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More ingots of orichalcum, the ancient metal that was purported to be mined at the mythical island of Atlantis, have emerged from the seas of Sicily.

Underwater archaeologists who have been investigating the remains of a ship that sunk 2,600 years ago off the coast of Gela in southern Sicily recovered 47 lumps of the precious alloy earlier this month, along with a jar and two Corinthian helmets.

The newly found ingots come in addition to the 39 orichalcum lumps that were originally recovered in 2015 from the same shipwreck.

"The ship dates to the end the sixth century B.C.," said Sebastiano Tusa, an archaeologist who serves as Sicily's superintendent of the sea. "It was likely caught in a sudden storm and sunk just when it was about to enter the port."

Indeed, the wreck was found about 1,000 feet from Gela's coast at a depth of 10 feet.

The same area contains other two archaic shipwrecks.

"The waters there are a priceless mine of archaeological finds," remarked Adriana Fresina, an archaeologist who works with Tusa.

The 86 ingots found on the sea floor make up a unique stockpile.

Never before discovered in any great quantities, orichalcum has long been considered a mysterious metal, with its composition and origin widely debated.

According to Greek mythology, it was invented by Cadmus, the Phoenician founder and first king of Thebes.

Although orichalcum is mentioned in several ancient writings going back to Hesiod, it was the fourth century B.C. Greek philosopher Plato who made it legendary.

In Plato's Critias dialogue, the Athenian figure Critias claims that orichalcum was mined in the mythical Atlantis and was used to cover Poseidon's temple interior walls, columns, and floors. It was shiny, and Critias suggested that its preciousness was surpassed only by gold.

The metal was so esteemed that in the temple itself stood an orichalcum pillar onto which Poseidon's laws were inscribed, according to the tale.

"The outermost wall was coated with brass, the second with tin, and the third, which was the wall of the citadel, flashed with the red light of orichalcum," Plato wrote.

Most scholars today agree that orichalcum, though rare, is far from being as precious as Plato's writing would suggest. It is a brass-like alloy, which was made in antiquity by cementation — a process achieved with the reaction of zinc ore, charcoal and copper metal in a crucible.

X-ray fluorescence undertaken by the scientific instrumentation company TQ Technologies for Quality indicated that the recovered ingots are an alloy made with 75 to 80 percent copper, 15 to 20 percent zinc, and small percentages of nickel, lead, and iron.

The ship that carried them was traveling from Greece or Asia Minor to Gela, a wealthy city with an abundance of artisan workshops that specialized in the production of prized artifacts.

The orichalcum ingots were headed for those workshops. There, they would have been used to fashion adornments and decorations.

The recovery of two Corinthian bronze helmets is also noteworthy.

"The presence of helmets and weapons aboard ships is rather common," Tusa said. "They were used against pirate incursions."

"Another hypothesis is that they were meant to be an offer to the gods," he added.

Tusa team is still working to fully excavate the shipwreck and recover its cargo.

Earth's Mantle Is More Than 100 Degrees F Hotter Than Scientists Thought — **The upper layer of Earth's mantle, labeled here as the asthenosphere, is hotter than previously thought, a new study finds.**
**Credit: vectortatu/Shutterstock**

How hot are Earth's scorching insides? A sweltering 2,570 degrees Fahrenheit (1,410 degrees Celsius), a new study finds.

The discovery reveals that the mantle under Earth's oceans — the area just below the crust that extends down to the planet's inner liquid core — is almost 110 degrees F (60 degrees C) hotter than scientists previously thought, the researchers said. The finding will help scientists more accurately model Earth's many geodynamic processes, including plate tectonics, they said.

"Having such a hot mantle could mean that the mantle is less viscous (flows more easily), which could explain how tectonic plates are able to move on top of the asthenosphere," the upper layer of Earth's mantle, said study lead researcher Emily Sarafian, a doctoral student in the Geology and Geophysics Department at a joint program run by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. [Photo Timeline: How the Earth Formed]

The temperature's effect on the asthenosphere isn't very different from that of hot temperatures on honey, she said.

"If you put honey in the fridge for an hour, it will barely flow when you take it out," Sarafian said in an email to Live Science. "If, instead, you put honey on the stovetop, it will flow very easily, because it's hotter."

Mantle mystery

There are many clues that the mantle under Earth's oceans is blazing hot. For instance, it generates the lava that bursts out of underwater volcanoes. However, for obvious reasons, scientists can't travel to the mantle and directly measure the temperature at which it melts.

Instead, scientists create mantle rocks in laboratories by combining powders of mineral building blocks, Sarafian said.

"Once they have a synthetic mantle rock, they then subject the rock to mantle pressures and temperatures to determine the temperature at which the rock melts at a given pressure," she said. By increasing the temperature in small intervals and at different pressures, scientists can note exactly when their synthetic mantle rock melts — a condition known as mantle solidus.

But there's a major problem with this experiment: water.

Mantle rocks contain a small amount of water, but it's incredibly challenging to ensure that the correct amount of water is in these laboratory samples, Sarafian said. Moreover, the atmosphere contains water, "so your experiments are adsorbing some unknown amount of water, and they aren't completely dry," she said.

Scientists are aware of this problem, "but they were never able to quantify how much water was in their experiments because the mineral grains that grow during an experimental run at mantle pressures and temperatures are way too small to measure with current analytical techniques," Sarafian said.

Understandably, scientists need to account for water in these experiments, as water in rocks can lower the rocks' melting temperature. In the past, researchers opted to do their experiments on dry synthetic rock, and then mathematically add water to the equation, she said.

But, as Sarafian and her colleagues later found out, because of the water in the atmosphere, these "dry" experiments were not actually dry; rather they contained roughly the same amount of water that is in the mantle, she said. Thus, correcting the results by mathematically adding water was unnecessary and made the results inaccurate.

Olivine to the rescue

A mineral called olivine helped Sarafian and her colleagues solve the puzzle another way. Olivine grains are about the size of fine sand, and large enough that researchers can accurately measure water within the grains. In addition, olivine is a good candidate because it occurs naturally in the mantle, Sarafian said.

"We performed melting experiments the same way that previous scientists did, putting a synthetic rock to high pressure and temperatures, but by adding these grains to our experiments, we were giving ourselves a target that was large enough to analyze for water content," she said. [50 Interesting Facts About Earth]

Conveniently, the sample ended up having the same amount of water as the mantle does, Sarafian said. This meant they didn't have to use any equations to correct their data, she said.

Their results suggested that the mantle melts when it is relatively close to the Earth's surface. That runs counter to another recent finding, which showed that the mantle actually melts deep beneath the Earth's surface.

"This had to mean that the accepted mantle temperature estimate was too low, and actually, the mantle is 60 [degrees] C (about 110 F) hotter," Sarafian said. "That's a very significant jump!"

The discovery is "an appreciable correction" for the temperature of the mantle under the ocean, Paul Asimow, a professor of geology and geochemistry at the California Institute of Technology who was not involved with the study, wrote in an accompanying commentary in the journal Science.

The finding "will change interpretations of geophysical observations of the asthenosphere worldwide," Asimow wrote.

The study and commentary were published online today (March 2) in the journal Science.

Original article on Live Science.