Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
07-03-2017
Alien spots' on Ceres may have been caused by massive ice volcanoes erupting, researchers find
Alien spots' on Ceres may have been caused by massive ice volcanoes erupting, researchers find
Study found that bright spots are 30 million years younger than the host crater
Distribution and nature of material suggests it was formed by recurring events
After impact that created crater, they say subsurface brine was pushed upward
Water and dissolved gas were able to escape through forming system of vents
A mysterious dome containing the brightest material on Ceres may once have been the site of ‘eruptive outbursts’ from ice volcanoes.
In a new study, researchers found that these bright spots have only existed for about four million years – making them roughly 30 million years younger than the crater in which they’re found.
The distribution and nature of this unusually bright material suggests it was formed by recurring events, making Ceres the closest object to the sun with evidence of cryovolcanic activity.
A mysterious dome containing the brightest material on Ceres may once have been the site of ‘eruptive outbursts’ of cryovolcanic activity. In a new study, researchers found that these bright spots have only existed for about four million years
WORLD OF CERES
Ceres is 590 miles (950 km) across and was discovered in 1801.
It is the closest dwarf planet to the sun and is located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, making it the only dwarf planet in the inner solar system.
Ceres is the smallest of the bodies currently classified as a 'dwarf planet'.
It lies less than three times as far as Earth from the sun - close enough to feel the warmth of the star, allowing ice to melt and reform.
Nasa's Dawn spacecraft made its way to Ceres after leaving the asteroid Vesta in 2012.
There is high interest in the mission because Ceres is seen as being a record of the early solar system.
NASA’s Dawn space probe has been studying Ceres for almost two years.
In that time, scientists have noted the presence of strange spots of bright material at the center of the Occator crater, consisting mainly of mineral salts.
Now, researchers with the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research have investigated the structures inside the crater – including fractures, avalanches, and even smaller craters – to reveal new insight on the planet’s activity.
The 92-kilometer-wide Occator crater contains a massive pit with a bright dome, which ‘contains the brightest material on Ceres,’ says MPS scientist Thomas Platz.
Infrared spectrometer VIR data on the region, called Cerealia Facula, show it is rich in salts known as carbonates.
And, other bright spots that sit further out in the crater contain a mixture of carbonates and dark surrounding material.
The researchers say the central pit, which has a rocky, jagged ridge, is likely the remnant of a former mountain.
This is thought to have formed from the impact that created the Occator Crater roughly 34 million years ago, and later collapsed.
But, the dome of bright material is about 30 million years younger, they say.
The researchers dated the features based on how ‘perforated’ the surfaces were.
It’s thought that younger craters are less perforated.
‘The age and appearance of the material surrounding the bright dome indicate that Cerealia Facula was formed by a recurring, eruptive process, which also hurled material into more outward regions of the central pit,’ says Andreas Nathues, Framing Camera Lead Investigator.
‘A single eruptive event is rather unlikely.’
The 92-kilometer-wide Occator crater contains a massive pit with a bright dome, which ‘contains the brightest material on Ceres,’ says MPS scientist Thomas Platz. Infrared spectrometer VIR data on the region show it is rich in salts known as carbonates
Other objects, like Jupiter’s moons Callisto and Ganymede, have similar domes, which are thought to be volcanic deposits, indicating cryovolcanic activity.
And, they say a similar process could be at work on Ceres.
‘The large impact that tore the giant Occator crater into the surface of the dwarf planet must have originally started everything and triggered the later cryovolcanic activity,’ says Nathues.
After the impact, they say, the subsurface brine was pushed upward.
And, with lower pressure, water and dissolved gasses such as methane and carbon dioxide were able to escape through the forming system of vents.
The solution was then able to erupt through fractures at the surface.
The researchers say the central pit is likely the remnant of a former mountain. This is thought to have formed from the impact that created the Occator Crater roughly 34 million years ago, and later collapsed. But, the dome of bright material is about 30 million years younger
According to the researchers, the salts deposited in this process likely created the bright dome seen today.
Images of the Occator crater captured from about 14,000 kilometers away show variations in brightness on a diurnal rhythm, supporting the new theory.
‘The nature of the light scattering at the bottom of Occator differs fundamentally from that at other parts of the Ceres surface,’ MPS research Guneshwar Singh Thangjam says.
‘The most likely explanation is that near the crater floor an optically thin, semi-transparent haze is formed.’
This haze, the researchers say, could be the result ofsublimating water streaming out from fractures in the floor when the crater is exposed to sunlight.
Earlier this year a mysterious giant object was 'seen' taking off from the Sun's surface in the clip taken by NASA's telescope. [Representational image]Youtube/ Screenshot
NASA is always accused of hiding evidence about UFOs and mysterious extra-terrestrial sightings by conspiracy theorists. Here's another incident in which a mega spaceship was recently spotted near the International Space Station (ISS).
Conspiracy theorists say that the giant UFO was spotted by astronauts on the ISS and lights were dimmed all of a sudden to hide the mysterious flying craft.
A video of the incident has been uploaded by a YouTube user named StreetCap1. "I thought I was seeing things. I had to be quick. This should appear in the archive later for those wanting verification. The dimming at the end was sudden and my guess is they turned down the brightness a little because they spotted it. Sorry about quality, but it was hundreds of miles away," StreetCap1 stated in the video's description.
Another such sighting was alleged to have taken place near the ISS last month, after which a UFO expert and author of UFO Investigations Manual, Nigel Watson, said that it could be the outcome of a lens reflection, which is visible or invisible, depending on the alterations in the lighting, which appears to be a UFO passing by, Mail Online reported.
Tyler Glockner, a UFO hunter and owner of conspiracy website Secure Team 10, also spoke about the mysterious sightings.
"We definitely see some anomalous objects. We have this very long cigar-shaped UFO. It's unidentified, we don't know what it is," Glockner was quoted as saying by Daily Mirror.
Glockner even accused NASA of trying to hide the alien objects by dimming the view. "Nasa likes to give us low-res videos and keep the high resolution stuff to themselves," he added.
Exclusive video of the UFO spotted near NASA's ISS:
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‘Megaschip’ vastgelegd bij ruimtestation ISS waarna NASA ‘het beeld donkerder maakt’
‘Megaschip’ vastgelegd bij ruimtestation ISS waarna NASA ‘het beeld donkerder maakt’
Kort nadat een bizar ‘megaschip’ bij het internationale ruimtestation ISS verscheen, maakte NASA het beeld donkerder, zo claimen complottheoretici.
Zij zeggen dat de beelden mogelijk bewerkt zijn door het Amerikaanse ruimteagentschap om objecten te laten ‘verdwijnen’, schrijft de Daily Mirror.
In het filmpje, dat op YouTube is geplaatst door Streetcap1, zijn een lange ‘sigaarvormige’ UFO en nog twee objecten te zien boven de aarde.
Ongewone objecten
“Het beeld wordt tegen het eind plotseling donkerder,” zei hij. “Ik denk dat de NASA de helderheid enigszins verlaagde.”
UFO-jager Tyler Glockner van SecureTeam10 zei: “Er zijn hier zeker ongewone objecten te zien. Er is onder meer een hele lange sigaarvormige UFO te zien. Het is ongeïdentificeerd, we weten niet wat het is.”
“Ik heb honderden, zo niet duizenden uren livestream van het ISS bekeken en ik heb UFO’s, ijskristallen, ruimtepuin en reflecties gezien,” vervolgde hij.
Knoeien
“Kort nadat de objecten in beeld verschijnen wordt het beeld plotseling donkerder. Ofwel de NASA doet dit doelbewust, ofwel de UFO’s doen dit zelf.”
“Mogelijk heeft de NASA het beeld donkerder gemaakt door te knoeien met het contrast of de belichting zodat de objecten uit beeld verdwijnen,” klonk het.
Since we first turned our dreams of travelling to the moon into a reality, there has been controversy. Some believe that most of the landing footage was faked, and others believe we never even went there, despite there being plenty of evidence suggesting we did. But here’s the tricky part — some of the footage from various Apollo missions might indeed have been faked or even “refurbished.” Many insiders have also accused NASA of doing things like this, but, based on the information we have from sources like these, and many others, it seems the problem is not that we didn’t get to the moon, but rather what we found — and concealed from the public — when we got there.
In fact, the Russian government has accused the U.S. of concealing film footage. Agency insiders, like Norman Bergrun (view some of his publications for NASA, where he worked for more than a decade, here), orBob Dean, United States Army Command Sergeant Major, who also served at the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) of NATO as an intelligence analyst, are a few out of many.
“Ladies and gentlemen, my government, NASA, which many of us in the United States say stands for Never A Straight Answer, proceeded to erase 40 rolls of film of the Apollo Program — the flight to the Moon, the flight around the Moon, the landings on the Moon, the walking guys here and there. They erased, for Christ’s sake, 40 rolls of film of those events. Now we’re talking about several thousand individual frames that were taken that the so-called authorities determined that you did not have a right to see. Oh, they were ‘disruptive,’ ‘socially unacceptable,’ ‘politically unacceptable.’ I’ve become furious. I’m a retired Command Sergeant Major. I was never famous for having a lot of patience.” (source)
What, exactly, is on the moon, remains a mystery for many. For example, Dr. John Brandenburg, who was also the Deputy Manager of the Clementine Mission to the Moon ((Source: page 16 of 18)), which was part of a joint space project between the Ballistic Missile Defence Organization (BMDO) and NASA that went searching for water at the Moon’s poles in 1994, blew the whistle and revealed that it was actually a photo reconnaissance mission to check out structures on the back side of the moon — structures that were put there by somebody else.
Brandenburg has also worked for the government with top secret security clearances on various projects. He worked on the Rocket Plume Regolith Interactions on the Moon and Mars, the Vortex theory of Rocket engine design, and the combined Sakharov-Kaluza-Klein theory of Field Unification for purposes of space propulsion and Mars science. He also invented the Microwave Electro-Thermal plasma thruster using water propellant for space propulsion.
You can listen to a lecture of his here where he goes deeper into his take on the extraterrestrial issue.
As you can see, these are just a few out of many people with high credibility trying to let the world know that something strange is going on.
Apollo 13
“Shortly after I retired from the Air-Force, and I still was maintaining contacts with friends and associates at the various bases and one Col Parker in the Air Defence Command, the Space Command . . . mentioned an incident which I later confirmed. A spacecraft went to the rescue of Apollo 13, and they accompanied Apollo 13 on their voyage around the moon and back to Earth, and on two occasions they thought they might have to transfer the crew to their spacecraft. But they saw them safely back to the Earth.”
The quote above comes from Colonel Ross Dedrickson, who, in the 1950s, was responsible for maintaining the inventory of the nuclear weapon stockpile for the AEC and accompanying security teams checking out the security of the weapons, among many other duties throughout his career.
He is one of hundreds of military whistleblowers with verified backgrounds to have been brought forth by Dr. Steven Greer’s Disclosure Project. His testimony about UFOs — specifically about UFOs and nuclear weapons — can be corroborated by a wealth of information and evidence that’s now available within the public domain. (To read more about a few of these encounters, click here.) Many of these whistleblowers have made multiple appearances at the National Press Club in an effort to get this information out to the world, with the most recent example being the Citizens Hearing on Disclosure, which took place a few years ago.
Below is a video of Dedrickson’s testimony.
Apollo 14 astronaut Dr. Edgar Mitchell, the 6th man to walk on the moon, is one of many former NASA employees to have spoken up about this topic. He has admitted that “there have been crashed craft, and bodies recovered” and that “we are not alone in the universe, they have been coming here for a long time.” A few years ago at the National Press Club, he urged people to “read the books, read the lore, and start to understand what has really been going on here, because there is no doubt that we are being visited.” (source)
He also accompanied Dr. Greer (mentioned earlier) in several meetings discussing this within the Pentagon. He admitted this in Greer’s film, “Sirius Disclosure.”
Another quote I commonly love to refer to is this one by former NASA astronaut and Princeton physics professor Dr. Brian O’Leary:
“There is abundant evidence that we are being contacted, that civilizations have been visiting us for a very long time, that their appearance is bizarre from any kind of traditional materialistic western point of view, that these visitors use the technologies of consciousness, they use toroids, they use co-rotating magnetic disks for their propulsion systems, that seems to be a common denominator of the UFO phenomenon.” (source)
Other Related CE Articles You Might Be Interested In:
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Kolonel: “Ruimteschip schoot Apollo 13 te hulp en begeleidde bemanning terug naar aarde”
Kolonel: “Ruimteschip schoot Apollo 13 te hulp en begeleidde bemanning terug naar aarde”
Kolonel Ross Dedrickson moest in de jaren vijftig waken over de veiligheid van kernwapens. In die tijd kwamen er veel meldingen binnen van UFO’s die boven diverse nucleaire installaties werden gezien.
“Deze UFO’s waren buitengewoon geïnteresseerd in onze installaties,” zei hij.
Dedrickson heeft naar eigen zeggen vaak UFO’s gezien en was getuige van de onbekende objecten die in juli 1952 over het Capitool vlogen.
Nucleaire wapens
De kolonel zei verder dat er meerdere nucleaire wapens in de ruimte zijn gebracht, die vervolgens door buitenaardsen zijn vernietigd. “Dit werd bewust stilgehouden.”
“Eind jaren zeventig probeerden we een kernbom te laten exploderen op de maan,” zei Dedrickson. “De buitenaardsen hebben dit voorkomen.”
“Kort na mijn pensioen benoemde Space Command een incident dat ik later kon bevestigen,” zei hij. “Een ruimteschip schoot Apollo 13 te hulp en begeleidde de bemanning naar de maan en terug naar aarde.”
Veilig
“Tot twee keer toe overwogen ze om de bemanning over te brengen naar hun ruimteschip,” vervolgde hij. “Maar ze keerden uiteindelijk veilig terug op aarde.”
Twee dagen na de lancering van Apollo 13 ontplofte een zuurstoftank, met als gevolg dat in een paar uur de hele zuurstofvoorraad verloren was gegaan.
Commandant Jim Lovell sprak toen de historische woorden: “Houston, we’ve had a problem.”
4000 jaar oud bouwwerk met mysterieuze rotskunst gevonden in Israël
4000 jaar oud bouwwerk met mysterieuze rotskunst gevonden in Israël
In Boven-Galilea in Israël is een 4000 jaar oud stenen bouwwerk gevonden dat is voorzien van mysterieuze rotskunst. Dat schrijft de Jerusalem Post.
Volgens de Israëlische autoriteit voor oudheden is het bouwwerk uit de bronstijd ontdekt door professor Gonen Sharon van het Tel-Hai College.
“Wat dit hunebed zo uniek maakt zijn de enorme afmetingen, de structuur eromheen en de decoraties die in het plafond zijn gegraveerd,” aldus de autoriteit.
Niet opgelost
Archeologen hebben een studie over de vondst gepubliceerd in het tijdschrift PLOS ONE.
Hunebedden of dolmens worden over de hele wereld gevonden, van Ierland tot Korea. In het Midden-Oosten liggen er ook vele duizenden, van Turkije tot Jemen.
Graveringen (Gonen Sharon)
Hoewel ze vaak worden gevonden in Israël, is het mysterie rond de leeftijd en het doel van de hunebedden nog altijd niet opgelost.
In mysterie gehuld
In het plafond zijn 15 graveringen ontdekt die bestaan uit een rechte lijn die naar het centrum van een boog gaat.
Dergelijke vormen zijn nooit eerder aangetroffen in het Midden-Oosten en om die reden zijn ze in mysterie gehuld.
Met behulp van een 3D-scan konden de archeologen graveringen ontwaren die met het blote oog niet te zien zijn.
Eén van de grootste
De ruimte waarin de graveringen zijn gevonden is groot, twee bij drie meter, en de steen die er bovenop ligt is ook enorm en weegt tenminste 50 ton.
“Dit is één van de grootste stenen die ooit in het Midden-Oosten is gebruikt voor de bouw van een hunebed,” aldus professor Lior Grossman.
Het hunebed wordt omringd door een grafheuvel met een doorsnee van 20 meter. De stenen waar die grafheuvel uit bestaat wegen tot wel 400 ton.
De staande stenen van Stonehenge wegen ter vergelijking ‘slechts’ 25 ton.
Diamond UFO Passes Over Freeway In Orlando, Florida On Jan 27, 2017, UFO Sighting News.
Diamond UFO Passes Over Freeway In Orlando, Florida On Jan 27, 2017, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting:1-27-2017 Location of sighting: Orlando, Florida, USA Source: MUFON #82522 This diamond shaped UFO was seen in Orlando last month and was visible to the naked eye. The UFO moved over the freeway as it observers humans and records the data for later study. Aliens are big on watching us, studying us, so they probably have a high curiosity about meeting us. Scott C. Waring Eyewitness states:
I was traveling east on Sr 414 and had just taken the exit to Sr 434 and was waiting on the stoplight to change. I then noticed a plane flying north and the this object caught my eye just south of my view of the airplane. The object was also traveling in a north direction but was much closer to my proximity than the airplane was. I took this picture with my Iphone which recorded as a live image. In my phone image it has about 3 to 4 secs of recorded video. Not sure how to upload that but i uploaded a still of the object. Not sure what this is but it was very very strange. So I thought I would share.
Giant Books Are Proof That Giant Alien Species Once Existed On Earth, March 2017, UFO Sighting News.
Giant Books Are Proof That Giant Alien Species Once Existed On Earth, March 2017, UFO Sighting News.
Giants existed on Earth, how else could we explain how some construction sites around the world were created? Since we found that life can exist on a micro scale and can be viewed with a electron microscope, the we can also logically assume that life can exist on a macro scale...a scale so large that they could hold our planet in their hand. Do you remember that scene in Galaxy of the Guardians when they were in space flying to a moon that was being mined? And when they got closer to it, they realised it wasn't a moon, but the head of a giant species of alien, and its inside was being mined. Yeah...now you are getting the big picture. I remember that scene well, because I hand no idea others knew about these things, and it was snuck into the movie...subconsciously hidden to appear as entertainment, preparing the public for the day when they get to meet this species. Scott C. Waring
Google Earth Deletes UFO Following Two Jets Over China, March 2017, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Google Earth Deletes UFO Following Two Jets Over China, March 2017, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of discovery: May 30, 2014 (Gone in March 2017) Location of discovery: Xiang Dao, Zheng Yang Xian, Zhumadian, Henan, China Coordinates: 32°24'14.46"N 114°32'57.39"E I found this UFO back in 2014 and made a video about it, because Google has a history of deleting the UFOs found on Google Earth. I decided to go back and see if it was still there, but it was not. It has been deleted from the map. Even the history index of it which allows you to see old photos of the area did not have it. This is proof that Google not only deletes UFOs, but hides alien evidence from the public the best it can. Have you ever wondered how a company like Google could grow so big so fast? Well, maybe the two people who created it were actually aliens themselves, out to not just make a profit, but to control the public. Scott C. Waring
Alien Orb Caught On Security Camera Moving About House, March 5, 2017, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: March 5, 2017 Location of sighting: Unknown The eyewitness says the spirit came from within the old doll and moves about the house from object to object. As you can see, there is an energy orb moving slowly about. It was caught on the infrared security camera in the house, and IR is known for catching any cloaked objects...especially orbs. I think this orb found a way into the home and was learning about the inhabitants of the house from the objects inside. These entities can change their form into a human like person if they so wish. Scott C. Waring Eyewitness states:
Carol the Haunted doll on the table she likes magazines and world of electronics of today even video games and cell phones. She is a sweet child spirit.
Guy Spends 50K To Look More Like An Alien, March 2017, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Guy Spends 50K To Look More Like An Alien, March 2017, Video, UFO Sighting News.
This person spent over $50,000 US to have himself look more like an alien than a human. I guess this was bound to happen. If aliens reveal themselves people will begin to copy aliens and how they do things, how they look and even emulate their culture and values. Why? Because a species that is millions or even billions years old clearly has a higher intelligence that humans do, and therefore to copy them is to make yourself more like them...or to appear more intelligent. Scott C. Waring
Glowing UFO Enters And Exits Volcano In Mexico On Video, March 2017, UFO Sighting News.
Glowing UFO Enters And Exits Volcano In Mexico On Video, March 2017, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: March 6, 2017 Location of sighting: Popocatepetl Volcano, Mexico This UFO was caught by Martes Salas of Youtube yesterday. It shows a cigar shaped glowing UFO moving into the mouth of the volcano, then when it should come out...it doesn't. Instead there is a delay of a few seconds before it emerges from the side of the volcano. Its a proven fact (from video evidence on Youtube) that there is a UFO base below this volcano about 4-5km below the surface. Even the locals have witnessed 3 meter beings with long hair and sharp claw coming out of each heal climbing the mountains 10X faster than expert mountain climbers. Scott C. Waring
Stanton Friedman challenged the science fiction community on the existence of UFOs.
Stanton Friedman was like the Perry Mason of the flying saucer world, equipped and ready to defend any statement, destroy any criticism, debunk any myth.
A nuclear physicist, Friedman's background included inside experience working for front-line companies, including General Electric, General Motors, Westinghouse, and TRW, working on such projects as the development of nuclear flight, fission and fusion space rockets and compact nuclear systems to be applied for space use.
Stanton Friedman's initial involvement came as innocently as many other ufologists—by reading one book. In his case, it was Edward Ruppelt's Report on Unidentified Flying Objects. After many other books, years of research and study, talks with colleagues and others, he decided that, as a scientist, he could conclude that not all, but some UFO's are indeed exploratory vehicles which originated from off the earth.
Data, numbers and logic are the cards in this fact-vs-fiction game, and Friedman insisted that the rules used are straight and consistent. “People ask the wrong questions,” he said. “The question isn't ‘Is every UFO somebody's spacecraft?" The answer is ‘Of course not.’ The real question is, "Are any UFO's somebody else's spacecraft?' and the answer is ‘Yes." It's like asking ‘Is everyone over seven feet tall?" Of course not. ‘Is no one over seven feet tall? Of course not. One can easily get into trouble by asking the wrong question, because then you treat every sighting equally.” One could certainly get into trouble trying to pass off conclusions to Stanton Friedman which had not been thought out.
Isaac Asimov, the science fiction writer, provided plenty of assumptions for Friedman to knock down. One of the most obvious was Asimov's series of calculations to determine whether there's intelligent life anywhere else in the Universe, which appeared in his book, Is Anyone There? Friedman elaborates:
“He starts by focusing on the unanswerable question of whether or not there are other intelligent life forms in the universe. He accepts a starting number of 640,000,000 Earthlike planets. He whittles this number down by an amazing sequence of assumptions...Earth has had life for about 3 billion years, a civilization for about 10,000 (1/300,000 of its history) and an industrial civilization for about 200 years (1/50 of the time for civilization).”
By dividing 640,000,000 by 300,000 and then by 50, Asimov gets 43 industrial civilizations, and further assumes that there are 21 more advanced than we, believing that we are roughly average.
Isaac Asimov, master of science fiction, speculates about life on other planets in Is Anyone There?
Stanton Friedman vs Sci-fi Writers
The articulate Stanton Friedman took a contrary view: “Asimov doesn't seem to know the difference between calendars which measure time and maps which show the distribution of things in space. Knowing the fraction of available time during which there has been a civilization on earth tells absolutely nothing about what fraction of planets have civilizations now, in the past, or in the future."
This kind of assumption, that Earth is the basis for all assumptions, Friedman thought obscured the issues. Asimov “assumes that nobody got started sooner than we did at having a civilization or at having an industrial one. This is un incredible assumption,” Friedman continued, "especially the solar system has been around almost 5 billion years and there are stars 5 billion years older than the sun...an error of only 1/10 of 1 percent in the 3 billion years would be 3 million years. The discussion also leaves out colonization, migration, the exiling of prisoners, or the dispersal of civilizations by those who started sooner.”
Asimov is only one of the popular science fiction writers Friedman took to task. Arthur Clarke, best known for authoring "2001: A Space Odyssey,” felt that the International Geophysical Year (1958), an extended series of experiments among nations, discouraged much interest because “they never discovered a single flying saucer.” Friedman cautioned Clarke to check the record, noting that one of the best photos of a UFO, the celebrated Trinidad photos, was taken on board a ship that was participating in the International Geophysical Year.
Clarke also used the ballistics missile warning radar system as a defense for why he believed no sightings are real, reasoning that such a sensitive system would surely pick them up. Friedman found this type of comment particularly questionable. “Considering that he was a writer and not a professional scientist or engineer working on radar for NORAD, I cannot believe that he would be on the distribution list for radar UFO reports.”
After laying a scientific framework for examining the data and countering arguments against their extraterrestrial source, Stanton Friedman makes a case for at least some UFOs being alien spacecraft.
Absence of Alien Evidence
One of Stanton Friedman's favorite phrases— “absence of evidence is presumed to be evidence for the absence of evidence”—applied here, as it does to page after page of rebuttal and refutation which he compiled, all addressing the remarks, articles and appearances of science fiction writers. He battled egos as often as errors.
“As writers, surely they didn't or haven't worked on classified government sponsored programs. I worked on classified programs for 14 years and I am certain that secrets can be kept. As I have often noted, 80 percent of the engineers and scientists responding to the question, “Do you think the government has revealed all it knows about UFO's?" said, ‘No’ .” And Friedman's role as “Perry Mason” occasionally put him in circumstances where he tilted against a Supreme Court of scientists. Having a scientific background,” he reminded, “in no way assures that you'll treat UFO's appropriately.”
Indeed, an elder statesman of science, Dr. Lee DeForest, who invented the Vacuum tube, was convinced that, regardless of whatever discoveries were made by man, we would never visit the moon. DeForest made these views known in 1957. Hong Ye Chiu, a NASA/Goddard scientist, had written that, “It is unthinkable that the sun would be favorably selected among the 100 billion stars in the galaxy as the most desired star to visit.” Friedman countered: “Nobody says they think of us favorably, or that this is the most desired star—after all, Chicago isn't my favorite place to visit, but I seem to fly there fairly often.”
Even Dr. J. Allen Hynek, professor of Astronomy at Northwestern University, director of the Lindheimer Observatory and for nearly 20 years scientific consultant to the Air Force's Project Blue Book UFO study group, did not escape the Friedman scalpel. In answer to Hynek's contention that there is “no possibility" for space travel, Friedman had this to say: “Since fusion is the major source of energy for the earth and is the major source of energy production in the great majority of stars, one would certainly expect all astronomers to be aware of the fact that a combination of the right nuclei can produce vast amounts of energy per unit weight of the materials reacted. If the right nuclear reactions are involved one can produce charged particles coming out the back end of a rocket with more than 10,000,000 times as much energy per particle, as particles can get in the run-of-the-mill, brute force chemical rockets which we are currently using.”
Friedman felt that there was no way of telling just how many visits we received, and whether multiple sightings are all derived from the same visit. A comparison he enjoyed making is one between a mother ship with smaller earth excursion modules and a Navy aircraft carrier with 75 fighter or bomber planes aboard.
UFO Reports
UFO reports are often less accurate because witnesses will usually relate what they've seen, or think they've seen, rather than what they know. Friedman felt that the occupants of spacecrafts were usually humanoids sent to explore earth, and for that reason, had an outward resemblance to figures we would not question. He pointed out that our first being in space was a dog, and then a monkey, indicating to him that what or who is sent on an exploration is not necessarily the brains behind the caper.
The jury may still be out on the final verdict, but a widely-documented, real contact would certainly firm the evidence. What would happen to this planet and its people should this occur? Does the government give any serious thought or planning for this contingency?
“Practically none. I would like to see psychiatrists, religious leaders, psychologists, and god forbid, the military, thinking about what this means. First, we'd have to get over the ego business and recognize we're not the only life in the universe, and probably not the most intelligent.
“Second, I would like people to think what this might mean to religion. I think there's a need to look at the implications of what it means to be an earthling. To me that's the most important consideration. We have no leader. I think we need to recognize that. To them, we do look primitive.”
Two particular areas of concern which Friedman felt could be addressed by anyone interested in the subject, deal with information and access to it. People need to put pressure on the Air Defense Command and other government groups to reveal the highly classified information in their files. Friedman recommended a Centralized UFO Research Facility which anyone in the country could call while observing a UFO. This would tie together local, regional and national sources to record and comment on sightings, beginning with those groups which have been privately conducting this work for years on their own. It would be a 911 for alien sightings. "911, please state the nature of your UFO sighting."
What You Need To Know About Artificial Intelligence
What You Need To Know About Artificial Intelligence
“We tend to overestimate the effect of a technology in the short run and underestimate the effect in the long run.” – Ray Amara
It’s hard to know what to think about Artificial Intelligence. Almost everyone in the industry believes it to be a revolution as deep and as fundamental as the industrial revolution or the birth of the computer. Yet the field seems divided over when we will get to general intelligence and what that will ultimately mean for us. Some believe it will be our greatest tool yet and others that it may lead to our doom.
The most important subset of AI is machine learning. A field which made big breakthroughs in the latter half of the 20th century but then lay dormant waiting for the processing power of computers to catch up with the demands that machine learning algorithms placed on them.
A key driver behind machine learning is the rise of big data. In 1992 we collectively produced 100 GB of data per day, by 2018 we will be producing 50,000 GB of data per second. Data is permeating into every aspect of life and there is too much out there for any person, or any group of people, to be able to parse. Machine learning is helping us organize and make sense of these mountains of data.
For an introduction to the nuts and bolts of machine learning watch this…
The People behind AI
With all the talk surrounding AI it can be easy to forget that this is still a human driven endeavor. People are behind all of the progress that has been made and are still (for now) doing all of the leg work. So to get some idea of where it is going it is probably best to listen to those driving it forward. Here are some of the most influential figures in the field and their takes on where machine learning will go.
Geoffrey Hinton
For a long time Geoffrey Hinton toiled away in relative obscurity developing his machine learning algorithms. His seminal papers on neural networks were scoffed at for decades, thought by many to never be able to work. Today his theories have become the framework upon which much of machine learning is based.
He was one of the first to apply the study of human cognition to machines believing that the only way we were going to recreate intelligence was by trying to mimic the only other intelligent machine we knew of, our brains. Now almost all machine learning experts have some background in cognitive science thanks in large parts to his pioneering approach.
He is also notable for some of the people that came out of his labs, the teams at Google and Microsoft and Baidu are filled with his former students. Two of his most notable disciples are Yann Lecun and Hugo Larochelle who have become world renowned machine learning experts in their own right.
Here he is explaining how neural networks do what they do…
Andrew Ng
Andrew Ng is a professor at Stanford and the chief scientist at Baidu. While he was getting his start in the field he supposedly was the one who convinced Larry Page that Google needed to start working on AI.
He has become equally important in his role as a public educator. He is a strong advocate for democratizing knowledge about machine learning and made his course at Stanford free and open to the public in an attempt to do so.
He believes AI to be the modern day equivalent of electricity. At first electricity was just used to power light bulbs but soon people realized they could apply it to other things and before long nearly everything was hooked up to an electric power source.
He extends the analogy to the internet and its widespread adoption. It changed the way we do business, became our primary method of communicating, and it has seeped into our personal lives as most people now view their social media as extensions of their identity.
Andrew’s contention is that the adoption of AI will be much faster, more pervasive and have a greater impact than either electricity or the internet.
Michael Jordan
Hard to believe but this Michael Jordan might actually go down in history as the more famous one. His biggest contribution was the popularization of Bayesian networks which are used in a wide variety of machine learning applications, most notably in medicine as it seems to be a particularly good method for matching symptoms to diseases.
He recently teamed with an AI firm developing Jibo, a cute helper robot designed to follow you around the house and actually initiate communication with the user rather than the current models that just wait for user commands.
But he believes there is far too much hype surrounding AI. This is due in large part to a lot of misinformation and poor metaphors we use when describing it. We have made incremental steps, but have only begun to climb the ladder. The next big hurdle will be in developing more adaptive systems that recognize context.
Ben Goertzel
Founder of multiple artificial intelligence companies and chairman of the artificial general intelligence society, Ben Goertzel has devoted his life to solving intelligence and bringing about artificial general intelligence. He believes we will have machines as intelligent as humans by 2025. For more on his work check out this tour of his lab in Hong Kong where his team is working to bring human looking robots to life…
Demis Hassabis
As head of arguably the most advanced artificial intelligence lab in the world, Google’s Deepmind, Demis may be closer than anyone else to achieving AGI. He is a strong believer in a machine learning technique called deep neural networks and uses it to drive his groundbreaking program AlphaGo.
Last year AlphaGo proved itself to be the world’s best Go player, a feat many in the field believed was still years away from being possible. The next step for AlphaGo is to become the world’s best Starcraft player. These feats may seem trivial at first but games are a key measure of intellectual ability.
Martin Ford
As his latest book title Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future implies, he is a staunch proponent of the idea that human labor is going to be replaced. He also predicted way back in 2009 that Artificial Intelligence would bring with it the end of the capitalist system as we know it and force us to adopt a form of universal basic income. However he points out that these forces would be largely beneficial for mankind as they would free us from much of the drudgery of daily life and allow us to pursue the things that truly make us happy.
Gary Marcus
One of the world’s leading neuroscientists and recent co-author of The Future of the Brain. He comes at the field from primarily a cognitive science background and is interested in it because it is essentially an exploration into the nature of consciousness and intelligence.
His belief is that narrow AI, in which a machine learns how to do one specific task very well, such as playing a game or driving a car, will continue to develop and expand into many aspects of life. However we are no where close to getting to the holy grail that is general purpose intelligence, an AI that can be applied to any problem.
Next steps for AI
The real breakthrough in AI will not be when it starts driving our cars or taking some of our jobs, those are already inevitable. The real barriers still to be crossed are…
1) Passing the Turing test. This will happen when in spoken or written conversation you can’t tell whether it is a human or a machine. We will know we are on the way when our machines start conversations with us rather than just responding to us.
2) It starts taking actions independently without any human input. This would eventually include setting its own goals which would in essence mean having an independent will.
3) It starts questioning its own existence and wondering if there aren’t better ways get things done.
This is the most important issue we will face in the 21st century. The people developing it are not going to stop to wait and see what we think about it. Rather than spending our time bickering about politics we should be planning how to bring AI along safely as it will change everything and redefine life on earth.
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Cambridge Scientists: We Shouldn’t Define Intelligence According to Humanity
Cambridge Scientists: We Shouldn’t Define Intelligence According to Humanity
Futurism
IN BRIEF
Maybe the definition of intelligence needs a rethink; a Cambridge scientist has a few ideas.
Intelligence may be expanded to encompass, not merely human thinking, but the thinking of other primates, certain bird species, and even machines and computer programs.
A LIMITED VIEW
When we try to figure out how some aspect of thinking works, we always start looking at how the human brain does it. But while humans could be said to be the apex species in this planet, we are far from being the only ones who can think.
Take for example chimpanzees, a staple for arguments for intelligent thinking in animals. When you compare them with other similar primates like bonobos, you see that they are more inclined towards tool-use. Not only do bonobos not use tools as much, young chimpanzees also manipulate objects more than young bonobos.
You also start seeing active intelligence in some species when comparing the actions of say, digger wasps and corvids (crows, magpies, rooks, etc). Digger wasps hide food for the future, but this is more of a programmed behavior. On the other hand, corvids display behavior consistent with actively planning for the future.
“Defining intelligence or culture in a way that is restricted to humans makes no sense in the grander scheme of evolution. Once we widen these definitions to include other animals, we find culture in other primates, tool use, and incredible intelligence in corvids,” says Dr Kathelijne Koops, formerly from the University of Cambridge’s Division of Biological Anthropology.
THE FUTURE OF AI
PUPPY: Puppy is a running robot dog developed by Dr Fumiya Iida’s team in the Department of Engineering.
Credit: Sam Armstrong
In fact, we can extend this to non-biological intelligence, to intelligence man itself is building. If we consider skills or abilities to be the metric of intelligence, AI and robotics systems clearly qualify.
Now we have programs that can process data and even give predictions, on a far bigger scale than humans can. In the narrow fields that they are programmed in, these machines are the best. This is in contrast to humans, who are generally mediocre or good at a lot of things—generalists and specialists, in other words.
In fact, these machines have their own unique neural architectures, distinct from the human kind. Adapting how the brain thinks is hard for just these narrow competencies, so completely new ways of “learning” had to be developed.
Ultimately, all of these will have to be considered both in developing AI and in a society built around it. We need to consider other kinds of neural architectures and ways of thinking in order to better develop machine learning.
But more importantly, we’ll need to start talking about how we are going to treat these machines. Are they simple tools engineered for a task? Or are they intelligent beings capable of thinking just like human beings?
Beyond Physics: New Research is Revealing the Fundamental Nature of Subatomic Particles
Beyond Physics: New Research is Revealing the Fundamental Nature of Subatomic Particles
Credit: IceCube Collaboration An extremely high energy downgoing event.
IN BRIEF
Scientists were able to get new measurements of 'ghost particles,' or neutrinos – elementary particles that don't have electric charge.
The new measurements could answer fundamental questions about the properties of neutrinos and could help fill gaps in the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
GHOST BUSTING
The Standard Model – the theory that describes the behavior of fundamental particles at every energy scale scientists have been able to measure – is accurate, but leaves “gaping holes.” Scientists continue to question the nature of dark matter, and how a universe filled with matter, rather than anti-matter, arose from the Big Bang.
Scientists have been on the lookout for clues that will answer these questions, and some turn towards particles called neutrinos. Dubbed ‘ghost particles,’ neutrinos are elementary particles that don’t have electric charge. Trillions of these particles pass through us every second. While we know they exist, we don’t know what role neutrinos play in the universe. Further, neutrinos are extremely hard to measure because they’re also at least a million times lighter than any other particle known to science.
Researchers from Michigan State University (MSU) succeeded in finding new measurements of these strange particles, captured by the IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the South Pole. These findings were presented at the American Physical Society Meeting in Washington.
According to the research, neutrinos change types as they travel. There are three different types of neutrinos, each corresponding to a charged particle. “Neutrinos have a habit of changing, or oscillating, between three types, we call them ‘flavors,'” said MSU research associate Joshua Hignight. “So, if one neutrino is a precisely equal mix of two flavors, it could be a surprising coincidence or there might be a deeper reason for it coming from the physics beyond the Standard Model.” The data IceCube gathered suggests that one neutrino species may actually comprise exactly equal amounts of two neutrino “flavors.”
IceCube Neutrino Observatory
FILLING THE GAPS
“As physicists, we hoped the Higgs boson would point us to the physics that lies beyond the Standard Model; unfortunately, our measurements of the Higgs haven’t turned up many clues,” said Tyce DeYoung, associate professor of physics and astronomy at MSU. “So we hope we may find something by studying neutrinos. IceCube detects neutrinos with a wider range of energies and distances than other experiments, so we cast a wide net.”
The IceCube Observatory at the South Pole measures neutrinos produced by cosmic rays that hit the Earth’s atmosphere, which makes the Antarctic ice a unique particle detector. The new measurements could answer fundamental questions about the properties of neutrinos and could help fill gaps in the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
While their measurements match results from other experiments using neutrinos with lower energies, it remains debatable whether this flavor mixture is exactly balanced. As such, IceCube physicists will continue to collect data and refine their analysis.
ceTop Tanks sit on the Antarctic surface (IceTop) to detect cosmic ray showers and other atmospheric phenomena.
NASA Has Plans to Give Mars a “Magnetic Shield” to Enable Human Colonization
NASA Has Plans to Give Mars a “Magnetic Shield” to Enable Human Colonization
Artist's conception of a terraformed Mars.
Credit: Ittiz/Wikimedia Commons
IN BRIEF
Since Mars lacks a protective atmosphere, it isn't habitable to humans. But in the interest of terraforming the Red Planet, scientists are looking at magnets.
Using a magnetic shield, scientists theorize they could recreate Mars' atmosphere and make conditions more hospitable for human life.
BUILDING MARS
At the forefront of modern space exploration looms the possibility of manned missions to Mars. From the ambitious schemes of Elon Musk, to NASA’s hopefulplan, to the collaborative endeavor of the ESA and Russia, it seems as though every major space agency is making strides towards putting humans on Mars. But, on a cold and desolate planet whose minuscule atmosphere is severely lacking, how do you sustain human life for long periods of time?
Many scientists and science fiction enthusiasts have, over the years, speculated at the possibility of terraforming Mars. Finding innovative ways to make the surface of the red planet gradually more conducive to human living. There have been many ideas and models created in the hopes of successful terraforming. Engineers designed ashell that could be placed around a small planet which could protect the planet from radiation and help to facilitate an atmosphere over time. Others thought that by breaking apart the martian crust they could release enough CO2 to build up an atmosphere. There have been many attempts, but the issues of cosmic and solar radiation paired with the unsurvivable atmosphere and dry terrain are always too much.
And, while the concept of terraforming Mars isn’t completely impossible, to successfully do it you would need to protect against cosmic radiation, solar radiation and solar winds, increase planet temperature, add oxygen and nitrogen to the atmosphere, and do all of this in a way that could be self-sustaining. Not impossible, but currently posing serious obstacles.
Artist’s rendering of a solar storm hitting Mars and stripping ions from the planet’s upper atmosphere.
Credits: NASA/GSFC
The proposed method for creating an artificial magnetic dipole at Mars’ L1 Lagrange Point.
Credit: NASA/J.Green
MAGNETIC MARS
Despite all of these hurdles, scientists have not stopped trying to find inventive ways to terraform Mars. NASA recently proposed a unique strategy that shows a promising solution that could address some of these issues: a magnetic shield. Since the current scientific consensus is that Mars’ atmosphere was lost because of solar winds and the disappearance of the planet’s magnetic field, this solution shows promise. Mars’ magnetic field once protected the red planet while supporting an atmosphere (and moisture), and NASA scientists think it can be artificially restored.
According to Dr. Jim Green, Director of NASA’s Planetary Science Division, “In the future it is quite possible that an inflatable structure(s) can generate a magnetic dipole field at a level of perhaps 1 or 2 Tesla (or 10,000 to 20,000 Gauss) as an active shield against the solar wind.”
At one time, Mars had a magnetic field similar to Earth, which prevented its atmosphere from being stripped away.
Credit: NASA
The research team working on this idea recently conducted a simulation with their artificial magnetosphere, thanks to the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC). They found that their dipole shield would be able to protect against solar wind and help to balance the Martian atmosphere. Because the shield would work as an artificial magnetic field, the atmosphere would actually continue to thicken over time.
This could be just another stepping stone in a long line of terraforming concepts, but this solution holds concrete possibility. Because it could help to actually create a better atmosphere over time and can actually be simulated within a lab, it is possible that the future of terraforming will begin with magnets.
All matter in the Universe was created roughly 13.8 billion years ago during an event known as the Big Bang. Since then, everything has been evolving.
In a few billion years, our galaxy will collide with Andromeda, and it will form into a mega-galaxy.
On a clear night, you can make out the band of the Milky Way in the night sky. For millennia, astronomers looked upon it in awe, slowly coming to the realization that our Sun was merely one of billions of stars in the galaxy. Over time, as our instruments and methods improved, we came to realize that the Milky Way itself was merely one of billions of galaxies that make up the Universe.
Thanks to the discovery of Relativity and the speed of light, we have also come to understand that when we look through space, we are also looking back in time. By seeing an object 1 billion light-years away, we are also seeing how that object looked 1 billion years ago. This “time machine” effect has allowed astronomers to study how galaxies came to be (i.e. galactic evolution).
The process in which galaxies form and evolve is characterized by steady growth over time, which began shortly after the Big Bang. This process, and the eventual fate of galaxies, remain the subject of intense fascination, and is still fraught with its share of mysteries.
Illustration of the depth by which Hubble imaged galaxies in prior Deep Field initiatives, in units of the Age of the Universe. Credit: NASA and A. Feild (STScI)
GALAXY FORMATION:
The current scientific consensus is that all matter in the Universe was created roughly 13.8 billion years ago during an event known as the Big Bang. At this time, all matter was compacted into a very small ball with infinite density and intense heat called a Singularity. Suddenly, the Singularity began expanding, and the Universe as we know it began.
After rapidly expanding and cooling, all matter was almost uniform in distribution. Over the course of the several billion years that followed, the slightly denser regions of the Universe began to become gravitationally attracted to each other. They therefore grew even denser, forming gas clouds and large clumps of matter.
These clumps became primordial galaxies, as the clouds of hydrogen gas within the proto-galaxies underwent gravitational collapse to become the first stars. Some of these early objects were small, and became tiny dwarf galaxies, while others were much larger and became the familiar spiral shapes, like our own Milky Way.
GALACTIC MERGERS
Once formed, these galaxies evolved together in larger galactic structures called groups, clusters and superclusters. Over time, galaxies were attracted to one another by the force of their gravity, and collided together in a series of mergers. The outcome of these mergers depends on the mass of the galaxies in the collision.
Small galaxies are torn apart by larger galaxies and added to the mass of larger galaxies. Our own Milky Way recently devoured a few dwarf galaxies, turning them into streams of stars that orbit the galactic core. But when large galaxies of similar size come together, they become giant elliptical galaxies.
When this happens, the delicate spiral structure is lost, and the merged galaxies become large and elliptical. Elliptical galaxies are some of the largest galaxies ever observed. Another consequence of these mergers is that the supermassive black holes (SMBH) at their centers become even larger.
Not all mergers will result in elliptical galaxies, mind you. But all mergers result in a change in the structure of the merged galaxies. For example, it is believed that the Milky Way is experiencing a minor merger event with the nearby Magellanic Clouds; and in recent years, it has been determined that the Canis Major dwarf galaxy has merged with our own.
While mergers are seen as violent events, actual collisions are not expected to happen between star systems, given the vast distances between stars. However, mergers can result in gravitational shock waves, which are capable of triggering the formation of new stars. This is what is predicted to happen when our own Milky Way galaxy merges with the Andromeda galaxy in about 4 billion years time.
GALACTIC DEATH:
Ultimately, galaxies cease forming stars once they deplete their supply of cold gas and dust. As the supply runs out, star forming slows over the course of billions of years until it ceases entirely. However, ongoing mergers will ensure that fresh stars, gas and dust are deposited in older galaxies, thus prolonging their lives.
At present, it is believed that our galaxy has used up most of its hydrogen, and star formation will slow down until the supply is depleted. Stars like our Sun can only last for 10 billion years or so; but the smallest, coolest red dwarfs can last for a few trillion years. However, thanks to the presence of dwarf galaxies and our impending merger with Andromeda, our galaxy could exist even longer.
However, all galaxies in this vicinity of the Universe will eventually become gravitationally bound to each other and merge into a giant elliptical galaxy. Astronomers have seen examples of these sorts of “fossil galaxies”, a good of which is Messier 49 – a supermassive elliptical galaxy.
These galaxies have used up all their reserves of star forming gas, and all that’s left are the longer lasting stars. Eventually, over vast lengths of time, those stars will wink out one after the other, until the whole thing is the background temperature of the Universe.
After our galaxy merges with Andromeda, and goes on to merge with all other nearby galaxies in the local group, we can expect that it too will undergo a similar fate. And so, galaxy evolution has been occurring over billions of years, and it will continue to happen for the foreseeable future.
Muslims Can’t Live On Mars! A Fatwa Issued by Clerics
Muslims Can’t Live On Mars! A Fatwa Issued by Clerics
A Fatwa has been issued against living on Mars by clerics who say that trying to set up home there would be un-Islamic.
The fatwa – or ruling – was issued by the General Authority of Islamic Affairs and Endowment (GAIAE) in the UAE after the Mars One organisation announced that it would try and establish a permanent human settlement on Mars.
The committee argued that an attempt to dwell on the planet would be so hazardous as to be suicidal and killing oneself is not permitted by Islam.
A Fatwa has been issued against living on Mars by clerics who say that trying to set up home there would be un-Islamic.
The fatwa – or ruling – was issued by the General Authority of Islamic Affairs and Endowment (GAIAE) in the UAE after the Mars One organisation announced that it would try and establish a permanent human settlement on Mars.
Forbidden: A Fatwa has been issued against travelling to Mars (above is a Hubble Space Telescope image of the Red Planet)
The committee argued that an attempt to dwell on the planet would be so hazardous as to be suicidal and killing oneself is not permitted by Islam.
The astronauts, the committee said, would end up dying for no ‘righteous reason’ and would face the same punishment in the afterlife as someone who’d committed suicide.
The committee, led by Professor Dr Farooq Hamada, said: ‘Protecting life against all possible dangers and keeping it safe is an issue agreed upon by all religions and is clearly stipulated in verse 4/29 of the Holy Quran: Do not kill yourselves or one another. Indeed, Allah is to you ever Merciful.’
However, Mars One pointed out that the Quran encourages exploration.
In a written response to the Fatwa it highlighted a verse that says ‘and among His Signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the variations in your languages and your colors: verily in that are Signs for those who know (Quran 30: 22)’.
It said: ‘The Muslim world has a rich tradition of exploration. The verse from the Quran above encourages Muslims to go out and see the signs of God’s creation in the “heavens and the earth”. The most influential example of this was the Moroccan Muslim traveller Ibn Battuta, who from 1325 to 1355 travelled 73,000 miles, visiting the equivalent of 44 modern countries.’
Mars One also disputed that the mission was tantamount to suicide.
The organisation said: ‘Space exploration, just like Earth exploration, will come with risks and rewards. It may seem extremely dangerous to send humans to Mars today, but the humans will be preceded by at least eight cargo missions.
‘Robotic unmanned vehicles will prepare the habitable settlement. Water and a breathable atmosphere will be produced inside the habitat and the settlement will be operational for two years, even before the first crew leaves Earth.
‘If we may be so bold: the GAIAE should not analyze the risk as they perceive it today. The GAIAE should assess the potential risk for humans as if an unmanned habitable outpost is ready and waiting on Mars.’
It added: ‘Mars One respectfully requests GAIAE to cancel the Fatwa and make the greatest Rihla, or journey, of all times open for Muslims, too. They can be the first Muslims to witness the signs of God’s creation in heaven, drawing upon the rich culture of travel and exploration of early Islam.
‘The lives and journey of the first Mars settlers will tell us more about our place in the universe than any other humans before us. As Ibn Battuta also wrote: “Travelling – it leaves you speechless, then turns you into a storyteller.”‘
The GAIAE has issued around two million Fatwas through its Official Fatwa Centre since its inceptionin 2008.
Colony: Mars One hopes to establish a human colony on the Red Planet by 2025
The multi-billion pound Mars One mission hopes to establish a human colony on Mars in 2025.
Over 200,000 people, including 500 Saudis and Arabs, have applied to take part in the missions so far.
In December Mars One short-listed 1,058 people to take part in trials for the ambitious project.
Co-founder Bas Lansdorp said: ‘We’re extremely appreciative and impressed with the sheer number of people who submitted their applications.
‘However, the challenge with 200,000 applicants is separating those who we feel are physically and mentally adept to become human ambassadors on Mars from those who are obviously taking the mission much less seriously. We even had a couple of applicants submit their videos in the nude!’
Mars lies on average 141.6million miles from the Sun and has an average temperature of -85F (-65C). Its atmosphere is desperately thin – one per cent of Earth’s pressure – and is 95 per cent carbon dioxide.
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Black Knight: This strange object has been orbiting the earth for 50 years – no one knows what it is
Black Knight: This strange object has been orbiting the earth for 50 years – no one knows what it is
A strange object has been orbiting the earth; some say for fifty years, some say less. The object, called the Black Knight, is believed by some to have extra-terrestrial origins and to be over thirteen thousand years old. However, most academics believe that is just a conspiracy theory.
Nikola Tesla first reported hearing sounds from space in 1899, thinking they were signals from intelligent life. In 1968, astronomers discovered that he did, indeed, hear radio signals, but they were from pulsars deep in space.
“The Black Knight”
In 1954, several newspapers including the San Francisco Examiner and the St. Louis Post Dispatch published the opinions of former Marine Corps naval aviator Donald Edward Keyhoe, a famous UFO researcher. Keyhoe, a native of Ottumwa, Iowa was a graduate of the U.S. Naval Academy. After his retirement from the Marine Corps, he worked for the National Geodetic Survey and U.S. Department of Commerce. He also became an author who wrote about Charles Lindbergh’s American tour as well as aviation fiction. At the outbreak of World War II, he returned to military service to train aviators. He achieved the rank of Major before his second retirement. He continued to publish stories in magazines such as Weird Tales, Flying Aces, The Saturday Evening Post and Reader’s Digest.
It was Keyhoe’s belief that extra-terrestrials had visited the Earth and he published several books stating that the U.S. Air Force had detected two satellites orbiting the Earth in 1954 when no such technology existed. At the time, science fiction was becoming increasingly popular. Books by Keyhoe, H.G. Wells, Arthur C. Clarke and Issac Asimov, movies such as War of the Worlds and The Day the Earth Stood Still, along with television shows like The Outer Limits and The Twilight Zone fueled public imagination regarding space travel and possible alien encounters. Skeptics decided that the articles had been published to help Keyhoe promote his books.
In 1960, during the Cold War, Time Magazine also claimed the U.S. Navy was aware of a satellite with an unusual orbit with an apogee of 1,728 km (1,074 mi) and a perigee of only 216 km (134 mi). At first, they claimed it was a Soviet spy satellite but later stated it was only a U.S. satellite that had broken orbit.
Reports of the Black Knight Satellite have resulted from unverified stories, overzealous reporters, and exaggerated photographs. According to NASA astronaut, Jerry Ross, the object is simply the result of a mistake.
In December 1998, the space shuttle Discovery was sent on a mission to make some adjustments to the International Space Station. The mission was to acquire the Russian ‘FGB’ module already in low orbit, attach it to US ‘Node 1’ in the payload bay, and perform spacewalks to install the needed equipment. Colonel Ross and Dr. James Newman were attempting to install thermal blankets on trunnion pins attached to the space station in order to reduce heat loss and save energy. The blankets were tethered to Col. Ross’ spacesuit but when he attempted to retrieve the second blanket he accidentally lost it. Once he discovered it was gone, it was too far away for the astronauts to retrieve it.
STS-88
According to NASA, “During spacewalks, debris, both small and large, are often thrown off the station for convenience, although sometimes tools unintentionally slip away.” Such was the case in December 1998, when a slidewire carrier and a worksite interface were lost by the STS-88 crew while conducting an extravehicular activity for ISS. These objects were large enough to be tracked by the US SSN [Space Surveillance Network] and were cataloged (U.S. satellite numbers 25564 and 25565). Three other objects were also released by STS-88 spacewalkers, one inadvertently (an insulation blanket) and two by design (antenna spools), although only the former was officially cataloged.
In an interview conducted by James Oberg on October 15, 2014, Col. Ross stated, “If we see something up there we will be the first ones to ask questions and to tell people we saw something we didn’t understand. Conspiracy theories are fun for those working on them, but a waste of valuable brain power.”
07-03-2017 om 13:42
geschreven door peter
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Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
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