analytical-Neural Inverse Kinematics for Body Mesh Recovery" developed by the Machine Vision and Intelligence Group at Shanghai Jiao Tong University.

At present, ExBody2's dataset is largely focused on upper-body movements. In a study, uploaded Dec. 17, 2024 to the preprint server ArXiv, the researchers behind the framework explained that this is due to concerns that introducing too much movement in the lower half of the robot will cause instability.

"Overly simplistic tasks could limit the training policy's ability to generalize to new situations, while overly complex tasks might exceed the robot's operational capabilities, leading to ineffective learning outcomes," they wrote. "Part of our dataset preparation, therefore, includes the exclusion or modification of entries that featured complex lower body movements beyond the robot's capabilities."

The researchers' dataset contains more than 2,800 movements, with 1,919 of these coming from the Archive of Motion Capture As Surface Shapes (AMASS) dataset. This is a large dataset of human motions, including more than 11,000 individual human movements and 40 hours of detailed motion data, intended for non-commercial deep learning — when a neural network is trained on vast amounts of data to identify or reproduce patterns.

Having proven ExBody2's effectiveness at replicating human-like movement in humanoid robots, the team will now turn to the problem of achieving these results without having to manually curate datasets to ensure only suitable information is available to the framework. The researchers suggest that, in the future, automated dataset collection will help smooth this process.

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{ https://www.livescience.com/ }

06-02-2025 om 17:12 geschreven door peter  

10 Stunning Ancient Megaliths That Eclipse Stonehenge

These ancient structures offer glimpses into early civilizations' ingenuity, cultural practices, and perhaps even their understanding of the cosmos.

Megalithic wonders span the globe, each cloaked in mystery and awe-inspiring history. While Stonehenge often steals the spotlight, several other megaliths rival—and sometimes surpass—it in scale, age, and intrigue. These ancient structures offer glimpses into early civilizations’ ingenuity, cultural practices, and perhaps even their understanding of the cosmos.

Let’s explore 10 awe-inspiring megalithic sites that challenge Stonehenge’s legacy and continue to baffle archaeologists.

1. The Carnac Stones: A Sea of Ancient Monoliths

In Brittany, France, the Carnac Stones stretch across the landscape in linear and circular formations. Dating back approximately 6,000 years, this site comprises around 3,000 stones, some towering over 20 feet (6.5 meters). While some stones appear to mark graves, others stand alone, hinting at ceremonial or astronomical purposes.

2. Nan Madol: A Lost City of Stone

Off the coast of Micronesia lies Nan Madol, a series of artificial islets constructed from basalt columns. This ancient city, dating back over 1,000 years, is believed to have been a ceremonial and political hub for the Saudeleur dynasty. Its unique construction and remote location make it one of the most mysterious megalithic sites in the world.

3. Göbekli Tepe: The World’s Oldest Sanctuary

Hidden in southeastern Turkey, Göbekli Tepe predates Stonehenge by over 6,000 years. This extraordinary site, believed to be more than 11,000 years old, consists of towering T-shaped pillars carved with intricate depictions of animals such as foxes, boars, and vultures. Thought to be a ceremonial gathering spot for hunter-gatherers, Göbekli Tepe challenges our understanding of prehistoric societies and their capabilities. The exact purpose of this site remains a subject of ongoing debate, adding to its allure.

4. The Spanish Stonehenge: Resurfacing Through Time

Known as the Dolmen of Guadalperal, this megalithic marvel in western Spain dates back nearly 7,000 years. Submerged beneath a reservoir for decades, the site occasionally emerges during droughts, revealing its central oval arrangement of around 150 standing stones. Some stones feature carvings of human figures and possible river symbols, sparking debates about their cultural significance.

5. Ale’s Stones: Sweden’s Mysterious Ship

Perched on a cliff near the village of Kåseberga, Ale’s Stones consists of 59 massive boulders arranged in the shape of a ship. Weighing up to 4,000 pounds (1,800 kilograms) each, the stones’ purpose remains uncertain, with theories ranging from a solar calendar to a burial site. Estimated to be between 1,000 and 2,500 years old, Ale’s Stones continues to intrigue archaeologists and visitors alike.

6. Avebury: Stonehenge’s Larger Cousin

Located in southwest England, Avebury boasts the world’s largest stone circle, with a diameter of approximately 1,378 feet (420 meters). This massive structure, dating back to around 2500 BCE, is surrounded by two smaller stone circles and features avenues leading to nearby prehistoric sites. As part of a sprawling Neolithic landscape, Avebury highlights the complexity of ancient communities and their impressive engineering skills.

7. Puma Punku: The Precision of Ancient Bolivia

High in the Andes lies Puma Punku, a megalithic site within the Tiwanaku complex in Bolivia. The site is famous for its precisely cut andesite blocks, some weighing over 100 tons. Dating back at least 1,500 years, Puma Punku’s advanced engineering continues to baffle experts, who struggle to explain how such precision was achieved without modern tools.

8. The Giants’ Tombs of Sardinia

Scattered across Sardinia, these megalithic tombs date back to the Bronze Age, roughly 3,500 years ago. Known as “Tombe dei Giganti,” the structures are characterized by large stone slabs arranged in a semi-circular fashion. These enigmatic tombs are thought to be burial sites, but their exact rituals and cultural significance remain unknown.

9. The Ring of Brodgar: Scotland’s Sacred Circle

Situated on Orkney’s largest island, the Ring of Brodgar is a majestic stone circle dating back to approximately 2500 BCE. Originally composed of 60 stones, of which 36 remain, this site measures 341 feet (104 meters) in diameter. Nearby burial mounds suggest the circle served as a ceremonial site honoring the dead, blending rituals and astronomy into its purpose.

10. Rujm el-Hiri: The Wheel of Giants

Nestled in the contested Golan Heights, Rujm el-Hiri is a striking series of concentric stone circles surrounding a central tumulus. Dubbed the “Wheel of Giants” or the “Levantine Stonehenge,” this site dates back around 6,000 years. Though its purpose remains unclear, theories suggest it may have been used for burials or astronomical observations.

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{ https://curiosmos.com/ }

06-02-2025 om 16:45 geschreven door peter  

A structure that large simply has to affect its surroundings, and understanding those effects is critical to understanding the cosmos. According to new research, studying Quipu and its brethren can help us understand how galaxies evolve, help us improve our cosmological models, and improve the accuracy of our cosmological measurements.

The research, titled “Unveiling the largest structures in the nearby Universe: Discovery of the Quipu superstructure,” has been accepted for publication in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics. Hans Bohringer from the Max Planck Institute is the lead author.

“For a precise determination of cosmological parameters, we need to understand the effects of the local large-scale structure of the Universe on the measurements,” the authors write. “They include modifications of the cosmic microwave background, distortions of sky images by large-scale gravitational lensing, and the influence of large-scale streaming motions on measurements of the Hubble constant.”

Superstructures are extremely large structures that contain groups of galaxy clusters and superclusters. They’re so massive they challenge our understanding of how our Universe evolved. Some of them are so massive they break our models of cosmological evolution.

Quipu is the largest structure we’ve ever found in the Universe. It and the other four superstructures the researchers found contain 45% of the galaxy clusters, 30% of the galaxies, 25% of the matter, and
occupy a volume fraction of 13%.

The image below helps explain why they named it Quipu. Quipu are recording devices made of knotted cords, where the knots contain information based on colour, order, and number. “This view gives the best impression of the superstructure as a long filament with small side filaments, which initiated the naming of Quipu,” the authors explain in their paper.

In their work, Bohringer and his co-researchers found Quipu and four other superstructures within a distance range of 130 to 250 Mpc. They used X-ray galaxy clusters to identify and analyze the superstructures in their Cosmic Large-Scale Structure in X-rays (CLASSIX) Cluster Survey. X-ray galaxy clusters can contain thousands of galaxies and lots of very hot intracluster gas that emits X-rays. These emissions are the key to mapping the mass of the superstructures. X-rays trace the densest regions of matter concentration and the underlying cosmic web. The emissions are like signposts for identifying superstructures.

The authors point out that “the difference in the galaxy density around field clusters and members of superstructures is remarkable.” This could be because field clusters are populated with less massive clusters than those in the superstructure rather than because the field clusters have lower galaxy density.

Regardless of the reasons, the mass of these superstructures wields enormous influence on our attempt to observe, measure, and understand the cosmos. “These large structures leave their imprint on cosmological observations,” the authors write.

The superstructures leave an imprint on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), which is relic radiation from the Big Bang and key evidence supporting it. The CMB’s properties match our theoretical predictions with near-surgical precision. The superstructures’ gravity alters the CMB as it passes through them according to the Integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect, producing fluctuations in the CMB. These fluctuations are foreground artifacts that are difficult to filter out, introducing interference into our understanding of the CMB and, hence, the Big Bang.

The superstructures can also impact measurements of the Hubble constant, a fundamental value in cosmology that describes how fast the Universe is expanding. While galaxies are moving further apart due to expansion, they also have local velocities, called peculiar velocities or streaming motions. These need to be separated from expansion to understand expansion clearly. The great mass of these superstructures influences these streaming motions and distorts our measurements of the Hubble constant.

The research also notes that these massive structures can alter and distort our sky images through large-scale gravitational lensing. This can introduce errors in our measurements.

On the other hand, simulations of the Lambda CDM produce superstructures like Quipu and the four others. Lambda CDM is our standard model of Big Bang cosmology and accounts for much of what we see in the Universe, like its large-scale structure. “We find superstructures with similar properties in simulations based on Lambda-CDM cosmology models,” the authors write.

It’s clear that these superstructures are critical to understanding the Universe. They hold a significant portion of its matter and affect their surroundings in fundamental ways. More research is needed to understand them and their influence.

“Interesting follow-up research on our findings includes, for example, studies of the influence of these environments on the galaxy population and evolution,” the authors write in their conclusion.

According to the study, these superstructures won’t persist forever. “In the future cosmic evolution, these superstructures are bound to break up into several collapsing units. They are thus transient configurations,” Bohringer and his co-researchers explain.

“But at present, they are special physical entities with characteristic properties and special cosmic environments deserving special attention.”

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

06-02-2025 om 15:11 geschreven door peter  

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{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

06-02-2025 om 14:48 geschreven door peter  

NASA researchers have identified geological structures on Mars that are unlike anything found on Earth. From spider-like formations shaped by underground CO₂ eruptions to towering geysers blasting dark dust over the planet’s poles, these findings continue to puzzle scientists. The discovery provides new insights into the planet’s geological activity and raises intriguing questions about Mars’ dynamic environment.

Dense gravitational structures in the northern hemisphere. 

(Root et al.)

The Enigma of Spider-Like Patterns on Mars

High-resolution images from NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have captured an extraordinary sight: vast, web-like formations stretching across the Martian southern polar region. These patterns, known as araneiform terrain, are formed through a process unlike anything seen on Earth. Trapped carbon dioxide gas builds up beneath a thick layer of seasonal ice and erupts in sudden outbursts, carving intricate channel-like structures into the surface.

On Earth, landscapes are shaped primarily by water, wind, and tectonic activity. However, Mars’ extreme conditions allow for an entirely different process. During the Martian winter, CO₂ accumulates under the ice cap. When spring arrives and sunlight warms the ground beneath, the trapped gas sublimates—turning directly from solid to gas—until pressure forces an eruption, leaving behind these strange formations.

This colorized image of the surface of Mars was taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The line of three volcanoes is the Tharsis Montes, with Olympus Mons to the northwest. Valles Marineris is to the east.

(NASA/JPL-Caltech/Arizona State University)

CO₂ Geysers and the Changing Martian Surface

In addition to the spider-like formations, scientists have observed massive dark patches appearing across Mars’ surface. These marks result from CO₂ geysers—violent gas eruptions that propel dust and sediment into the thin Martian atmosphere. First described in 2006, these “Keiffer geysers” are believed to be seasonal, forming when trapped gas suddenly breaks through the ice cap.

As sunlight penetrates the frozen CO₂ layer, it heats the ground below, creating an increasing buildup of pressure. When this pressure exceeds the ice’s ability to contain it, gas and dust erupt in powerful jets, leaving behind vast dark stains. These seasonal changes challenge previous notions that Mars’ polar caps are static, revealing an active and evolving environment.

The Daedalus crater on the far side of the moon as seen from the Apollo 11 spacecraft NASA

Implications for Future Mars Exploration

Studying these processes is crucial for future Mars missions. By analyzing how CO₂ accumulates and escapes, scientists hope to gain a better understanding of Mars’ atmospheric behavior and subsurface composition. Some researchers speculate that similar gas-trapping mechanisms may have once involved water, offering potential clues about Mars’ past habitability.

This research is also relevant for human exploration. If subsurface gas reservoirs exist, they could impact future settlements, resource extraction, or even strategies for sustaining human life on Mars. These findings not only provide a deeper understanding of Martian geology but could also influence the design of future missions and habitats.

What Else Might Be Hidden Beneath Mars’ Surface?

The discovery of these seasonal Martian eruptions suggests that the planet is far more geologically active than previously assumed. Could these same processes have played a role in Mars’ past climate shifts? Might similar gas-driven eruptions occur elsewhere in the solar system?

These discoveries highlight that Mars is a far more dynamic world than once believed, with seasonal processes actively reshaping its surface. Understanding these unique geological mechanisms could provide valuable insights into Mars’ past climate and the possibility of subsurface resources. Future missions may uncover even more hidden processes, potentially bringing us closer to answering whether Mars once harbored life.Could similar gas-driven eruptions exist on other planets or moons in our solar system? What implications do these findings have for future human exploration of Mars? Share your thoughts in the comments!

• Based on content from www.dailygalaxy.com and own research.

{ https://www.sciencealert.com/  }

05-02-2025 om 22:19 geschreven door peter  

The FBI Just Quietly Revealed That It Has a Real-Life UFO Office

The truth is out there — and under lock and key at the FBI.

Yes, let's get this out of the way: that's basically the plot of the 90s television show "The X-Files." But buried in a new Politico story about concerns that UFO-hunting agents may soon be caught up in a purge is a jarring revelation: that such an office exists within the bureau —the "existence" of which had "not been disclosed publicly before," per the outlet's reporting.

It was previously known that the Pentagon had a similar group. Known as the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), that office deals with UAP sightings from military officials. There doesn't appear to be any other known counterpart in civilian branches of government.

In a statement to Politico, the FBI confirmed the existence of the office but refused to comment further, including to say how many members it has or how long it has been investigating UAPs in an organized manner.

"The FBI investigates Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena when there is potential for a violation of federal law — particularly unlawful acts that could adversely affect our national interests — and to gather, share, and analyze intelligence to combat security threats facing the US," the bureau told Politico.

Former Naval pilot and Congressional UFO whistleblower Ryan Graves spoke at length to the magazine about the importance of the group's work and how deleterious it would be for the office to be gutted due to partisanship.

"I am concerned that the FBI’s UAP Working Group could be affected by transition changes," Graves said, "and these leaders might not be aware of the incredible work these agents are doing and how their investigation could be empowered as part of a formalized intergovernmental effort."

Caison Best, a former Army special forces intelligence officer, told Politico that he'd spoken to members of the FBI's UAP office after witnessing an alleged UFO in Colorado. Though it's unclear exactly how many of those agents could be implicated in the alleged purge, Best said it would be "obviously detrimental" if that happened.

"The FBI is one component of the government that is starting to realize what other functions in the government have already known for a long time and have been participating in," the ex-Army intelligence officer said.

In English, he seems to be suggesting that the FBI's previously undisclosed UAP office has been working with the Pentagon's AARO — and, perhaps, with other agencies as well.

With Trump's swiftly-unfolding plans to purge the government of anyone who doesn't fall in line, it's impossible to say whether the FBI's "X-Files" office will continue to exist.

Though given the president's promise to reveal the truth about unidentified objects in the skies, killing the group completely would seemingly go against his "commitment to take the U out of UAP," as Graves put it to Politico.

More on Trump and the truth: 

• UFO Whistleblower Claims Trump Is Being Lied To About Those Drones in New Jersey

{ https://futurism.com/ }

05-02-2025 om 21:46 geschreven door peter  

Antarctic scale worm: The glitzy frilly horror show with giant protruding jaws that look like Alien's xenomorph

• Why it's awesome: With their shimmering golden coats, these worms almost look glamorous — until you see their horrifying jaws, which resemble the mouth of the xenomorph from "Alien."

The worms are named after the scales (known as elytra) that cover their bodies. These scales look a bit like human teeth, adding to the worms' dazzling-yet-gruesome appearance.

Growing up to 8 inches (20 centimeters) long, Antarctic scale worms are a type of ocean-dwelling polychaete, or bristle worm (polychaete is Latin for "many bristles"). Related to earthworms and leeches, there are over 8,000 named polychaete species.

They have segmented bodies, with loads of little bristles sticking out of each section.

Different polychaete species use their bristles for different purposes, according to the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI). In this case, Antarctic scale worms' shimmering golden hairs could help them crawl or swim through the water, or defend themselves from threats. It's unclear why their bristles are golden.

Related: 

• Ghostly white giant worms appear to be reproducing under the seafloor where tectonic plates meet

Their most remarkable body part, however, is often hidden. Their purplish "head" isn't actually a head at all but a retractable mouth they keep tucked away until they're ready to feast. The worms unfurl this proboscis to reveal a set of jaws almost 3 inches (7 cm) wide complete with large, sharp teeth, according to Australian Geographic.

We don't know exactly what they eat, but according to "The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of 'Ugly' Animals" (Wren & Rook, 2020) their large teeth mean they are likely "quick and aggressive hunters."

Although it was discovered in 1939, very little is known about this deep-sea species. Like other bristle worms, it probably plays an important role in keeping the ocean healthy. Bristle worms "are fabulous recyclers and builders, creating massive reef structures and tangles of tubes that house a myriad of other animals including crabs, snails, and (of course!) other worms," MBARI representatives wrote.

{ https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth }

05-02-2025 om 21:32 geschreven door peter  

What Ancient Tools and Inventions Shaped Human Civilization?

From the simplest stone tools to sophisticated instruments of navigation, the inventions of our ancestors remain a testament to human ingenuity.

by Justin Gurkinic

 

Why Stone Tools Were Revolutionary

Unlike organic materials like wood or bone, stone tools endured the test of time, leaving behind artifacts that reveal key insights into the lives of early humans. The deliberate crafting of these tools, involving percussive blows to shape sharp edges, demonstrates advanced cognitive and motor skills.

• Fun Fact: Even animals like chimpanzees and crows use basic tools, but the manufacturing of Oldowan tools reflects a unique behavioral innovation among early hominins.

From Oldowan to Acheulean

The Oldowan tools paved the way for the Acheulean Industry, characterized by hand axes, cleavers, and knives. Acheulean tools, associated with Homo erectus, spread from Africa to Asia and Europe, enabling early humans to hunt, build shelters, and thrive in diverse environments. This era represents 99% of humanity’s technological history (Toth & Schick, 2014).

The invention of simple machines transformed how humans manipulated their environment, leading to some of the greatest engineering feats in history. These tools leveraged mechanical advantage to amplify force, making tasks easier and more efficient.

The Lever: An Ancient Power Tool

One of the earliest uses of the lever is evident in the shaduf, a water-lifting device invented in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. Consisting of a long pole balanced on a pivot, the shaduf allowed farmers to irrigate their crops with minimal effort. Remarkably, it remains in use today in parts of Africa and Asia.

The Wheel: Rolling Into the Future

The wheel and axle mechanism originated in Mesopotamia, with the Sumerians initially using it for pottery around 3500 BC. This invention evolved into wheeled carts, revolutionizing transportation and trade. By enabling the movement of goods over long distances, the wheel played a crucial role in the development of early economies.

The Archimedes Screw: Innovation in Agriculture

Attributed to the Greek mathematician Archimedes, the Archimedes screw was a device designed to lift water for irrigation. Although similar mechanisms existed in Assyria and Egypt earlier, this invention became a cornerstone of ancient agricultural practices and is still used in some industries today.

Building the Impossible: Ramps and Pulleys

Ancient architects relied on ramps, levers, and pulleys to construct monumental structures like the Great Pyramid of Giza and the Colosseum in Rome. Archaeological evidence from the Hatnub quarry in Egypt suggests that ramps and pulleys were integral to hauling massive stone blocks, showcasing the ingenuity of ancient engineers.

The ability to navigate vast oceans and unknown territories was a defining moment in human history. Early navigation tools enabled trade, exploration, and cultural exchange, laying the foundation for global connectivity.

The Compass: Guiding the Way

Invented in China around 206 BC, the magnetic compass was initially used for divination. Over time, it became an essential tool for navigation, allowing sailors to traverse vast seas even when celestial objects were obscured. This innovation revolutionized exploration and expanded trade routes.

Sunstones: The Vikings’ Secret Weapon

According to Norse legend, Vikings used sunstones to locate the sun on cloudy days. Modern research confirms that birefringent crystals like calcite could polarize light, enabling accurate navigation without a magnetic compass. This method might explain how the Vikings conquered the North Atlantic’s treacherous waters.

Austronesian Seafaring

The Austronesians, masterful sailors from Southeast Asia, invented outrigger canoes and catamarans, enabling them to explore and settle the Pacific Islands. Their innovative vessels allowed them to travel vast distances, facilitating the spread of culture and trade across the region.

The development of writing was one of humanity’s most transformative achievements. Recording information allowed civilizations to preserve knowledge, govern societies, and develop literature.

Cuneiform: The First Writing System

The Sumerians pioneered cuneiform writing around 3100 BC. Initially used for accounting, it evolved into a versatile script capable of recording laws, religious texts, and epic poetry. The famous Sumerian poem Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta highlights the importance of writing as a tool for communication and storytelling.

Egyptian Hieroglyphics and Beyond

Inspired by cuneiform, the Egyptians developed hieroglyphics, a pictorial script used for monumental inscriptions and religious texts. Other civilizations, such as the Mesoamerican Olmecs, followed suit with their own writing systems, illustrating the universal need for recorded knowledge.

Timekeeping was essential for agriculture, governance, and religious practices. Ancient societies developed ingenious methods to track time, many of which laid the groundwork for modern clocks.

Sundials and Shadow Clocks

The Egyptians used shadow clocks and sundials as early as 3500 BC to divide the day into hours. These devices were not only practical but symbolized humanity’s growing understanding of celestial mechanics.

Water Clocks: Precision in Timekeeping

Known as clepsydrae, water clocks measured time based on the steady flow of water between vessels. The oldest known example, dating to Amenhotep III’s reign, exemplifies the advanced engineering of ancient Egypt. The Greeks later adapted water clocks for more complex uses, including Plato’s invention of the first alarm clock.

From the stone tools of early hominins to the sophisticated instruments of ancient engineers, these gadgets were more than functional—they were transformative. They enabled humans to conquer their environment, build civilizations, and explore the world. Even today, their influence persists, reminding us of the creativity and resilience of our ancestors.

Artifacts like the Antikythera Mechanism and the Baghdad Battery hint at the technological capabilities of ancient societies that were far ahead of their time. These inventions not only shaped history but continue to inspire innovation in the modern era.

• We published an earlier version of this article in 2024.

{ https://curiosmos.com/ }

05-02-2025 om 21:14 geschreven door peter  

Scientists: Moon’s Grand Canyons Formed In 10 Minutes

The famous Vallis Schrödinger and Vallis Planck formed in a matter of minutes after an impact of monumental proportions created the Schrödinger crater.

The ejecta resulted in multiple secondary impact events, some of which formed long depressions called valleys radiating from the crater. The longest of these are the Vallis Schrödinger and Vallis Planck. They are 270 and 280 kilometres long, about 20 and 27 kilometres wide, and about 2.7 and 3.5 kilometres deep, respectively.

Spectral studies have revealed heterogeneity of the material in the Schrödinger crater and surrounding areas. This material not only contains traces of later volcanic activity but also carries information about the most ancient events in the geological history of the Moon. The fact is that during the formation of the crater (presumably as a result of the fall of a body with a diameter of about 25 kilometres at a speed of 15 kilometres per second), rocks of the lunar crust were exposed from a depth of up to 30 kilometres. In addition, ancient ejecta from the South Pole-Aitken impact basin, which includes mantle material, were scattered across the surface.

To clarify the distribution of the Schrödinger crater’s ejecta and the model of its formation, American and British planetologists used photogeological and topographic mapping of its secondary structures, the Schrödinger and Planck valleys, based on data from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. The diameters, depths, and distances to the centre of the Schrödinger crater and to the intersection point of the rays that continue the valleys were measured for all secondary craters that form the valleys. Based on the results obtained, the scientists calculated the speeds and directions of material ejecta from the Schrödinger crater.

It took approximately 10 minutes for the Moon’s Grand Canyons to form

For the ejecta that formed Vallis Schrödinger, the ejecta velocity ranged from 0.95 to 1.05 kilometres per second, and the angle at which the material was ejected ranged from 45 to 20 degrees (given the circular shape of the secondary craters, the ejection angle was probably closer to the upper limit of this range). The flight time of the debris ranged from 4.9 to 15.0 minutes.

The maximum velocity of the ejecta that formed Vallis Planck was higher (1.23–1.28 kilometres per second), and the material travelled a greater distance in a time of 5.2 to 15.4 minutes. The duration of the secondary bombardments in both cases did not exceed five minutes.

At such ejection velocities, theoretical estimates of the average size of the ejected fragments range from 0.02 to 0.05 times the diameter of the primary impactor, in this case from 0.5 to 1.25 kilometres. This is consistent with the diameters of the secondary craters in Vallis Planck, as most of them are less than two kilometres. On the other hand, the estimated sizes of the debris that resulted in the formation of Vallis Schrödinger are significantly larger than theoretical: 2.3–5.2 kilometres.

Apparently, this valley, located closer to the point of the asteroid impact, was formed as a result of a nearly simultaneous impact of an entire cluster of ejected fragments, rather than a series of individual falls. The debris was tightly grouped since the secondary craters overlap each other greatly. In contrast, in the remote part of Vallis Planck, the secondary craters were formed as a result of the falls of individual fragments, rather than a continuous stream of ejecta.

Calculations have shown that for the formation of Vallis Schrödinger, the kinetic energy of the ejected material must have been 3.39×10 ²⁰ joules, and for Vallis Planck – about 1.21×10 ²¹ joules. The axes of the valleys, indicating the direction of the emissions, converge not in the centre of the Schrödinger crater, but at its edge, where the primary impact occurred.

The direction of the asteroid’s flight was also established along the line connecting the centre with this point: south-southeast-north-northwest. Its fall at a small (less than 45 degrees) angle caused not a point explosion, but the appearance of a distributed impact zone and an asymmetric pattern of the distribution of emissions.

Clarification of this pattern will help to detail the stratigraphy of impactites in the region and more effectively plan the collection of soil samples during future missions, in particular, within the framework of the Artemis program.

{ https://curiosmos.com/ }

05-02-2025 om 20:50 geschreven door peter  

The moon has a secret underground CAVE: Scientists discover an empty lava tube beneath the lunar surface - and say it could be the perfect base for future settlers

• A pit on the moon has a 'subsurface cave conduit, tens of metres long'
• READ MORE: Hole spotted on Mars could be a gateway to ancient alien life

By JONATHAN CHADWICK FOR MAILONLINE 

NASA and Elon Musk's SpaceX are planning to send humans back to the moon later this decade. 

But on the lunar surface, astronauts will be exposed to potentially deadly cosmic rays and extreme temperatures.

Now, scientists may have found a suitable hiding place from these unforgiving conditions.

The experts in Italy say they have identified the first cave on the moon, which extends from inside a pit located in the Sea of Tranquility. 

It could be a promising site for a lunar base, as it offers shelter from 'the harsh surface environment' and could support long-term human exploration of the moon. 

The cave extends from inside Mare Tranquillitatis Pit (pictured) which is located at the moon's famous Sea of Tranquillity - close to where humans landed in 1969

The pit leads to a 'lava tube' - a natural conduit formerly occupied by flowing molten lava - which could provide shelter for astronauts 

'These caves have been theorized for over 50 years, but it is the first time ever that we have demonstrated their existence,' said study author Lorenzo Bruzzone, professor at the University of Trento in Italy. 

Since pits were first discovered on the moon by JAXA's SELENE spacecraft in 2009, scientists have wondered if they led to caves that could be explored or used as shelters. 

There are more than 200 pits moon, around 16 of which are thought to be collapsed 'lava tubes' – natural conduits formerly occupied by flowing molten lava.

If the ceiling of a solidified lava tube collapses, it opens a pit – but whether these pits provide access to caves has long been uncertain. 

The team focused on a roughly cylindrical pit in a part of the moon's northern hemisphere, known as the Sea of Tranquility, or Mare Tranquillitatis.

Tranquility Base, the location of the first manned landing on the moon in July 1969,  is located in the south-western corner of the Sea of Tranquility. 

Researchers focused on a roughly cylindrical 100-meter-deep depression, about the length and width of a football field, in an area of the moon, known as the Sea of Tranquillity or Mare Tranquillitatis (marked here with a red circle) 

Researchers processed images from the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment - a thermal camera on NASA's robotic Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (depicted here in space)

Mare Tranquillitatis Pit is the deepest known pit on the moon – an estimated depth of 328 feet (100 meters) and up to 377 feet (115 meters) across – about the length of a football pitch. 

NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, which launched in 2009, captured radar data from the pit during a flyover more than a decade ago. 

But the team have now reanalysed the radar data with new 'complex signal processing techniques'. 

According to the findings, a portion of the radar reflections originating from the put can be identified as a 'subsurface cave conduit, tens of metres long'. 

'Thanks to the analysis of the data we were able to create a model of a portion of the conduit,' said Leonardo Carrer, researcher at University of Trento. 

'[We] have discovered radar reflections from the area of the pit that are best explained by an underground cave conduit. 

'This discovery provides the first direct evidence of an accessible lava tube under the surface of the moon.'

Pictured, the researchers' illustration of the shape of the cave descending from Mare Tranquillitatis Pit 

NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, which launched in 2009, captured radar data from the pit during a flyover more than a decade ago. But the team have now reanalysed the radar data with new 'complex signal processing techniques'

This new research has implications for the development of missions to the moon, where the environment is hostile to human life. 

The moon is know for temperatures that are too extreme to sustain life – up to a scorching 260°F during the day and down to an icy -280°F at night. 

But temperatures in a shady cave such as this are thought to be a 'comfortable' 63°F (17°C) – suggesting they could be the perfect locations for lunar base camps.

They could also provide shelter from cosmic rays and the thousands of meteorites that are thought to hit the moon every year. 

It also opens up the possibility of other lunar pits leading to cave, which would give spacefarers more options when planning to establish settlements. 

NASA hopes to develop a sustainable lunar exploration program starting from 2028. This artist's illustration shows what NASA's Artemis base camp could look like

Tranquility Base, the location of the first manned landing on the moon in July 1969, is located in the south-western corner of the Sea of Tranquility. Pictured is Buzz Aldrin during the Apollo 11 moon landing on July 20, 1969

Rather than going to the Sea of Tranquility, NASA's upcoming Artemis III mission plans to land a crew at the moon's south polar region in a SpaceX craft. 

Eventually as part of its Artemis programme, NASA plans to have set up a base camp in the lunar south region by the end of this decade.

READ MORE

• Mysterious hole spotted on Mars could be a gateway to ancient alien life

Building a lunar base in a pit or cave is not currently part of the official plan, but the study authors suggest it will be worth considering in the future. 

'A complete survey of all known lunar pits would allow us to identify the most promising accesses for subsurface lunar exploration and provide information on the potential for installing human lunar base in environments protected from cosmic radiation and with stable temperatures,' they conclude. 

Their new study has been published today in the journal Nature Astronomy.  

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

05-02-2025 om 17:59 geschreven door peter