Filer’s Files #35 – 2018 A Valid “Alien Threat” - PART II

05-09-2018 om 01:01 geschreven door peter  

UFO'S RESIDENT UFO EXPERT PAUL M. SUTTER ON ALIEN LIFE AND INSPIRING GILLIAN ANDERSON

Cassidy Ward

If you're still mourning Gillian Anderson's retirement from The X-Files, unsure how to cope without seeing her chasing down aliens armed only with her government-issued sidearm and healthy skepticism, UFO might be the cure for what ails you.

Released today from Sony Entertainment, UFO, written and directed by Ryan Eslinger, sees Anderson returning to the genre that made her famous, this time as a math professor who plays sidekick to a talented young student during his attempt to unravel an intergalactic communiqué.

SYFY WIRE spoke with Paul M. Sutter, an astrophysicist at Ohio State University and UFO's scientific consultant, to chat about science, aliens, and making the flick.

Sutter, who also hosts the Ask a Spaceman podcast, describes his universe-encapsulating day job as trying "to understand how stuff in space works. I have a few different specialties. I'm mostly a cosmologist. I study the whole entire universe as a single physical object. So I study the big bang, I study the large-scale structure of the universe. I study the birth of the first star. I study the voids, the vast empty regions between the galaxies. There's a lot of fertile ground out there."

How does one become a UFO consultant?

I actually have no idea, even though I did it. It's not like I applied and called every producer in Hollywood saying, "Hey, if you need science advice, you know where to find me." In this case, it was a connection of a connection of a connection of a connection.

The director was looking around and the director had a relationship with Ohio State University and the University of Cincinnati. He was looking around for someone to help him out with the mathematics and the science in the script as he was developing it. The producer was aware of this issue and the producer's dad is really well connected to Ohio State and knew some of the cool science and art collaborations that I'd been working on the past few years and thought I might be just the right guy.

So he called his son who called the director, Ryan. Ryan called me, and it was nerd love at first sight. It was such an unexpected connection but something I absolutely enjoyed and consider myself very lucky to be a part of.

For the movie, what did your work as a consultant entail?

It started with the script with writer/director Ryan Eslinger, as he was putting the finishing touches on the script there were some parts where the characters have to do some math and he wanted to make sure the math was right. There were parts where the characters had conversations about scientific topics, and he wanted to make sure the science was right. And there were a few places where the knowledge of science was key in order to move the plot forward and he wanted to make sure that this page connected to that page and that it all made sense and was motivated from real, grounded science.

That was the pre-production work. Once production got started, I worked with the set designers and prop people to figure out whiteboards and chalkboards and quizzes and assignments. The most surreal thing I did, second most surreal thing I did, is Gillian Anderson, who plays a math professor, I had helped Ryan shape some of her lines where she had to lecture in front of the class. And she'd also write on the board some equations at the same time she's talking. So she asked Ryan to ask me to make a video of doing that so that she could pretend to be a math professor. And that was something else.

So if she comes off in that scene as a 30-something bald guy who's kind of sarcastic, that's just method acting.

Let's talk about aliens and real-life UFOs a little bit. In your estimation, what do you think the likelihood is of there being life, not necessarily intelligent life, but life in our solar system?

Oh yeah, that's absolutely fascinating, just to entertain the notion that there's even a slim chance that there might be life right here in our neighborhood that we could go visit and talk to and shake hands or tentacles, or however it might work out mechanically, it's so tantalizing. That drives researchers.

I'm personally fascinated by and curious about it even though that's not my line of research. For a long time, we thought "this is it," the Earth is the only place with liquid water. Mars is super dry and dead, maybe it was alive at some point but that was three billion years ago so that hardly counts and that's it.

Now, with these sub-surface oceans around Europa and Callisto and Enceladus and maybe even Pluto it's like there's more liquid water in any one of these worlds than all of Earth. And life as we know it requires water, it also requires a whole bunch of other things but hey, we're checking off the first box in the checklist for hunting for life and that itself is cause for celebration. I hope so. I hope there's life.

What's your take on the Fermi Paradox?

I think the Fermi Paradox is an expression of our sheer inability to cope with the true time and distance scales when we have to start talking about things like galaxies and universes.

We're probably not alone. There's probably other life orbiting other stars. Some of them are probably intelligent. Some of them are probably in our own galaxy now. But for all intents and purposes, we are totally, 100 percent, completely isolated. Space is just too big.

It's almost like we're living on a really tiny island in a vast ocean and there are other islands out there, but we don't have the ability to get there.

We don't have a canoe. No outriggers, no sails, nothing.

Do you feel like the search for extraterrestrial life is a worthwhile pursuit on its own or do you feel like it's more important as an inspiration for getting people interested in the sciences?

Oh yeah, of course, astrophysicists and cosmologists are interested in a whole bunch of things. Some astrophysicists are hunting for life on other worlds, some astrophysicists are trying to understand how stars live and die, some astrophysicists are trying to understand how galaxies emerge.

So, of course, we all compete with each other for funding and we'd all like our personal slice of the pie to be a little bit larger than the slice of our competitors. But we do recognize that of the entire astrophysicist community recognizes that this is a valid question that over the past few decades has moved from the realm of philosophy and speculation into the realm of science.

This is a question that we have the capability to answer with the scientific method and if it is a valid scientific question then it is up for grabs as a legitimate exercise of science.

One of the focuses of the movie is mathematics. If we did encounter other intelligent life, do you feel like math would be the best foundation for developing communication with them?

There are some things that we recognize in nature that we're pretty sure are universal. That if you have any conception of logic whatsoever, that you would eventually arrive at the same conclusion. You may have different structures to represent those but the basic understanding would still be there. So perhaps mathematics is a truly universal, cross-species language. There's only one way to find out which is to actually meet someone else and give it a shot.

Maybe the better route is through common physics, things we can observe about the universe that we know that nobody else will disagree about because it's so unambiguous. Maybe that's the best route. Maybe it's little of column "A" and a little of column "B."

Can you give an example of a universal observation we might be able to use?

This is actually something that is highlighted in the film is this concept of the Fine Structure Constant.

This is a number, it's just a raw number that appears in physical theory. And the very interesting thing about this number is that it doesn't have any use. It's not measured in terms of meters or pounds or light years, it's not tied to any choice of measurement system it's just a raw number that appears in nature.

So, we're guessing that if you're intelligent and you're a fan of science and you're doing the whole science thing and you're discovering basic truths about the way nature operates, that you will eventually also discover this Fine Structure Constant because it will appear in your mathematics too, regardless of how you formulate your mathematics. Perhaps this, a common understanding of something that appears to be ubiquitous and universal, is the key that unlocks the door.

One of the common things in television and movies is when we do discover aliens they look sort of like us. Do you think there's any good reason to believe that would be the case?

As far as I understand this, there are two lines of thought here. One line of thought is to look at the variety of life on the Earth and there's some really weird stuff going on, like things in the oceans and even when we dig into our ancient past there are some true freak shows of nature. So, an alien, evolving with a completely different set of circumstances and environment and evolutionary path, would look totally different from us. Perhaps, unrecognizably so, to the point that we wouldn't even know we were looking at life if we were staring it in the face.

Or, maybe life follows convergent evolution, maybe the right special sauce that made us, us, is the only special sauce available throughout the universe and that if we met some aliens, maybe it would be likeStar Trek where they're basically us but they have some weird forehead.

UFO is now available.

{ https://www.syfy.com/ }

05-09-2018 om 00:44 geschreven door peter  

Researchers want to clone 40,000-year-old extinct horse — a step towards woolly mammoth resurrection

 BY TIBI PUIU

The perfectly preserved remains of a baby horse belonging to a now-extinct species made headlines when they were unveiled to the world last week. Now, researchers in Russian and South Korea say that the 40,000-year-old foal, discovered in the Siberian permafrost, could be cloned back to life. If they are successful, the achievement would mark an important milestone towards the ultimate goal of resurrecting the wooly mammoth.

The 40,000-year-old horse was found buried beneath 30 meters of permafrost, which preserved it so well that its tail, mane, and hooves were still attached.

According to Semyon Grigoriev, the head of the Mammoth Museum in Yakutsk, the foal was only 20 days old when it perished. But thanks to the astonishing conservation power of the permafrost from the “Mouth of Hell” — the tadpole-shaped, one-km-long crater where the horse was found, initially created by the Soviets when they cleared the forest in the area  — researchers were able to recover muscle tissues from the animal.

These undamaged samples could prove extremely valuable to biotech research — among them, a project that aims to resurrect the now-extinct Equus lenesis, also known as the Lena horse.

Hwang Woo Suk flew in from Seoul, South Korea to personally supervise the DNA extraction process from the foal. If they find viable, undamaged cells, these could be used to clone this unique animal.

 “We are trying to make a primary culture using this baby horse,” said Suk, a former professor at Seoul National University. “If we get live cells from this ancient baby horse, it is a wonderful promise to people in terms of cloning.”

Suk is a pioneer of stem cell research, who has fallen out of grace in the scientific community after he was found guilty of falsifying some of his findings. He admitted to using eggs from paid donors in a study that claimed to recover stem cells from a cloned human embryo. Bringing an extinct species back from the dead may be a way for the scientist to redeem himself.

Previously, the South Korean researchers obtained living cells from a dead pet dog frozen by its owners. That was quite an important achievement because water crystalizes and destroys the cells.

Just like they would clone any other animal, the scientists plan to transplant genetic information from a specialized cell into an unfertilized egg cell whose genetic information has been destroyed or physically removed. The mare of a horse species similar to the extinct Lena will be used as a surrogate.

Once they are confident enough in their abilities, scientists plan to do the same for a wooly mammoth with an elephant as the surrogate.

Most of the world’s wooly mammoths were killed around 10,500 years ago, the prime causes are still up for debate. Human hunting, climate change or both have been identified by scientists as prime suspects. But on a small island off the coast of Alaska, an isolated population of wooly mammoths lingered on for thousands of years. They too died around 5,600 years, and with them, their entire species went extinct.

In 2014, a team of international researchers uncovered a 43,000-year-old female from the Siberian tundra which still had well-preserved muscles, kidneys, and even blood.

However, the differences between a mammoth and an elephant are much more significant than those between a modern-day horse and the extinct Lena.

As such, cloning the Lena horse would be an immense breakthrough for scientists looking to bring back species back from the dead. There’s a lot of ground to cover though and, right now, people are probing in the dark. For instance, no one has been able to recover a living cell from ancient tissue before — which is the current plan. That would be unique in itself.

Previously, scientists led by George Church, professor of genetics at Harvard University, merged elephant and mammoth DNA — another important step for cloning the extinct beasts. While DNA can survive for a long time under the ‘freezer’, it’s far from being perfect — it’s impractical for cloning purposes since many bits and pieces have been damaged by the environment, which is why the researchers had to piece together the mammoth DNA with bits from the elephant.

Besides wooly mammoths and the Lena horse, scientists would like to resurrect dozens of other extinct species such as the saber-tooth cat, the Dodo, or the Quagga.

{ https://www.zmescience.com/ }

05-09-2018 om 00:00 geschreven door peter  

Secret space program? Conspiracy frenzy over ‘flying object’ near US air base

A BIZARRE UFO sighting is being hailed as proof of a secret space program by conspiracy theorists.

By Charlotte Ikonen 

The object was spotted during a rainstorm in the US state of North Carolina last month.

{ https://www.dailystar.co.uk/ }

04-09-2018 om 23:58 geschreven door peter  

Photograph of mysterious 'angular aircraft' hovering over North Carolina freeway sends UFO enthusiasts wild with speculation it could be a top-secret US government plane

• Javion Hill, 35, was driving southwest of Charlotte on the night of August 18
• He then noticed a strange aircraft hovering above in the night sky
• The aircraft, which had lights on a rectangular perimeter, then vanished
• UFO conspiracy theorists say aircraft could be new spy plane known as TR-3B 
• North Carolina is in the top 10 states where most UFO sightings are reported 

By ARIEL ZILBER and JESSICA FINN FOR DAILYMAIL.COM 

The truth is out there - especially if you’re in North Carolina.

For at least the second time this summer, a local resident says he saw a UFO in the skies above the Tar Heel State.

Javion Hill, 35, posted a photograph on his Facebook page showing a mysterious object in the sky during a rainstorm near Charlotte.

Hill, a resident of Kings Mountain, North Carolina, said he took several photos on the night of August 18 as he was driving along U.S. 74 southwest of Charlotte.

The object resembles a kind of rectangular aircraft with lights activated along the edges - which UFO enthusiasts and conspiracy theorists claim is an advanced new spy plane known as 'TR-3B'. 

However, some online have said the picture looks suspiciously like the reflection of a cell phone on the dash.

Javion Hill, 35, posted several photographs on his Facebook page showing a mysterious object in the sky during a rainstorm near Charlotte

‘I was on my way home with my wife on the speaker phone, and it looked like there was a tornado coming, so I was trying to take a picture of the clouds for my wife,’ Hill told the Charlotte Observer.

‘But then I saw something that wasn’t normal and I was, like: “Oh my god, what is that?”

‘I started trying to take as many pictures of it as possible while I was driving.’

Hill then pulled his car over at the next exit and tried to get video, but the aircraft disappeared.

Moments later, it began pouring rain.

Hill said he was so unnerved by what he saw that he could not fall asleep that night.

When asked to speculate, Hill said it was possible the aircraft he saw was a military plane of some sort.

UFO conspiracy theorists have claimed that the U.S. military is working on a secret anti-gravity spy plane that hovers - the TR-3B.

There is only anecdotal evidence that such a plane exists.

Some UFO observers claim to have seen an aircraft of this type over Antelope Valley in the southern California desert - not far from Edwards Air Force Base.

Hill (left), a resident of Kings Mountain, North Carolina, said he took the photos on the night of August 18 as he was driving along U.S. 74 southwest of Charlotte

'I was worried for my safety,' Hill said. 

'I didn’t believe in UFOs until that moment.' 

The sighting of the unusual aircraft came just two weeks after a video emerged showing what appeared to be a strange object hovering over the Lake Norman area.

The footage recorded by Jason Swing on May 29, is extremely shaky but when the video isn't bouncing up and down it shows, clear as day, a large object that appears to be hovering in mid-air.

During the short clip Swing posted to YouTube he announces 'This is a spacecraft.' The clip is accompanied with a brief explainer of the video.

'It had been raining all morning. Rain finally stopped so we went (to) pick up a boat from Lake Norman,' Swing says in a post with the video. 'When (I) came around the corner I saw this thing sitting still very close.'

The sighting of the unusual aircraft came just two weeks after a video emerged showing what appeared to be a strange object hovering over the Lake Norman area. Though viewers thought it was a UFO, the tire company GoodYear said it was its blimp

The video garnered over 150,000 views and then it received an additional boost in viewers when on Thursday the YouTube video channel 'The Hidden Underbelly 2.0,' a site focused on UFO and creature videos picked it up.

While some people were excited about the possibility of the large object being a UFO, others wondered if the government was behind the large flying object.

GoodYear, the tire manufacturing company, saw the video, and claims, as much as some wish it were a UFO, that the object seen in the shaky footage, is its blimp that was in the the Charlotte area on May 29, for NASCAR's Coca Cola 600.

The GoodYear Blimp's account shared: 'We don’t want to get in the way of a good story, but that’s definitely us. We left the Charlotte area 5/29 after covering the Coke 600.'

North Carolina is also the home to multiple military bases, including Fort Bragg, Pope Air Force Base and Camp Lejeune Marine Corps facility.

The state is in the top 10 for 'UFO' sightings. 

Read more:

• A mysterious square aircraft hovering in night sky ¿scared me to death,¿ NC man says

{ http://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

04-09-2018 om 23:47 geschreven door peter  

7 Ancient Sites That Are Thought To Have Been Built By Aliens

You might not believe in aliens but chances are you’ve heard a lot about them. Theories about aliens and their influence over our world are something that will never die out.

There are tons of different places and things in this world that could be summed up by ‘blaming aliens’ when you actually break them down. Below I am going to go over some of the most interesting ancient sites that many believe even now were created by something or someone not of this world. Have you heard about any of these before?

7 Ancient Sites That Are Thought To Have Been Built By Aliens:

1. Nazca Lines

These are straight white lines etched into the desert. While they might seem random or meaningless they join together in some peculiar ways. They create several different animals and are thought to be messages from aliens here to their ships above. These drawings are at least two millennia old and are without a doubt unexplainable.

2. Egyptian Pyramids

While the pyramids are well known many don’t take the time to think about how they were created. At almost five thousand years old rock and things of the sort should not have been movable at least not on the scale that was done to create such amazing things. How the Egyptians managed to pull this one off is something we will wonder about for years to come.

There have been lots of theories about alien involvement and are documentaries about it all over the web. Perhaps there is more to it than you might think.

3. Teotihuacan

This ancient city in Mexico is well known for its temples and was built over two thousand years ago. It is something many find to be otherworldly in general and could have been built by many different cultures, not just one. Considering how old it is and how advanced the entire thing is in itself, many believe it had to have some kind of extraterrestrial influence.

4. The Face on Mars

Yes, there is a strange face on Mars. It made headlines when it was first noticed and is still the topic of a lot of conspiracies even now. This face was first spotted back in 1976 and seems to have been created by someone or something, somehow. Many believe aliens built this face on Mars and we truly know nothing about it.

That being said, using a higher resolution camera, the face doesn’t seem to be present at all. Depending on who you are this either feeds into the conspiracy or breaks it apart. What do you think about the face on Mars? You can click hereto learn more about it.

5. Sacsayhuaman

The Sacsayhuaman is basically a fortress, it is made out of giant stones and took a crew of 20-30,00 men 60 years to complete. It almost looks as if something from a fairytale and is a literal work of art. It is thought that it must have been created through ancient people working with those from outside of our world. While no such link can be proven, the future may reveal more than you think.

6. Stonehenge

Stonehenge is in England and consists of a lot of stones that make up some kind of circle. It is not something we know much about and its meaning is something many ponder over even now. The stones seem to be aligned with solstices as well as eclipses and are quite unique. This one also comes with tons of different origin theories one of which being aliens. You can click here to learn more about all of these different theories.

7. Easter Island

Easter Island is also a complete mystery. The whole place is full of large stone figures that look like faces. No one knows who made them, how they got where they are, or anything else.

They are said to have been created by the Rapa Nui people but realistically, they should not have been capable of such back in that time period. These figures are over a thousand years old. Many believe something or someone from another planet may have played a big part.

{ https://awarenessact.com/ }

04-09-2018 om 23:27 geschreven door peter  

Was Young, Wet Mars Once Close Enough to the Sun to 'Dance' with Venus?

 

04-09-2018 om 22:58 geschreven door peter  

Life on Mars? 40 Years Later, Viking Lander Scientist Still Says 'Yes'

Call for follow-up

Now, more than four decades after the Viking landings — and with a lot more information about Mars in hand — Levin believes that NASA hasn't properly followed up on the Viking landers' results.

Gilbert Levin, Mars maverick

Credit: Gilbert Levin

"I am certain that NASA knows there is life on Mars," he said this past July on David Livingston's popular online program "The Space Show." 

Levin called for a re-examination of Viking LR data by an objective panel. But there's more.

Over the past 40 years, a succession of orbiters, landers and rovers has gathered evidence that life exists on Mars today, Levin said. 

There is "substantial and circumstantial evidence for extant microbial life on Mars," he said on "The Space Show."

Methane spikes

As an example, Levin noted that NASA's Curiosity rover has found cyclical and seasonal spikes in Mars methane. More than 90 percent of the methane in Earth's atmosphere is generated by microbes and other organisms.

"This is really hard to ignore as evidence for life," Levin said. 

However, water-rock chemistry can also produce methane, so it's not persuasive evidence of life, Curiosity mission team members and other scientists have said.  

Curiosity has also discovered organic molecules in 3-billion-year-old sedimentary rocks near the surface. Organics are the carbon-containing building blocks of life as we know it. But again, they're not convincing evidence of life by themselves; naturally occurring organics have also been spotted on asteroids, for example.

Water, water and more water

Then there's the July 2018 news from the European Space Agency's Mars Express mission: The orbiter apparently spotted an underground lake beneath a mile of ice near the Red Planet's south pole.  

Various spacecraft have found evidence of water on Mars over the years, Levin said, and now "we are deluged with an underground lake … so water is no longer the problem."

Levin also pointed to Curiosity imagery that can be interpreted as depicting fossilized stromatolites, structures that are built by colonial microbes here on Earth. There are intriguing similarities between ancient sedimentary rocks on Mars and structures shaped by microbes on Earth, he said.

Everything that we have learned about environmental conditions on Mars, Levin said, would permit terrestrial microorganisms to survive — and that includes the harsh radiation, the low pressure and the frigid temperatures. 

As for present-day life on the Red Planet, "it's getting to the point where the shoe is on the other foot," Levin said. "It's very hard to image a sterile Mars." [Ancient Mars Could Have Supported Life (Photos)]

More knowledge

Viking veteran Ben Clark, now a senior research scientist at the Space Science Institute in Boulder, Colorado, said "it's about time to start earnestly searching for signs of [Mars] life again." 

Clark developed a Viking-carried instrument that measured the composition of Martian soils.

"From what we have learned since Viking about the past history of Mars, it was even more eminently suited for the origin of life than we knew when the search began," Clark said. "A Viking lesson learned is that you had better understand the environment well before designing tests for biological activity."

Astrobiologist Dirk Schulze-Makuch, a professor at the Technical University Berliny, also said the Viking life-detection experiments were conducted before scientists really understood the Red Planet. 

"Life is intrinsically linked to its environment," Schulze-Makuch told Space.com. Not having that information in hand, we cannot home in on optimal search and life-detection strategies, and "that, of course, also applies to the icy moons," he added, referring to ocean-harboring worlds such as the Jupiter moon Europa and the Saturn satellite Enceladus.

"If it would have been known at the time of the Viking mission about Mars what is known today, they probably would have come up with the conclusion that microbial life likely exists on Mars," Schulze-Makuch said.

"I think the consensus is shifting more into the direction that the extraordinary claim would be that 'Mars is and was always lifeless,'" he added, referring to astronomer Carl Sagan's famous saying that "extraordinary claims need extraordinary evidence."

Nevertheless, Schulze-Makuch said that any declaration of life on Mars still requires overwhelming evidence before being scientifically saluted. "Just think about how long it took before it was accepted that there was and still is liquid water on Mars!" he said.

Better-informed instruments

John Rummel is familiar with Levin's steadfast life-on-Mars position.

"The Mars science community would have benefited greatly if Gil Levin had aspired to a leadership position in science after the Viking lander missions had completed their life-detection experiments," said Rummel, who twice served as NASA's planetary protection officer and is a former chair on planetary protection for the agency's Committee on Space Research.

New missions with better-informed instruments looking for life were possible then, Rummel said, but they needed a strong advocate who had the sort of data that Levin possessed. 

"Fundamentally, there is nothing new about Mars that wasn't possible with Viking, but it is a long way from Chryse or Utopia [the two Viking landing spots on Mars in 1976] to the sub-polar-cap lake now claimed by the Italians," Rummel, who's now based at the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute, told Space.com. "If Levin had stayed fully engaged, we might have already tried to go there."

Beyond the science debate

Astrobiologist Chris McKay, of NASA's Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley, is a longtime Mars investigator. 

The science community is in general agreement, McKay said, that the Viking LR experiment did not detect life. The reactions noted by that instrument and the other results from Viking can be explained by reactive chemicals called perchlorates, he said. 

Perchlorates were first detected in Martian soil by NASA's Phoenix lander in 2008, nearth the Red Planet's north pole. Further observations by other spacecraft strongly suggest that perchlorates are widespread throughout Mars.

That perchlorate explanation, however, is tentative, McKay said. "We cannot rule out that Gil Levin is correct and that there are dormant life-forms in the Martian soil," he said.

If so, that finding has implications beyond the science debated. "Are we confident enough that the Martian soil is lifeless to send astronauts … and then to bring those astronauts back to Earth? I say no," McKay said. "It seems to me that the standard of proof must be higher for these activities, and we have not reached that standard yet." 

But McKay thinks Levin is right in continuing to insist that the possibility of life be considered. 

"Life may not be the scientifically preferred explanation, but it cannot yet be disproven," McKay concluded.

• Leonard David is author of "Mars: Our Future on the Red Planet," published by National Geographic. The book is a companion to the National Geographic Channel series "Mars." A longtime writer for Space.com, David has been reporting on the space industry for more than five decades.
• Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook or Google+.
• This version of the story published on Space.com.

{ https://www.space.com/ }

04-09-2018 om 22:45 geschreven door peter  

The hole, possibly made with a drill, caused a small pressure leak on the ISS last week

Russia’s state space corporation is currently investigating what caused a small hole to appear in one of the country’s Soyuz spacecraft that’s currently docked at the International Space Station. The opening caused pressurized air to leak out of the vehicle last week. Originally, Russia thought a small meteorite strike might have caused the hole, but now, the country’s space corporation believes it was made from inside the Soyuz, possibly with a drill. And Russia isn’t discounting the idea that the hole could have been made intentionally — either on Earth or in space.

“We are considering all the theories,” said Dmitry Rogozin, the head of Russia’s Roscosmos state space corporation, according to TASS. “The one about a meteorite impact has been rejected because the spaceship’s hull was evidently impacted from inside. However it is too early to say definitely what happened.” Rogozin goes on to say that it looks like the hole was a “technological error” made by a specialist with a “faltering hand.” “There are traces of a drill sliding along the surface,” he said.

Roscosmos has since convened a State Commission to investigate the cause of the hole. Rogozin noted that understanding its origin was “a matter of honor” and that the investigators would figure out if the hole was the result of a defect or if it was made on purpose. “Now it is essential to see the reason, to learn the name of the one responsible for that. And we will find out, without fail,” he said, according to TASS. NASA declined to go into detail about the investigation. “NASA will support the commission’s work as appropriate,” the space agency said in a statement to The Verge.

View image on Twitter

Chris B - NSF@NASASpaceflight

ISS Leak summary:

First thought was MMOD strike.

Then NASA released pics. Lots of people: "Hmmm, doesn't look like MMOD". NASA deleted the photos.

Top Russian news site RIA NOVOSTI reported - via sources but apparently confirmed by Mr. Rogozin - it was a drill hole.

7:50 PM - Sep 3, 2018

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NASA and Roscosmos first noticed that pressurized air was leaking out of the ISS around 7PM ET on Wednesday, August 29th. However, the leak was so small that NASA did not even alert the crew until the following morning, opting to let them sleep instead. On Thursday, the crew on board the ISS found the cause of the leak: a 2-millimeter hole inside one of the two visiting Soyuz spacecraft. This particular vehicle has been docked to the space station since June 8th, when it brought NASA astronaut Serena Auñón-Chancellor, Russian cosmonaut Sergey Prokopyev, and German astronaut Alexander Gerst to the ISS.

On Thursday, Prokopyev plugged up the hole using epoxy on a gauze wipe, according to NASA. The fix did the trick, and the space station’s cabin pressure has since stabilized. NASA has been monitoring the pressure levels ever since, and the six crew members on board the space station were able to return to a normal schedule on Friday.

This isn’t the first time that Russia has considered sabotage when investigating a spacecraft failure. In 2012, then-head of Roscosmos Vladimir Popovkin hinted that a foreign country may have been to blame for the failure of a Russian spacecraft Phobos-Grunt. The probe was supposed to explore one of the moons of Mars but instead got stuck in Earth’s orbit and eventually fell back to our planet. But it’s not just Russia that’s conspiracy-minded either. When one of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rockets exploded in 2016, the company said that it seriously considered sabotage by rival rocket company, the United Launch Alliance, according to Washington Post reporter Christian Davenport. (Neither the SpaceX failure nor the Phobos-Grunt incident turned out to be sabotage.)

But the Soyuz hole is curious. If it was created on Earth, how did it just now start leaking after two months in space? It’s possible that a technician on the ground drilled a hole in the wrong place, realized the mistake, and then tried to patch it up with something that just got dislodged last week. “Perhaps they filled it up with putty or did some attempt at repair but didn’t do a great job with that and after a couple months in space, that repair thing popped out or eroded away,” Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at Harvard and spaceflight expert, tells The Verge.

Or it’s possible that the technician didn’t realize a mistake had been made, and the hole got temporarily plugged anyway. The hole was found behind an insulation panel, according to McDowell, which may have provided coverage during launch and the first couple of months in space. Then something knocked it out of the way, exposing the hole to the inside of the ISS.

Ultimately, there are many different possibilities for how this hole was made on the ground, according to McDowell, and sabotage should be the last option considered. “It seems really implausible the hole wasn’t there at launch,” says McDowell.

Update September 4th, 12:30PM ET: This article was updated to include a statement from NASA and information on plausible scenarios from McDowell.

04-09-2018 om 22:22 geschreven door peter  

Russia’s top space official casted doubt on Monday on the official reason the International Space Station lost air pressure last week, and by Tuesday, further questions surfaced over the cause of a hole in the Russia-made Soyuz capsule, which had to be patched up by astronauts 250 miles above the Earth.

Dimitry Rogozin, appointed as director of Roscosmos by President Vladimir Putin in May, first publicly considered that hole might be the result of sabotage:

“We are considering all the theories. The one about a meteorite impact has been rejected because the spaceship’s hull was evidently impacted from inside. However it is too early to say definitely what happened. But, it seems to be done by a faltering hand… it is a technological error by a specialist. It was done by a human hand — there are traces of a drill sliding along the surface. We don’t reject any theories,” he said.

Rogozin added, “It is a matter of honor for [Soyuz makers] Energia Rocket and Space Corporation to find the one responsible for that, to find out whether it was an accidental defect or a deliberate spoilage and where it was done - either on Earth or in space. Now it is essential to see the reason, to learn the name of the one responsible for that. And we will find out, without fail,” he pledged.

View image on Twitter

Chris B - NSF@NASASpaceflight

ISS Leak summary:

First thought was MMOD strike.

Then NASA released pics. Lots of people: "Hmmm, doesn't look like MMOD". NASA deleted the photos.

Top Russian news site RIA NOVOSTI reported - via sources but apparently confirmed by Mr. Rogozin - it was a drill hole.

7:50 PM - Sep 3, 2018

• 286
• 198 people are talking about this

When asked for comments on the matter, a NASA official said that “Roscosmos has convened a State Commission to conduct further analysis of the possible cause of the leak” and referred Inverse to the Roscosmos press office.

The hole is in part of the capsule that isn’t used to carry astronauts back to Earth. Russia’s state-run media agency, TASS, reported on Tuesday that the capsule might have been damaged during terrestrial tests on the ground at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Russia’s testing and launch site. The anonymous source speculated to TASS that an accidental drill hole might have been patched up during testing, but when the glue dried up in space, it fell out, and air pressure was lost.

Meanwhile, theories of the hole being caused in space seemed fade by Tuesday in Russia: “Why should any of the crew try to do that? I would not like to use the word nonsense, but all this does not fit in well with logic,” Russian rocket designer Alexander Zheleznyakov told TASS when asked if any of the ISS crew might have made the hole in the spacecraft’s hull. “Judging by what I saw on the photos, it must have been done on Earth. The hole is in a place that is very hard to get to. Drilling it would not be easy.”

In the early hours of Thursday morning, astronauts aboard the ISS awoke to learn that the orbiting lab and occasional badminton court was slowly losing pressure. Flight control in Houston and Moscow identified the issue on Wednesday evening, but they decided the leak was minimal enough that they allowed the crew to sleep through it. It was patched up the next morning.

A live feed from the ISS broadcasted a Houston ground control official commenting, “Right now Alex has got his finger on that hole and I don’t think that’s the best remedy for it,” reported The Telegraph.

Canadian Astronaut and former ISS inhabitant Chris Hadfield said that the space station has a leak repair kit with tape, epoxy, and putty, among other hole-patching supplies. “Grab it and use what works,” he posted on Twitter. “In this case, very small hole. I understand they used a thumb, then a swab with epoxy, then tape.”

The Soyuz spacecraft is produced by Russian firm RKK Energia and is the only spacecraft model that currently carries humans between Earth and the International Space Station. SpaceX, Boeing, and NASA are developing their own capsules. Just a month ago, NASA announced that it would test the Boeing-made CST-100 Starliner capsule in mid 2019 and it would test the SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule in April 2019. The NASA/ESA-operated Orion spacecraft, which is being built by Lockheed Martin and Airbus and would carry four people to and from the ISS, is also in development. These new capsules would reduce US dependence on Russia’s Soyuz capsule.

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

04-09-2018 om 22:09 geschreven door peter  

SpaceX Engineer Details Ambitious Plan to Build ‘Multiple Cities on Mars’

By Mike Brown

04-09-2018 om 22:01 geschreven door peter  

Pyramids True Purpose FINALLY DISCOVERED: Ancient Technology

Published by Stefan Dimitrov 

Mainstream historians will tell you that the Great Pyramid of Giza was a glorified tomb for the Egyptian pharaohs. The only original monument left of the original Seven Wonders of the World, this structure was created with impeccable mathematical precision, and is a unique, mysterious feat of construction and engineering.

There’s only one problem; the Great Pyramid has none of the characteristics of tombs: including extravagant artifacts, ornate wall art, sealed entrances, elaborate coffins, or even mummies themselves. It was, however built with unique – the same materials that are used for electrical conductivity today. These facts are leading more and more historians to believe the pyramids may have had a far more useful purpose. ..that pyramid of Giza was not at all a tomb, but a power plant: generating and transmitting electricity to the civilization surrounding them. Sound impossible?

DEFINITION / FACTS

To start, it’s important to comprehend the tremendous effort that went into creating these monuments. The Great Pyramid of Giza is one of among no less than 118 of these structures in Egypt alone – and that doesn’t even include those pyramids in other parts of the world. Given our current understanding of how early civilizations built their monuments, it would have taken no less than 20 years to build these so-called “tombs”– and that’s if no less than 20,000 workers worked DAILY. To this day, historians STILL can’t prove exactly HOW – or WHEN – they were built, since the blocks weigh an average of 2.5 tons, and we are boggled by how ropes, pulleys, and waterways somehow moved and lifted these enormous blocks. No one can duplicate the effort with the same materials; it remains a mystery.

This leads us to ask what resting place for the dead could possibly be so important that it would warrant such phenomenal effort, time, and precise engineering? Even without knowing that they have nothing in common with regular tombs, you only need to stand before them to realize… that’s a lot of work for a cadaver! Naturally, we make conclusions based on the assumption that ancient civilizations were more primitive than us… but what if intellectual evolution isn’t always linear… can advanced technology be lost, and rediscovered centuries later? Is it possible that an ancient culture had knowledge of – and used – electrical power?

THE BAGHDAD BATTERY

To know for sure, let’s look at another case where the technology of power generation appears to have been used – and then, forgotten. We know Edison and Tesla brought electricity into common use at the turn of the 19th century. Yet, In Iraq in 1934, three artifacts were found together: a ceramic pot, a tube of copper, and a rod of iron which – when combined with a liquid acid – can be used to create chemical reactions that produce an electric charge. Known as the Baghdad -or Parthian- battery, these materials date back 2000 years.

Ten years after their discovery, someone using grape juice with similar materials to successfully generate a few volts of electricity. This process has since been demonstrated on the Discovery Channel’s program Myth Busters, where lemon juice activated the electrochemical reaction between the copper and iron, producing 4 volts of electricity. Nowadays, you can simply search online to find instructions on how to create your own battery using these chemical principles… but historians have long assumed that thousands of years ago.. there was no knowledge of this technology… that this archeological find is mere “coincidence” even though we’ve long marveled over artifacts with intricate gold plating – which requires electricity to be created.) Quite simply, energy generation happens as result of simple chemical principles, and can be done by anyone 4 basic materials.

MATERIALS

So here are some important facts about the structure and materials of the pyramids: For starters, it contains angled tunnels which lead not only into the pyramid, but deep underground, to areas claimed to still be unexplored. What tomb needs a shaft directed into the earth?

We also know that centuries ago, there were enormous swivel doors that weighed no less than 20 tons, but miraculously, was so well engineered, it could be entered with the push of a hand. Since No Egyptian tomb has ever been found to be deliberately accessible, what was their interest in continuing to “visit” the mummies – or could such a door have served the purpose of containing and insulating the space inside

LIMESTONE / GRANITE / DOLOMITE – electrical MATERIALS

Though you’d almost never know it, The Great Pyramids of Giza were once covered in white, polished limestone, referred to as “casing stones”. The cuts made in this reflective stone were angled perfectly, so it would have had a smooth, flat appearance. This would have made the giant structures brightly reflect the light of the sun like a mirror. It also would have made perfect insulation inside the structure.

A large earthquake in 1303 AD disrupted the casing stones, so they were removed to use on other structures. Today, all that remains is the inner core of the pyramid. The image of the incredible amount of light that would have reflected from the monument raises curiosity… as does the reason for the insulation. Was there a desire to draw attention to their dead? …to keep the mummies warm . or cool? Or something else?

Next, the material, Dolomite was used on the inner surfaces. Dolomite is known to increase electrical conductivity directly relative to the amount of pressure on it: high pressure creates more electrical current.

Next, Lining the passageways and underground tunnels of the pyramids is granite, which is slightly radioactive. Granite contains high amounts of quartz crystal and metal, a well-known conductor of piezo-electricity, piezoelectricity occurs as result of stress or pressure on the quartz.. as demonstrated by the Wristwatches which can be charged simply by rapidly shaking them. This Granite actually ionizes the airinside the pyramid, creating a chemical reaction which – again – increases the conductivity of electricity. When such electrons are given the chance to bypass sections of rock via a metal wire, quite large currents can flow.

Another important material used is to construct them is the mysterious mortar – half a million tons of it – which holds the giant stones in place. Though it’s been analyzed many times, modern technology has yet to exactly recreate the same gypsum – which comes from sediment –used on the pyramids. This gypsum can withstand tremendous pressure, and astoundingly, is even stronger than the stones themselves. Clearly, it has thus contributed to keeping the monument intact for thousands of years – but could there be another reason why they used a material which could withstand such high pressure?

So Limestone, dolomite, granite… supposedly constructed for a tomb, are in fact, analogous to the exact materials we use to make electrical wires. They also share a relationship with pressure, which increases their electro-conductivity.
We must ask if there might be other reasons why the ancients constructed the monuments with electrical properties that would withstand the high pressure? …

DESIGN

North west of the Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara is an area called The Serapeum. Here there are 20 huge granite “boxes” – each weighing 100 tons – classic Egyptologists say to be the coffins of the pharaohs. Yet, The granite here came from 500 miles away, and each box is so large and so heavy, that there is no possible way it could fit through the existing tunnels and entrances. These supposed “sarcophagi” were therefore somehow built into the structure with such precision, they are within a 10,000th of an inch of being perfectly flat. Since these supposed “sarcophagi”- or coffins – are clearly way too large for a human being, the accepted theory is that they were – yes, believe this – bull coffins…, for their “pharaoh’s prized bulls.”

Each and every one of these huge “boxes” also has a giant lid carved from the exact same stone. In the meantime, any electrical engineer will explain that a container serving as an an energy capacitor – or battery – must be made entirely of the same substance so there is no interruption in the magnetic field.

Could These boxes could be just that? If so, the centuries-old granite sarcophagus on display in an Egyptian museum that was thought to be “unfinished. ” Unlike those in the pyramids… This one is actually cracked – suggesting that perhaps, it was not unfinished, but simply abandoned because the crack which occurred would have interrupted the magnetic field, permitting it from successfully serving its purpose. So there is clear evidence to support the possibility of an electrical – unless you want to believe the bull … coffin. Theory.

To add to the mystery, in 1993, a mysterious, and inaccessible room was discovered underneath the pyramid, after remaining hidden for thousands of years. Appearing to have deliberately been concealed by the structure’s engineers, the room came to be called “the Queen’s chamber” – and was finally explored in 2011 with a small, remote camera to reveal…. a long-lost mummy? Hardly… it contained carefully crafted copper wire … and more importantly, there were instructions painted as symbols onto the floor, which appeared to show a clear wiring diagram.

Look at any battery, from those used in large power plants to the smallest pellet batteries used in wristwatches, and you’ll see that they require a metal – such as copper – to create the chemical reaction known as “potential difference”. you can run an electric current through a copper wire, and the coil will produce a short-range magnetic field. Add a second coil, and the power is transferred from one coil to the other – – works in an electric toothbrush, works well over short distances. In the right conditions, A windowless room with Copper pieces could create a higher potential on one wall which transfers energy to the lower potential on the other wall, consequentially releasing electromagnetic energy into the confined space.

Sadly, these wires have since disappeared entirely, and mainstream Egyptologists claim there is no functionality whatsoever to the room – as they also claim there is no functionality of anything in the structure beyond the ways it serves as a tomb. A good place to note, that the foremost Egyptologist Zahi Hawass was indicted for theft of Egyptian antiquities.

WATER

It could still be argued that the electrical materials used to construct the Great pyramid are simply coincidental.. an energy generator still requires a catalyst from another source. Perhaps then, this explains why the pyramids are geographically located over the most natural power generators: underground rivers and aquifers. Physio-electricity could be harnessed from the power of the current as water flows . since it’s been proven that thousands of years ago, the Nile river passed directly by where the structures now stand. Of course, this debates the age of the pyramids themselves… along with weathering on the nearby Sphynx, which indicates that they endured tremendous water erosion, and would indicate that the monuments are actually double the age they are currently assumed to be. Perhaps that would explain why there is no mention of the pyramids or of their creation in any of the Egyptian writings….

So if water was a source of power, it would have traveled up the limestone based on the principle of Capillary Action, which happens when a small area of a substance that gets wet absorbs into the entire area. This is how the water travels over water flowing near or underneath the pyramid could have been absorbed as it passed over the limestone, even traveling upward to the top of the structure. The quartz in the tunnels of the pyramids would subject to the stress, or vibration, creating Piezoelectricity  The high force, the speed of the rising water and the pressure would be analogous to filling a syringe… generating electromagnetic energy within the structure by the materials within, and conducting it upward to the capstone… But why?

The pyramid has the Geographical location magnifies the electromagnetic forces on the planet, where Telluric currents are at their strongest. Electromagnetic field at the bottom of the pyramid would rise to the upper layers. We don’t know for sure what capped the pyramid, but there is speculation that the actual cap may have been gold – explaining, why it has long since been missing. Gold could have created a conductive path for energy to be directed upwards – directing it high into the ionosphere

If the reason for the superconductive materials used to create this monument was energy… then the potential for something even more amazing would have be possible: electricity … without any artificially integrated conduction material or means … could have transmitted wirelessly through natural means through the air and to the surrounding area. Sound far-fetched?

One bold and extraordinary man swore this was possible,… and he may have shown us how

TESLA’S EXPERIMENT

We know of Nikola Tesla as the solitary genius responsible for the Electric engine, radio, laser, radar, and for creating a tremendous competitive spirit in Thomas Edison. We know that he Sought above all to serve mankind, not to self indulge for profit. In fact, despite his extraordinary contributions, He is scarcely known or credited for his genius. At the 1893 World’s Fair, Tesla transmitted electricity naturally to light a bulb he held in his hands, and that he created the Tesla coil, which is used more for show than the function it was intended to serve. Most importantly, we know that Tesla Claimed adamantly that he had perfected the method of harnessing and transmitting free, wireless energy from a source using the electromagnetic nature of the earth.

In the patent he filed in September in 1897 he claimed that at 30,000 feet altitude there was a stratum of “rarified air” that would conduct electric currents at high voltages. His proposed system was a transmitter (left) consisting of a high voltage resonant transformer (C,A) which increased the voltage produced by an alternating current generator (G) to millions of volts. A wire (B) suspended by a balloon (D) would transfer the current to the atmosphere. At the receiving point (right), a similar balloon-borne electrode (D’ ) would receive the electricity and a transformer (C’, A’ ) would reduce the voltage to a convenient potential to be used by consumers

In an experiment the last week of July in 1903, nearby residents claimed to have witness Tesla successfully conduct his experiment at the Wardencyffe tower – while Tesla himself later shared how his new method of conductivity had lit up the night sky as if it were a giant fluorescent tube.  It’s even been said – though that he successfully wireless transmitted pictures and sounds, though all of his work has been mercilessly destroyed, this cannot be proven.

Sadly, all his technology was confiscated shortly after, apparently, the money he owed was far more important to his financers than the potential of providing free energy to the planet.
Tesla died in poverty, and the US government destroyed his tower claiming it was being used by German spies… the implications of the world having free power may have changed our history forever.

PYRAMID WIRELESS

Let’s Compare Tesla’s technology to the pyramids: the location, the height, the electromagnetic materials,

we’ve seen induction between copper wires work for short distances, For long distance transfer.. the same principle can be applied when Acoustic energy is converted to kinetic energy, and the Frequencies match.. In the way a sound wave that matches the unique resonant frequency of a glass will shatter it. So if there is a Magnetically oscillating current -and you create a second possessing the same frequency – wirelessly transmit, including through walls. The frequency which would have been released from the pyramid would have to have to have been matched in the surrounding area…

Perhaps this would explain the obelisks – . These tall monuments Contain a pyramid-shaped quartz stone on the top. The quartz on the obelisks would vibrate as a result of the Vibrations propagated by the great pyramid, generating piezo-electricity,

This would also explain the ancient carvings found in Egypt which so clearly indicate light sources, it’s boggling to think anyone would argue it. In the Hathor temple, the Dendera light is one such image, which perfectly resembles modern electrical technology, showing a wire inside of a bulb like area, and a box which appears to be a receiver. Across from this carving is a similar image, but the system appears to be falling into the hands of a reptilian looking being – as though it is warning of the potential of abuse of the technology. Mainstream historians scoff and make more primitive conclusions but still, the pyramids show No signs of soot from flame torches. Instead, there are multiple carvings which show these “antennae”- like objects that appear to be a transmitter, near another object shaped like the famous symbol, the ankh which appears to be a receiver.
Given what we know, it seems so much more believable that the great pyramid functioned Using the same principles and conditions as Tesla sought to demonstrate… that they conducted and direct electromagnetic energy into the Ionosphere, where it generated and transmitted electricity wirelessly to receivers within civilization.

CONCLUSION

We’ve long believed that the pyramids were just tombs – but this theory raises more questions than it answers: why do they have nothing in common with other tombs? Why the unique construction materials make to build it – including the very materials required for conducting power?

Why the oversized granite “boxes”: proven to have never contained mummies? … Or the ones that are clearly too large for humans? Why the alignment with the North Pole, the 20-ton swivel doors, intricate tunnels and chambers, shafts and tunnels that still hold areas yet undiscovered? Why is there no soot from fire torches anywhere inside the structure? Why the strange, intricate tunnel system the tunnels and labyrinths protruding deep into the earth, still eluding understanding by an advanced civilization?

More and more people are accepting the possibility that the great pyramid of Giza had a more important function then we understand.. We know there is a heightened Electromagnetic measurement around the pyramid equivalent to that made in an electrical storm. We also know that They are unique eight-sided- precise cuttings and the strange heat spots are observable only from space Unique electric materials, including copper, and design that suggests high pressure, water power … powerful magnetic structure and placement in the center for the continents, the alignment with the stellar constellations, and the unique art which shows clear depictions of wired light sources… suggest there is a lot more to the history than we’ve been told.

Some theories go so far as to suggest that The Arc of The Covenant was the cherished property king Ramses sought when he pursued Moses from Egypt.. and that it contained these secrets.

All these circumstances make the likelihood high that the pyramid was created to be a compact energy generator and broadcasting system transmits electricity wirelessly. The implications for this understanding of electrical power by an ancient culture are huge: re-writing history as we know it.
Do you think that free energy could be transmitted wirelessly around the world? And if you whether or not you do believe, do you think that if it really could, we’ know about it?

Written and Narrated by Elisabeth Firestone
info@BestNarrator.com   

{ http://universeinsideyou.net/ }

04-09-2018 om 18:35 geschreven door peter  

{ https://www.disclose.tv/ }

04-09-2018 om 18:04 geschreven door peter  

Javion Hill says he took this photo on U.S. 74 southwest of Charlotte on Aug. 18. Javion Hill

Giant Square-Shaped UFO Photographed

A strange and large square-shaped UFO was photographed on August 18th.

Javion Hill drove southwest of Charlotte, NC when he took the mysterious photo and posted it on his Facebook page later.

Here, the lights have a slightly pink color on the craft.

 Javion Hill

He believes he witnessed an experimental military craft. Hill told the Charlotte Observer that there was something frightening about the experience. He also claimed that he didn't sleep that night anymore.

“I was on my way home with my wife on the speaker phone, and it looked like there was a tornado coming, so I was trying to take a picture of the clouds for my wife. But then I saw something that wasn’t normal and I was, like: ‘Oh my god, what is that?’ I started trying to take as many pictures of it as possible while I was driving,” said Hill.

Aug 18th Kings mountain

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{ https://www.disclose.tv/ }

04-09-2018 om 17:54 geschreven door peter  

Jupiter is sometimes called the king of the planets in our solar system, due to its enormous size. It has some 300 times Earth’s mass. Jupiter is thought to have become the largest planet early in our solar system’s history. Still, questions remained about how quickly (or not) Jupiter kept growing, with earlier evidence suggesting Jupiter’s growth was delayed for about two million years. The reason for this delay was unknown. Now, astrophysicists in Switzerland think they have an answer. Their work was published August 27, 2018, in the peer-reviewed journal Nature Astronomy.

The researchers are affiliated with two organizations, NCCR PlanetS and ETHzürich. Co-author Julia Venturiniexplained in a statement:

We … show that Jupiter grew in different, distinct phases.

Lead author Yann Alibert added:

Especially interesting is that it is not the same kind of bodies that bring mass and energy [to Jupiter].

In other words, these scientists used computer modeling to show that – billions of years ago, early in our solar system’s history – Jupiter underwent a delayed growth phase as material of varying sizes and types accreted onto it.

Planets – like Earth or Jupiter – are thought to grow by accretion from the gas-and-dust clouds, or nebulae, surrounding young stars. That is, they grow as small bits of material in the cloud collide, stick together, and become increasingly bigger. Once the planets themselves get big enough, they begin to sweep up even more material from the solar nebula, via the power of their gravitational pull.

So what happened during these different phases of Jupiter’s growth? It’s thought that, during the first million years or so, Jupiter’s planetary core was built rather quickly from small, centimeter-sized pebbles of rocky material. During the next two million years, there was a slower accretion of larger, kilometer-sized rocks called planetesimals. A lot of heat was released during this period as the planetesimals collided with the young, growing planet. As explained by Alibert:

During the first stage the pebbles brought the mass. In the second phase, the planetesimals also added a bit of mass, but what is more important, they brought energy.

Jupiter continued to grow after this, reaching 50 Earth masses after about 3 million years. This led to the beginning of the third phase, where runaway concretion of gas fueled the continued growth of Jupiter, until the planet reached a staggering 300 Earth masses. This is the Jupiter we know and love today.

But why exactly was there the period of slowed growth? First, the researchers found that the period where Jupiter was between 15-50 Earth masses lasted longer than previously thought. The collisions with the larger planetesimals were intense enough that the atmosphere was heated sufficiently to prevent rapid cooling, contraction and further gas accretion. The growth process was therefore delayed. As noted in the new paper:

Pebbles are important in the first stages to build a core quickly, but the heat provided by planetesimals is crucial to delay gas accretion so that it matches the timescale given by the meteorite data.

Below are the three stages of Jupiter’s growth, in brief. Note that they relate to the image above:

Stage 1: until 1 million years: Jupiter grows by accretion of pebbles (blue dots). Large primordialplanetesimals (big red dots) show high collision velocities (red arrows) leading to destructive collisions (yellow) and producing small, second generation planetesimals (small red dots).

Stage 2: 1-3 million years: The energy resulting from the accretion of small planetesimals prevents rapid gas accumulation and thus rapid growth (gray arrows).

Stage 3: beyond 3 million years: Jupiter is massive enough to accrete large amounts of gas.

The new formation scenario described by Alibert and team also fits nicely with previous data taken from meteorites. Based on analysis of the meteorites, scientists had concluded that the solar nebula in the primordial early solar system had somehow been divided into two different regions over two million years. When Jupiter had grown to 20-50 Earth masses, it acted as a barrier, disturbing the dust disk (debris disk) surrounding the young sun. This created an overdensity – a greater than normal density – within the dust disk, trapping pebbles outside its orbit.

As a result, material from farther out could not mix with other material closer in to the sun, at least not until Jupiter grew enough to scatter those pebbles inward with its gravity.

Beyond Jupiter, the researchers also say that their new results can also be used to help solve some long-running puzzles about the formation of Uranus and Neptune, as well as some similar exoplanets. This could be especially relevant to the so-called hot Jupiters, which are gas giant planets the size of Jupiter or larger that orbit much closer to their stars – and other gas giants found in other solar systems.

How did those planets grow even larger than Jupiter and why do many of them orbit so much closer to their stars (i.e. the hot Jupiters)? Maybe this new research will help shed some light.

Bottom line: Scientists have found that Jupiter, the largest planet in our solar system, went through “growing pains” as it was forming, with a period of time where its growth had slowed down considerably. Scientists involved in the new study now think they understand why.

Source: The formation of Jupiter by hybrid pebble–planetesimal accretion

Via University of Bern

{ http://earthsky.org/ }

04-09-2018 om 17:42 geschreven door peter  

“The Tantalizing Connection Between Volcanoes and Extraterrestrial Life in the Outer Solar System” –Today’s Top Space Headline

{ https://dailygalaxy.com/ -

https://www.quantamagazine.org/}

04-09-2018 om 17:25 geschreven door peter  

“Lek in capsule die aan ruimtestation ISS hangt mogelijk kwaad opzet” - HLN.be

Bron: Belga, ANP

Eind vorige week was er in het ISS een noodsituatie omdat er zuurstof lekte uit een scheurtje van ongeveer twee mm in de Sojoez-MS-09 die aan de spacemeccano hangt, en die voor transport naar en van het ISS zorgt. Aanvankelijk dacht men dat het gat door de inslag van een micrometeoriet was veroorzaakt. Vandaag sloot directeur-generaal Dmitri Rozogin van Roscosmos die verklaring al uit.

Daarna opperde hij menselijk falen, bijvoorbeeld bij raketbouwer Energija of bij tests op de lanceerbasis Bajkonoer. Uiteindelijk sloot Rozogin zelfs het bewust veroorzaken van een lek niet uit.

Lees ook

Ruimtestation ISS kampt met lek

“Doelbewuste interventie”

Er zijn volgens de topman van de Russische ruimtevaart meerdere pogingen geweest om van binnenuit een gat te maken in de Sojoez die aan het Russische segment van het ISS hangt. “Wij onderzoeken de versie van een op de Aarde (veroorzaakt probleem), want er zijn sporen van een boor die door de wand is gegaan. Maar er is ook een ander versie die wij niet uitsluiten: een doelbewuste interventie in de ruimte.”

Het door Russische kosmonauten uiteindelijk gedicht gat lijkt door een “weifelende hand” te zijn veroorzaakt, aldus Rozogin. “Waar gaat het om, een fabricagefout of een doelbewuste daad”, vroeg hij zich volgens het Russische staatspersbureau Ria Novosti af.

Plakband

Op de vraag waarom het scheurtje sinds de aankomst van de Sojoez in juni niet is opgemerkt, antwoordde Rozogin dan weer: “Stel dat een slordige werknemer een fout heeft gemaakt. Dan werd hij bang en dichtte hij het gat met speciale lijm. Het bleef lange tijd onopgemerkt. Dan droogde de lijm op en was ze weg”.

Volgens het Amerikaanse ruimtevaartbureau NASA is het scheurtje, in een deel van de Sojoez dat niet voor de terugkeer naar de Aarde bestemd is, aanvankelijk met thermoresistente plakband afgedicht geweest. Een Russische commissie moet uitklaren wie verantwoordelijk is. “We zullen het vinden”, beloofde Rozogin.

Ondertussen zijn er verificaties bij alle ruimtetuigen van het type Sojoez en Progress (voor onbemand transport naar de ruimtekolos), zei een bron uit de Russische ruimtevaartsector aan Ria Novosti.

In het ISS wonen en werken momenteel twee Russen, drie Amerikanen en één Duitser van het Europese Ruimtevaartbureau ESA. De Amerikaan Drew Feustel is gezagvoerder. Als het gat niet werd gedicht, zou het ISS in achttien dagen tijd zonder zuurstof hebben gezeten en hadden alle bemanningsleden kunnen stikken.

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

04-09-2018 om 16:20 geschreven door peter  

Sabotage in de ruimte? Russen sluiten bewust lek in ISS niet uit

Bron: BELGA

Eind vorige week was er in het ISS een noodsituatie omdat er zuurstof lekte uit een scheurtje van ongeveer twee mm in de Sojoez-MS-09 die aan de spacemeccano hangt, en die voor transport naar en van het ISS zorgt.

Aanvankelijk dacht men dat het gat door de inslag van een micrometeoriet was veroorzaakt. Maandag sloot directeur-generaal Dmitri Rozogin van Roscosmos die verklaring al uit. Daarna opperde hij menselijk falen, bijvoorbeeld bij raketbouwer Energija of bij tests op de lanceerbasis Bajkonoer. Uiteindelijk sloot Rozogin zelfs het bewust veroorzaken van een lek niet uit.

“Boor door de wand”

Er zijn volgens de topman van de Russische ruimtevaart meerdere pogingen geweest om van binnenuit een gat te maken in de Sojoez die aan het Russische segment van het ISS hangt. “Wij onderzoeken de versie van een op de Aarde (veroorzaakt probleem), want er zijn sporen van een boor die door de wand is gegaan. Maar er is ook een ander versie die wij niet uitsluiten: een doelbewuste interventie in de ruimte.”

Het door Russische kosmonauten uiteindelijk gedicht gat lijkt door een “weifelende hand” te zijn veroorzaakt, aldus Rozogin. “Waar gaat het om, een fabricagefout of een doelbewuste daad”, vroeg hij zich volgens het Russische staatspersbureau Ria Novosti af.

Speciale lijm?

Op de vraag waarom het scheurtje sinds de aankomst van de Sojoez in juni niet is opgemerkt, antwoordde Rozogin dan weer: “Stel dat een slordige werknemer een fout heeft gemaakt. Dan werd hij bang en dichtte hij het gat met speciale lijm. Het bleef lange tijd onopgemerkt. Dan droogde de lijm op en was ze weg”.

Volgens het Amerikaanse ruimtevaartbureau NASA is het scheurtje, in een deel van de Sojoez dat niet voor de terugkeer naar de Aarde bestemd is, aanvankelijk met thermoresistente plakband afgedicht geweest. Een Russische commissie moet uitklaren wie verantwoordelijk is. “We zullen het vinden”, beloofde Rozogin.

Ondertussen zijn er verificaties bij alle ruimtetuigen van het type Sojoez en Progress (voor onbemand transport naar de ruimtekolos), zei een bron uit de Russische ruimtevaartsector aan Ria Novosti. In het ISS wonen en werken momenteel twee Russen, drie Amerikanen en één Duitser van het Europese Ruimtevaartbureau ESA. De Amerikaan Drew Feustel is gezagvoerder.

{ https://www.gva.be/ }

04-09-2018 om 16:06 geschreven door peter  

Long Yellow UFO Docked At Space Station On Live Cam, UFO Sighting News.

Date of discovery: Feb 14, 2014

Location of discovery: International Space Station

 

This post is dedicated to Streetcap1, may you rest in peace brother. 

This is the raw footage of what Streetcap1 caught docked at the space station on live Internet cam back in 2014. This UFO is the best UFO ever recorded at the space station, and there are a thousand videos out there. Streetcap1 was watching the live cam on the Internet when he noticed that a long canoe-like space ship was actually docked at the space station. The door that attaches from the space station to the Soyuz capsule is under it. With two and a half minutes of NASA footage, we can all agree that this is the most amazing catch ever at the ISS. I remember Streetcap1messaged NASA asking what it was, but of course NASA never replied. 

Scott C. Waring

{ http://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

04-09-2018 om 14:18 geschreven door peter  

A mysterious square-shaped UFO was photographed on the night of Aug 18, 2018 by Javion Hill as he drove southwest of Charlotte, North Carolina.

He posted the image of the square UFO on his Facebook page on Aug 28, 2018 and while he believes what he saw may have been an experimental military craft, Hill told the Charlotte Observer that there was something frightening about the experience and he didn't sleep that night.

Hill said “I was on my way home with my wife on the speaker phone, and it looked like there was a tornado coming, so I was trying to take a picture of the clouds for my wife.”

“But then I saw something that wasn’t normal and started trying to take as many pictures of it as possible while I was driving, then I pulled over at the next exit to try and get video, but the aircraft had vanished; a heavy rain followed instantly.”

{ http://ufosightingshotspot.blogspot.com/ }

04-09-2018 om 14:10 geschreven door peter