The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
08-01-2018
New Year UFO? Strange emerald fireball blazes through night sky above UK town
New Year UFO? Strange emerald fireball blazes through night sky above UK town
CRYSTAL clear footage of a giant emerald fireball zooming across the night sky above Wakefield has caused a stir after going viral online.
The incredible video was reportedly shot on New Year’s Eve, beginning by showing the blazing object travelling at high speed in the sky above a row of houses.
It speeds across the horizon before disappearing behind a cloud.
Wakefield residents James Javens, 22, and his friend Ryan Butterworth, 20, captured the light on film as they walked through Eastmoor.
VIRALHOG
MYSTERY: Two lads from Wakefield spotted the mysterious fireball on New Year's Eve
More than 1.5 million people have since seen the video, making waves after it was posted on YouTube.
"It was flying across the sky so fast but luckily we had a phone to hand and were able to catch it on film,” the pair told the Wakefield Express.
"The video has gone viral. We are hoping to find out from an expert what it is.
"It was an absolutely amazing sight. It was a big, bright green light, and it flew across the sky.
VIRALHOG
ILLUMINATING: Professor Brian Cox claimed it was a meteorite
“It was travelling really fast and for a really long time."
TV boffin professor Brian Cox, an esteemed physicist and astronomer, later tweeted: “Quite a few people saying they saw a meteor over the North of England this evening - anyone else?
“Sounds like a bright one."
And the UK Meteor Network seemed to confirm his suspicions, claiming they had received hundreds of similar reports of a meteor sighting from across the UK.
New Yorkers have reported seeing 85 UFOs over the city in two years including orange orbs, a cigar-shaped craft and fireballs of lights, researchers have revealed.
There have been a total of 27 sightings above the famous skyscrapers of Manhattan since 2016, according to the Washington-based National UFO Reporting Center.
Brookyln saw 24 over the same period while in Queens, there were 20 reports of unidentified objects including a 'group of about seven UFOs, with a leader to the side, and a cluster to its north,' in June.
New Yorkers have reported seeing 85 UFOs over the city in two years including orange orbs, a cigar-shaped craft and fireballs of lights, researchers have revealed
In Queens, there were 20 reports of unidentified objects including a 'group of about seven UFOs, with a leader to the side, and a cluster to its north,' in June, according to the New York Post.
This compared to just eight strange such incidents in The Bronx and just six in Staten Island.
The Post reports that one report from Manhattan told of an object 'rotating like a drill as it was also moving off axis and in a line towards the east'.
While this was happening, the witness said, you could see 'four lights that would only be on one side and seen' after it fully rotated. The unidentified witness, who saw the object out of a gym window, said it was hundreds of feet long and included 'four other smaller craft appeared that were to me saucer or spherical that blipped in and out.'
Nigel Watson, author of the UFO Investigations Manual, said of the findings: 'It only takes one or two regular witnesses, UFO investigators, groups or promoters to highlight UFO activity in one particular area.
'Another area might have just as many UFO sightings, but if there are no active ufologists there and/or a local media that ignores such stories, then they will never get any attention.
There have been a total of 27 sightings above the famous skyscrapers of Manhattan since 2016, according to the Washington-based National UFO Reporting Center
'Internet reporting sites like the National UFO Reporting Centre make it easy to report sightings, but this is just raw data that needs to be processed and investigated to make any useful basis for analysis.
'When looking at this data you need to obtain detailed reports from witnesses who are reliable and credible.
'Even then expert witnesses, like pilots, can be mistaken and it is notoriously difficult to separate knowns (e.g. misidentified stars, aircraft, rockets etc) from unknowns.
'Large data bases tend to be riddled with a wide variety of errors due to these problems and only give an accurate guide to levels of UFO reporting rather than UFO activity.'
In February last year, it was revealed that more people were reporting sightings of spaceships and UFOs than ever before.
Exactly 104,947 UFO sightings had been reported since the first sign of aliens was spotted in 1905, according to data from the Center's data.
And since the 1990s, the number of other-worldly sightings had shot up from 10,000 to 45,000 a year.
The National UFO Reporting Centre, which is based in Washington, is a site dedicated to keeping track of UFO sightings from across the world.
Data from the site released last year showed that people living in the UK, the US and Australia were most likely to report seeing an alien spaceship, while countries such as Russia, China and Greenland rarely catch a glimpse of extraterrestrial activity.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
Alien Spotted Boarding UFO in Romania?
Alien Spotted Boarding UFO in Romania?
A video purportedly shows a small alien boarding a spaceship in a field.
CLAIM
A video showed an alien boarding a spaceship in Romania in January 2018.
RATING
FALSE
ORIGIN
A video purportedly showing an alien boarding a spaceship in a field near the Romanian city of Târgoviște and then flying the UFO over the forest racked up millions of views as it was passed around social media in January 2018.
The most popular iteration of this video was likely the one posted to the Târgoviște+ Facebook page where it garnered more than 15 million views:
Although many expressed skepticism about the footage, some were convinced that this video documented an actual alien making a pit stop in Romania.
This video doesn’t actually show an extraterrestrial being.
For one, internet users couldn’t quite agree on where this video supposedly took place. Most claimed that the video was shot in Târgoviște, but others shared this video as if showed an incident outside of Bacău, a Romanian city approximately 300 kilometers to the northeast, while others claimed that the footage showed an alien invasion in Alaska. This is a common trope of internet hoaxes. As the footage is not rooted in reality, the location can be changed to make it more appealing to audiences in various locales.
But this video was not filmed in Romania or Alaska. This video was posted to the YouTube page “Alien Unleash” on 2 January 2018 (the day before the Târgoviște+ video) and was not accompanied by any information about where this incident allegedly took place. Rather, the description for the video was simply a list of relevant keywords:
The Alien Unleash YouTube page is full of similar videos. Over the last few months, the YouTube page has published videos purportedly showing dragons, alien abductions, motherships, and UFOs all over the world:
In fact, they published a a similar (yet much less convincing) video in October 2017 which showed another little grey alien boarding a spaceship:
This video was not filmed in a field outside of a Romanian city. It originated on an alien-centric YouTube page with a penchant of promoting similar hoax videos.
Although this particular video was good enough to convince some viewers that it was real, it still contained a few errors which revealed it to be a hoax. When the UFO makes its way over the trees, for instance, it appears that the spacecraft is flying through the trees and not over them:
Anyone who's driven alone at night and looked up at the vast sky has probably wondered if we’re alone.
Whether you believe in aliens or not, there’s an undeniable fascination with the unknown. It’s part of our psyche to wonder, to look beyond what we can see - the UFO obsession never goes away.
TV, film, radio...you name it, it’s tried to answer our questions; what it would look and what it would entail.
Perhaps no show has achieved this quite as well as The X-Files, the sci-fi phenomenon from the mind of Chris Carter.
The show ran from 1993 to 2002 initially following the exploits of Agents Mulder and Scully -the believer and the sceptic - who took the cases no one else wanted including the search for alien life.
They believed the truth really was out there.
But while we watched the pair run around deserts and the FBI's corridors trying to save the day, government officials sat in their offices thumbing through ‘secret’ files.
Skip forward to 2018 and some of these have already been released, albeit with redacted sections, but thousands of papers are there ready for people to read.
The man behind many of them is former MoD official Nick Pope, who spent 20 years investigating UFOs. Nick spoke to the Mirror about whether we are actually alone, and how realistic The X-Files were.
“I think it’d be inconceivable that we’d be the only life in the universe,” he said. “I suspect in the cosmos things are pretty crowded and there are other life forms and other civilisations too, which I think poses the fascinating question [of] if they are more advanced than us what might they be able to teach us.”
For much of the 90s Pope ran the Ministry of Defence’s UFO project, where his job was to “investigate sightings and assess whether any were of ‘defence significance’”, a term that really doesn’t have a proper definition.
The X-Files began when Pope was in the role, and the links and parallels were unquestionable.
People would whistle the theme tune at Pope as he walked down the Ministry's corridors or popped into the staff canteen, and they even nicknamed him ‘Spooky’ - the same label given to Mulder.
But the investigator brushes it off.
“It was flattering and a piece of fun to liven up the day,” he says. “Absolutely there were similarities: we were a government programme looking at UFOs and because we looked at UFOs we found ourselves really drawn into anything weird and wonderful that was reported because there was no where else in Government that would take those sort of reports.”
And the team really did get everything. From “bread and butter” UFO sightings to the “things people thought were linked to UFOs, alien abductions and crop circles” and then the even more distantly related, like ghosts on military bases or psychics.
“It could be anything!” Pope says. “There is that direct parallel [to The X-Files]. We really were the real-life X-Files unit. Having said that, we didn’t go running around with torches and guns and sadly I didn’t have a Scully either.”
The comparison, of course, isn’t that simple. There are parallels between the fictional series and real-life, but there are differences. While Scully and Mulder had a deep seated distrust of the establishment, Pope and his team were part of it.
“Much of what we did was perhaps what you’d expect [us] to do. We were alongside air force colleagues and much of what we did was to tie in UFO sightings with anything that would be tracked on military radar and going through the process to eliminate a lot of things that gave rise to a lot of these things.”
Pope explains that a lot of ‘sightings’ were explained by matching them with military aircraft or exercises taking place. They also used data on weather balloon launches, astronomical data at Royal Greenwich observatory - basically anything in the skies we could find out about it.
Pope says there were 200-300 cases a year that they tried to tie in with what they knew about or could find out about.
It wasn’t all plain sailing, and there were areas where they had to “tread carefully”.
“We knew some of these things were likely going to be secret prototype sky planes or aircrafts or drones,” Pope explains.
Among all the cases, there were some that couldn’t be explained or were the closest to confirming something extra-terrestrial.
For Pope the stand out case was in 1993 on March 30-31.
“There was a wave of sightings across the UK over a period of about six hours,” Pope says.
“Quite a lot of witnesses were police, military personnel and a civilian who said it was so big he didn’t realise he was looking at a UFO.”
It was dismissed initially as heavy cloud cover, but “one by one, stars disappeared...blocked out by huge triangular shaped craft.”
For Pope it was a direct link back to The X-Files, reminding him of the “alien colonist arc.”
“You see the immense craft, something like that, there’s no middle ground,” he admits. “When they say that and it’s an airforce officer, you can’t turn around and talk about weather balloons and aircraft from unusual angles. I think they’d have a fit!”
Whatever it was, it flew over two air force bases. Pope remembers interviewing one particular officer the morning after - the sighting had been at 2am.
The officer said the “triangular-shaped craft was moving very slowly, no more than 40-50 mph, 200ft or so above the ground, firing a narrow beam of light at the fields.”
He heard low humming sound and told Pope from the very slow speed it accelerated to the horizon “in an instant”.
Pope has heard similar stories from many witnesses all echoing “that staggering acceleration, that seems a quantum leap above what we can do, even now.”
And that officer? He simply said: “I’ve been in the air force for eight years and never seen anything like that.”
When Pope pushed him to estimate the speed, he added: “Imagine a fast jet like a Red Arrow. Orders of magnitude above and beyond that.”
Were you a believer?
Having heard case after case, testimony after testimony, Pope found himself changing the way he thought about UFOs and the alien question.
“I think I started as a Scully but ended up as a Mulder. I really didn’t know much about the whole UFO mystery.”
He admitted he came in and saw it as “another government job.”
“We’re moved around every few years and I’d got a promotional transfer,” he says confessing he thought he’d do three years and then “hopefully move on.”
That didn’t happen - but Pope has clearly learnt so much from his time at the MoD.
Doesn’t culture just influence our views?
“I think it’s a two-way street, sceptics would say quite a lot of the witnesses are just picking up things they’ve seen in sci-fi,” Pope says, but asks that people look at it another way.
“When you look at something like The X-Files we know Chris Carter did his research at the start (in great depth) so when you look at story lines and in terms of the Government cover up and syndicate and type of UFOS.
“The whole Scully abduction - that reflects in a way what is in the UFO literature. Art imitates life or life imitates art?
“You can’t get away from the fact the Roswell crash is part of pop culture, but when you see that reflected in The X-Files it’s not like it’s come from nowhere, it reflects what people already believe because of what people have already reported.”
The latest The X-Files offerings are no different, with season 11 premiering for Gillian Anderson’s final season, and Audible creating new audiobooks.
The last being Stolen Lives, which Pope says “brings us back to the fundamental questions” of who exactly knows what.
Though, despite the fact most of us think information is being kept from us, Pope says that’s not really the case, and while there are indeed ‘secret’ files, more and more are being made public.
“It’s huge,” he says. “The MoD has already declassified and released around 60,000 pages of UFO documents, some of which, at the time, were classified as secret ‘UK eyes only’, which is only one down from top secret so there is a vast amount of info out there.”
There’s another batch due for release too, but “there’s been delay after delay after delay”. However, Pope expects the last files to be released soon.
While the documents have been made accessible, it doesn’t mean everything is out in the open.
Due to the FOI (Freedom of information) Act there are exemptions that can’t be released due to intelligence, national security and other security reasons.
When you look at the documents, parts are blacked out. Pope explains: “Now in many cases the reasons are very innocuous, it’s a military base's system, but [with] some redactions I can understand why conspiracy theorists do get quite excited by this sort of thing and why they do believe that they’re not being told the full story.”
That may not go any way towards appeasing theorists, but Pope’s aim isn’t to dissuade people from believing in aliens. In fact, he has even thought about what we’d say to them when they arrive.
“I think the first fundamental question - I say this with my MoD background - is there a threat to us here? What is the reason for coming? Are they conquerors, explorers, scientists or anthropologists? That question turns up if there’s any threat.”
“The biological hazard is a pretty critical first order question to ask,” he adds. “What would first interest me would be their science or technology. What do they have?
“We can make very few assumptions. One good assumption we can make is if they come here their technology is above and beyond our own. We’re only just taking baby steps into the solar system. They would have mastered interstellar travel. That’s a phenomenal leap!
“What have they got and what would they share with us?” That’s the real question.
*Stolen Lives is the latest The X-Files audiobook from Audible, you can listen here .
Information about Suffolk’s best known UFO encounter might be contained in a dossier held by the US government, according to a former MoD staff member.
Colonel Charles I. Halt when he returned to Rendlesham Forest last year.
Picture: TOM POTTER
The incident at Rendlesham back in December 1980 has received a lot of attention from national and global media over the years and has often been called Britain’s Roswell.
American officers stationed at the former RAF Woodbridge site reported seeing strange lights and an alien craft on two occasions in the forest area surrounding the base.
Sceptics have since rubbished the claims of extraterrestrial activity by claiming that the beams were nothing more than lights on a police car or nearby Orfordness Lighthouse.
Recently new information has come to light in the United States about a dossier that may be held by the Department of Defense.
American newspaper the New York Times revealed that over $20 million had been spent on what was known as the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program or AATIP by the Department of Defense between 2007 and 2012.
Another US publication, the Washington Post, stated that a 490 page report from this program contained alleged historical UFO sightings from foreign countries as well as the United States.
Nick Pope was the Ministry of Defence’s UFO desk officer between 1991 and 1994, he led a review into the case years after the event itself.
“For many years the US said we don’t do UFO’s but the Pentagon has had a programme all along,” says Nick.
It is not known exactly what details may be inside the file but Nick believes the incident at Rendlesham has a strong case for inclusion.
“It’s inconceivable to me that information on the Rendlesham Forest incident wouldn’t be in that dossier, as it’s the UK’s best-known and most credible UFO incident, and because it involved US personnel at USAF bases,” says Nick.
“It’s a big deal. It may be that the Pentagon has data nobody in the UK (even in the MoD) has about the case, and possibly a definitive explanation for the Rendlesham mystery.”
What information is or isn’t held about the incident is unclear, but the hope remains that information in the dossier may help to explain what happened nearly 40 years ago.
AREA 51 SENSATION: 'Whistleblower' says secret USAF base has 'time-travelling Roswell UFO'
AREA 51 SENSATION: 'Whistleblower' says secret USAF base has 'time-travelling Roswell UFO'
A "WHISTLEBLOWER" claiming to have worked inside the mysterious Area 51 US Air Force base has extraordinarily said the Nevada facility DOES house UFOs recovered from visiting aliens.
American Robert Miller recorded a sensational YouTube clip which he said he made to "clear his conscience" as he is "getting old."
In the video, seen by more than 300,000 people, he said he was a former marine corps pilot who was recruited to test fly a craft that had been "reverse engineered" from the remains of a Roswell UFO that crashed in 1947.
The US Government did not acknowledge the existence of Area 51 until 2013, but it is now commonly accepted research is done there on new USAF spy craft.
However, conspiracy theorists are convinced if flying saucers have ever crashed on Earth, the wreckage and alien bodies have been secretly taken to storage in Area 51.
One long-running claim is a UFO which allegedly crashed in the New Mexico desert near Roswell in July 1947 and it is now stored at Area 51.
Extraordinarily, Mr Miller suggested the craft could reach the "speed of light" and even travelled through time, Dailystar.co.uk reports.
After explaining how he was sworn to secrecy, with "dire consequences" if he broke this, he described the test flight, and a subsequent crash.
He said: "I do remember they brought me inside the craft and up to the pilot’s seat. There was only room for one person in the giant craft.
“I looked around the cockpit and only saw a seat.
“No joystick, no steering wheel, no other controls. There was, however, a helmet. They told me the craft was controlled telepathically.
“I was told to imagine the craft starting to float off the ground, but it didn’t work.
"Instead I had to imagine that I was the craft, like part of it, and I began thinking of myself floating off the ground and I felt the vibrations.”
I had to imagine that I was the craft, like part of it, and I began thinking of myself floating off the ground and I felt the vibrations.
Robert Miller
It was then that he suggested he may have experienced time-travel after blacking out during the experience.
He said: “I was 500ft off the ground, then the vibrations of the engine stopped. There was no ejection button on the craft. I was effectively helpless.
“[The craft] was plunging towards the ground and I went unconscious.
“The next thing I knew I was in hospital. A man in a black suit came in and explained to me what happened. He said right before the craft hit the ground, it just went, boom, disappeared.
“Then in the middle of the night, they heard a loud crashing noise outside, the craft had crashed in the same spot.
“The scientists had hypothesised that the craft had time-travelled.”
The whistleblower said he had chosen to go against his secrecy agreement in the interest of the truth.
He said: "If anything happens to me in the next few days, you will know why.
Getty*YouTube
UFO PILOT: Robert Miller (pictured) claims he flew a craft modelled on the alleged Roswell wreckage.
"The truth is more important than my safety right now. I wanted get the truth out there, I have been living a lie a long, long time."
There was a mixed reaction to the video.
One viewer posted on YouTube: "I think he's telling the truth no doubt about it.
"It's about time the government come clean about UFOs that they are time machines from the future and they are not from other planets."
Another said: "Absolutely believe you and you are a brave man for speaking out. You made history and you will go down in the history books as the first known human to pilot a UFO."
However, a third branded it fake.
Robby Combs posted: "Everything about this tape screams fake. He is merely reciting things he has heard other people say."
Mr Miller is not the first alleged Area 51 worker to come forward with tales of UFOs.
In 1989 Bob Lazar alleged to be a mole with staggering claims about the facility.
Mr Lazar said he reverse engineered recovered crashed alien flying saucers to try to develop their anti-gravity flying systems, at the mysterious base, which is guarded by armed security.
He spoke of UFOs being hidden in hangars carved out of the mountain sides close to the Nevada military base which is tucked away in the desert.
Mr Lazar's claims have divided the UFO community ever since, with many believing he a credible whistleblower, while others say he is a fantasist who has been debunked.
Roswell has been at the heart of the UFO scene since the military sensationally announced in a press release in July 1947 it had found the remains of a crashed flying saucer in the desert nearby.
But the following day it retracted the statement, saying it was in fact a damaged US Air Force air balloon.
Witnesses later came forward to say there had been alien bodies within the "crashed craft", which along with the wreckage were then taken to Area 51.
The world around us makes sense in only three spatial dimensions: left and right, up and down, forward and backward. Mathematically, on the other hand, some very clever people have argued that reality may be comprised of at least four spatial dimensions. Modern string theory even goes as far as postulating up to 10 spatial dimensions.
All of these are rather abstract ideas with equally abstract proofs. This is why a recent experiment performed by Swiss and American physicists is so exciting. Their work demonstrates a possible pathway by which higher-dimensional phenomena can be observed in a lower-dimensional system, perhaps even ours.
As you may have guessed already, such experiments are based on our good old ally — quantum mechanics — which never fails to scramble our fragile reality and boggle the mind.
Essentially, each of the two teams, one in the USA, the other in Europe, devised an experimental setup — one with ultra-cold atoms and another with light particles — that allowed them to glimpse the fourth spatial dimension by virtue of the quantum Hall effect; the dynamical version of the effect to be more precise which was previously predicted to occur in 4-D systems.
To understand what these researchers are on about, it helps to picture a more familiar example. When struck by light, a 3-D object will cast a 2-D shadow. Though the shadow doesn’t have depth, you can still learn much about the 3-D object that casts it. For instance, a circle corresponds to a sphere and a square corresponds to a cube. Conversely, a cube can be considered the shadow or 3-D projection of a 4-D object called a hypercube, which we can’t really fathom, just like a 2-D ‘flat-lander’ has no hope of visualizing 3-D. Carl Sagan explained this crucial difference during a historic program.
Bearing all of this in mind, we can consider quantum Hall physics as the “4-D shadow” manifesting itself in 3-D.
The Hall effect occurs when charged particles move in a two-dimensional plane in the presence of a magnetic field. The magnetic field deflects the particles in the direction orthogonal to their motion. This can be interpreted by reading a transverse Hall voltage, which can only take certain quantized values. These values are identical irrespective of the specific properties of the experimental sample. What’s more, scientists have proven that this quantum effect cannot take place in three-dimensional systems.
For decades, physicists were convinced that the Hall effect can only manifest itself in 2-D systems, but more recently there have been voices that claimed a similar effect could also take place in four-dimensional systems. In 4-D, there would be even more remarkable properties including a novel, non-linear Hall current, or so the prediction goes.
Finally, two separate groups of researchers led by Professor Oded Zilberberg at ETH Zürich and Professor Mikael Rechtsman at Penn State have now demonstrated a way to observe physical phenomena proposed to exist in higher-dimensional systems.
One group employed so-called topological charge pumps that simulate the transport of electric charges between rubidium atoms that are trapped by lasers. The cloud of atoms that are cooled down close to absolute zero by the lasers is then placed in a 2D optical lattice created by another set of laser beams that fire at a certain wavelength along two orthogonal directions. The resulting ‘charge pump’ resembles an egg-carton-like “crystal of light” in which the rubidium atoms can move. Finally, yet another laser beam which fires with a different wavelength in each direction helps create a superlattice. By carefully monitoring and analyzing at which positions in the superlattice the atoms are located, scientists demonstrated that the transverse motion of modulation that the atoms predominantly use is the equivalent of the non-linear Hall response. This is the essential feature of the 4D Hall effect.
illustration of light passing through a two-dimensional waveguide array.
Credit: Rechtsman Laboratory, Penn State.
Another experiment involved passing light through a series of special glassware eerily similar to fiber wire that can control the shape of the light wave. These photonic structures can also reveal the intricate boundary phenomena that accompany this same transverse motion as a result of the 4D quantum Hall effect.
“When it was theorized that the quantum Hall effect could be observed in four-dimensional space,” said Mikael Rechtsman, assistant professor of physics and an author of the paper, “it was considered to be of purely theoretical interest because the real world consists of only three spatial dimensions; it was more or less a curiosity. But, we have now shown that four-dimensional quantum Hall physics can be emulated using photons — particles of light — flowing through an intricately structured piece of glass — a waveguide array.”
Both experiments demonstrate what an effect would look like were it to happen in four dimensions. However, this is not any proof that a genuine four-dimensional system behaves this way.
“Right now, those experiments are still far from any useful application,” Zilberberg admitted.
Though there is no practical application in the short term, this kind of research might help unravel aspects of string theory, according to which many higher dimensions are simply compressed in such a way that only our normal three-dimensional world exists.
Findings appeared in two separate papers, both published in the journal Nature (one and two).
Titan, one of the least Earth-like places in our solar system, turned out to have surprisingly Earth-like features.
Doom Mons (mountain) and Sotra Patera (depression), two remarkable features on the surface of Saturn. Topography has been vertically exaggerated by a factor of 10 for visibility. The false color shows different surface material compositions as detected by Cassini’s visual and infrared mapping spectrometer.
Image credits: NASA/JPL.
Until recently, not much was known about Saturn’s moon Titan. But the Cassini-Huygens mission changed all that. Titan, a Mercury-sized world with a surface shrouded in a thick, nitrogen-rich atmosphere, was found to be the only place other than Earth where clear evidence of stable bodies of surface liquid has been found.
Titan is also a prime candidate for finding extraterrestrial life, which is why researchers have been trying to better understand its structure. Now, in two published papers, astronomers present the first proper map of Titan, revealing its features in unprecedented detail.
It took doctoral student Paul Corlies a year to assemble the map from all existing data. It was no easy feat since only 9 percent of Titan’s topography has been observed in relatively high-resolution. Another 25-30 percent of the topography imaged in lower resolution. The rest was created using an interpolation algorithm — which means we don’t really know how the rest of Titan is like, but we know how it probably looks like.
Cassini’s radar mapper has obtained stereo views of Titan’s surface during 19 flybys over the last five years.
Image credit: NASA/JPL/USGS.
For starters, the map reveals Titan to be a bit flatter (more oblate) than previously thought. This suggests that the thickness of Titan’s crust also varies more than expected. Corlies also reports that the surface of Titan is covered by mountains, though none of them are higher than 700 meters (2300 feet). The map also shows Titan’s lows, allowing scientists to confirm that two locations in the equatorial region are in fact depressions — and not dried seas, as another theory proposed.
Researchers also analyzed Titan’s impressive lakes, but don’t get your hopes up just yet. As opposed to Earth’s lakes, which are covered by water, Titan’s lakes are filled with liquid methane, a hydrocarbon.
Starting from sea level
Corlies found that Titan’s three most massive lakes (or seas) share a common equipotential surface — which is just a fancy way of saying that they have a common sea level. Titan’s lakes communicate with each other through the subsurface; the lakes that are dry are all at higher elevations than the filled lakes in their vicinity. Alex Hayes, assistant professor of astronomy and also an author, predicted this in his previous models of Titan.
“We don’t see any empty lakes that are below the local filled lakes because, if they did go below that level, they would be filled themselves. This suggests that there’s flow in the subsurface and that they are communicating with each other,”said Hayes. “It’s also telling us that there is liquid hydrocarbon stored on the subsurface of Titan.”
The fact that astronomers are understanding so much about a satellite so far away from Earth is truly astounding, yet this is only a stepping stone for other research. Study authors say that the map will help others working on Titan’s geology and morphology, as well as those trying to improve models for extraterrestrial bodies. Ultimately, it could even help scientists understand whether or not life exists on Titan.
“We’re measuring the elevation of a liquid surface on another body 10 astronomical units away from the sun to an accuracy of roughly 40 centimeters. Because we have such amazing accuracy we were able to see that between these two seas the elevation varied smoothly about 11 meters, relative to the center of mass of Titan, consistent with the expected change in the gravitational potential. We are measuring Titan’s geoid. This is the shape that the surface would take under the influence of gravity and rotation alone, which is the same shape that dominates Earth’s oceans,” said Hayes.
Journal References:
P. Corlies, et al. Titan’s Topography and Shape at the End of the Cassini Mission. Geophysical Research Letters, 2017; 44 (23): 11,754 DOI: 10.1002/2017GL075518
A. G. Hayes, et al . Topographic Constraints on the Evolution and Connectivity of Titan’s Lacustrine Basins. Geophysical Research Letters, 2017; 44 (23): 11,745 DOI: 10.1002/2017GL075468
Rujm el-Hiri in the Golan Heights. Israeli archaeologists called it the Wheel of Giants when they discovered it in 1968.
Credit Yuval G
Israel’s ancient and mysterious Stonehenge -Older Than the Pyramids and as Mysterious as Stonehenge
Scientists and archaeologists agree that the enormous stone structure of Galgal Refaim is one of the oldest and largest in the region. But that's all they agree on.
Morbid theory in mystery of Israel's answer to Stonehenge
Monumental carved dolmen more than 4,000 years old found in Golan rewrites history of civilization
Archaeologists find vast pagan sanctuary outside Roman city in north Israel
Rujm El Hiri, Gilgal or Galgal Refaim, Wheel of Spirits, Golan Heights, , Bashan,Israel
Israel is filled with hundreds of archaeological and historical sites. There are caves, ancient places of worship, amphitheaters dating back thousands of years, and fortresses waiting to be explored at just about every turn.
But there’s one off-the-beaten path archaeological site that many don’t know about, and even those who do haven’t visited.
It’s called Galgal Refa’im (“wheel of ghosts”) or Gilgal Refa’im (“circle of giants” referring to a biblical race of giants) in Hebrew, or Rujm el-Hiri in Arabic (“stone heap of the wild cats”). It is one of Israel’s most puzzling and mysterious places.
With massive rock walls jutting eight feet high into the sky, this Golan Heights structure is fondly called “Stonehenge of the Levant,” as according to many estimates, it is a contemporary of England’s Stonehenge.
Aerial photograph of 4,000-year-old stone structure, known as a dolmen. (Shmuel Magal, courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority)
The prehistoric Stonehenge monument in England, believed to be constructed between 3000 and 2000 BCE, is one of the world’s most famous sites. An average 1.3 million people visit this ring of standing stones every year. Other famous stone monuments popular with tourists include Chichen Itza in Mexico (1.4 million per year) and Machu Picchu in Peru (1.2 million).
Yet, Galgal Refa’im doesn’t draw even close to those numbers. Whether it’s because the magnificence of this approximately 5,000-year-old stone structure comprising some 42,000 tons of basalt stone laid out in huge concentric circles can only be seen properly from the air or whether it’s because of a lack of publicity, this obscure site attracts only a trickle of visitors most of the year.
A slighter bigger crowd – mostly astronomers and astrologists – comes on the days of winter solstice and summer solstice, when the sunrise lines up with cracks in the rocks.
But for the most part, this archaeological treasure — located between roads 808 and 98 in Israel’s Golan Heights about three kilometers south of Moshav Yonatan – is still waiting for its Indiana Jones moment.
Possible tank trench
Theories abound
Scientists and archaeologists agree that this enormous stone structure is one of the oldest and largest in the region. But that’s all they agree on.
“The excavation finished years ago. We have bits of information, but not the whole picture,” Uri Berger, an expert on megalithic tombs with the Israel Antiquities Authority, tells ISRAEL21c. “It’s a mystery.”
Some believe it was an ancient calendar due to the solstice lineup, or perhaps a monument used for astronomical observations and religious calculations.
Others think it was a burial site for important individuals because it has a 15-foot interment mound in the middle and a 20-foot-long burial chamber that visitors can crawl into. Another idea is that this structure was used to lay out the dead for the birds.
Circles of walls and flowers
“Scientists come and are amazed by the site and think up their own theories,” says Berger.
Even the age of the structure has been debated.
When Galgal Refa’im was first excavated in the 1960s, it was dated to the Early Bronze Age II (3000–2700 BCE). But in 2010, Michael Freikman of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem said the mysterious site was more likely built in the Late Bronze Age (1550–1200 BCE) because it matches construction of the Chalcolithic period.
Berger tells ISRAEL21c that each of the archaeologists who studied this place “is certain about his findings. He’s sure he has the dates of the site. But others who have excavated, they have their own theories. There’s always another opinion or theory.”
Within the little cave
Whilst enjoying the coolness of this little cave, I figured I should probably look for more info on the site and I found this: Gilgal Refa’im is believed to be either a tomb, a stellar calender, a ritual centre, an observatory or several other theorised places perhaps even created by biblical giants. Basically, nobody knows what this site is for and that definitely adds to the intrigue of the place. If there was one thing I could see in history, if very well might be watching the biblical giants in the Golan – the terrain is just perfect to see giants thundering down the plains.
Berger encourages people to visit, even though on the ground Galgal Refa’im seems little more than crumbling stone walls overgrown with weeds. From above, it is easier to see its bulls-eye or labyrinth shape. Some of the rock wall circles are complete, while others are missing chunks. The outermost wall is eight feet high and 520 feet in diameter.
The Golan Walking Trail passes Galgal Refa’im, which is only accessible by foot and open to visitors only on weekends and holidays because the area is used by the IDF for training exercises during the week.
Ouder dan de piramides en net zo mysterieus als Stonehenge. Deze Israëlische steenkring is onverklaarbaar
Ouder dan de piramides en net zo mysterieus als Stonehenge. Deze Israëlische steenkring is onverklaarbaar
Rujm al-Hiri is een megalitisch monument in het hart van de Golanhoogten. Er komen maar heel weinig toeristen en de mensen die de steenkring bezoeken staan vaak voor een raadsel, omdat je vanaf de grond alleen maar een berg stenen kunt zien.
Onlangs werd het monument gefilmd met behulp van een drone. Vanaf een hoogte van 20 meter vormt de stapel grijze stenen opeens een perfecte cirkel.
De steencirkel past in hetzelfde rijtje als Stonehenge in Engeland, de piramides in Egypte, de Nazcalijnen in Peru en zelfs de enorme standbeelden op Paaseiland.
Reuzen
De vraag is dan ook hoe het komt dat zo’n fascinerende plek zo ontoegankelijk is en amper bekend is bij toeristen.
De Israëliërs noemen de plek Gilgal Refaim (het Wiel der Reuzen). Volgens de Tenach was het oervolk van Bashan (moderne Golan) een ras van reuzen. Zij werden Refaïeten genoemd.
“De rest van Gilead en heel Basan, het rijk van Og, het hele gebied van Argob, heb ik aan de helft van de stam Manasse toegewezen (heel Basan wordt ook wel het land van de Refaïeten genoemd).” Deuteronomium 3:13
50.000 ton
In de jaren tachtig en negentig werden er opgravingen verricht. In een graftombe werden onder meer gouden juwelen ontdekt, maar het mysterie van de stenen werd niet opgelost.
Geschat wordt dat er voor zo’n 50.000 ton aan basaltblokken op de plek ligt en dat er honderdduizenden tot een miljoen werkdagen voor nodig moeten zijn geweest om het bouwwerk te voltooien.
Rujm al-Hiri bestaat uit vijf drie meter hoge cirkels die een centrale structuur omringen die ongeveer vijf meter hoog is.
Perfect
De buitenste cirkel heeft een doorsnee van 150 meter en de vorm is perfect. De binnenste cirkels zijn 80 en 110 meter in doorsnee.
In de buitenste cirkel bevinden zich twee openingen. Als je op de langste dag van het jaar (21 juni) in het centrum van de steenkring staat, zie je de zon opkomen in het midden van de noordoostelijke opening.
Massachusetts in the early 1600s was a bleak destination, though one with promise. In the early years of the settlement of the Massachusetts Bay, Governor John Winthrop brought just shy of 1000 colonists over from England, first stopping at Salem before moving on toward the Shawmut Peninsula, where they would establish the settlement that would eventually become Boston.
Nearly 200 of the settlers died under the extreme living conditions of that first American winter. Others, if not ill from the harsh weather, were sick of the trials of settlement; a number of the disillusioned returned to England in the spring. However, with the slow growth of the settlement, living conditions improved under the labors of Winthrop and the steadily growing population of New Englanders; by the beginning of 1640, settlers in the new land exceeded 20,000.
During this first pivotal decade in the history of Massachusetts, John Winthrop kept a detailed journal of occurrences in the region, from those civic or political in nature to noteworthy religious events and other happenings.
There were other occurrences, too, which Winthrop chronicled in his journal, some of them quite curious. Such were the details of the entry marked for March 1, 1639, a portion of which read as follows:
In this year one James Everell, a sober, discreet man, and two others, saw a great light in the night at Muddy River. When it stood still, it flamed up, and was about three yards square; when it ran, it was contracted into the figure of a swine: it ran as swift as an arrow towards Charlton, and so up and down about two or three hours. They were come down in their lighter about a mile, and, when it was over, they found themselves carried quite back against the tide to the place they came from. Divers other credible persons saw the same light, after, about the same place.
The account given is a strange one, though not unlike the circumstances popularly reported in conjunction with sightings of strange lights in the skies in modern times. It was, in other words, very much a sighting of an unidentified flying object, though what the actual phenomenon witnessed may have been cannot be easily determined solely from Winthrop’s narrative. Filtered through the puritanical mindset of a pre-Newtonian world, there is indeed much left to the imagination.
There are nonetheless aspects of the report Winthrop gives us that are of interest. Of particular note had been his description of the witnesses, which may imply some degree of disorientation caused by observing the light. As the observers “found themselves carried quite back against the tide to the place they came from,” some might discern from this that something akin to “missing time” had occurred. Indeed, certain similarities to popular UFO reports of the last few decades come to mind here, namely the alleged 1976 Allagash UFO incident, where those involved claimed to have observed a light over the course of several consecutive nights, along with the requisite missing time of many UFO abductions of the era (there have been questions raised about the veracity of this 1976 UFO incident in recent years, which are beyond the scope of the present discussion).
This would not be the sole inclusion of anomalous aerial phenomena in the governor’s journal. Winthrop recorded a similar incident several years later, dated January 18, 1643, where he noted:
About midnight, three men, coming in a boat to Boston, saw two lights arise out of the water near the north point of the town cove, in form like a man, and went at a small distance to the town, and so to the south point, and there vanished away. They saw them about a quarter of an hour, being between the town and the governor’s garden. The like was seen by many, a week after, arising about Castle Island and in one fifth of an hour came to John Gallop’s point.
One week after this incident, lights were seen again in the region and, as Winthrop notes in the following passage, were apparently “seen by many”:
A light like the moon arose about the N. E. point in Boston, and met the former at Nottles Island, and there they closed in one, and then parted, and closed and parted divers times, and so went over the hill in the island and vanished. Sometimes they shot out flames and sometimes sparkles. This was about eight of the clock in the evening, and was seen by many.
In conjunction with the appearance of lights in the sky, Winthrop notes a peculiar circumstance pertaining to this second observation of the Massachusetts “mystery lights”, where voices were allegedly heard along the waterways between Boston and Dorchester:
About the same time a voice was heard upon the water between Boston and Dorchester, calling out in a most dreadful manner, boy, boy, come away, come away: and it suddenly shifted from one place to another a great distance, about twenty times. It was heard by diverse godly persons. About 14 days after, the same voice in the same dreadful manner was heard by others on the other side of the town towards Nottles Island. These prodigies having some reference to the place where Captain Chaddock’s pinnace was blown up a little before, gave occasion of speech of that man who was the cause of it, who professed himself to have skill in necromancy, and to have done some strange things in his way from Virginia hither, and was suspected to have murdered his master there; but the magistrates here had not notice of him till after he was blown up. This is to be observed that his fellows were all found, and others who were blown up in the former ship were also found, and others also who have miscarried by drowning, etc., have usually been found, but this man was never found.
In Winthrop’s narrative, the lights were thus attributed to the devilish dealings of this man, who possessed “skill in necromancy” and other kindred arts of darkness. As to what might really have caused the illuminative apparitions Winthrop recounts is a matter of speculation, although many of the key suspects remain in modern times: these range from natural atmospheric plasmas (i.e. ball lightning), to other related natural illuminations like earthquake lights.
Arguably, these peculiar items in Winthrop’s journal outline what can be considered the first instances of unexplained aerial phenomena in the New World. }While they leave a lot to the imagination, they nonetheless offer a unique, albeit an atypical view of Puritan life in early America.
This wide-field view of the sky around the bright star Alpha Centauri was created from photographic images forming part of the Digitized Sky Survey 2.ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2
NASA is planning an interstellar mission to search for extraterrestrial life outside our solar system. The space agency will explore the three-star Alpha Centauri system.
Reports claim it will be an unmanned mission which is yet to be named. The technology needed to build a craft that can search for life outside our solar system in the three-star Alpha Centauri system is yet to be developed.
The launch date of the mission is predicted to coincide with the first moon landing's 100th anniversary. The spacecraft needed for the mission should travel at a minimum pace of 10 percent of light's speed.
The Alpha Centauri constellation is situated at a distance of 4.4 light years away. Even if scientists create a craft that can travel at a 10th of the speed of light, it would take a 44-year trip for the craft to reach our nearest celestial neighbour — by 2113.
"It's very nebulous," Anthony Freeman, at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), was quoted by the New Scientist as saying.
The space agency is planning to send small laser-powered probes that are likely to reach a quarter the speed of light in theory.
"Other techniques under consideration include harnessing nuclear reactions, or through collisions between antimatter and matter," Independent reported.
A known exoplanet — Proxima Centauri b — in the Alpha Centauri system orbits a red dwarf star. But the exoplanet is in inhospitable conditions because of the radiations its parent star exposes it to, which lowers the chances of discovering alien life.
Launched in 1977, the Voyager 1 craft is the only spacecraft which has left our solar system successfully. It provided amazing new insights into planets and moons that exist in our solar system, despite the limitations of the technology it was armed with. Voyager 1 was not crafted to be an interstellar vessel.
It is currently situated 11.7 billion miles from Earth and is trundling along at a speed of 61,000 kmph (38,000 mph), which is about 0.0056 percent of light's speed.
This video was filmed in April 2015 but was just recently submitted to MUFON.
Witness report:
I was on my way to work and my first turn was down a hill (My city is in a river valley). I saw these three bright lights in the sky not much higher than my current elevation. I drove down the hill and pulled off at a conveinent place and took out my cell phone. I believe it was a iphone 4s. I began to record these slow moving objects. I propped my cellphone on the hood of my truck so the images wouldn’t be too shakey (I do believe in UFOs and I hate shakey videos).
Anyway. I saw what looked like a police car (Gonzaga University Police) was my first thought. I was at a new construction site and having worked the US Census in 2010 I knew these guys were no fun to deal with and cut my video because there was an arson fire at a previous build. Anyway, I left. I was hoping to catch the lights again on a bridge over a valley on my way to work (which would have been amazing). But, I never saw the slow moving lights again. I want to add I have about 10 years in Security and was on my way to work at an airport. These lights were not on any flight path I have ever seen (They mostly fly just north of my house). I believe this is the exact date. I am using my cellphones date / time stamp.
Mainstream orthodox (or ‘physical’) science contains as many paradigms as it does supposed facts, if not more; but it still tends to treat the former as largely substantiated facts. However, a paradigm – as the dictionary confirms – is merely a model, involving one or more assumptions. In fact, it is representative of the seemingly best functional theory or hypothesis available with accessible data in the face of ignorance of the true facts, which may in fact be quite different. That then, along with all the rest, is then presented to the world as ‘scientific knowledge’.
This, however, presents us with a problem because physical science sees itself as technology based, due to the need for reliably consistent reproduction of accurate data in the face of man’s own psychological and sensory inconsistency. Problematically, physical technology is itself based on paradigmatic assumptions and the associated limitations of then available sub-technology. So where does that put us in relation to the wider human experience which takes into consideration states of existence beyond the physical and even treats these as more real than the physical?
Alternative (or more accurately, sequentially parallel) states of existence have been discussed in openly allegorical or hermeneutic (structured) terms for thousands of years by both mystics and more metaphysically orientated philosophers, by virtue of their own actual experiences through self-experimentation. Those experiences were of course subjective in nature (because other states can only be accessed in such a manner) and it is therefore assumed by critics that they lacked the objectivity necessary to achieve any real degree of reliable accuracy. But this assumption is itself based on the highly questionable hypothesis that laboratory methods and/or modern academic forms of presentation and substantiation are the only reliable ones when these are themselves largely un-natural. So where do we go from here?
Over the last three centuries there has developed a growing belief that the objective physical world and the ‘subjective’ states of existence are or can be inter-connected and can thus directly affect each other. This started with the phenomenon of mesmerism in the eighteenth century and continued with human ectoplasmic manifestations in spiritualistic séances in the nineteenth (although spiders have been producing ectoplasm to form their webs since time immemorial). Subsequent to this, the new science of psychology began to show the subjective worlds of human thought and feeling as having a real consistency of internal dynamics if and when viewed on their own terms. Furthermore, quantum physics in the twentieth century seemed to confirm that physical experiments could be phenomenally affected by the psychological attitude of the observer. Yet we now appear to stand at something of an impasse.
Physical science has accepted that consciousness has to be considered a fundamental part of the equation of existence but it still sees consciousness as a merely electrical phenomenon generated (by extension at the physical level) by aggregations of base atomic and then molecular matter forming itself into organisms. Yet it is unable to answer the question of how it is that organic life can somehow emerge from apparently ‘dead’ matter – or why it should do so. Esoteric philosophy, on the other hand, has always taken the view that there is no such thing as ‘dead matter’; that there is in fact only one principle in the omniverse and that this is Life itself, manifesting as a homogeneous substance called, for want of a better term, ‘spirit-matter’ and appearing in a vast spectrum of qualitatively based states, each with its own potential polarity and apparent fields of progression or limitation, thus giving rise to a sympathetic sense of inter-connectedness, which we call consciousness. Furthermore, esoteric philosophy has always seen the universal spectrum of Life as the manifestation of a single, Universal Consciousness possessing an infinite range of memory and intelligence. Deists call more remote aspects of this by the name ‘God’ and try to give it a sort of humanly interactive personality. However, philosophers say that it is not only inconceivable in all respects, but that it is also approachable only by a progressively expansive understanding of what it is not.
This, of course, is not acceptable to a science which states that everything must have a testable rationale. However, in adopting that stance, science again makes an erroneous assumption. Esoteric philosophy (if properly followed) is itself based on the understanding of a rational approach to the existence of progressive fields of consciousness; but its technique is necessarily both subjective and objective. Subjectivity is necessary for direct experience by self-experimentation and selection; objectivity (which, problematically, is also subjective) is necessary to rationalise and understand the effects in due context. However, these have to be used in tandem by an intelligence specifically trained in their simultaneous use – one that has itself developed the capacity not to merely react to experience. In other words, one that is self-consciously aware but which has also passed beyond the stage of a reactive self-association which is usually based on a mere mixture of like and dislike.
The science and art of true esoteric faculty involves a fundamental detachment of consciousness from that which is being observed. That is to say, one must learn to use a higher quality of consciousness to observe a lesser quality of consciousness in action and thereby understand its qualitative status and its modus operandi. We have to develop an adult perspective based on our own prior experience before we can really understand the motivation and actions of a child. There is no short cut. A child cannot understand the motivations of an adult because he/she does not have the experience and has thus not yet learned of the associated limitations by virtue of which we progress through such experience to a wider perspective of understanding.
Plato made the point that “All is recollection.” In other words, there is nothing new in Universal Nature; but it is up to us to access it. Yet the first thing we have to understand is that memory is organised and works in progressive sequences, each involving its own essential field of limitation. But the progression is not linear. The Ancients tell us that the universe is concentrically organised and so each memory is part of a greater one. So, we have to first explore the plenum of one idea (or field of ideas) before we can break through its field of limitation into a yet greater one. This is the way in which the intelligent development of consciousness works. Thus it is that we first need to establish where a limitation exists (or potentially exists) before we can set out to go beyond it and thus achieve a greater perspective. Otherwise we shall merely go around in chaotically confused circles, merely re-exploring the past over and over again, thereby wallowing in a sea of superficiality. This, sadly, is what many people tend to do throughout their adult lives and it is the cause of needless frustration. Instead, we need constantly to move forward. That is why we have ideals to pursue.
Curiously, science – despite its incessant materialism – is moving in the right direction, albeit grudgingly. It accepts the fundamental principle that a theory has to be fully and carefully examined before it can be accepted for further and wider usage. It also accepts that theories (paradigms) are all ultimately disposable, even though it currently chases the ultimate march hare of a supposed Grand Unified Theory which fails to take consciousness into account. However, many ‘New Age’ theorists are as much at fault in that they comprehensively tend to avoid the rigorous approach to consideration of both esoteric and scientific principles, substituting instead their own off-the-cuff theories, which cannot even be called paradigms because most of them are based on either partial perceptions or even pure wishful thinking. That is why physical science, with all its questionable paradigms, is so suspicious of ‘New Age’ thought. But as they say, “It takes one to recognise one.”
That, however, brings me to one or two examples of mis-orientated scientific thinking (which I have highlighted in my recently published book The Rise & Fall of Atlantis) which may perhaps be of interest to readers of this magazine. The first of these involves the relationship between the core of the Earth and the planet’s surrounding ionosphere. The modern geological orthodoxy is that the core is composed of solid or liquid iron, or a combination of both, this providing the basis of the planet’s gravitational magnetism. However, this idea is based on the supposition that the Earth, originally part of the Sun and thus composed of plasma, was to begin with a superheated mass which cooled down, thereby allowing the heavy element of iron to sink towards the centre. But the supposition that the Sun’s plasmic mass is actually superheated (rather than electrically superactive) in the first place is also pure assumption. My suggestion is that it is not – and also that the core of the planet is still a plasmic mass, which responds to the fluctuations of solar energy coming our way as a result of voltage changes in our ionosphere. Interestingly, the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute in the USA has already noted that the Earth’s core appears to rotate at a different speed to the crust. Present concepts of the Earth’s core fail to provide any suggestion as to how this could possibly occur.
Now the ionosphere surrounding our planet at a distance of some 60 kilometres from the crust is itself an electrified field of matter whose voltage necessarily fluctuates because of the incessant variations in energy received from the Sun. As that occurs, so it must expand and contract. But this will itself produce a sympathetic response in the Earth’s plasmic core, which must also expand and contract in fluctuation, thereby causing huge changes in the magma sea under the crust. As the magma expands, it must necessarily generate internal pressure in the geological fields which contain it, thereby inducing volcanic activity and localised crustal expansion. Correspondingly, as it contracts, so the magma will cool and recede, thus causing the Earth’s crust to shrink back again, which will in turn lead to earthquake activity. Now the first effect of this different perspective is that it calls into question the paradigm theory of plate tectonics.
The basis of plate tectonics (which was first suggested in 1915 and cast out through general scientific disapproval for some fifty years after that) is that all the visible landmasses were once gathered together as one gigantic continent called Gondwanaland, or Pangaea. For some inexplicable reason this then supposedly split up like a jigsaw puzzle into various continental landmasses, which began cruising around the globe on top of the supporting magma sea, and then started bumping into each other like ‘dodgem cars’ at the fairground. The next part of the theory then has some of the landmasses literally crawling over others and down the other side, this experience however, amazingly leaving both masses looking geographically pretty well just the same. The ‘proof’ behind this idea is that the eastward Brazilian projection of South America supposedly fits geographically very neatly under the westward projection of the African continent, thereby confirming the original, broken jigsaw puzzle theory.
Proponents of the plate tectonic theory also draw attention to what is called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, the fragmented central area of the Atlantic seabed which we can see on bathyspheric maps. All along this ridge are to be found hydrothermal vents (sometimes known as ‘black smokers’) which are chemically based extrusions, often several metres in length, pumping out volcanic gases from within the crust. These, we are told, are clear evidence that the Atlantic seabed is splitting, so pushing South America and Africa gently even further apart. However, there is no actual proof of such a split.
Now, as is pointed out in my book – citing evidence provided by others far more knowledgeable in the field than I – the idea that continental landmasses can just cruise around in the manner suggested is absurd. It takes inconceivably huge expenditure of energy to shift large geological landmasses – energy levels which scientific measurement itself has proven the planet just does not begin to possess in sufficient capacity to motivate the landmasses in such a manner. Furthermore, the idea that landmasses could somehow slide over each other without damaging their geographic identity is altogether ludicrous. Even more unanswerably, new landmasses are constantly being created by the acre every year (as for example in Hawaii) by the spread of volcanic lava, or destroyed by gradual erosion or cataclysm. So how can plate tectonics work in the face of all these various facts?
Geologists have used their theories to ‘prove’ that the profile of the Atlantic seabed confirms why the ancient idea of a mid-Atlantic continent (aka Atlantis) could not possibly have existed. However, my suggestion (my own paradigm, if you will) as previously explained, provides a very clear indication as to how and why huge masses of the Earth’s crust could indeed be deformed by expansion and contraction generated by electromagnetic pressure from the planet’s core. However, that is not the whole story behind the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Its peculiarly twisted shape tells us of another influence – this time an astrophysical one.
The Ancients described our planet as being suspended in Space between two great magnets. But this does not sound so absurd when one takes into consideration that the indentation of the ionosphere at both poles effectively means that the true poles are in fact to be found far above the Earth’s surface, not on it as is commonly imagined. However, the ionosphere itself is like a giant squeezable crystal – indeed the ancient Egyptian god Ptah was described as containing the planet within a crystal globe which he fashioned. When I suggest that it is ‘squeezable’ I mean to draw attention to the idea that it behaves piezo-electrically. I am suggesting, in other words, that during certain stages of the solar cycles which our planet goes through, it is necessarily forced through much more powerful electrical fields in Space, which cause its biosphere to contract because of the corresponding electrical hypertension generated in the ionosphere.
As the ionosphere is thus ‘squeezed’ centripetally inwards, at both poles, so the plasmic core of the Earth is forced to respond by centrifugal expansion. At a particularly critical point, these two antagonistic forces will literally cause the magma under the planetary crust to generate a coreolis effect, resulting in the upper and lower crustal hemispheres twisting in opposite directions. If you now look closely at a map of the world you will see that the volcanic ridges along the oceanic beds follow an interestingly parallel pattern which could only be achieved, I suggest, by such a twisting in different directions of the upper and lower hemispheres. The nett effect of this, of course, is that the crust in the tropics would be subjected to such terrible force that any geologically ancient landmass in the area would literally crack up and fall apart.
This, I further suggest, is precisely what happened to Atlantis and, as I have described in my book, it is also very probably what caused the almighty cataclysm in the Gulf of Mexico mentioned in the Troano Codex to the Mayan sacred book, the Popol Vuh, as having taken place some 8,060 years before the author’s time, thus killing some sixty million people in the space of one or two days. Just consider the probable extent of the central American landmass before this cataclysm, which itself appears to have coincided historically with the submergence of Plato’s Atlantean island of Poseidonis in the north-eastern Atlantic, plus a variety of other events, such as the sudden raising of the Andes to the south.
Furthermore, this same historical time seems to coincide not only with what my friend Robert Bauval has shown as the Egyptian period of Zep Tepi (the ‘First Time’) but also with the celestial solstice generated by the 25,920 year cycle which we moderns call the ‘precession of the equinoxes’ – which was known to the Ancients as ‘the Great Year of the Pleiades’. It would take too long to describe the importance of the Pleiades in this paper (it is described at some greater length in my book); but suffice it to say that there appears to have been seen a pivotal (cyclic) association between it, our solar system and the seven stars of the circumpolar constellation, Ursa Major, leading to the very appearance of an originally spiritual, proto-human-kind on this planet, literally millions of years ago.
Most astronomers and astrophysicists will of course just laugh at this as the products of ancient superstitions. But then many of our modern scientists – not finding themselves able to credit the possibility of spirit-matter in the first place (notwithstanding their as yet hypothetical ‘dark matter’ and ‘quantum fluid’) – would hardly be likely to consider the possibility of the massed spirit-organisms of humankind (i.e. souls, not human beings per se) perhaps originating in another but kindred celestial system. I hasten to add that this can in no way be considered in terms of UFO activity. Spirits – organised as cellular groups of souls – would not need spacecraft if an astrologically and astronomically helpful period of relative proximity were cyclically available to enable a fluid transmission of celestial consciousness between greater and lesser star systems, which ancient tradition holds to be repositories of such consciousness. But is this not perhaps the origin of the very ancient idea of Man having ‘fallen’ from a superior state of ‘Grace’? Is this not perhaps also why the ancient Egyptians were so focused on spiritual development leading the highest initiates or Piru (not the pharaoh, as Egyptologists fondly imagine) back to the circumpolar stars?
In The Rise and Fall of Atlantis I have quite deliberately addressed the hitherto cloudy issue of spirits and souls in relation to the hugely ancient origins of humankind on this planet and its continued evolution of culture through civilisation. In doing so, I recognise the immediately apparent dangers of being treated as just another New Age nutcase. However, I have gone to some considerable lengths to show that Darwinism and Creationism not only do not work, but are also not the only (or even most viable) alternatives. When consciousness is itself brought into the equation as inherent in all the kingdoms of Nature, in concert with the concept that there is no such thing as dead matter, it will immediately be seen why the universe in toto has to be considered as a psychologically based organism (with a wide spectrum of intelligence) within which spirit and matter are qualitatively polarised aspects of one and the same principle. It will then be understood why astrologically timed and astro-physically organised insemination (or withdrawal) of different qualities of intelligence from any celestial body or system (as an organism) must itself be a quite natural function in universal Nature.
I hope that my book will be seen as providing a logically reasoned, alternative perspective for public discussion, rather than as merely another book on Atlantis and its geographic whereabouts. The sub-title to it – “The Mysterious Origins of Human Civilisation” – should be enough to suggest that there is far more inside it to chew on than one would normally find in a book on the subject. May I therefore wish my readers many happy hours of further discovery.
P. Russell, The Awakening Earth (London RKP, 1982)
G. Santillana & H. von Dechend, Hamlet’s Mill (Boston, D.R. Godine, 1992)
D.E. Scott, The Electric Sky (Portland, Oregon, Mikamar Publishing, 2006)
Sir W. Scott, Hermetica (England, Solos Press, 1993)
S. Wolinsky, Quantum Consciousness (Bramble Books, 1993)
JOHN GORDON (1946-2013) held a master’s degree in Western Esotericism from the University of Exeter and was a senior fellow of the Theosophical Society of England, where he lectured on ancient history and metaphysics. Known for his in-depth knowledge on the ancient Egyptian mystical tradition, he wrote several books, including The Path of Initiation and Land of the Fallen Star Gods.
Het Arecibo observatorium heeft nieuwe radarbeelden gemaakt van asteroïde 3200 Phaethon.
Phaethon is vooral bekend als de veroorzaker van de jaarlijkse meteorenzwerm de Geminiden. Begin december komt stof en puin van de planetoïde Phaethon in aanraking met de aardse atmosfeer, waardoor we vallende sterren zien.
De resolutie van de nieuwe beelden is 75 meter per pixel. “Deze nieuwe observaties laten zien dat Phaethon ongeveer dezelfde vorm heeft als de asteroïde Bennu,” zegt wetenschapper Patrick Taylor. “Bennu is het hoofddoel van NASA’s OSIRIS-REx-missie. Toch is er wel één groot verschil: er passen namelijk duizend Bennu’s in Phaethon.”
Op de beelden is een donkere vlek te zien. “Dit is wellicht een krater of een andere topografische depressie,” concludeert Taylor.
Tweede grootste aardscheerder De onderzoekers beweren dat Phaethon een diameter heeft van zes kilometer. Dat betekent dat de planetoïde ongeveer één kilometer groter is dan gedacht. Daarmee is Phaethon de tweede grootste ‘gevaarlijke’ aardscheerder. Een aardscheerder is een planetoïde die soms dicht bij de aarde in de buurt komt.
Tien miljoen kilometer Gelukkig hoeven we niet wakker te liggen van Phaethon. Op 16 december 2017 was de planetoïde 10,3 milen kilometer van onze planeet verwijderd. Dat is ongeveer 27 keer de afstand van de aarde naar de maan. Pas in 2093 komt Phaethon dichter in de buurt van de aarde.
Dit zijn de beste plaatsen om buitenaards leven te vinden (denken we)
Dit zijn de beste plaatsen om buitenaards leven te vinden (denken we)
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Dit zijn de zeven plaatsen waar wij als eerste zouden gaan kijken.
1. Europa
Terwijl astronomen buiten ons zonnestelsel jagen op potentieel leefbare planeten vinden we de eerste aliens misschien wel veel dichter bij huis: op Europa. Als je deze maan van Jupiter bekijkt, ziet deze er misschien niet zo gerieflijk uit, maar schijn bedriegt. Want onder de dikke ijskap van de maan zit waarschijnlijk een wereldwijde oceaan verstopt. Die oceaan zou uit vloeibaar, zout water bestaan en een aardse chemie bezitten. Bovendien mag de oceaan (en eventueel leven in dit zoute water – zich dankzij het dikke pak ijs erboven beschermd weten tegen gevaarlijke kosmische straling. Al met al zien veel astrobiologen Europa dan ook als de beste plek om op zoek te gaan naar buitenaards leven. Die zoektocht lijkt overigens zo langzamerhand vorm te krijgen: er liggen verschillende plannen klaar om Europa in de nabije toekomst eens van dichterbij te gaan bekijken.
Oké. Ook deze planeet oogt vandaag de dag niet direct heel gastvrij, met zijn koude, droge oppervlak en flinterdunne atmosfeer. Maar in het verleden is dat echt anders geweest. Miljarden jaren geleden was de atmosfeer van Mars dikker, waardoor het oppervlak minder te duchten had van kosmische straling en bovendien een stuk warmer was. In die tijd zou de temperatuur op Mars heel behaaglijk zijn geweest en waren op de rode planeet zelfs meren en rivieren te vinden. Kortom: een walhalla voor het leven zoals wij dat kennen. Velen achten het dan ook waarschijnlijk dat er op de rode planeet in ieder geval leven is geweest. Is Mars dan alleen interessant voor de zoektocht naar gefossiliseerde aliens? Niet zo snel! Het leven aan het oppervlak van Mars mag dan zwaar en misschien zelfs onmogelijk zijn: diep onder het oppervlak is dat wellicht heel anders. En dus sluiten onderzoekers niet uit dat er ondergronds nog wat stugge microben te vinden zijn. Dat we Mars met volle overtuiging in dit rijtje opnemen heeft echter met name te maken met het feit dat we hier al enig materieel hebben rondrijden en er nog genoeg plannen liggen om de rode planeet verder te verkennen. Als er leven is, lijkt het dan ook een kwestie van tijd voor we het vinden.
Marsrover Curiosity poseert op Mars.
Afbeelding: NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS.
LEEFBARE ZONE
Een leefbare zone is een denkbeeldige zone rond een ster. Planeten die zich in deze zone bevinden, ontvangen voldoende warmte van de ster om te voorkomen dat eventueel vloeibaar water op hun oppervlak bevriest. Tegelijkertijd ontvangen ze ook weer niet zoveel warmte dat datzelfde vloeibare water de kans krijgt om te verdampen. Kortom: een planeet die in de leefbare zone staat, kan in theorie vloeibaar water herbergen op het oppervlak. En dat maakt een planeet interessant, aangezien vloeibaar water een onmisbaar ingrediënt is voor het leven zoals wij dat kennen.
4. LHS 1140b
De superaarde is ietsje groter dan de aarde, bevindt zich in de leefbare zone en heeft waarschijnlijk een atmosfeer.
Tijd om eens buiten ons zonnestelsel te kijken. Want ook daar bevinden zich hemellichamen die er uitnodigend uitzien voor leven. LHS 1140b bijvoorbeeld. De planeet is ietsje groter dan de aarde, bevindt zich in de leefbare zone (zie kader) en lijkt bovendien te beschikken over een atmosfeer. Bovendien gedraagt de moederster zich ook nog eens voorbeeldig: de rode dwerg roteert langzaam en geeft minder hoogenergetische en potentieel schadelijke straling af dan vergelijkbare sterren met weinig massa. Een mooie extra is dat deze planeet – vanaf de aarde gezien – regelmatig voor zijn moederster langs beweegt, waardoor we regelmatig de kans krijgen om de atmosfeer van de planeet te bestuderen. Wellicht kunnen we in de toekomst met krachtige telescopen – zoals James Webb – gaan zoeken naar sporen van leven in de atmosfeer van LHS 1140b. “Een beter doelwit voor één van de belangrijkste zoektochten in de wetenschap – die naar tekenen van leven buiten de aarde – kunnen we ons nauwelijks wensen,” zo concludeerde astronoom Jason Dittmann eerder dit jaar.
5. Proxima b
Het is natuurlijk één van de wetenschappelijke hoogtepunten van 2016: de ontdekking van Proxima Centauri b. Deze exoplaneet cirkelt om de dichtstbijzijnde ster en is slechts 4 lichtjaar van ons verwijderd. De planeet is 1,3 keer zwaarder dan de aarde en bevindt zich in de leefbare zone, wat betekent dat er mogelijk vloeibaar water op het oppervlak te vinden is. Wel zijn er zorgen over de ster waar Proxima b omheen draait. Die zou nogal onstuimig zijn, waardoor er gevaarlijke straling richting de planeet stroomt. Grote vraag is of de planeet zichzelf – en eventueel leven op het oppervlak – middels een krachtig magnetisch veld tegen die straling kan beschermen. Dat zal vervolgonderzoek uit moeten wijzen. Voorlopig zijn astronomen optimistisch en zetten ze de planeet in de bovenste regionen van het lijstje der potentieel leefbare exoplaneten.
Een artistieke impressie van het planetenstelsel. Je ziet de ster TRAPPIST-1 op de achtergrond staan. Op de voorgrond de planeten. Uit het plaatje blijkt ook dat de binnenste drie waarschijnlijk te warm zijn om vloeibaar water te bezitten. De andere planeten – op de buitenste planeet na, want die is waarschijnlijk te koud – lijken de juiste temperatuur te hebben om vloeibaar water te bezitten.
Afbeelding: NASA / R. Hurt / T. Pyle.
7. Ross 128b
Een artistieke impressie van Ross 128b, met op de achtergrond de inactieve, kleine rode moederster. Dit is op dit moment officieel de meest nabije planeet die om een kalme ster cirkelt.
Afbeelding: ESO / M. Kornmesser.
Deze planeet is echt nog maar net ontdekt, maar nu al razend interessant. En wel omdat deze ongeveer net zo groot is als de aarde en de temperaturen op de planeet mogelijk vergelijkbaar zijn met die op de aarde. En het wordt nog mooier: de ster waar Ross 128b omheen cirkelt, is opvallend kalm. Het vergroot de kans dat hier leven stand kan houden. Is er dan niets op deze planeet aan te merken? Nou, één klein dingetje dan: het is nog onduidelijk of deze zich in, buiten of op het randje van de leefbare zone bevindt.
Het valt nog niet mee om planeten aan te wijzen waar leven zou kunnen zijn. Er zijn immers zoveel factoren die een rol spelen. En dan gaan we nog uit van leven zoals wij dat kennen (en dat bijvoorbeeld water vereist). Maar wie zegt dat buitenaards leven net zo in elkaar steekt als het leven op aarde? Misschien hebben aliens wel heel andere behoeften dan wij. Dan zou het bovenstaande lijstje er heel anders uit kunnen gaan te zien. En de zoektocht naar buitenaards leven ook!
Stel dat jij een ruimteschip cadeau krijgt. Waar zou jij dan als eerste gaan zoeken naar buitenaards leven? Laat het ons hieronder weten!
Bronmateriaal:
Afbeelding bovenaan dit artikel: NASA / ESA / K. Retherford / SWR
Onderzoekers zijn er nog niet uit: wat is die sliert toch in het midden van onze Melkweg?
Onderzoekers zijner nog niet uit: wat is die sliert toch in het midden van onze Melkweg?
Vivian Lammerse
“Het pad naar het antwoord toe is hoe dan ook fascinerend.”
Onze Melkweg bevat voor wetenschappers nog steeds verassingen. Op dit moment proberen astronomen te achterhalen wat die lange sliert toch is, die zich nabij het supermassieve zwarte gat in het centrum van onze Melkweg bevindt. In 2016 werd het ongewone filament ontdekt. Sindsdien zijn er veel astronomen die zich het hoofd breken over de sliert. Het filament is ongeveer 2,3 lichtjaren lang en buigt zich rondom de punt van Sagittarius A*, het supermassieve zwarte gat in het centrum van onze Melkweg.
Afbeelding Een team van astronomen heeft een poging gedaan om het antwoord dichterbij te brengen. Met gebruik van een baanbrekende techniek is het ze gelukt om de sliert op hoge kwaliteit op beeld vast te leggen. “Hierdoor kunnen we het filament nu veel dichter bij het centrale zwarte gat volgen,” zegt Mark Morris, hoofdauteur van het onderzoek. “We hebben echter nog steeds veel werk te verrichten om te achterhalen wat de ware aard van dit filament is.”
Op de afbeelding is het centrum van onze Melkweg te zien. De pijlen geven de mysterieuze sliert en het zwarte gat aan.
Afbeelding: NSF/VLA/UCLA/M. Morris et al.
Drie verklaringen
De onderzoekers hebben al wel drie verklaringen voor de sliert overwogen:
1) De sliert wordt veroorzaakt door deeltjes die met hoge snelheid uit het magnetisch veld van een zwart gat worden geschoten, ook wel jets genoemd.
2) De sliert is eigenlijk een kosmische snaar. Echter is het bestaan van kosmische snaren nog in nevelen gehuld.
3) De positie en de richting van de sliert is slechts een toevallige superpositie en er is geen enkele associatie tussen het filament en het zwarte gat. Toch is zulk toeval erg onwaarschijnlijk.
Scenario’s Welk van de onderzochte scenario’s het uiteindelijk ook zal zijn, elk van hen zou een intrigerend inzicht verschaffen. Stel dat optie 1 waar is, dan zou dit bijvoorbeeld belangrijke informatie over het magnetisch veld in deze speciale omgeving kunnen onthullen. Maar als optie 2 waar blijkt te zijn, dan zou dat het eerste bewijs leveren voor een tot nu toe zeer speculatief idee. Dit zal diepgaande gevolgen hebben voor het begrijpen van zwaartekracht, ruimte-tijd-verhoudingen en het universum zelf.
Dat de sliert bijzonder is, staat hoe dan ook vast. Want zelfs als het filament niet fysiek verbonden is met supermassieve zwarte gat, dan nog is de bocht in de sliert erg ongebruikelijk. “Hoewel we het antwoord nog niet hebben, is het pad naar het antwoord toe fascinerend,” zegt co-auteur Miller Goss. “We zullen blijven zoeken totdat we een verklaring hebben gevonden.”
Burgerwetenschappers Gerald Eichstädt en Seán Doran hebben gegevens van de Juno-ruimtesonde gebruikt om een prachtige foto van Jupiters atmosfeer te maken.
Eichstädt en Doran zijn geen onbekenden. Een foto van dit duo eindigde op de negende plek in de top 10 mooiste ruimtefoto’s van 2017. Eens in de paar maanden publiceren zij weer een nieuwe bewerkte foto van de grootste planeet van ons zonnestelsel.
De nieuwe foto is gemaakt op 16 december, toen Juno ruim 13.000 kilometer verwijderd was van het wolkendek van Jupiter. De resolutie bedraagt ruim negen kilometer per pixel. Aan de rechterkant van de foto zie je een glimp van de dag-nachtgrens.
Op jacht naar aliens: een bijna onmogelijke zoektocht
Op jacht naar aliens: een bijna onmogelijke zoektocht
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Zoeken naar aliens: we moeten het doen, maar we weten eigenlijk niet hoe. “De kans dat we buitenaards leven in onze directe omgeving gaan vinden, is héél klein.”
Het Scientias.nl-archief zit vol met ‘pareltjes’: artikelen waar we trots op zijn, die een interessante discussie hebben losgemaakt of waarin mensen aan het woord komen met een vernieuwende en verrassende kijk op wetenschappelijk gerelateerde kwesties. Het is eigenlijk zonde dat die artikelen naarmate de tijd vordert, wat stoffig worden. En dus stoffen we er zo af en toe eentje af en plaatsen ‘m opnieuw. Dit is zo’n ‘gouwe ouwe’. Het artikel verscheen in mei 2017 op de site, maar heeft aan actualiteitswaarde nog niets ingeboet. Enjoy!
Al decennia speuren we met behulp van radiotelescopen naar signalen van buitenaards leven. Zonder resultaat. Misschien zou je bijna gaan vermoeden dat het leven op aarde uniek is. De meeste wetenschappers willen daar echter nog niet aan. Zij kunnen zich onmogelijk voorstellen dat er in een universum gevuld met miljarden hemellichamen maar één planeet is waarop intelligent leven is ontstaan. Ook Heino Falcke, als radioastronoom en astrodeeltjesfysicus verbonden aan de Radboud Universiteit in Nijmegen, acht het bestaan van aliens “aannemelijk”. Maar op de vraag of hij denkt dat er buitenaards leven is, antwoordt hij wat terughoudender. “We moeten het eerst vinden, tot die tijd weten we het gewoon niet.”
Zeldzaam En het vinden van die aliens: dat blijkt nog niet zo eenvoudig. “Wat is een succesvolle methode om aliens op te sporen? Dat weten we eigenlijk pas als we ze vinden.” Maar dat de radiotelescopen van SETI ondanks dat ze al decennia op zoek zijn naar buitenaardse signalen nog geen succes hebben gehad, wil niet gelijk zeggen dat die methode niet deugt of dat er geen aliens bestaan. “Intelligent leven is zelfs in de geschiedenis van onze planeet een heel zeldzaam verschijnsel,” stelt Falcke. Het lijkt dan ook aannemelijk dat intelligent buitenaards leven ook niet zomaar overal ontspringt. En dus is het zoeken naar een speld in een hooiberg. Die spreekwoordelijk hooiberg is enorm. “Je moet de omvang van het heelal nooit onderschatten.” En op het moment kunnen we zelfs met de krachtigste radiotelescopen in een gegeven periode slechts in een klein hoekje van die hooiberg naar de spreekwoordelijke speld zoeken. “De kans dat we buitenaards leven in onze directe omgeving gaan vinden, is klein,” denkt Falcke. Maar hoe meer planeten en sterren we op steeds grotere afstand van de aarde bestuderen, hoe groter de kans wordt dat het een keer raak is.
“WAAROM ZOU JE WILLEN COMMUNICEREN MET IEMAND DIE ONS WEL KAN BEZOEKEN, MAAR WAAR WIJ NIET NAAR TOE KUNNEN?”
METI Terwijl SETI in een fractie van dat enorme universum op zoek is naar buitenaardse signalen, gaan er ook stemmen op voor een actievere zoektocht naar leven: METI. METI staat voor Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Het is eigenlijk heel simpel: in plaats van te zoeken naar buitenaardse signalen gaan we zelf radiosignalen uitzenden in de hoop dat aliens die dan opvangen. Falcke is echter niet enthousiast. “Ten eerste denk ik niet dat het wat oplevert. De kans dat iemand dat oppikt, is klein. Ten tweede vind ik het geen goed idee om met heel veel energie echt in de Melkweg bekend te maken dat wij er zijn. Je weet tenslotte nooit wat je tegenkomt.” Want de kans dat aliens de signalen opvangen, is klein, maar weldegelijk aanwezig. En daar krijgt Falcke eerlijk gezegd de bibbers van. “We weten uit de geschiedenis dat een botsing tussen twee beschavingen altijd uitvalt in het voordeel van de beschaving met grotere resources en betere technologieën. In dit geval zou dat de beschaving zijn die de ander kan bezoeken.” En dus lijkt het erop dat we bij voorbaat al aan het kortste eind trekken. “Waarom zou je willen communiceren met iemand die ons wel kan bezoeken, maar waar wij niet naar toe kunnen?” Falcke lijkt er nu al van uit te gaan dat we van aliens geen amicale houding hoeven te verwachten. “Waarom zouden zij beter zijn dan wij? Mensen die dat denken, zijn naïef.”
Aan boord van de beide Voyager-ruimtesondes bevindt zich een boodschap voor aliens. Mocht buitenaards leven de sondes – waarvan er één vermoedelijk al in de interstellaire ruimte is beland – tegenkomen, kunnen ze dankzij de grammofoonplaat onder meer aardse geluiden (wind en vogelzang) horen.
Afbeelding: NASA / JPL.
LOFAR Maar als SETI – tot op heden – onsuccesvol is en METI ronduit gevaarlijk, hoe moeten we dan verder? Falcke is wel te spreken over Breakthrough Listen, een project waarbinnen met meerdere radiotelescopen naar buitenaardse radiosignalen en laserpulsen wordt gezocht. “Dat is een slimme aanpak.” Maar als Falcke het voor het zeggen had – en een ongelimiteerd budget toegewezen kreeg – zou hij de zoektocht naar aliens toch net wat anders aanpakken. “Ik zou zoiets als LOFAR (een radiotelescoop met duizenden radioantennes, red.) opnieuw gaan bouwen, maar dan groter. En dan de hele hemel doorzoeken.” Met een beetje geluk resulteert het in het oppikken van een buitenaards signaal. “En anders levert het sowieso fantastische wetenschap op.” Maar zo’n LOFAR 2.0 blijft – ondanks dat we in staat zijn om deze te bouwen – voorlopig een hersenspinsel, denkt Falcke. “Voor zoiets heb je miljarden nodig.”
Vragen Terwijl wetenschappers zich het hoofd breken over hóe we die aliens nu het beste kunnen vinden, rijst wellicht bij jou de vraag waarom we zo nodig op zoek moeten naar buitenaards leven. Falcke kan er kort over zijn: “Het is een bijzonder fundamenteel vraagstuk.” Hij wijst erop dat er wel miljoenen vragen te bedenken zijn die met de ontdekking van buitenaards leven wellicht beantwoord kunnen worden. “Hoe werkt het leven ergens anders? Welke kennis hebben de aliens? Hoe zit hun samenleving in elkaar? Hoe kijken zij naar het heelal of naar religie?” somt Falcke op. “En door naar anderen te kijken, ga je ook nadenken over jezelf.”
“STEL JE STUURT: “IK BEN ER, ZULLEN WE NAAR DE KROEG GAAN?”, DAN BEN JE AL DOOD VOOR JE ANTWOORD KRIJGT”
Communiceren Om die miljoenen prangende vragen te kunnen beantwoorden, moeten we echter niet alleen buitenaards leven ontdekken, maar ook een manier vinden om ermee te communiceren. En dat is waarschijnlijk een stuk lastiger dan veel mensen – afgaand op sciencefictionfilms – denken, vertelt Falcke. “Waarschijnlijk bevinden aliens zich op grote afstand. Als we een signaal van hen oppikken, is dat misschien al wel 1000 of 10.000 jaar onderweg.” En dus is niet bewezen dat de beschaving die dit signaal uitzond er nog steeds is. “Wie zegt dat wij er over 1000 jaar nog zijn?” En als je dan een signaal terugstuurt, is dat ook weer duizenden jaren onderweg. “Stel je stuurt: “Ik ben er, zullen we naar de kroeg gaan?”, dan ben je al dood voor je antwoord krijgt.”
Falcke was vorig jaar te zien in de documentaire ‘Searching for Aliens‘. De documentaire gaat over vijf mensen die op verschillende manieren zoeken naar buitenaards leven. Je kunt de documentaire online bekijken.
Religie Maar zelfs als communiceren lastig of onmogelijk is, zal de wetenschap dat aliens bestaan of bestaan hebben, toch verstrekkende gevolgen hebben op aarde? Falcke denkt van niet. “Misschien dat de kranten er de eerste dag vol van staan, maar de volgende dag gaat het leven weer verder. Dat gaat onze beschaving echt niet op zijn kop zetten.” Zelfs religies zouden het bestaan van de alien kunnen overleven, denkt Falcke, zelf christen. “Bijna 900 jaar geleden werd er binnen de kerk al gediscussieerd over het bestaan van andere planeten. En toen werd besloten dat het verboden was om uit te sluiten dat andere werelden bestaan. En een Parijse bisschop voegde er later aan toe dat je niet mocht zeggen dat buitenaards leven niet bestaat. Want zo beperk je de macht van God en je moet God niet voorschrijven wat hij wel en niet mag creëren.”
Aliens zetten de wereld dus niet op hun kop. Anders is dat voor de wetenschappelijke wereld. “Als we ze vinden, leren we ontzettend veel. Dan verdubbelt in één klap het aantal beschavingen in de Melkweg! En misschien vinden we wel leven op planeten waarop we het helemaal niet verwacht hadden.” Een andere optie is natuurlijk dat we geen intelligent, maar eenvoudig buitenaards leven vinden. “Plant- of dierachtigen of eenvoudige cellen,” somt Falcke op. Hij benadrukt dat het vinden van sporen van die levensvormen misschien nog wel lastiger is dan het vinden van intelligent leven. “Daarvoor moet je in de dampkring van planeten kijken en daar heb je heel krachtige telescopen voor nodig.” Met de nieuwe generatie telescopen – zoals de James Webb-telescoop – kunnen we die dampkringen onder de loep gaan nemen, maar grote doorbraken verwacht Falcke nog niet. “De komende decennia verwacht ik dat we zo af en toe horen dat er misschien een aanwijzing voor buitenaards leven is gevonden.” Maar zeker zullen we daar – zonder nog betere telescopen – dus niet van zijn. Dat het zo lastig wordt om aliens te vinden, kan eigenlijk geen verrassing zijn. Neem nou Mars, een planeet waarvan sterk vermoed wordt dat deze ooit leven herbergde. “Deze bevindt zich in de achtertuin en we kunnen de planeet bezoeken en nog weten we niet zeker of er leven is geweest.” Of buitenaards leven bestaat, kan dan ook nog eeuwen een raadsel zijn. “Maar dat raadsel kan ook morgen opgelost zijn.”
Bronmateriaal:
Interview met Heino Falcke De afbeelding bovenaan dit artikel is gemaakt door Pawel86/ Pixabay
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