The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
16-06-2018
Inside Project Blue Beam
Inside Project Blue Beam
by David Rey
Have I finally driven myself insane by researching every conspiracy I can find? Maybe. Is this going to stop me? Absolutely not. This week’s theory is definitely one for the books, so let’s get right to it.
In 1994, Quebec journalist and conspiracy theorist Serge Monast alleged NASA had plans to implement a New Age religion with a technologically simulated Second Coming of the Antichrist, kick-starting the New World Order.
In his book “NASA Blue Beam Project,” Monast outlines this process in four simple steps.
Step One
Monast said he believes the first step will be the breakdown of all archaeological knowledge. Using artificially created earthquakes in precise locations on earth, falsified discoveries will show the people the errors of all the fundamental religious doctrines, thus convincing them that they have misunderstood these doctrines all along.
“Psychological preparations for that first step have already been implemented with the film, ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ the Star Trek series, and ‘Star Wars;’ all of which deal with invasions from space and the coming together of all nations to repel the invaders,” Monast said. “The last films, ‘Jurassic Park,’ deals with the theories of evolution, and claim God’s words are lies.”
Monast states these science fiction films were produced in an attempt to brainwash and prepare humans for the ways of the New World Order.
In short, the first step is meant to “destroy the beliefs of all Christians and Muslims on the planet.”
Step Two
“The second step involves a gigantic ‘space show’ with three-dimensional optical holograms and sounds, laser projection of multiple holographic images to different parts of the world, each receiving a different image according to predominating regional national religious faith,” Monast explained.
The space show will ultimately show people the new messiah, Maitreya, calling for the immediate implementation of this new world religion.
The appearance of the messiah, Monast said, will result in holy wars and an insurmountable loss of human life. With various forms of mind control, Monast said even the most learned humans will be fooled.
Step Three
The third step in the Blue Beam Project is called Telepathic Two-Way Communication. This is also the part where I began to wonder why I even started reading this nonsense.
Anyway, the third step outlines the possibility that artificial knowledge can be transferred through satellite, resulting in the complete mind control of the planet.
“If people do not believe this kind of technology is possible, or that it is science fiction, those people put themselves in great jeopardy,” Monast said, “during the night when the new messiah will be presented to the world, they will not be prepared and will have no time to prepare to save themselves against that kind of technology.”
Honestly, where is he getting this stuff?
Step Four
The fourth and final step concerns the supernatural manifestation by electronic means and contains three orientations.
First, the United Nations will stage an alien invasion, provoking countries with nuclear weapons to use them in defense. The second orientation is to convince the Christian population the rapture is coming, explaining aliens will invade to save them from the savage demons among them.
The last orientation will use a combination of electronic and supernatural forces in order to drive the population into mass hysteria, suicide, murder and permanent psychological disorders.
After these four steps are completed, the world as we know it will no longer exist. Mankind will be forced into a totalitarian regime; those who object to the implementation of this police state will be subjected to medical experiments, slave labor or worse.
In 1996, just two years after he published his allegations, Monast and another Canadian journalist both died of heart attacks. Neither had a history of heart disease.
Also, proponents of his theory allege that the Canadian government kidnapped Monast’s daughter in an attempt to deter him from researching Project Blue Beam. His daughter was never found.
Wow, talk about a wild ride. I am not saying I believe in Project Blue Beam, but I am not saying I don’t. It all seems a little too far-fetched. I guess we’ll just have to wait and see.
If we one day find ourselves victims to mind control, an alien invasion or the Antichrist, don’t say I didn’t warn you.
Chandra Space Telescope: Revealing the Invisible Universe
Chandra Space Telescope: Revealing the Invisible Universe
By Elizabeth Howell, Space.com Contributo
Red represents low-energy X-rays, the medium range is green, and the most energetic ones are colored blue. The blue hand-like structure was created by energy emanating from the nebula around they dying star PSR B1509-58. The red areas are from a neighboring gas cloud called RCW 89.
Credit: NASA/CXC/SAO/P.Slane, et al.
The Chandra X-Ray Observatory is a NASA telescope that looks at black holes, quasars, supernovas, and the like – all sources of high energy in the universe. It shows a side of the cosmos that is invisible to the human eye.
After more than a decade in service, the observatory has helped scientists glimpse the universe in action. It has watched galaxies collide, observed a black hole with cosmic hurricane winds, and glimpsed a supernova turning itself inside out after an explosion.
Our World: Chandra - Exploring the Invisible Universe
X-ray astronomy is especially challenging because you need to leave the Earth's atmosphere behind to observe the rays. The first X-ray observations were fleeting, taking place in minutes-long sounding rocket flights, or perhaps for a few hours in a stratospheric balloon.
NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory floats in space in this artist's concept. Image released August 15, 2012.
Credit: NASA/CXC
In 1962, Italian-American astronomer Riccardo Giacconi and his team sent a rocket with an X-ray detector aloft, and discovered the first source of stellar X-rays. Giacconi was naturally eager to do more research.
Based on his design, NASA launched the first X-ray telescope: Uhuru, which was also known as the Small Astronomical Satellite-1. It remained in orbit for more than two years and discovered the first signs of a black hole. Another of his team's ideas – the Einstein Observatory – flew from 1978 to 1981. This was the first X-ray telescope that could take pictures.
Giacconi, now an established authority in X-ray astronomy, teamed up with the Smithsonian's Harvey Tananbaum to propose a more powerful observatory. Dubbed the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility, its goal was to take "high-resolution images and spectra of X-ray sources," according to Harvard University.
The telescope was first proposed in 1976. Work proceeded in the 1980s, and the telescope was reconfigured in 1992 (by reducing mirrors and instruments) to save money and to make it suitable to launch by shuttle. Shortly before launch, the telescope was renamed "Chandra" after Nobel laureate and astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.
Chandra launched July 23, 1999, from the payload bay of space shuttle Columbia, the largest satellite the shuttle ever launched. Just eight hours after Columbia reached space, Chandra left the shuttle's shelter and rocketed away. Controllers made several adjustments to Chandra's orbit in the coming days.
When finalized, Chandra was in an elliptical orbit around Earth ranging anywhere from about 9,940 miles (16,000 kilometers) to 82,650 miles (133,000 kilometers) from Earth. At its zenith, Chandra is about a third as far as the distance from the Earth to the moon. This allows it to make observations for as long as 52 hours before losing sight of its target.
As for Giacconi, the long-standing champion of Chandra? He shared a Nobel Prize for his pioneering work in X-ray astronomy in 2002. His colleague, Tananbaum, became director of the Chandra X-ray Center in 1991, a position he still holds today.
Chandra X-ray Observatory - Episode 1
The Chandra X-ray Observatory Celebrates 15 Years of Science
Targets after first light
"First light," or the first time Chandra opened its telescopic eyes to space, took place in mid-August 1999. One of its first pictures was of Cassiopeia A, the remnants of a star that exploded in a supernova witnessed by Tycho Brahe in 1572.
The picture was pretty, but more importantly, Chandra was already probing into Cassiopeia A's history. "Scientists can see evidence of what may be a neutron star or black hole near the center," NASA wrote in an August 1999 press release.
Later that year, astronomers released a paper in Astrophysical Journal Lettersdiscussing the elements Chandra found in the gas surrounding the star. The findings included sulfur, silicon and iron that blasted out from the star's interior.
Stars tend to burn off their hydrogen and helium earlier in their lifetimes; by the time these elements were fusing, temperatures in the star reached many billions of degrees Fahrenheit before the explosion.
Another of Chandra's early targets was the Crab Nebula, which showed – for the first time – a ring circling a pulsar star in the center of the nebula. Previously, Hubble spied wisps of matter surrounding the neutron, but the ring was something entirely new.
"It should tell us a lot about how the energy from the pulsar gets into the nebula," stated Jeff Hester, a professor at Arizona State University, in a September press release. "It's like finding the transmission lines between the power plant and the light bulb."
The telescope also began a series of discoveries concerning black holes. It spotted evidence of a Type 2 quasar black hole emanating X-rays behind a thick sheet of material that previously hid the black hole's existence.
Later, scientists announced a possible new kind of black hole in the galaxy M82. From eight months of observations, the scientists said the black hole could represent an evolutionary stage between small black holes formed from stars, and the much more massive ones lurking in the centers of galaxies.
"The black hole in M82 packs the mass of at least 500 suns into a region about the size of the moon," NASA wrote in September 2000.
"Such a black hole would require extreme conditions for its creation, such as the collapse of a 'hyperstar' or the merger of scores of black holes."
X-ray Vision Reveals the Insides of Stars
Possible dark matter and other findings
Astronomers are on a continual hunt for "dark" matter, which is believed to be practically invisible stuff that makes most of the universe. So far, we can only detect it through its gravity.
In 2006, a team of astronomers spent more than 100 hours using Chandra to watch the galaxy cluster 1E0657-56, which contains gas from a galaxy cluster collision. Chandra's observations were combined with that of several other observatories.
Researchers examined the effect the galaxy cluster had on gravitational lensing, which is a known way that gravity distorts the light from background galaxies. Their observations of the gravity showed that normal matter and dark matter ripped apart during the galaxy collision.
While the dark matter search continues, Chandra has been used to find other missing matter. In 2010, researchers used Chandra and the European Space Agency's XMM-Newton observatory, probing a reservoir of gas resting along a wall of galaxies about 400 million light-years away from Earth.
Scientists found evidence of baryons, which are electrons, protons and other particles that compose matter found through much of our universe. The researchers suspected the gas would contain a significant amount of this matter.
While scientists continue to probe the nature of matter, Chandra continues to produce stunning pictures that also reveal the structure of the universe. These pictures include a survey of planetary nebulas and a fast-growing galaxy cluster, as well as a "superbubble" found in the Large Magellanic Cloud.
In 2013, Chandra detected a record-breaking outburst from the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, an object known as Sagittarius A*, or Sgr A*. At the time, astronomers were observing how Sgr A* would react to what was then suspected to be a cloud of gas but later determined to be a cloud surrounding a compact object. While G2 didn't produce the fireworks scientists hoped for, scientists did spot a megaflare that was 400 times brighter than the black hole's normal quiescent state, three times brighter than the previous record holder.
"If an asteroid was torn apart, it would go around the black hole for a couple of hours – like water circling an open drain – before falling in," Fred Baganoff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, said in a statement. "That's just how long we saw the brightest X-ray flare last, so that is an intriguing clue for us to consider."
Another theory suggests that the magnetic field lines within G2 became tangled as they flowed toward Sgr A*. The occasional reconfiguration of the field lines produces a bright x-ray outburst similar to magnetic flares seen on the sun.
In 2017, Chandra was one of several instruments that picked up a pulse of high-energy light from the powerful explosion caused by two merging neutron stars. Observations with the National Science Foundation's Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) had spotted gravitational waves tied to the collision, encouraging scientists to hunt for signs of the explosion's aftermath.
"This is extremely exciting science," Paul Hertz, director of NASA's Astrophysics Division, said in a statement. "Now, for the first time, we've seen light and gravitational waves produced by the same event. The detection of a gravitational-wave source's light has revealed details of the event that cannot be determined from gravitational waves alone. The multiplier effect of study with many observatories is incredible."
Chandra is even helping prepare humans for voyages to other star systems. In 2018, Chandra announced the results of a decade-long study of Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to the sun. The triple star system lies just over four light-years from Earth and is the target for projects like Breakthrough Starshot, which aims to send a swarm of nanocrafts to the system in search of potential life. After observing the system, Chandra data revealed that X-ray bombardment around Alpha Centauri A is slightly better than the sun, and only slightly worse around Alpha Centauri B.
"This is very good news for Alpha Cen AB in terms of the ability of possible life on any of their planets to survive radiation bouts from the stars," Tom Ayres, a researcher at the University of Colorado Boulder, said in a statement. "Chandra shows us that life should have a fighting chance on planets around either of these stars."
Chandra's mission, originally expected to last five years and then extended to at least 10, is still going strong after more than 18 years of operations. In a 2010 interview with Space.com, Roger Brissenden, Chandra's manager and flight director, said that the instrument had enough power and propulsion systems reserves to last until "at least 2018."
"There's enough fuel for many tens of years," Brissenden said. "The 20-year mission would be within reach."
Astronomers Are Proposing a Wild New Target in Our Search For Aliens
Graphic showing the cloud of space debris that currently surrounds the Earth. (NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/JSC)
Astronomers Are Proposing a Wild New Target in Our Search For Aliens
Taking inspiration from one of the greatest sci-fi writers of all time.
MATT WILLIAMS, THE UNIVERSE TODAY
When it comes to the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence (SETI) in the Universe, there is the complicated matter of what to be on the lookout for.
Beyond the age-old question of whether or not intelligent life exists elsewhere in the Universe (statistically speaking, it is very likely that it does), there's also the question of whether or not we would be able to recognize it if and when we saw it.
Given that humanity is only familiar with one form of civilization (our own), we tend to look for indications of technologies we know or which seem feasible.
In a recent study, a researcher from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) proposed looking for large bands of satellites in distant star systems – a concept that was proposed by the late and great Arthur C. Clarke (known as a Clarke Belt).
In it, he advocates using next-generation telescopes to look for signs of massive belts of geostationary communication satellites in distant star systems.
This proposal is based in part on a paper written by Arthur C. Clarke in 1945 (titled "Peacetime Uses for V2"), in which he proposed sending "artificial satellites" into geostationary orbit around Earth to create a global communications network.
At present, there are about 400 such satellites in the "Clarke Belt" – a region named in honor of him that is located 36,000km above the Earth.
This network forms the backbone of modern telecommunications and in the future, many more satellites are expected to be deployed – which will form the backbone of the global internet.
Given the practicality of satellites and the fact that humanity has come to rely on them so much, Socas-Navarro considers that a belt of artificial satellites could naturally be considered "technomarkers" (the analogues of "biomarkers", which indicate the presence of life).
A new brain experiment just got closer to the origins of consciousness
As Socas-Navarro explained to Universe Today via email:
"Essentially, a technomarker is anything that we could potentially observe which would reveal the presence of technology elsewhere in the Universe. It's the ultimate clue to find intelligent life out there.
Unfortunately, interstellar distances are so great that, with our current technology, we can only hope to detect very large objects or structures, something comparable to the size of a planet."
In this respect, a Clarke Exobelt is not dissimilar from a Dyson Sphere or other forms of megastructures that have been proposed by scientists in the past. But unlike these theoretical structures, a Clarke Exobelt is entirely feasible using present-day technology.
"Other existing technomarkers are based on science fiction technology of which we know very little," said Socas-Navarro.
"We don't know if such technologies are possible or if other alien species might be using them. The Clarke Exobelt, on the other hand, is a technomarker based on real, currently existing technology. We know we can make satellites and, if we make them, it's reasonable to assume that other civilizations will make them too."
However, there is some "science fiction" when it comes to Clarke Exobelts that would actually be detectable using these instruments. As noted, humanity has about 400 operational satellites occupying Earth's "Clarke Belt", which is roughly 0.01 percent of the belt area.
This is about one-third of the Earth's existing satellites, whereas the rest are at an altitude of 2000 km (1200 mi) or less from the surface – the region known as Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
This essentially means that aliens would need to have billions more satellites within their Clarke Belt in order for it to be detectable. As for humanity, we are not yet to the point where our own Belt would be detectable by an extra-terrestrial intelligence (ETI).
However, this should not take long given that the number of satellites in orbit has been growing exponentially over the past 15 years.
Based on simulations conducted by Socas-Navarro, humanity will reach the threshold where its satellite band will be detectable by ETIs by 2200.
Knowing that humanity will reach this threshold in the not-too-distant future makes the Clarke Belt a viable option for SETI. As Socas-Navarro explained:
"In this sense, the Clarke Exobelt is interesting because it's the first technomarker that looks for currently existing technology. And it goes both ways too. Humanity's Clarke Belt is probably too sparsely populated to be detectable from other stars right now (at least with technology like ours).
But in the last decades we have been populating it at an exponential rate. If this trend were to continue, our Clarke Belt would be detectable from other stars by the year 2200. Do we want to be detectable? This is an interesting debate that humanity will have to resolve soon.
As for when we might be able to start looking for Exobelts, Socas-Navarro indicates that this will be possible within the next decade.
As for how these belts would be detected, that would come down to the most popular and effective means for finding exoplanets to date – the Transit Method(aka. Transit Photometry).
For this method, astronomers monitor distant stars for periodic dips in brightness, which are indications of an exoplanet passing in front of the star. Using next-generation telescopes, astronomers may also be able to detect reflected light from a dense band of satellites in orbit.
"However, before we point our supertelescopes to a planet we need to identify good candidates," said Socas-Navarro.
"There are too many stars to check and we can't go one by one. We need to rely on exoplanet search projects, such as the recently launched satellite TESS, to spot interesting candidates. Then we can do follow-up observations with supertelescopes to confirm or refute those candidates."
Whereas the former telescope is due to retire soon, the latter is scheduled to launch in 2018.
While these space-telescopes would search for rocky planets that are located within the habitable zones of thousands of stars, next-generation telescopes could search for signs of Clarke Exobelts and other technomarkers that would be otherwise hard to spot.
However, as Socas-Navarro indicated, astronomers could also find evidence of Exobands by sifting through existing data as well.
"In doing SETI, we have no idea what we are looking for because we don't know what the aliens are doing," he said.
"So we have to investigate all the possibilities that we can think of. Looking for Clarke Exobelts is a new way of searching, it seems at least reasonably plausible and, most importantly, it's free."
"We can look for signatures of Clarke Exobelts in currently existing missions that search for exoplanets, exorings or exomoons. We don't need to build costly new telescopes or satellites.
We simply need to keep our eyes open to see if we can spot the signatures presented in the simulation in the flow of data from all of those projects."
Humanity has been actively searching for signs of extra-terrestrial intelligence for decades. To know that our technology and methods are becoming more refined, and that more sophisticated searches could begin within a decade, is certainly encouraging.
Knowing that we won't be visible to any ETIs that are out there for another two centuries, that's also encouraging!
And be sure to check out this cool video by our friend, Jean Michael Godier, where he explains the concept of a Clarke Exobelt:
Colony of cyanobacteria where the different colours represent photosynthesis driven by chlorophyll-a (magenta) and chlorophyll-f (yellow)( Dennis Nuernberg )
The discovery of a new method that bacteria can use to harvest infrared light and turn it into energy has boosted scientific understanding of the limits of life on Earth and beyond.
Plants and some bacteria use a process called photosynthesis to create sugars from carbon dioxide and water, which they use as a power source.
Bacteria that can grow in space could help humans breathe on Mars
Most life forms that use photosynthesis are driven by red light, but the new form discovered by an Imperial College London-led team is used by some organisms to power themselves using the infrared spectrum.
This “textbook-changing” revelation has the potential to expand scientists’ search for creatures on other planets, which often relies on the presence of life-promoting light.
“The new form of photosynthesis made us rethink what we thought was possible,” said Professor Bill Rutherford, a biochemist at Imperial College London.
“It also changes how we understand the key events at the heart of standard photosynthesis. This is textbook-changing stuff.”
The photosynthesis recognisable to many from current textbooks involves the green pigment chlorophyll-a, which gives plants their distinctive hue.
This pigment absorbs red light while reflecting away greens, blues and purples.
Discovering life on Mars is less likely as researchers find toxic chemicals on its surface
The Echus Chasma, one of the largest water source regions on Mars
Getty Images
Chlorophyll-a is present in all plants, as well as algae and photosynthetic bacteria, and scientists long assumed that there was a “red limit” on photosynthesis.
Astrobiologists have used this supposed limit to gauge whether complex life could be evolving on distant planets in other solar systems.
However, some photosynthetic bacteria known as cyanobacteria have another trick up their microscopic sleeves.
Researchers found another form of chlorophyll working in communities of these creatures growing in shaded conditions in “bacterial mats” in Yellowstone National Park and inside rocks found on Australian beaches.
In near-infrared light, the chlorophyll-a systems of these bacteria shut down and a different variety – chlorophyll-f – begins operating in lower energy conditions “beyond the red limit”.
Professor Rutherford and his team tested these abilities by placing cyanobacteria communities into cupboards fitted with infrared LEDs.
“Finding a type of photosynthesis that works beyond the red limit changes our understanding of the energy requirements of photosynthesis,” said Dr Andrea Fantuzzi, co-author of the study that was published in the journal Science.
“This provides insights into light energy use and into mechanisms that protect the systems against damage by light.”
Besides broadening the search for aliens, the discovery could help scientists genetically engineer crops that can survive in a wider range of light conditions.
Dr Dennis Nurnberg, the first author of the study, said: “I did not expect that my interest in cyanobacteria and their diverse lifestyles would snowball into a major change in how we understand photosynthesis.
“It is amazing what is still out there in nature waiting to be discovered.”
On June 7, 2018, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) revealed that they had found traces of organic compounds and methane on Mars. Just a few days after this pathbreaking disclosure, Tyler Glockner, a UFO researcher who runs the YouTube channel 'Secureteam10' has claimed that he has spotted the proof of life on the red planet.
To substantiate his views, Tyler Glockner posted a series of images taken by NASA's Curiosity rover. When these snaps are put together, it shows a bizarre body moving across the Martian surface. Interestingly, when the object's image is zoomed, it shows a shadow which rules out the possibility of lens flare or a camera problem.
As the video went viral, conspiracy theorists claimed that the object in the image might be an alien being living on Mars. The video racked up more than 240,000 views within 24 hours of being uploaded, and viewers were quick to speculate what it could be.
A YouTube user named 'The Humble Horse' commented that NASA had never reached Mars, and he claimed that the object that was captured in the video could have been one shot on Devon Island.
"That's because it's not MARS!!!! It's Devon Island... EARTH!! NASA lies...," commented The Humble Horse.
Joddy Grant, another YouTuber argued that the object spotted in the red planet has a face, and it suggests that a spirit might be roaming across the Martian surface.
"If you look at the image on Mars it looks like a face, could the Mars rover have captured a spirit???," commented Joddy Grant.
In a previous video, Tyler Glockner had claimed that aliens might be living underground in Mars. As per Glockner, the recent admission of NASA regarding the presence of methane and organic compounds in Mars is an indication that there are some anomalies going on under the surface of Mars.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
Un OVNI triangulaire noir observé près de la frontière nord-coréenne
Un OVNI triangulaire noir observé près de la frontière nord-coréenne
Le gouvernement américain aurait espionné la Corée du Nord pendant trois semaines grâce à des engins ultra secrets développés dans le cadre d’un « Black Project » …
Récemment, des images vidéo étonnantes ont émergé sur les réseaux sociaux. Celles-ci nous montrent un étrange OVNI de forme triangulaire qui survole le ciel au-dessus de Séoul, en Corée du Sud, à environ une heure de route de la frontière.
«Un OVNI nucléaire des extraterrestres venus de Corée du Nord»
L’engin mystérieux semble avoir une lumière sur chacune de ses extrémités qui clignotent continuellement.
Cette vidéo a été prise par David Marler, qui a indiqué qu’il avait repéré plusieurs fois cet OVNI au cours des trois dernières semaines. Il a spéculé qu’il s’agissait d’un projet secret du gouvernement américain.
Il explique : « Il m’est arrivé de regarder le ciel pour regarder les étoiles et puis, de nulle part, j’ai fini par remarquer un objet volant qui clignotait. Il venait de l’endroit d’où je me tenais, c’est-à-dire du sud-ouest. »
« Au début, je pensais que c’était peut-être un hélicoptère ou quelque chose comme ça. Mais, à ma grande surprise, ça ne faisait pas de bruit, même quand il volait juste au-dessus de ma tête.»
North Korea: Is the USAF spying on border? 'Supersonic jet' sparks frenzy | Daily Star
« Je pouvais à peine entendre un son de ventilation électrique. Puis, j’ai vu qu’il y avait trois lumières clignotantes à chaque coin avec une petite lumière rouge au centre. »
« Je peux confirmer que c’est un OVNI Triangulaire de couleur noire. »
« Depuis que je l’ai repéré, je l’ai filmé plusieurs fois avec mon téléphone portable et je l’ai vu presque chaque nuit dès que le ciel est dégagé. »
Si cela est vrai, les affirmations de David pourraient avoir des répercussions cataclysmiques.
Hier encore, le président américain Donald Trump a rencontré le dirigeant nord-coréen Kim Jong-un lors d’un sommet inédit où ils ont affirmé que « le monde est sur le point de changer ».
Le terme « Black Triangle UFO » est le surnom donné à un engin supersonique baptisé TR-3B. Il est considéré comme étant le fruit d’un projet top secret conçu par l’United States Air Force et utilisé pendant la guerre du Golfe comme un avion espion.
Arborant un design d’aile volante, l’engin pourrait se déplacer à des vitesses supersoniques, en faisant un minimum de bruit.
Et ce n’est pas la première fois que ce genre d’OVNI est observé ou filmé.
Plus tôt ce mois-ci, des ufologues ont affirmé avoir filmé la preuve de l’existence d’une force spatiale secrète après qu’un objet similaire ait été découvert sur la lune.
An artist's impression of NASA's X-43A Hypersonic Experimental Vehicle aka 'Hyper-X
Organics On Ceres May Be More Abundant Than Originally Thought
Organics On Ceres May Be More Abundant Than Originally Thought
Press Release - Source: Brown University
Last year, scientists with NASA's Dawn mission announced the detection of organic material -- carbon-based compounds that are necessary components for life -- exposed in patches on the surface of the dwarf planet Ceres.
Organic Matter Just Found On Dwarf Planet Ceres! Could Alien Life Be Next?
Now, a new analysis of the Dawn data by Brown University researchers suggests those patches may contain a much higher abundance of organics than originally thought.
The findings, published recently in Geophysical Research Letters, raise intriguing questions about how those organics got to the surface of Ceres, and the methods used in the new study could also provide a template for interpreting data for future missions, the researchers say.
"What this paper shows is that you can get really different results depending upon the type of organic material you use to compare with and interpret the Ceres data," said Hannah Kaplan, a postdoctoral researcher at the Southwest Research Institute who led the research while completing her Ph.D. at Brown. "That's important not only for Ceres, but also for missions that will soon explore asteroids that may also contain organic material."
Organic molecules are the chemical building blocks for life. Their detection on Ceres doesn't mean life exists there or ever existed there; non-biological processes can give rise to organic molecules as well. But because life as we know it can't exist without organic material, scientists are interested in how it's distributed through the solar system. The presence of organic material on Ceres raises intriguing possibilities, particularly because the dwarf planet is also rich in water ice, and water is another necessary component for life.
The original discovery of organics on Ceres was made using the Visible and Infrared (VIR) Spectrometer on the Dawn spacecraft, which went into orbit around the dwarf planet in 2015. By analyzing the patterns in which sunlight interacts with the surface -- looking carefully at which wavelengths are reflected and which are absorbed -- scientists can get an idea of what compounds are present on Ceres. The VIR instrument picked up a signal consistent with organic molecules in the region of Ernutet Crater on Ceres' northern hemisphere.
To get an initial idea of how abundant those compounds might be, the original research team compared the VIR data from Ceres with laboratory reflectance spectra of organic material formed on Earth. Based on that standard, the researchers concluded that between six and 10 percent of the spectral signature they detected on Ceres could be explained by organic matter.
But for this new research, Kaplan and her colleagues wanted to re-examine those data using a different standard. Instead of relying on Earth rocks to interpret the data, the team turned to an extraterrestrial source: meteorites. Some meteorites -- chunks of carbonaceous chondrite that have fallen to Earth after being ejected from primitive asteroids -- have been shown to contain organic material that's slightly different from what's commonly found on our own planet. And Kaplan's work shows that the spectral reflectance of the extraterrestrial organics is distinct from that of terrestrial counterparts.
"What we find is that if we model the Ceres data using extraterrestrial organics, which may be a more appropriate analog than those found on Earth, then we need a lot more organic matter on Ceres to explain the strength of the spectral absorption that we see there," Kaplan said. "We estimate that as much as 40 to 50 percent of the spectral signal we see on Ceres is explained by organics. That's a huge difference compared to the six to 10 percent previously reported based on terrestrial organic compounds."
If the concentration of organics on Ceres is indeed that high, it raises a host of new questions about the source of that material. There are two competing possibilities for where Ceres' organics may have come from. They could have been produced internally on Ceres and then exposed on the surface, or they could have been delivered to the surface by an impact from an organic-rich comet or asteroid.
This new study suggests that if the organics were delivered, then the potential high concentrations of the organics would be more consistent with impact by a comet rather than an asteroid. Comets are known to have significantly higher internal abundances of organics compared with primitive asteroids, potentially similar to the 40 to 50 percent figure this study suggests for these locations on Ceres. However, the heat of an impact would likely destroy a substantial amount of a comet's organics, so whether or not such high abundances could even be explained by a cometary impact remains unclear, the researchers say.
The alternative explanation, that the organics formed directly on Ceres, raises questions too. The detection of organics has so far been limited to small patches on Ceres' northern hemisphere. Such high concentrations in such small areas require an explanation.
"If the organics are made on Ceres, then you likely still need a mechanism to concentrate it in these specific locations or at least to preserve it in these spots," said Ralph Milliken, an associate professor in Brown's Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences and a study co-author. "It's not clear what that mechanism might be. Ceres is clearly a fascinating object, and understanding the story and origin of organics in these spots and elsewhere on Ceres will likely require future missions that can analyze or return samples."
For now the researchers hope this study will be helpful in informing upcoming sample return missions to near-Earth asteroids that are also thought to host water-bearing minerals and organic compounds. The Japanese spacecraft Hayabusa2 is expected to arrive at the asteroid Ryugu in several weeks, and NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission is due to reach the asteroid Bennu in August. Kaplan is currently a science team member with the OSIRIS-REx mission.
"I think the work that went into this study, which included new laboratory measurements of important components of primitive meteorites, can provide a framework of how to better interpret data of asteroids and make links between spacecraft observations and samples in our meteorite collection," Kaplan said. "As a new member to the OSIRIS-REx team, I'm particularly interested in how this might apply to our mission."
UFO Disclosure is Here: The REAL Reason The CIA Needs Tom Delonge
UFO Disclosure is Here: The REAL Reason The CIA Needs Tom Delonge
WARNING: If you have a sensitive mind that shatters at the thought of changes in your belief system, do not continue.
High level officials within the CIA/NSA and the DOD have zeroed in on Tom Delonge and his company To The Stars Academy, a public benefit corporation. But why? Does Tom actually know classified information about the U.S. governments UFO programs? Do those programs actually exist? Is Tom’s new team of advisers being honest about their plan for a slow implantation of UFO disclosure?
There is an incredible amount of information circulating right on the Net about UFOs. It’s quite a change from eight years ago when UFOs were still looked at with skepticism. Disclosure, as it’s called in ufology, is here. The US government is just doing it sideways by getting the CIA to enroll DeLonge to give us the information that aliens are here. They have been here for a long time. Many of us have witnessed them. Many others , millions, claim to have been abducted by them.
Personally, I have seen those strange orbs of light in the night sky on at least three occasions over many years.It kind of modifies your mind somehow. We know we are not alone. Duh! Does anyone really believe that we are the only intelligent sentient species in the whole universe?
Governments do not want populations to panic, but the time is here, the cat is out of the bag. Might as well use a rock star to start the spread of the news. Clever.
Top UFO Researcher talks Tom DeLonge, Steven Greer and evil aliens
There have been hundreds of UFO sightings reported on Long Island over the past decade, and Suffolk County recently made a list of UFO hotspots around the country.
Cheryl Costa, one of the authors of UFO Sightings Desk Reference, is a retired aerospace security engineer and a military veteran. While she was going through the data for the book, she says she eliminated any ambiguous reports that could have been fighter jets or blimps or simply lights in the sky.
What she was left with were reports of flying cubes, floating lightbulb-like objects and other oddball shapes.
“We’ve been led to believe for the last 20 years, these things were always just an illusion, they were mistakes in identification, they’ve been declining. We set out to prove they were not declining. What we set out to prove is guys this thing is real, it’s happening, it’s happening a lot.”
UFO investigators research sightings from across the country, to separate the hoaxes from the potentially real reports.
Organizations like the National UFO Reporting Center and the Mutual UFO Network have hotlines, where people can call in UFO sightings to add to a growing database.
Peter Davenport, director of the National UFO Reporting Center, receives thousands of calls every year.
“Most hoaxes are fairly overt, and easily detected. There are several categories of reports we receive: sincere reports, hoaxes, frivolous reports, cases of mistaken identity.”
Long Island residents reported more than 800 UFO sightings between 2001 and 2015.
Areas with temperate weather and a lack of severe light pollution tend to have more reports.
Michael Shermer, editor-in-chief of Skeptic, a science magazine that explores pseudoscience and irrational beliefs, doesn’t doubt people are seeing things in the sky, but he doubts they’re UFOs.
“Wherever there is a lot of air traffic, you know that’s where you get these little clusters of UFO sightings because people are describing things that they do see in the air. ”
Volunteer organizations began collect their own data and start investigations after the government stopped researching UFOs in 1968. This was after the government had commissioned a report that said UFO research didn’t contribute to scientific knowledge.
In 1957 an unidentified object called Silpho was found, this strange and bizarre flying saucer is kept in a science museum. In 2018 a team of scientists wanted to analyze these strange remains to begin to see clearly on the issue, so it was discovered that the strange object is composed of pieces of copper where there are engraved hieroglyphics very similar to those found on the remains of the mystery of roswell in 1947.
Once the object was opened, 17 thin sheets of copper came to light and each of them contained hieroglyphs. Philip Longbottom has said that these hieroglyphics would be translated into a message containing 2000 words sent by an alien called “ullo“…. The message in summary was “improve or disappear“. The remains of the UFO were sent to the London science museum to be examined by experts.
To note that in 1963 “the unidentified object” that had a diameter of 45 centimeters and a weight of 15 kilograms was originally found by three men at Silpho Moor, near Scarborough in November 1957, from this it takes its name in “SILPHO“.
More theories about the Silpho “saucer”
After the remains of the unidentified object were sent to London to be analyzed, they were later examined by Gordon Claringbull, a scholar who specializes in extraterrestrial objects such as meteorites, Gordon says he did not find anything unusual in the samples studied so much of the skeptics “Obviously” confirmed that it was just a “flying saucer” built specifically to make news, in a nutshell a real joke.
Later other tests were carried out at the University of Manchester and it was revealed that the shell of the unidentified object contained lead and the copper parts were of a purity never before seen, having said that it was concluded that Silpho did not arrive from space because there was no evidence that the object had been exposed to high temperatures, this obviously occurs when an object comes into contact with the earth’s atmosphere.
The remains of this mysterious object have remained hidden for over 60 years, maybe a future we could understand if it is a hoax or a real message came from an alien civilization.. who knows…
5 famous UFO & alien sightings caught by NASA on the moon
5 famous UFO & alien sightings caught by NASA on the moon
From 1969 48 years have passed almost half a century ago, we had the audacity to embark on missions that led us out of our world, precisely because it has passed so long since the first missions, many have begun to doubt the truthfulness of these journeys Moons, others believe that NASA has continued its lunar missions but secretly, revealing to no one the discoveries made, ufo & alien sightings nowadays still a mystery.
N5. CLEMENTINE PROBE
1994 NASA launchesthe Clementine probe into space to map the lunar surface. One of the images released to the public depicts a part of the dark side of the moon, but they did not matter to a strange detail. In the picture you could notice a strange V formation seems to be made up of two files that look like they are composed of 7 lights, something too symmetrical to be a natural formation, the strange structure seems to measure 150 meters x 150 and is localized In the center of a crater, oddly convenient and profound to shelter from radiation. NASA immediately stated that it was only a digital anomaly, but in many people it was hypothesized that it could be a landing platform or an entry for a lunar base, the idea of a lunar base is not to be considered impossible As already in 1959 NASA was working on this possibility under the name code of “project horizon“.
N4. THE ALIEN SHADOW
UFO & alien sightings never stops, when Google released lunar navigation, some users were shocked when they noticed a strange figure wandering on the surface, in the shape of the long shadow it would be said to be a humanoid, many have hypothesized that it could be an alien, or else a researcher Of the lunar base, after other analyzes it was determined that the creature would have to be 45 feet tall to create such a shadow, according to NASA instead it would only be a problem with the satellite camera.
N3. APOLLO 16
During the landing on the lunar surface in April 1972, astronauts from Apollo 16 filmed a strange object from their command module, this strange object appeared on the moon and remained visible for about 4 seconds, the astronauts described the object as a Plate species with a dome on it, extremely similar to the various sightings that will take place in the future, only in 2004 NASA tried to explain that it could only be a reflection of strange light, but in very few are convinced.
N2. ANOTHER SIGHTINGS IN APOLLO MISSIONS
The sightings of flying objects were not the only mysterious things to be resumed aboard the apollo missions, one of the most intriguing photos showing a powerful electric beam or some sort of electric discharge appearing on the dark side of the moon, some scholars have hypothesized Being proof that there are alien or human bases hidden beneath the surface, NASA has defended itself by saying that it was a camera anomaly.
N1. KAMIKAZE MISSION ON THE MOON 9 OCTOBER 2009
Few know that NASA conducted a missile attack on the moon, launched a missile to bomb it, a missile with heavy explosive power over 2.2 tons, headed toward the Cabeus crater in the southern moon pole, according to NASA’s version Official was to crash against the moon to collect data at the base of scientific studies, but according to some external observers in the Cabeus crater there was no explosion.
However, a strange picture of a NASA engineer has revealed that the missile was not directed at the Cabeus crater and was probably directed against a construction. Below we can see a large structure protruding from the lunar surface into the center of the image. NASA wanted to destroy part of their lunar base? An out-of-control experiment? Or simply an attempt to hide their presence on the moon.
These are just 5 of the episodes that could depict alien or human activity on the moon we are not yet aware of or could simply be a problem with the cameras as NASA says.
Do you believe on UFO & alien sightings? If you liked my article, you can comment and share it, write your own opinion! Thank you!
The arguments over what the perfect human body should look like have probably been going on since Adam and Eve noticed they were naked (for creationists) or since the first human ancestor realized that monster in the lake was actually a reflection (for evolutionists). Regardless of your belief, you most likely would describe the perfect human body as one that looks close to yours – minus a few pounds and plus a few muscles … unless you’re an anatomist, osteoarchaeologist, physical anthropologist and palaeopathologist who is obviously not happy with her swimsuit shape. That person thinks the ideal human body looks like an extraterrestrial … complete with pointed ears, emu legs and a baby’s head emerging from her navel. Really!
We’re not supposed to look like this?
Alice Roberts is, in addition to all of those other jobs, a professor of public engagement in science at the University of Birmingham and the star of a recent BBC4 documentary called Can Science Make Me Perfect? If “perfect” is the star of a sci-fi movie, then Roberts accomplished her goal. She put together a team that included virtual sculptor Scott Eaton and SFX model maker Sangeet Prabhaker and generously donated her already fine body as the model to be made perfect.
Roberts and her team obviously took into account many of the imperfections all human bodies share – a spine designed for moving on four limbs, not two; a pelvis no longer wide enough for easy childbirth; feet with far too many bones for easy walking; skin that’s not made for all seasons; eyes and ear that don’t last until the warranty runs out on the rest of the body; and so on. The team looked at ways to improve on these problems by observing animals who are perfect in each of those areas and built a Roberts 2.0 with those features.
Close, but not the winner
Roberts didn’t see her new “perfect” self until it was unveiled at the London Science Museum for the show and, while said that “I screamed when I saw the final 3D model of my creation,” she tried her best to put a positive spin on a face that looked a little like hers on top of a body that would have caused even Darwin to say, “Whoa!”
“Inspired by dogs, cats, cephalopods, fish, swans and chimps, my model has a better heart with more arteries than a human being, lungs that are more efficient, eyes with no blindspots, ears that pick up sound better, legs that are more efficient, and reptilian skin which reacts fast to block damaging ultraviolet rays.”
(Front and back pictures here. Closeup next to the real Alice here.)
The pointy ears came from a bat and the giant three-toed emu legs are built for speed, not looks, but the thing that drags one’s eyes away from any sexy parts that were left (there weren’t) is the kangaroo pouch in her belly with a baby’s head poking out. Again, her public engagement side kicked in and Roberts tried to make it sound like a benefit.
“On reflection, I don’t like the look of the bird-like legs. But having given birth to two children, I’m a big fan of having the kangaroo’s pouch.”
Works for me
On reflection, it’s a pretty scary reflection. Is this the way humans should look? Will we eventually evolve to this form … or are plastic surgeons and tattoo artists already transforming people (with a lot of money to spend) into it?
Sorry, Alice. Put that photo on a dating site and the only guys who will respond are Ridley Scott and James Cameron.
It’s curious: UFOs and aliens seem to elude being conclusively proved, yet they have an odd habit of announcing their presence in grand displays of lights and sounds. That’s the same type of display that one Alabama man says he filmed last week. During a violent yet seemingly rain-less thunderstorm, a man driving down a road in Gulf Shores, Alabama captured what he says is “one of the wildest things he’s ever seen.” Purportedly filmed at night, the video shows a strange, pure blue light between two thunder cloud ringed with flashing purple and orange lightning, while a dark, vaguely triangular UFO hovers nearby before disappearing.
The video was uploaded by YouTube user MrMBB333, who says that the video, filmed on June 8, was sent to him by a man named Nicholas. MrMB333 is quick to call the wild looking sight a “portal looking thing” and says hes’s never seen anything like it. It’s definitely thing to behold. The colors are vibrant and changing, alternating between orange and purple, the hole of blue light stands out against the dark sky and streets.
The UFO is less impressive. It’s a dark spot that hovers and doesn’t move. It’s not a spot on the windshield, as it is still there after Nicholas pulls his truck over and exits to get a better view. When he moves the camera to film a different part of the sky and brings it back to the “portal” the UFO is gone. Cue the music.
Small, dark clouds are common during thunderstorms.
So what’s going on here? What is this “portal,” and what is this UFO? Well, the UFO may just be a spot of dark clouds. When you have thunderstorms you get layers of clouds that contrast each other. In the video you can clearly see other small dark clouds in different parts of the sky, though admittedly there are none that stand out quite as much and it is kind of strange that the the object does disappear so fast when there isn’t any motion previously seen in the video. Why can’t aliens just throw us a bone from time to time and do a cool barrel roll or other flight trick?
Now, about that portal. Is it possible that it’s just the sky? I mean, of all the colors one can see in the sky, “sky-blue” is definitely the least concerning. According to MrMB333, the video was filmed just after dark, and you can see that the scene is entirely dark and the street lights are on—it looks like night time. Here’s the rub though (there’s always a rub, isn’t there?), the video mentions that Nicholas was driving west. For those of you keeping score at home, that’s the cardinal direction in which the sun sets.
The western sky is the last direction to lose its blue color. Yes, it is a bright blue, brighter than you would expect to see even at dusk, let alone after dark. Again, it’s probably a matter of contrast. Against dark clouds, a dim blue sky would look brighter than it would normally. Also, Nicholas is using a cell phone camera. When a cell phone is filming at night in automatic mode, it adjusts either its aperture or ISO to let in more light. Because the camera is calibrated for the average light level of the shot, the residual light between the storm clouds from the recently set sun would appear brighter than normal.
The street lights are on, yet the sky is blue. Pretty spooky, if you ask me.
Of course, I can’t say for sure that it’s not a portal. The truth is that no matter what this video shows, it is incredibly cool looking. If it takes a belief that this is an alien portal to keep people filming these wild light shows in the sky, then so be it. I’d rather have seen this video than not.
Daytime UFO caught on tape over Scottsdale, Arizona 12-Jun-2018
Daytime UFO caught on tape over Scottsdale, Arizona 12-Jun-2018
Bright UFO flying over Scottsdale a few days ago.
Witness report:
Observed bright object descend then hover. Object moved and stopped several times before speeding off to the north. Near air force base so planes are common. None of the jets observed looked like a glowing ball as this object did. Video attached.
From recently declassified government footage of UFO sightings to real video captured by US military aircraft, we take a look at 8 declassified UFO sightings with real footage.
Nieuwe aanwijzing dat er veel meer water op de maan is dan gedacht
Nieuwe aanwijzing dat er veel meer water op de maan is dan gedacht
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Goed nieuws voor toekomstige maankolonisten!
Japanse onderzoekers hebben in een van de maan afkomstige meteoriet het mineraal moganiet ontdekt. Het is een belangrijke ontdekking; het mineraal kan namelijk alleen ontstaan in de aanwezigheid van water.
Lagere breedtes We weten al een tijdje dat de maan water of in ieder geval ijs herbergt. Dat water bevindt zich echter nabij de polen, op plekken waar zonlicht er niet bij kan komen (in kraters, bijvoorbeeld). De meteoriet die Japanse onderzoekers nu onder de loep hebben genomen, komt echter niet uit het poolgebied. En suggereert dus dat er ook op lagere breedtes water te vinden is op de maan.
Inslagen Dat water zou daar zijn beland door toedoen van een inslag: een water bevattend hemellichaam sloeg waarschijnlijk op de maan in. Daarbij verdampte een deel van het water. Maar het overgebleven water sijpelde de maanbodem in, waar het uiteindelijk het mineraal moganiet vormde. Een tweede inslag zorgde er vervolgens voor stukjes van het maanoppervlak – met daarin het moganiet – wegvlogen. En één van die stukjes is de meteoriet die de onderzoekers onder de loep hebben genomen.
Waterijskristallen De onderzoekers sluiten uit dat het moganiet in de maanmeteoriet ontstaan is nadat deze op aarde is geland. Als dat het geval zou zijn, zou je immers verwachten dat je het mineraal in alle maanmeteorieten die op aarde zijn beland, aantreft. En dat is niet het geval. De onderzoekers gaan er dan ook vanuit dat het mineraal op de maan – in aanwezigheid van water – is ontstaan.
Voor nu denken de onderzoekers dan ook dat er op lagere breedtes, onder het maanoppervlak waterijskristallen te vinden zijn. Het is goed nieuws voor mensen die dromen van langdurige bemande missies naar de maan, omdat het water net onder het oppervlak wellicht gemakkelijker te verzamelen is dan dat in donkere hoekjes nabij de polen.
Astronomen zien hoe zwart gat een ster in stukken scheurt
Astronomen zien hoe zwart gat een ster in stukken scheurt
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Een primeur!
Het gebeurde allemaal op bijna 150 miljoen lichtjaar van de aarde. Daar vinden we twee botsende sterrenstelsels die samen aangeduid worden als Arp 299. In het hart van één van deze sterrenstelsels bevindt zich een zwart gat dat 20 miljoen keer zwaarder is dan de zon. En dat zwarte gat heeft een ster verscheurd die iets meer dan twee keer zwaarder is dan onze zon. Het leidde tot het ontstaan van een snel groeiende en snel bewegende straalstroom (zie kader). En die hebben onderzoekers gespot. “Nog niet eerder zijn we in staat geweest om de vorming en evolutie van een straalstroom die uit zo’n gebeurtenis voorkwam, direct waar te nemen,” vertelt onderzoeker Miguel Perez-Torres.
Straalstroom Een zwart gat heeft een enorme aantrekkingskracht. Wanneer materie – zoals een ster – te dicht bij het zwarte gat in de buurt komt, kan het dan ook niet aan de zwaartekracht van het zwarte gat ontsnappen. Het zwarte gat trekt het materiaal naar zich toe, waarna het een roterende schijf rond het zwarte gat vormt. Die schijf brengt intense röntgenstraling voort, maar genereert ook uit materie opgebouwde straalstromen die met hoge snelheden wegschieten.
Hoe het begon De onderzoekers kwamen de heftige gebeurtenis in 2005 op het spoor. Met behulp van de William Herschel Telescoop op de Canarische Eilanden ontdekten ze een heldere puls infrarood straling die afkomstig was van de kern van één van de Arp 299-stelsels. En een half jaar later spotten onderzoekers weer net iets andere straling, afkomstig van dezelfde plek. “Terwijl de tijd voortschreed, bleef het nieuwe object helder op infrarode- en radiogolflengten, maar niet in zichtbaar licht en röntgenstraling,” legt onderzoeker Seppo Mattila uit. “De meest waarschijnlijke verklaring daarvoor is dat dik interstellair gas en stof nabij het centrum van het sterrenstelsel de röntgenstraling en het zichtbare licht absorbeerde en weer uitzond als infrarode straling.”
Een artistieke impressie van het zwarte gat in Arp 299. Te zien is hoe het zwarte gat een ster verscheurt en materiaal van de ster in een schijf om zich heen trekt, waarna een straalstroom ontstaat. Afbeelding:
Straalstroom De onderzoekers bleven de stralingsbron gedurende maar liefst tien jaar observeren. In eerste instantie dachten ze nog een supernova op het spoor te zijn. Maar door de jaren heen werd de voor een actief zwart gat zo kenmerkende straalstroom steeds duidelijker.
Bijzonder In feite namen onderzoekers de gevolgen van een door een zwart gat veroorzaakte stellaire dood (ook wel een Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) genoemd) waar. Het is best bijzonder. “Het grootste deel van de tijd zijn supermassieve zwarte gaten niet actief aan het eten, oftewel stil,” vertelt Perez-Torres. “Tidal disruption events bieden ons een unieke mogelijkheid om ons begrip van de vorming en evolutie van straalstromen in de nabijheid van deze krachtige objecten te vergroten.”
De onderzoekers hebben goede hoop dat ze in de nabije toekomst nog veel meer van dit soort dingen gaan zien én herkennen. “Door het stof dat al het zichtbare licht absorbeerde kan dit Tidal Disruption Event wel eens het topje van de ijsberg zijn van een – tot voor kort – verborgen populatie,” denkt Mattila. “Door naar deze gebeurtenissen te kijken met infrarood- en radiotelescopen zijn we wellicht in staat om er veel meer te ontdekken en daar ook van te leren.”
Astronauten zorgden ervoor dat de maan in de jaren zeventig opwarmde
Astronauten zorgden ervoor dat de maan in de jaren zeventig opwarmde
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Het gaat om een lokale opwarming van zo’n 1 tot 2 graden Celsius.
Het was jarenlang een raadsel: waarom steeg de temperatuur aan het oppervlak van de maan in december 1974 plotseling? Onderzoekers konden het maar niet verklaren. Tot nu. In het blad Journal of Geophysical Research Planets schrijven onderzoekers dat mensen de boosdoeners zijn.
Apollo 15 en 17 De temperatuurverandering werd voor het eerst opgemerkt in de jaren zeventig. Tijdens de Apollo 15- en 17-missies werd er apparatuur op de maan gezet die de temperatuur aan en net onder het oppervlak monitorde. Die apparatuur mat de temperatuur tussen 1971 en 1977. En toen wetenschappers zich over de data bogen, ontdekten ze dat de oppervlaktetemperatuur in december 1974 geleidelijk toenam. Maar de onderzoekers konden dat niet goed verklaren. Ze werden daarin namelijk gehinderd door het feit dat een groot deel van de de data die tijdens het zogenoemde Apollo Heat Flow Experiment (HFE) verzameld was, niet netjes was gearchiveerd en dus niet bestudeerd kon worden. De onderzoekers moesten het in die tijd dan ook doen met de data die in de eerste jaren (tot december 1974) van het experiment verzameld waren. En daarmee konden ze weinig.
Tijdens de Apollo 15-, 16- en 17-missies werd er niet alleen op de maan gewandeld, maar ook gereden, in een speciaal ontwikkelde maanrover.
Afbeelding: NASA / David Scott.
Verloren data Genoeg reden voor de Amerikaanse onderzoeker Seiichi Nagihara en collega’s om op jacht te gaan naar die verloren gewaande data. En met succes. Zo bleek NASA nog wat data uit 1975 op de plank te hebben liggen en bleek het Lunar and Planetary Institute nog te beschikken over logbestanden met daarin de metingen die tussen 1973 en 1977 waren gedaan.
Donkere sporen Een analyse van de gegevens gaf meer inzicht in de oorzaken van de temperatuurverandering. Zo ontdekten de onderzoekers dat de opwarming tot in 1977 duurde. En ze stelden vast dat de opwarming het grootst was aan het oppervlak en afnam naarmate men dieper onder het oppervlak keek. Dat laatste wees erop dat de bron van de opwarming zich aan het oppervlak bevond. In een poging die bron op te sporen, pakten de onderzoekers er beelden van het maanoppervlak bij die gemaakt waren door de Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. Op die beelden vielen direct de donkere sporen op die astronauten nabij de Apollo-landingsplaatsen hadden achtergelaten. En die donkere sporen zijn waarschijnlijk de oorzaak van de opwarming, aldus de onderzoekers.
Absorptie Terwijl de astronomen aan het eind van de jaren zestig en begin van de jaren zeventig over de maan liepen, schopten ze het stof weg, waardoor het onderliggende, donkerdere regoliet bloot kwam te leggen. En dat donkere materiaal absorbeert meer zonlicht dan het lichtere stof. “Wij suggereren dat de zonnewarmte die het regoliet opnam door de activiteiten van de astronauten iets steeg en dat dat resulteerde in de waargenomen opwarming,” zo schrijven de onderzoekers.
Het onderzoek heeft ook implicaties voor toekomstig onderzoek op de maan. Zo weten we nu dat je niet de meest betrouwbare warmtemetingen op de maan krijgt als je rond je instrumenten gaat lopen stampen.
Zo angstaanjagend donker is de hemel boven Marsrover Opportunity nu
Zo angstaanjagend donker is de hemel boven Marsrover Opportunity nu
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Zelfs overdag is het – door een gigantische stofstorm op de rode planeet – heel donker.
NASA heeft een serie afbeeldingen vrijgegeven die onthult hoe het uitzicht van Marsrover Opportunity de afgelopen weken rap is verslechterd. Het zijn simulaties – de foto’s zijn dus niet echt door Opportunity gemaakt – maar ze laten wel goed zien hoe intens deze stofstorm is en waarom Opportunity er op dit moment niet in slaagt om zonne-energie op te wekken..
Helemaal links zie je wat Opportunity een paar weken geleden zag als deze omhoog keek. De heldere vlek is natuurlijk onze zon: de energieleverancier van Opportunity. Helemaal rechts zie je dat de rover nu ziet als deze – overdag(!) – omhoog kijkt.
Afbeelding: NASA / JPL-Caltech / TAMU.
Donker Zelfs overdag is het donker in de Perseverance Valley waar Opportunity zich momenteel bevindt. Het is te wijten aan een gigantische stofstorm die op dit moment ongeveer een kwart van de rode planeet, oftewel een oppervlak van zo’n 35 miljoen vierkante kilometer beslaat. En in het hart van die – nog steeds groeiende – storm bevindt zich Opportunity. Er is al een paar dagen geen contact mogelijk; de rover moet zuinig met zijn acculadingen omgaan om te voorkomen dat hij doodvriest.
Goed voor de wetenschap Natuurlijk maakt NASA zich zorgen over de al 15 jaar oude Marsrover. Maar tegelijkertijd zijn astronomen stiekem dolblij met deze stofstorm, zo blijkt uit een persconferentie die NASA gisterenavond op poten zette. “Dit is de ideale storm,” vindt onderzoeker Jim Watzin. “We hebben een historisch aantal ruimtevaartuigen dat actief is op de rode planeet. En elk ruimtevaartuig geeft weer een uniek inkijkje in hoe stofstormen ontstaan en zich gedragen: kennis die van essentieel belang is voor toekomstige robotische en bemande missies.” Onderzoeker Rich Zurek is het daar helemaal mee eens. “Elke observatie van deze grote stormen brengt ons dichter bij het modelleren ervan en misschien zullen we op een dag zelfs in staat zijn om ze te voorspellen.”
Wat gaat ‘ie doen? Zover zijn we nu zeker nog niet. Onderzoekers durven in dit stadium zelfs nog niet te voorspellen wat de stofstorm die we nu op Mars zien, gaat doen. Zal de storm stoppen met groeien en vervolgens beginnen te krimpen? Of groeit deze nog even door en beslaat deze uiteindelijk bijna het complete oppervlak van Mars? Niemand die het weet. Eerder hebben we flinke stofstormen gezien die na enkele weken de geest gaven. Anderen bleven maandenlang hangen. Het laatste scenario zou vanzelfsprekend heel slecht nieuws zijn voor Opportunity.
Hier zie je hoe de stofwolk tussen 31 mei en 11 juni gegroeid is.
Afbeelding: NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS.
Curiosity Beelden van de groeiende stofstorm (zie hierboven) laten zien dat deze ook steeds dichter in de buurt komt van Marsrover Curiosity. En inderdaad: het uitzicht van deze rover is de laatste dagen ook wel wat verslechterd (zie de foto’s hieronder). Maar Curiosity loopt niet dezelfde risico’s als Opportunity; de rover is namelijk uitgerust met een nucleaire batterij.
Marsrover Curiosity bevindt zich in de Gale-krater en fotografeerde de rand van de krater op 7 juni (links) en 10 juni (rechts).
Afbeelding: NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS.
Natuurlijk blijft NASA de situatie op Mars goed monitoren. Niet alleen omwille van Opportunity, maar ook zeker omwille van de wetenschap.
TURN, TURN, TURN Curiosity took this selfie on Mars in February. The rover has found what appears to be a seasonal cycle of methane in the Martian atmosphere and more signs of organic molecules in the soil.
JPL-CALTECH/NASA, MSSS
To Martian methane, there is a season.
NASA’s Curiosity rover has found evidence that methane in Mars’ thin atmosphere varies during the year. Higher concentrations appear in late summer and early autumn in the northern hemisphere and lower concentrations in the winter and spring, researchers report in the June 8 Science.
Curiosity Rover Finds Organic Matter And Methane On Mars
What’s more, Curiosity also spotted organic molecules previously unseen on Mars preserved in mudstone, some of the same researchers report in another study in the same issue of Science. Although neither methane nor organics alone are signs of life, the implications for astrobiology are “potentially huge,” says planetary scientist Michael Mumma of NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md., who was not involved in the studies.
In 2004, Mumma and colleagues reported the first observation of huge plumes of methane spewing into Mars’ atmosphere (SN: 2/14/09, p. 10). These plumes, detected with Earth-based telescopes, had methane concentrations as high as 45 parts per billion.
That finding was exciting, because methane doesn’t last long in the Martian atmosphere before ultraviolet radiation from the sun destroys it. Something must have been creating or releasing the gas as astronomers watched. On Earth, most methane is produced by living creatures, so the plumes raised hopes that Mars supports life.
When Curiosity landed on the Red Planet in 2012, however, the rover initially found no methane to speak of (SN: 10/19/13, p. 7). “A lot of people were disappointed and upset,” says Christopher Webster, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif., and a coauthor of the new methane study. But in 2014, after more searching, the Curiosity team found traces of methane, though much less than what was expected based on the earlier results (SN: 1/10/15, p. 11).
Now after two full Martian years (five Earth years) of observing, the team reports that the annual average concentration of methane in Mars’ atmosphere is 0.41 ppb. But methane levels seem to rise and fall with the seasons, ranging from 0.24 ppb in winter to 0.65 ppb in summer. The researchers also saw relatively large methane spikes, up to about 7 ppb, at apparently random intervals.
Up and down
Methane levels in Mars’ atmosphere seem to peak in summer and autumn and slump in winter and spring, measurements from the Curiosity rover suggest. Scientists suspect the gas seeps out of the Martian surface periodically from an underground reservoir, and may be taken up again at times, too.
JPL-CALTECH/NASA
Slow seepage from an underground reservoir could explain both the seasonal cycle and the spikes, Webster says. Surface rocks could mostly hold on to the methane in winter and release it when warmed by the summer sun. Occasionally, something in the rocks could break loose, releasing larger spurts. Similar scenarios are found on Earth.
Scientists can’t say what produced the stored methane in the first place. “The existence and behavior of methane on Mars remains puzzling,” Webster says. “While we think it likely that it’s produced abiologically [by a geologic process], we cannot rule out the possibility of a biological or microbial source.”
Though lower, the concentrations of methane in the spikes that Curiosity sees are still consistent with the huge plumes seen from Earth, Mumma says, if Curiosity is located at the edge of a plume. But he’s not sure if a seasonal cycle is the only explanation for the data. A flat, constant methane level could fit within the errors of the measurements, too, he argues.
Webster disagrees. "Even to the untrained eye," he says of the results, "there is a clear, repeatable rise in the summertime…. The seasonal cycle is real.”
In the other new paper, astrobiologist Jennifer Eigenbrode of NASA Goddard and colleagues analyzed samples collected from 3.5-billion-year-old mudstone that was once part of an ancient lake and found chemical evidence that plenty of organic molecules had been preserved in the lake bed.
In 2014, Curiosity had detected organic molecules in rocks from one location in Gale crater. The new finding, from samples drilled at the base of a mountain in the crater’s center, shows signs of larger and more complex organic molecules than had been seen before, including some that are similar to coal and black shale found on Earth.
“There were a lot of people who didn’t think we were going to find organic matter using the drill on the Curiosity rover, because it only goes down five centimeters,” Eigenbrode says. The Martian surface is bombarded with radiation that can break up organic molecules. The fact that organics survive on the surface means digging deeper may yield even more.
The European Space Agency’s ExoMars rover, slated to launch in 2020, will drill two meters into the surface. “This opens up the prospect that [the rover] might find better preserved organic material, and maybe find biosignatures” of life, Eigenbrode says.
Curiosity isn’t done drilling yet, though. The rover’s drill broke in 2016. But engineers successfully hacked the drill, which dug out a sample on May 20.
NASA's Rover Found Atmospheric Methane At Low Altitudes
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Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
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