Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 10 MONTHS.
ON 06/04/2024 MORE THAN 1.951.050
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
30-07-2018
Hubble maakt prachtige foto van stoffig Mars
Hubble maakt prachtige foto van stoffig Mars
Vivian Lammerse
En de oude ruimtelescoop levert ook een familieportret af van Saturnus en zijn manen.
In de afgelopen maanden waren de planeten Mars en Saturnus beiden in oppositie met de aarde – Saturnus op 27 juni en mars op 27 juli. Tijdens deze gebeurtenis zijn de planeten relatief dichtbij de aarde, waardoor astronomen ze in detail kunnen observeren. Hubble maakte goed gebruik van deze situatie en legde beide planeten prachtig vast.
Een oppositie vindt plaats wanneer de zon, de aarde en een buitenplaneet in één rij staan, met de aarde precies tussen de zon en de planeet in. Tijdens deze gebeurtenis wordt de planeet – vanaf de aarde gezien – volledig verlicht door de zon. Dit markeert tegelijkertijd het moment dat de planeet het dichtste bij de aarde staat.
Mars Op 18 juli schoot Hubble een prachtig portret van planeet Mars, dertien dagen voordat Mars de aarde het dichtste naderde. Dit jaar zal de rode planeet op slechts 57,6 miljoen kilometer van de aarde vandaan langskomen. Dit is de dichtste benadering sinds 2003, toen Mars dichterbij ons in de buurt kwam in bijna 60.000 jaar tijd.
Zandstorm Hoewel andere foto’s van Mars vaak gedetailleerde oppervlaktekenmerken laten zien, wordt dit nieuwe beeld vooral gedomineerd door de enorme zandstorm die al enige tijd op de planeet woedt. Wel zijn nog steeds de witte poolkappen, Terra Meridiani, de Schiaperelli-krater en de Hellas-bekken zichtbaar, al zijn ook deze enigszins vervaagd door het stof.
Deze afbeelding laat de delen op de rode planeet zien die ondanks de hevige zandstorm zichtbaar waren.
Afbeelding: NASA, ESA, and STScI
Saturnus Ook nam Hubble een paar prachtige kiekjes van de planeet Saturnus. Op het moment van de foto was Saturnus zo’n 1,4 miljard kilometer van de aarde verwijderd. De afbeeldingen laten het prachtige ringsysteem van de planeet goed uitkomen. Hoewel alle gasreuzen ringen hebben, is die van Saturnus toch wel het grootst en spectaculairst. Deze strekt zich uit tot wel acht keer de straal van de planeet.
Manen Tijdens de observatie van de planeet slaagde Hubble er ook in om op beeld zes van Saturnus manen vast te leggen, als een heus familieportret. Tot nu toe zijn er 62 manen van de planeet bekend. De manen die Hubble heeft weten vast te leggen zijn Dione, Enceladus, Tethys, Janus, Epimetheus, en Mimas. Wetenschappers speculeren dat een soortgelijke maan zo’n 200 miljoen jaar geleden uiteenviel en het ringsysteem om Saturnus vormde.
Je vraagt je misschien af wat er eigenlijk gedaan wordt met alle foto’s die om de haverklap worden gemaakt? Astronomen vergelijken de nieuwe beelden van Mars en Saturnus met oudere gegevens. Hierdoor kunnen ze onderzoeken hoe wolkenpatronen en grootschalige structuren op andere planeten in ons zonnestelsel in de loop van de tijd veranderen.
Japanse ruimtesonde Hayabusa2 maakt prachtige close-upfoto van planetoïde
Japanse ruimtesonde Hayabusa2 maakt prachtige close-upfoto van planetoïde
Vivian Lammerse
Het kiekje is van slechts zes kilometer(!) afstand genomen.
De Japanse ruimtesonde Hayabusa2 heeft een prachtig plaatje geschoten van planetoïde Ryugu. De ruimtesonde zweefde in eerste instantie zo’n 20 kilometer boven het oppervlak van de planetoïde. Uiteindelijk legde hij Ryugu op beeld vast op slechts zes kilometer afstand.
De planetoïde Ryugu vanaf een hoogte van 6 kilometer. 1 pixel komt overeen met ongeveer 60 cm.
Afbeelding: JAXA, University of Tokyo, Kochi University, Rikkyo University, Nagoya University, Chiba Institute of Technology, Meiji University, University of Aizu, AIST
Resolutie De resolutie van de foto is waanzinnig, zo is deze 3,4 keer zo hoog als de beelden die tot nu toe van de planetoïde zijn gemaakt. De grootste krater op het oppervlak van Ryugu bevindt zich ongeveer in het midden van de foto. Daarnaast is goed te zien dat de planetoïde bedekt is met een groot aantal rotspartijen.
Ryugu Ruimtesonde Hayabusa2 reisde zo’n 3,2 miljard kilometer om de planetoïde Ryugu te ontmoeten. Na 1300 dagen was het moment aldaar en zeiden ze op 27 juni gedag op zo’n 280 miljoen kilometer afstand van de aarde. Tot nu toe stelt Ryugu allesbehalve teleur. Zo heeft de planetoïde de vorm van een tol, beschikt over meerdere kraters en heeft een soort gebergte op de evenaar.
Landing De onderzoekers zijn van plan om in augustus de afstand nog meer te verkleinen en is het de bedoeling dat de ruimtesonde op ongeveer een kilometer afstand een aantal zwaartekrachtsmetingen gaat doen. Als er genoeg informatie over de planetoïde verzameld is, kiezen de onderzoekers vervolgens de meest geschikte landingsplek voor Hayabusa2. De nieuw gemaakte foto geeft op dit moment al belangrijke informatie over enkele mogelijkheden.
Maar het wordt allemaal nog bonter! Want uiteindelijk is het de bedoeling dat de ruimtesonde Ryugu gaat bombarderen. Zo willen de onderzoekers in 2019 een object op de planetoïde gooien om een krater te generen. Het is de taak van de ruimtesonde om vervolgens wat materiaal uit deze krater te halen en aan boord op te slaan. Als de ruimtesonde vervolgens een jaar later heelhuids terug is gekeerd op aarde, wordt dit materiaal aan een grondige inspectie onderworpen.
There's still no life on the moon, but there's a lake on Mars, stolen electrons, and a supermassive way to confirm Einstein's theory of general relativity — it's Space.com's best news stories of the week.
Photo Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser
1. Monster confirms relativity
For the first time ever, scientists have confirmed Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity with the movement of a star near the monster black hole at the Milky Way's core.
Photo Credit: Dan Gallagher/NASA/MAVEN/Goddard Space Flight Center
3. Stolen electrons
A new type of aurora has been observed on Mars. Researchers think that it may be caused by streams of particles from the solar wind "stealing" electrons.
Photo Credit: ESA, INAF. Graphic rendering by Davide Coero Borga, Media INAF
4. A lake … on Mars
Scientists have discovered what they believe is a lake on Mars. They think that it's about 12 miles across and hidden below a thick sheet of ice on Mars' south pole.
Friday, July 27, Mars will be reach opposition, meaning it will pass directly between Earth and the sun. Also at this time will be the longest lunar eclipse of this century. This weekend will have spectacular Mars views leading to its closest approach to Earth on Tuesday, July 31.
According to a new study, the edge of space got about 12 miles closer to Earth. Nothing moved, but the boundary between airspace and orbital space might be closer than we previously thought.
A collaborative team has taken the audio tapes from NASA's Apollo 11 mission and digitized and transcribed them. The 19,000 hours of audio are now readily and publicly available.
HOW CAN YOU TELL IF THAT ET STORY IS REAL? SCIENTISTS REVISE THE RIO SCALE FOR ALIEN ENCOUNTERS
HOW CAN YOU TELL IF THAT ET STORY IS REAL? SCIENTISTS REVISE THE RIO SCALE FOR ALIEN ENCOUNTERS
A team of international researchers, led by scientists from the University of St Andrews and the SETI Institute in Mountain View, California, redefines alien detection scale.
What are the consequences for the human race if we encountered extraterrestrial intelligence? If you see a story about aliens on TV or online, how excited should you be? A new study, published in the International Journal of Astrobiology, revamps a long-used tool for classifying potential signals from extraterrestrial intelligence, making it fit for the modern world of news and social media.
First developed in 2001, the Rio Scale is a tool used by astronomers searching for extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI) to help communicate to the public ‘how excited’ they should be about what has been observed. The Scale measures the consequences for humans if the signal is from aliens, as well as the probability that the signal really is from aliens, and not a natural phenomenon or human-made. The scale gives a score between zero and ten, so that the public can quickly see how important a signal really is.
“The whole world knows about the Richter Scale for quantifying the severity of an earthquake; that number is reported immediately following a quake and subsequently refined as more data are consolidated,” said Jill Tarter, co-founder of the SETI Institute. “The SETI community is attempting to create a scale that can accompany reports of any claims of the detection of extraterrestrial intelligence and be refined over time as more data become available. This scale should convey both the significance and credibility of the claimed detection. Rio 2.0 is an attempt to update the scale to make it more useful and compatible with current modes of information dissemination, as well as providing means for the public to become familiar with the scale.”
There have been many dubious signals reported as ‘aliens’ in recent years, and learning the truth about these stories is increasingly difficult. As such, an updated Rio Scale is required.
The new study, led by Dr. Duncan Forgan at the University’s Centre for Exoplanet Science, highlights the changing nature of news media, the growth of 24-hour news and the new landscape of social media. Coupled with an increase in efforts to detect ETI by teams around the world, the Rio Scale is needed more than ever, and it must remain relevant when communicating to the public about ‘alien signals’.
The international team of researchers’ revision of the Rio Scale (Rio 2.0) aims to bring consensus across academic disciplines, when classifying signals potentially indicating the existence of advanced extraterrestrial life. Rio 2.0 can quickly calibrate the public expectations of a reported signal, and educate them as to how SETI scientists actually evaluate a signal, from its initial detection through the various verification stages needed to determine if a signal is credibly from ETI.
Key to the research is also the development of a single set of consistent terminology for discussing signals, both among researchers and in the media.
The team has published an online Rio Scale Calculator, an interactive tool for scientists and science communicators to evaluate signals and give advice on how to use it for better reporting of ETI in the media.
Lead researcher, Dr. Duncan Forgan, Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, said: “It’s absolutely crucial that when we talk about something so hugely significant as the discovery of intelligent life beyond the Earth, we do it clearly and carefully. Having Rio 2.0 allows us to rank a signal quickly in a way that the general public can easily understand, and helps us keep their trust in a world filled with fake news.”
The new Rio Scale has now been submitted to the International Academy of Astronautics Permanent Committee on SETI for official ratification.
Using observations spanning a period of four years, a team of researchers from Italy found evidence of a large lake of salty water, buried one mile beneath Mars’ southern polar cap. That lake is at least 12 miles across, and seems to be a permanent feature.
More than droplets
The reason people are excited about this discovery is because on Earth, everywhere you find liquid water, you find life. NASA has long espoused a philosophy of “follow the water” in its program of astrobiological research—trying to answer the question “are we alone?”
Over the past two decades, we have seen mission after mission travel to Mars. Some, like Mars Express, are orbiters, whereas others (such as the incredible Spirit and Opportunity) are rovers. A unifying theme across those missions has been their attempts to see whether Mars once had the right conditions for life to exist and thrive.
The latest observations reveal something remarkable: a salty lake buried deep beneath the ice, which seems to be a permanent feature rather than a transient phenomenon.
Perhaps the most famous is Lake Vostok—one of the world’s largest lakes, buried and hidden away. But the one to which I want to draw your attention is named Lake Whillans.
In other words, the best Earth-based analogues for the newly discovered Martian lake are not just habitable, they are inhabited. Where there’s water, there’s life.
Is there life on Mars?
Finding this new lake, buried beneath Mars’ south pole, is another exciting step on our journey of discovery of the red planet. Could there be life there, beneath the ice?
The short answer is that we still don’t know. But it seems like the ideal place to look. What we doknow is:
Mars was once warm and wet, potentially with oceans, lakes, and rivers
On Earth, where you find water, you find life
The transition from warm, wet Mars to the cold and barren Mars we see today occurred over millions of years
Life adapts to changing environments, so long as that change is not too fast or dramatic.
So what do you get if you put all that together? Well, this is where things get speculative.
Once life is established, it is amazingly hard to get rid of. Over millions of years, Mars cooled and its water became locked in permafrost. Its atmosphere thinned and it became the red planet we see today.
But maybe, just maybe, that life would have been able to follow the water—to move underground, where it might have found a niche, in a dark salty lake, buried beneath the ice of Mars’ southern polar cap.
That’s all well and good, but what next?
That’s all speculation, but it shows the kind of thought processes that have driven our ongoing exploration of Mars for the past couple of decades.
Now that we know for sure that there is a reservoir of liquid water just beneath the planet’s surface, astronomers around the globe will be thinking of ways to get down to that water to see what’s there.
That is easier said than done. Landing on Mars is challenging at the best of times, and the great majority of missions to date have landed within about 30° latitude of Mars’ equator. The two exceptions are the Viking 2 and Phoenix landers, both of which landed in Mars’ northern lowlands.
The locations on Mars’ surface visited by landers to date. It is far easier to land near Mars’ equator than its poles.
JPL-CALTECH/NASA
In addition, landing on Mars’ southern hemisphere is harder still. The north is the lowlands and the atmosphere there is markedly thicker, and the surface smoother (as befits, potentially, the floor of an ancient ocean).
To the south, you have less atmosphere to slow your descent and a rougher surface to make your landing harder.
But, while tricky, it is not impossible. And now we have a huge motivation to try.
It would not surprise me if, within a decade, we see missions being designed to visit Mars’ south pole and drill down to this great lake, to see what lurks within.
Forget Alien Megastructures, New Observations Explain Tabby’s Star With Dust Alone
Artist’s concept of KIC 8462852, which has experienced unusual changes in luminosity over the past few years.(NASA / JPL-CALTECH)
Forget Alien Megastructures, New Observations Explain Tabby’s Star With Dust Alone
The most unusual star known has finally had its dimming scientifically explained. Here’s the unusual, dusty resolution.
The science of planet-hunting has truly taken off in the 21st century, with the transit method leading the way. When a planet passes in front of its parent star, relative to our line-of-sight, some of the star’s light will disappear for a short while. These transits are a prolific method for exoplanet hunters to search for worlds around other stars. As of today, we know of thousands of stars with worlds around them, and most of them were discovered by transit.
When you design a mission optimized to look for planets, you expect that the technique is going to uncover a few oddities. But nothing prepared astronomers for the oddball that is Tabby’s star, whose flux dims by a tremendous amount, without any regularly repeating signals. After years of speculation involving scenarios ranging from comet storms to alien megastructures, scientists have finally solved the mystery. Dust, in an entirely new way, looks to be the culprit.
The infrared (L) and ultraviolet (R) emissions from Tabby’s star: KIC 8462852. They show no evidence of a great many of the natural explanations for the flux dips observed. (INFRARED: IPAC/NASA (2MASS), AT LEFT; ULTRAVIOLET: STSCI (GALEX), AT RIGHT)
NASA’s Kepler mission changed the game, surveying over 100,000 stars for a period of many years. Of the hundreds of thousands of stars that NASA’s Kepler spacecraft observed, one stands out as the most unusual. KIC 8462852 — known colloquially as either Tabby’s/Boyajian’s star (after the discoverer of its interesting behavior, Tabetha Boyajian) or the WTF? (for where’s the flux?) star — has a combination of properties that make it entirely unique. All at once, it:
exhibits huge drops in its flux, by up to 22% (while most planets cause <1% dips),
where the overall brightness fluctuates around the dips (rather than the smooth decrease-and-increase seen for planets),
but with no infrared emission (which all other stars with large flux dips possess).
This created a huge puzzle.
A large number of protoplanetary systems have been imaged, but the state-of-the-art infrared imager designed for exoplanet disk pictures is SPHERE, which routinely obtains resolutions of ~10", or less than 0.003 degrees per pixel. KIC 8462852 does not have these properties or this infrared emission. (SHINE (SPHERE INFRARED SURVEY FOR EXOPLANETS) COLLABORATION / ARTHUR VIGAN)
It couldn’t be planets, because no planet is large enough to block that much light from its star. Even if you envision a planet with an enormous ringed system, like a super-Saturn, those flux dips would be both periodic and exhibit a smooth pattern with a plateau. This contradicts the available data.
Artist’s conception of the extrasolar ring system circling the young giant planet or brown dwarf J1407b. Worlds with extraordinary ringed systems could produce large flux dips, but those dips would be periodic and contain a planet-like component, which is not observed.(RON MILLER)
This could have been a very young star, with planetesimals, a proto-planetary disk, and an extremely dusty environment. We’ve seen stars with large flux dips around them, and they’ve all fallen into this category.
But Boyajian’s star is much too old to have a protoplanetary disk: many hundreds of millions of years too old. It also, most importantly, doesn’t exhibit the infrared flux emission that a star with a protoplanetary disk ought to have. This is why the star was originally named the “WTF?” (for where’s the flux?) star.
Artist’s impression of a young star surrounded by a protoplanetary disk. There are many unknown properties about protoplanetary disks around Sun-like stars, but they all exhibit infrared radiation. Tabby’s star has none.(ESO/L. CALÇADA)
It could be a series of cometary events, where they emit large amounts of dust being kicked up as they infall onto the inner portion of the solar system in question. This could, as was shown relatively recently, explain the short-term flux dips that have been seen.
An illustration of a storm of comets around a star near our own, called Eta Corvi. The comet scenario is one explanation for the dimming around Tabby’s star, one that a high-quality astronomical spectrum has now ruled out. (NASA / JPL-CALTECH)
But there’s another phenomenon that this proposed solution cannot account for: the long-term dimming of the star. This star isn’t called “Tabby’s star” or “Boyajian’s star” because it was discovered by that particular scientist; only because she led the scientific investigation concerning the interesting and important new behavior.
But this star has been known for over a century, and observations indicate a long-term fading, which this model cannot account for. Cometary dust gets blown off on the timescales of months; it would take a near-continuous bombardment of comets to sustain a reduced flux over the timescale of over a century. Many comets in a similar orbit would be required, which is not something we know how to obtain.
The Harvard light curve of star KIC 8462852, along with two other stars whose flux hasn’t changed. (BRADLEY E. SCHAEFER, VIA ARXIV.ORG/ABS/1601.03256)
So, what possible explanations remained? One popular idea that was advanced was that of alien megastructures: that a civilization far ahead of humanity, technologically, was constructing an apparatus that periodically (or aperiodically) blocked a large percentage of the star’s light. As the structure became more and more complete, that would increase the amount of light that was blocked. Over the past century, the fact that the light from this star had dimmed by such a significant amount could be explained by an advance in how completed the structure would be.
It’s a compelling, if out-of-the-box, idea.
A partially-obscured star could be due to an alien megastructure that is not yet complete, and could potentially be detectable by the Gaia spacecraft. However, that is not what’s occurring around KIC 8462852. The spectral evidence rules that out. (KEVIN MCGILL / FLICKR)
But thanks to a myriad of follow-up observations, we know that it’s wrong. The reason? An object like an alien megastructure would be completely opaque to light: it would be unable to pass through it. This is equally true of things like planets, moons, or any other “solid” objects you can imagine.
From over 19000 images taken over the past three years, in four different wavelength bands from blue light all the way to infrared light, we’ve learned that blue light is preferentially blocked in all dimming events: from the short-term flux dips to the long-term fading of the star. There’s one thing known that can cause bluer light to be blocked while redder light is preferentially transmitted: dust particles that go down to at least a certain, minimal size.
Visible (left) and infrared (right) views of the dust-rich Bok globule, Barnard 68. The infrared light is not blocked nearly as much, as the smaller-sized dust grains are too little to interact with the long-wavelength light. (ESO)
It must, therefore, be dust. Whatever is causing the flux dips, as well as whatever’s causing the long-term fading, must both have a dusty origin. The Kepler dips and the “secular dimming” are caused by the same phenomenon. According to the new paper itself:
This chromatic extinction implies dust particle sizes going down to ~0.1 micron, suggesting that this dust will be rapidly blown away by stellar radiation pressure, so the dust clouds must have formed within months. The modern infrared observations were taken at a time when there was at least 12.4% ± 1.3% dust coverage (as part of the secular dimming), and this is consistent with dimming originating in circumstellar dust.
This is where the evidence points: to dust. But this is still a bit mysterious.
An illustration of a complex, dusty region around a star, superimposed with recent data from Tabetha Boyajian (2018, via Twitter) showing some recent flux dips. The dust could not be on the surface of the star, as illustrated here. KIC 8462852, an F-class star, is too hot for this to be plausible. (T. BOYAJIAN / TWITTER)
After all, Boyajian’s star is a combination of things that we wouldn’t expect to find together.
It’s consistent with having a large amount of circumstellar dust, which normally indicates an extremely young star still in the formative stages.
The star itself is brighter, hotter, and more massive than the Sun: it gives off more than four times the amount of light our Sun does.
The star is old: hundred of millions of years old, burning stably on the main sequence by all accounts.
In other words, the dust we see should last only months given the properties of the star itself. There must be some way for the star to replenish its dust. As far as we know, there are two possibilities that make sense: either there’s an external dust ring that has dense dust clouds in it or infalling bombardment events, or there’s something external to the star that leads to this blocking of the starlight.
The leading idea, at present, is that a disk of dusty debris should exist around this star. If so, it’s incredibly serendipitous that the plane is so perfectly aligned with our line-of-sight, a remarkable and unlikely occurrence if true. Even if the odds are as great as 1%, it would be a puzzle that we haven’t seen other, similar stars (the 99%) without such an alignment. (NASA / JPL-CALTECH)
The declining brightness that’s been observed since 1890 appears to continue through the current 2018 data, but it’s not steady. In addition, there are long-period dips lasting months, and shorter dips lasting a day or less superimposed on top of them. It’s definitely due to dust particles, down to maybe about 100 nanometers in size. The ratio of how the light dims in different wavelengths/colorsdemonstrates that and rules out other hypotheses.
But where does that dust come from? To help narrow this down, the scientists involved calculated how much dust must be involved to explain the past 100+ years of dimming and dipping events. For what’s merely in the transiting plane defined by our point-of-view alone, we need to have an amount of dust equal to about the mass of the Moon.
Originally, a scenario of a shattered comet was considered to explain Tabby’s star. Instead, a series of long-period comet-like objects with massive dust halos could cause these temporary, transient flux dips, but a very large amount of mass, that isn’t in the form of opaque objects, must exist to do it. (NASA/JPL-CALTECH)
This could either replace or be in addition to the circumstellar dust’s presence. As far as a disk of material around the star goes, the disk is a bare minimum. There could be a large amount of dust that isn’t just in the plane we observe, but also outside of it: in perhaps a halo. We simply don’t know, but we do know that if it does exist, it cannot be close enough to emit infrared radiation. Comets, too, should create infrared radiation; the James Webb Space Telescope should be able to tell, when the flux dips occur, whether the comet hypothesis is in or out.
A dusty debris disk either around the star itself or the planets that orbit it close in would emit infrared radiation, where none is seen. If there is a dust ring (or halo) farther out, however, that could explain these observations. (ESA, NASA, AND L. CALCADA (ESO FOR STSCI))
And finally, there’s a curious candidate explanation that’s been proposed: this dust could be the result of a case of stellar indigestion.
If a gas giant planet — say, the size of Uranus — were devoured by this star, it could be the culprit. An inspiral of a planet or a series of planetary bodies a long time ago, perhaps centuries or even many millenia ago, could have caused a temporary brightening, from which the star is now returning to its original, stable state. The flux dips we observe, then, could be due to planetary debris from an earlier disruption, or evaporation and outgassing of smaller bodies.
An artist’s impression of HD 189733 b, a Hot Jupiter so close to its host that its atmosphere is being boiled off into space. If a gas giant was recently swallowed by KIC 8462852, it could potentially be ‘belching’ dust particles that might cause the observed dimming.(NASA / GSFC)
Regardless of the mechanism in question, we can be certain of one conclusion: the reason for the dimming of Boyajian’s star is due to dust. This is normal, particulate dust, containing particle sizes down to about 100 nanometers, or smaller than the wavelength of visible light. The same dust that causes short, day-or-less dips also causes dips that last many months, and also cause the decline that’s lasted more than a century. It’s all due to plain, normal dust.
The big, open question that now remains is where this dust came from? It’s not because the star is young or still forming, and there are incredible constraints on the star having an unseen companion. It cannot all come from interstellar dust. Was a planet devoured? Is there something even more unusual afoot? The only way to know will be with more — and better — science on this object. But one thing’s for certain: even if alien megastructures exist somewhere, they aren’t here.
Dust that ‘killed’ Nasa Opportunity Rover came from mysterious alien volcanoes, scientists discover
Dust that ‘killed’ Nasa Opportunity Rover came from mysterious alien volcanoes, scientists discover
Jasper Hamill
Hope must be running out among the Nasa scientists battling to get in touch with a Mars exploration robot that’s feared to have been killed during a huge dust storm.
But now scientists think they know where the murder weapon came from – a gigantic volcanic deposit identified as the source of most of the fine particles that coat the Red Planet.
Nasa’s Opportunity Rover was only designed to survive for 90 days on the surface of Mars but has kept on trundling for 15 years.
The source of a fine powder found everywhere on the Red Planet has been a mystery until now
(Photo: Nasa)
Sadly, the plucky machine has now been lost and is feared dead after being battered by one of the most intense dust storms ever observed on the Martian surface.
The powder floats in the atmosphere and is made from sulphur and chlorine.
On Earth, dust is separated from soft rock by natural processes such as wind or water erosion, volcanic eruptions or even asteroid impacts.
Illustration of the Nasa Mars rover ‘Opportunity’ (Picture: Nasa)
The dust storm can be seen in the background of these striking shots taken by Curiosity, Nasa’s other operational Mars Rover (NASA / JPL-Caltech / MSSS / Seán Doran)
‘How does Mars make so much dust, because none of these processes are active on Mars?’ asked Lujendra Ojha, a co-author of a study which traces ‘the single largest source of dust on Mars’.
He traced the dust back to a volcanic deposit called the Medusae Fossae Formation that’s near the Martian equator and about half as big as the continental United States.
It’s believed to have been produced by volcanic eruptions which took place over an interval of 500 million years.
' Analysis showed the area had a very similar chemical composition to the dust in the atmosphere of Mars, suggesting it has been eroded over billions of years and is the source of the tiny particles.
‘Mars wouldn’t be nearly this dusty if it wasn’t for this one enormous deposit that is gradually eroding over time and polluting the planet, essentially,’ said Kevin Lewis, an assistant professor of Earth and planetary science at the Johns Hopkins University and co-author of the research paper.
A portion of the Medusae Fossae Formation on Mars showing the effect of billions of years of erosion
(Picture: Nasa)
Unfortunately, this information will not help the Opportunity Rover, which was solar-powered and could not keep itself going when a dust storm enveloped the entire planet.
Nasa last heard from Opportunity on June 18. There is a chance it could come back to life once the dust settles and begins to fall off its solar panels, but this depends on powerful the storm was.
In The Martian, a dust storm sparks a series of nightmarish events that leaves Matt Damon stranded on Mars.
Let’s hope there’s a similarly happy ending to the story of Opportunity.
On Wednesday, media outlets breathlessly reported that scientists have discovered a "lake of liquid water" on Mars. Fox News called it a "game changer" in the search for alien life, and Yahoo News reported something similar. The New York Timesheadline spelled out the implications: "Raising the Potential for Alien Life."
Ph.D. astronomer Hugh Ross told PJ Media that these reports twisted the truth. In reality, the scientists found what could be a lake, but Ross noted that it certainly does not contain life. The peer-reviewed study published in the journal Science reported on findings from 22 planetary astronomers in Italy working on data from the MARSIS (Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding). The word "lake" is a gross mischaracterization of their tenuous discovery.
"What we found is some kind of sludge, or it could be localized brine pools," the astronomer Ross, president and founder of Christian apologetics group Reasons to Believe, told PJ Media on Thursday, elaborating on his own article. "That's a whole lot different than you can take a speedboat on."
The astronomers used radio waves to discover a small, very bright echo suggesting something underneath Mars's south polar ice cap. The echo was consistent with the radar reflectivity of liquid water.
Here's the catch: the "lake" was buried under 1.5 kilometers of ice, the thickest part of the south polar ice cap. The pressure from this ice actually raises the temperature of the likely liquid water layer — to -68°Celsius (-90°Fahrenheit). That's right, this "water" is liquid at a point far below freezing. "The only way it remains liquid is if it's super-saturated with perchloric salts," Ross explained.
"This is not a possible site for life, it's way too cold and way too salty," the astronomer told PJ Media. "Even the most extreme forms of life on Earth are not able to handle this much salt and cold."
That's not to say the discovery isn't remarkable. Ross explained that the radar "found a spot that was too bright to be ice or rock — only liquid water would reflect atthhat surface." The researchers admitted this is an estimate, however — "we can't prove for sure it's water."
As for life on Mars, Ross said scientists will certainly find fossils, but that these fossils and other life remains will be from Earth, not Mars.
"I've been on written record since the 1980s," the astronomer explained. "If we look hard enough, we will find remains of life on Mars. We know that Earth life has been deposited on Mars through meteorite transport." How does it get there? Meteoroids hitting Earth would dislodge soil, and quite a few of them would have made it all the way to Mars.
But life — at least life like it is on Earth — cannot have ever thrived on Mars, he insisted. While Mars was "much warmer than it is today and much wetter than it is today" back about 4 billion years ago, any liquid water was "ephemeral."
Ross explained that Mars experienced a "carbonate catastrophe" that destroyed water on Mars. In his book "More than a Theory: Revealing a Testable Model for Creation," Ross wrote that "the Late Heavy Bombardment 3.85 billion years ago brought a lot of water and carbon dioxide to Mars," which reacted with Mars's surface rocks, depleting the Martian atmosphere of carbon dioxide and water. "Thus Mars was swiftly and permanently transformed into a dry, cold wasteland."
Mars also has an unstable rotation axis, unlike Earth. "If you've got a liquid drop of water on the surface of Mars, it evaporates because the freezing point and the boiling point on Mars are the same temperature," Ross explained. The boiling point of water drops even on high mountains on Earth. "Mars has such a thin atmosphere that water cannot be stable on the surface."
Even though liquid water may exist on Mars, Ross argued that the search for extraterrestrial life needs to involve more factors. "Water is only one of many requirements for life to be possible. Given how much water there is in the universe, that's not a good strategy," he explained. Furthermore, "too much water and too much carbon are a problem for life."
Earth, which Ross described as a kind of "goldilocks planet," has about 1200 times less carbon than what is typical for rocky planets of its size.
While Christians mostly doubt the possibility of extraterrestrial life, Ross argued that Bible believers have options on the subject, while atheists do not. "If you come from a perspective that God loves to create and He's compulsively creative, then aliens are possible. If you take the position that God' doesn't waste miracles, this is the only planet."
"From an atheistic perspective, however, you've only got one option — life has got to be everywhere," Ross quipped.
Ross, who has posited a "testable creation model," melding scientific theory with Bible interpretation, urged NASA to return to the moon. Referencing the human life remains that made it to Mars, he added, "We know that the moon has received 100 times as much as Mars has."
"We need to go back to the moon because the moon has the fossils of Earth's first life," the astronomer urged. "We can go to the moon and determine who got the life model right: theists or non-theists."
"That could be a real coup for NASA if they were able to prove who got the origin of life model right," Ross declared. "I think every taxpayer should be excited about that."
There's something you're not being told about Earth...
There's something you're not being told about Earth...
Last night, whilst trawling through YouTube I came across an interesting 44m video that I think deserves a rational debate.
Through the ages of modern civilisation, mankind has become divided on the subject of Planet Earth.
Flat
Hollow
Round
Holographic
Most open-minded intelligent people know that there is something about Earth that we aren't being told. Due to this, there is a growing mistrust between Citizens, Governments and Corporations, which leave many to believe in alternative narratives.
The Government's & Corporations will not admit, (or deny) with full transparency, or disclose anything but the 'official' narrative it developed itself - on a need to know basis, which amounts to confusion and conspiracies both from far-fetched to plausible.
For arguments sake, I'm going to go ahead and say that the Earth isn't F... Shhh. Calm down already. OK fine. Let's pretend the Earth isn't flat because everything points to it being round. OK? Just watch the damn video.
The video is about Antarctica, Agartha, and Admiral Bird.
Cover-Up?! Underground City of Giants at the Grand Canyon
Cover-Up?! Underground City of Giants at the Grand Canyon
At the beginning of the 20th century by chance, an underground city of giants was discovered in the Grand Canyon.
According to an April 5, 1999 article published in La Gazeta, Arizona the Grand Canyon was the home of a civilization of cyclopean proportions. Only some structures were left as a testimony of its existence.
Smithsonian hides all traces of giants.
The things still kept hidden from humanity have the power to change the world and how we view it. Secrecy is paramount and keeps mankind shackled i ignorance. Cut off their funding.
The entire government, all of its branches, and every country besides Iran cover up the truth.
Another Smithsonian cover-up. I wonder how different the world would be if they would just tell us the truth. Truth is a radical concept.
Smithsonian is a part of many cover-ups.
The Anak in scripture are the Anunaki the demigods that Egypt worshiped, they drew them holding lions like house cats in their hydroglyps. Genesis 6:4 in the bible tells how the fallen angels took human wives and had children with them they bore Giants (Nephilim and the Rephaim) mighty men of old men of renoun. Every culture speaks of them. All through Exodus, numbers, Duet God used Jacob (house of Israel) to wipe them out, women, children and animals, because the fallen also mingled with strange flesh (animals) that's why God flooded the earth and how he explained why he saved Noah and his family because they were pure, their genetic gene code had not been tampered with.
Theres a story where they sent spies to spy out the land of Canaan before God sent them in to conquer it. But they reported back that there was cities fortified to the heavens and men so great they looked like grasshoppers to them. Now when these beings died there was no place for them in heaven because they were not of Gods creation, so they were destined to roam the earth until judgement day. Hence your Ghost and bad spirits. God said the end will be like the days of Noah when the son of man returns. Aliens sister are fallen angels they are not from outer space they live in the oceans and earth, aka Sheoul the underworld. What did Satan say to the Lord when he asked him where he had been? That's a clue! This will be the coming alien deception or disclosure whatever you choose to call it! Hence Trumps space force. Do not believe for a min that they are aliens! Seek a relationship with Christ we will all need him. God bless you.
Similar places and giant remains have been found around the globe. However, for unknown reasons, it appears the authorities and museums appear to be making every effort to cover them up.
Vliegtuigbouwers als Lockheed Martin gebruiken buitenaardse technologieën. Professor trekt gordijn weg
Vliegtuigbouwers als Lockheed Martin gebruiken buitenaardse technologieën. Professor trekt gordijn weg
Meerdere mensen hebben gezegd dat veel van de technologieën die worden gebruikt door vliegtuigbouwers als Lockheed Martin niet afkomstig zijn van onze aarde.
Eén van die mensen is professor Heather Sartain van de University of Houston-Downtown.
Haar vader Edward Glen Sartain, die enkele jaren geleden overleed, was als ingenieur werkzaam bij Lockheed Martin. Hij vertelde haar over buitenaardse vaartuigen en technologieën die niet op aarde konden worden bewaard.
Aliens
Haar vader was naar eigen zeggen betrokken bij verschillende geheime ruimteprogramma’s. Hij begon bij de luchtmacht, werkte daarna voor de NASA en eindigde bij Lockheed, waar hij werkte als ruimtevaartingenieur.
Toen Sartain 13 jaar oud was begon ze vragen te stellen aan haar vader over een UFO die haar moeder en haar zus in 1966 hadden gezien.
“Was die UFO echt of was het iets van het leger?” vroeg ze. “Het was een echte,” antwoordde haar vader, toevoegende dat ze aliens in het vaartuig konden zien ziten.
Greys
In de UFO, die in de buurt van het Johnson Space Center verscheen, zagen haar moeder en zus tenminste drie kleine wezens.
Haar vader zei: “Dat waren de greys. Het zijn robots die geprogrammeerd zijn door een hogere intelligentie, een oudere beschaving, en die geregeld in onze atmosfeer komen.”
Hij vertelde haar dat er verschillende groepen op onze planeet zijn die onder ons leven en dat ze dat al doen sinds de oudheid.
Reverse engineering
Sartain merkte op dat haar vaders collega’s, ook ruimtevaartingenieurs, vaak bij haar over de vloer kwamen en gesprekken voerden over aliens.
Ze spraken ook over het manipuleren van energie, hoe je de rotatie van de planeet met behulp van mentale krachten kunt beïnvloeden en hoe je de atmosfeer kunt beïnvloeden.
Ze hadden het ook over technologieën die de overheid uit gecrashte UFO’s wilde halen met behulp van reverse engineering, aldus de professor.
Another biblical story becomes closer to reality as archeologists digging on the shore of the Sea of Galilee found a giant stone block with depressions carved into which may have, based on the location of the discovery, contained the remains of apostles Peter, Philip and Andrew. This may also be proof that the area where it was found is the location of the biblical Roman city of Bethsaida (or Bethsaida Julius), which the gospel of John says is the birthplace of these three apostles.
Philip, like Andrew and Peter, was from the town of Bethsaida. John 1:44
They came to Philip, who was from Bethsaida in Galilee, with a request. “Sir,” they said, “we would like to see Jesus. John 12:21
The story begins in the Hebrew Bible at the sea of Kinneret or Kinnerot, the freshwater lake in modern Israel that also was referred to in the Old and New Testaments and other biblical era writings as the Lake of Gennesaret, Sea of Ginosar, the Sea of Galilee and the Sea of Tiberias.
Sea of Galilea
While the sea, whichever name you use, is easy to find today, Bethsaida Julius is not. Archeologists and historians have long thought that et-Tell, a site (Jordan Park) near where the Jordan River flows into the lake, is the location of the lost Bethsaida. However, Haaretz reports that Professor Mordechai Aviam of the Kinneret Academic College discovered a Roman-style bathhouse in August 2017 that is 2 km (1,25 miles) south of et-Tell in el-Araj that be believed at the time that this was the true location of ancient Bethsaida. Now he may have the proof. (See the photos here.)
Before finding the relic-holding stone, Aviam found the remains of “a richly endowed Byzantine-era church.” Even today, Byzantine churches contain elaborate reliquaries – containers built to hold the relics of saints or other holy people that are generally placed on the floor underneath the altar. Anaim believed the church was possibly the Church of the Apostles mentioned in Huneberc of Heidenheim: the Hodoeporicon of St. Willibald (or Willibrord), an eighth century Byzantine pilgrim St. Willibald, who wrote:
“Then they went to Bethsaida, the native place of Peter and Andrew. A church now occupies the site where their home once stood.”
What happened to Philip? St. Willibald doesn’t say, nor does Aviam. But the professor admits that the basalt reliquary with the three carved depressions was not found among the remains of the church but very close by.
“It was found in the debris of an Ottoman-era, two-story house built by a rich man from Damascus, who owned all the land locally in the late 19th century.”
It was close enough for Avaim to connect both the dots and the spots and declare that the reliquary with the three carved depressions was from the Church of the Apostles and makes it highly probable that el-Araj is the site of the biblical Bethsaida. To strengthen his theory, Aviam points to artifacts which indicate that el-Araj began in the first century BCE as a fishing village (the apostles were fishermen) and grew into a Roman urban center by the fourth century. At that point it was abandoned, possibly due to rising waters from the Sea of Galilee. Now, due to drought, the body of water is back to those ancient low levels and exposing the biblical sites once located around it.
Simon Peter with Andrew (Phillip Medhurst collection)
Proof positive that the big basalt stone with three depressions was the reliquary of apostles Peter, Philip and Andrew? Not quite. Proof that el-Araj is the location of the biblical city of Bethsaida and the Church of the Apostles? Possibly.
An interesting set of discoveries that brings the tales of ancient religious books closer to reality? Definitely.
Near Surface Red Colored Light Anomaly Total Lunar Eclipse
Near Surface Red Colored Light Anomaly Total Lunar Eclipse
During the lunar eclipse SplendidDragon1 has filmed a strange near-surface red colored light anomaly that first appears at 8:30 and then is either replicated or moved to the 9:00 position.
SplendidDragon1: First three items are still photos of the blood moon followed by an eclipse taken from Germany between 10:30 p.m. and midnight.
This is followed by short video clips showing some eclipse progression.
The last few clips focus on a (red-colored) near-surface anomaly that first appears at 8:30 and then is either replicated or moved to the 9:00 position.
A bit uncharacteristic of a UFO (but then what isn't), but baffling.
Three UFOs Seen By Eyewitness From Passenger Jet, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Three UFOs Seen By Eyewitness From Passenger Jet, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: 7-9-2018 Location of sighting: LAX, USA This is a fantastic recording of several white craft seen following a passenger jet over LAX. Its amazing at how close UFOs come and how frequently they are seen. This video is going to blow your mind. Absolutely incredible evidence. Scott C. Waring Video states:
New York - 07-09-18 - Flying to LAX, I noticed the bright lights out the window. Did a second take cause I first thought it must be a reflection. Used my Iphone 10 to record it and could tell almost immediately it was in fact an actual object(s). The lights would go in and out of the clouds, change elevation and location from my particular viewpoint. I’m assuming it took place over Nevada based on the time. If you look closely, a white blinking light appears randomly both in front and behind the object. This object when viewed by human eyes was white and glowing. Lost sight of it after 5 or 6 minutes as it slowly went behind the wing. In a commercial airline so was traveling at least 500mph. I felt beyond excited because I knew then I was seeing something strange and was grateful to have the foresight to record it.
Did this plane hit an alien drone over Siberia, July 2018, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Did this plane hit an alien drone over Siberia, July 2018, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: July 2018 Location of sighting: Siberia Did this aircraft over Siberia hit an alien orb that shot past too close? It appears it did and if this can happen once, then it could happen more often that ever believed. This frightening occurrence shows how close UFOs come and how outdated radar systems are that cannot see and warn pilots about these high tech stealth craft. Scott C. Waring
International UFO Congress Researcher of the Year Cheryl Costa has found the average annual UFO sighting in the country are now 7,837 on average, a 41 percent drop from the three-year peak average years.
Costa explained that UFO sightings rise to a peak during the cycles, decline back toward the baseline, and rise again to initiate a new cycle.
Costa wrote that the US had a peak average of 13,500 yearly UFO sightings between 2012 and 2014, citing National UFO Reporting Center (NUFORC) and Mutual UFO Network (MUFON) data.
In 2015, however, the sightings fell 11 percent to 11,.975 and 21 percent to 10,602 in 2016.
Danish UFO
The significant drop in sightings have puzzled UFO researchers, including Costa but she speculated that it had to do with broadband Internet access.
Costa wrote that they see relatively flat sighting report numbers from 2001 to 2006. She explained that the flatness is an artefact of reporting as broadband Internet access was still growing in most places. Access to broadband is a primary reason people having routine use of NUFORC and MUFON as well as other web reporting services.
Costa noted that the state of New York rose to the fourth-most likely area to see an unidentified flying object during 2016 and 2017, but significantly decreased from its peak average at 325 sightings seen in 2017, down from 577 average sightings seen between 2012 and 2014.
She wrote that New York state and national charts show the classic rise and fall pattern from 2006 to 2010 and the rise starts again in 2011.
The spike in 2012 could be because of the Mayan calendar media ballyhoo. With that into consideration, the classic UFO cycle is seen clearly from 2011 to 2017.
The Galileo spacecraft surveyed the moon on Dec. 7, 1992, on its way to explore the Jupiter system in 1995-1997. Photo credit: NASA/JPL/USGS
By Will Ferguson, WSU News
While the moon is uninhabitable today, there could have been life on its surface in the distant past.
In fact, there may have been two early windows of habitability for Earth’s moon, according to a study online today in the journal Astrobiology by Dirk Schulze-Makuch, a Washington State University astrobiologist.
Schulze-Makuch and Ian Crawford, a professor of planetary science and astrobiology at the University of London, say conditions on the lunar surface were sufficient to support simple lifeforms shortly after the moon formed from a debris disk 4 billion years ago and again during a peak in lunar volcanic activity around 3.5 billion years ago.
During both periods, planetary scientists think the moon was spewing out large quantities of superheated volatile gases, including water vapor, from its interior.
Schulze-Makuch
Schulze-Makuch and Crawford write that this outgassing could have formed pools of liquid water on the lunar surface and an atmosphere dense enough to keep it there for millions of years.
“If liquid water and a significant atmosphere were present on the early moon for long periods of time, we think the lunar surface would have been at least transiently habitable,” Schulze-Makuch said.
Ingredients for life
Schulze-Makuch and Crawford’s work draws on results from recent space missions and sensitive analyses of lunar rock and soil samples that show the moon is not as dry as previously thought.
In 2009-2010, an international team of scientists discovered hundreds of millions of metric tons of water ice on the moon. Additionally, there is strong evidence of a large amount of water in the lunar mantle that is thought to have been deposited very early on in the moon’s formation.
The early moon is also likely to have been protected by a magnetic field that could have shielded lifeforms on the surface from deadly solar winds.
Space-travelling microbes
Life on the moon could have originated much as it did on Earth, but the more likely scenario is that it would have been brought in by a meteorite, Schulze-Makuch said.
The earliest evidence for life on Earth comes from fossilized cyanobacteria that are 3.5-3.8 billion years old. During this time, the solar system was dominated by frequent and giant meteorite impacts. It is possible that meteorites containing simple organisms like cyanobacteria could have been blasted off the surface of the Earth and landed on the moon.
“It looks very much like the moon was habitable at this time,” Schulze-Makuch said. “There could have actually been microbes thriving in water pools on the moon until the surface became dry and dead.”
Lunar simulations
Schulze-Makuch acknowledges that determining if life arose on the moon or was transported from elsewhere “can only be addressed by an aggressive future program of lunar exploration.”
One promising line of inquiry for any future space missions would be to obtain samples from deposits from the period of heightened volcanic activity to see if they contained water or other possible markers of life.
In addition, experiments could be conducted in simulated lunar environments on Earth and on the International Space Station to see if microorganisms can survive under the environmental conditions predicted to have existed on the early moon.
Aardbewoners koloniseerden de maan mogelijk 3,5 miljard jaar geleden al
Aardbewoners koloniseerden de maan mogelijk 3,5 miljard jaar geleden al
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Nieuw onderzoek onthult dat de maan mogelijk ooit leefbaar is geweest en weggeslingerde aardbewoners onderdak heeft geboden.
In de geschiedenis van de maan zijn maar liefst twee perioden aan te wijzen waarin deze wellicht leefbaar is geweest, zo schrijven onderzoekers in het blad Astrobiology. Kort nadat de maan tot stand kwam – oftewel zo’n vier miljard jaar geleden – zouden de omstandigheden op het oppervlak van onze natuurlijke satelliet gunstig zijn geweest voor het ontstaan van leven. En grofweg een half miljard jaar later zou er weer een periode zijn geweest waarin de maan leven kan hebben geherbergd. In die tijd was er op de maan sprake van verhoogde vulkanische activiteit.
Vloeibaar water en een atmosfeer Wat beide perioden gemeen hebben, is dat er vanuit het binnenste van de maan grote hoeveelheden superhete vluchtige gassen – waaronder waterstof – kwamen zetten. En zo kan de maan een dichte atmosfeer hebben verkregen die miljoenen jaren op rij standhield. Bovendien kunnen op het oppervlak van de maan poeltjes vloeibaar water zijn ontstaan. “Wij denken dat als vloeibaar water en een significante atmosfeer gedurende langere perioden aanwezig waren op de jonge maan, het oppervlak in ieder geval kortstondig leefbaar moet zijn geweest,” aldus onderzoeker Dirk Schulze-Makuch.
Water De onderzoekers baseren hun conclusies onder meer op recent onderzoek dat aantoont dat de maan niet zo droog is als lang werd gedacht. Zo weten we dat er grote hoeveelheden waterijs op de maan te vinden zijn. Ook zijn er sterke aanwijzingen dat de mantel van de maan waterrijk is. Bovendien is het niet onaannemelijk dat de jonge maan – en eventuele levensvormen op het oppervlak – onder meer tegen de zonnewind beschermd werden door een magnetisch veld.
“ER KUNNEN MICROBEN ZIJN GEWEEST DIE IN WATERPOELTJES OP HET OPPERVLAK VAN DE MAAN GEDIJDEN TOT HET OPPERVLAK DROOG EN DOODS WERD”
Aardbewoners Er zijn dus verschillende aanwijzingen dat de maan ooit – in ieder geval kortstondig – leefbaar is geweest. In die ‘leefbare perioden’ kan het leven op de maan ontstaan zijn zoals het op aarde is ontstaan. Maar volgens de onderzoekers is het aannemelijker dat meteorieten levensvormen op de maan hebben afgezet. Die levensvormen zouden afkomstig kunnen zijn geweest van de aarde. Het oudste bewijs voor leven op aarde, wordt gevormd door gefossiliseerde cyanobacteriën en is tussen de 3,5 en 3,8 miljard jaar oud. In de periode waarin de cyanobacteriën op aarde gedijden, kreeg het zonnestelsel zeer frequent enorme meteorietinslagen te verduren. Het is goed mogelijk dat tijdens zo’n inslag op aarde allerlei puin met daarin simpele organismen de ruimte in werd geslingerd en op de maan is geland. “Het lijkt er sterk op dat de maan in deze periode leefbaar was,” aldus Schulze-Makuch. “Er kunnen microben zijn geweest die in waterpoeltjes op het oppervlak van de maan gedijden tot het oppervlak droog en doods werd.”
De grote uitdaging is nu om op het maanoppervlak op zoek te gaan naar sporen van eventueel leven. Zo zouden er maanlanders of -rovers naar gebieden kunnen worden gestuurd waarin miljarden jaren geleden sprake was van verhoogde vulkanische activiteit. Onderzoek zal dan uit moeten wijzen of op die plekken verzamelde monsters daadwerkelijk rijk zijn aan water of biomarkers. Daarnaast zouden er ook experimenten kunnen worden opgezet op aarde of in het internationale ruimtestation waarbij wordt gekeken of micro-organismen kunnen overleven onder de omstandigheden waar – voor zover we nu weten – op de jonge maan sprake van was.
UFO alert: Letter to President Jefferson may be earliest recorded visit of ALIENS (Image: GETTY)
A tavern keeper in Portsmouth, Virginia, and a friend visiting from Baltimore believe they saw a UFO in the sky.
The two men, barkeeper Edward Hansford and Baltimore’s John Clarke, describe in their letter to President Jefferson how they saw a meteor-like object in the sky.
However, this object in the sky began to change shape, first taking on the form of a turtle “which also appeared to be much agitated and as frequently obscured by a similar smoke.”
The UFO then apparently “assumed the shape of a human skeleton” which ascended and descended quickly, according to the mail which was reprinted in 2010 in The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: Retirement Series.
The letter reads: ““We the subscribers most earnestly solicit, that your honour will give us your opinion on the following extraordinary phenomenon.
“We saw in the South a Ball of fire full as large as the sun at Maridian which was frequently obscured within the space of ten minutes by a smoke emitted from its own body, but ultimately retained its brilliancy, and form during that period, but with apparent agitation.
“It then assumed the form of a Turtle which also appeared to be much agitated and as frequently obscured by a similar smoke.
It then assumed the shape of a human skeleton which was frequently obscured by a like smoke and as frequently descended and ascended—It then assumed the form of a Scotch Highlander arrayed for battle and extremely agitated, and ultimately passed to the West and disappeared in its own smoke.”
It is unclear whether President Jefferson ever responded, but according to the website Monticello, it “is perhaps the earliest recorded observation of a UFO.”
State Route 375 is a barren stretch of Nevada highway that runs near the top-secret U.S. Air Force installation commonly known as Area 51—a facility believed to be used for experimental aircraft testing, with a busy side hustle spawning theories about aliens, UFOs, and extraterrestrial technology. Rachel, a town on the highway with a population of just 54, manages to do brisk business, too. The Little A’Le’Inn there, according to one of its managers, feeds thousands of (human) visitors a year along what has become known as the Extraterrestrial Highway. The mythology surrounding secret government programs and alleged alien crash sites has created a landscape unlike any other, studded with landmarks and roadside attractions that have become part of the lore of the desert.
“[UFO sightings] have transformed cities and roads, turning the legend into part of everyday life,” says Javier Arcenillas, a Spanish photographer who documented UFO culture and sighting locations in the American West for his new photo book, UFO Presences.
Extraterrestrial Highway, Nevada.
Places such as the Extraterrestrial Highway and Roswell, New Mexico, about 1,000 miles to the east, have become beacons to an entire community. Roswell, according to a representative for the city, averages 226,000 visitors each year—and embraces its place in the mythos, despite the fact that it is easy to see the whole thing as a joke.
“Ridicule is pockmarked throughout the entire phenomenon,” says Greg Eghigian, a historian at Penn State University and author of multiple research papers on the history of UFO sightings and alien contact. But he sees a deeper meaning in the way people connect with these sites. “What I consistently see across the board generally are people who are trying to find meaning,” he adds. “I think human beings are essentially meaning-makers and one of the ways, in fact, maybe the key way we often do that, is through stories. Stories bring meaning to our lives.
UFO sighting location, Nevada.
“The desert is this place that, because it’s so empty, because there are so few people around … you can write something about your own life or about the meaning of bigger, more cosmic kinds of things,” he adds. Against that backdrop, he explains, people have created landmarks and elevated the locations of sightings to provide them with spaces to focus their energies. Ultimately, they’re grappling with some big existential questions in the otherwise stark desert landscape.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
