The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
05-04-2019
The U.S. Government Funded a Study on Astral Projection n the 80s: The Results They’ve Kept Buried
The U.S. Government Funded a Study on Astral Projection in the 80s: The Results They’ve Kept Buried
Government conspiracies are always a fun topic.
From presidents being assassinated to political figures hiding the existence of extraterrestrial beings, it’s hard to ignore that there is potential for secrets to be kept from the public’s eyes and ears.
It would make sense, too, as there are, to the higher-ups throughout the world, pieces of information that aren’t necessary for everyone to see.
It’s a need-to-know sort of thing, and essentially, these are the real-life X-files.
Today, we’re going deep into the minds, literally and figurately, of the case studies that were conducted by the U.S. Government throughout the late 1970s and 80s regarding astral projection.
Just what is this fancy term, and why was the government so interested in what it could do? Read on to see.
What Exactly Is Astral Projection and Why Were They Studying It?
Let’s take a step back here.
Getting to this point in time, the later 1970’s, certain items had become popular (such as various recreational drugs) and the U.S. government was becoming increasingly littered with movements and scandals.
From Watergate to women’s and gay rights, along with environmental issues poking their head, there was much to discuss during this period.
Of course, we also experienced one of the craziest war-times in recent memory with the ending of the Vietnam War in 1975. This bloody battle paved the way for military branches to invest in studies and programs that looked to unlock the human mind.
One of the biggest backers of any psychological study to be done was the U.S. Army, as they had seen firsthand what it was like to experience a psychological breakdown. One of the components of psychology is the idea of consciousness.
For the military, warfare was at a turning point. Technology had been advancing faster than anyone could’ve imagined. Between the different weapons rapidly becoming available and the nuclear missiles race, a lot of military bodies were searching for a trump card for everything.
What better way than astral projection? It could be a new type of psychological warfare that the U.S. government could use to keep the American population safe and sound.
It’s no coincidence, then, that with astral projection it all comes back to the idea of human consciousness. Bear with us here as this may get a little complicated.
Defining Astral Projection in the Simplest Terms
At its core, the definition of this phenomena seems simple. Put in laymen’s terms, it’s the ability to travel out of your own body.
The best way to explain it comes in the form of a simple analogy. If you were to lay down in your bed and concentrate deeply enough to separate from your physical body in the form of an astral body, then you’d be able to complete an out-of-body experience (OBE) which is the foundation of astral travel.
The idea is that you can move around on an “astral plane,” as it’s called, to see, hear, and enter the world of celestial spheres. Overall, here you’d potentially be exposed to mystical religions and philosophies, along with the population of angels and spirits, among other beings.
What happens when you die, and where do you go? If the astral world does exist, that’s where you’d end up.
So, the astral projection would allow you to travel into the realm while you’re still able to breathe safely in this world.
If all of this sounds a bit farfetched and crazy, so if you’re thinking that you wouldn’t be wrong. In fact, as you’ll see below, there are certain items that we have access to that look to displace the theory of entering any astral area.
The Drugs Versus Natural Phenomena Debate
The biggest issue with any form of astral projection comes with proving that an OBE occurred.
How do you go about providing evidence to someone who claims to have moved from their physical self into another dimension? The answer still isn’t known, and the fact remains that anyone could claim to have an out-of-body experience without distinct evidence supporting them.
Did that stop the government from pushing this on certain people? Of course not.
Let’s take a quick step back though.
One interesting piece of information regarding any claims of astral projection comes with the use of any pharmaceutical enhancements. Certain drugs, such as DMT, ketamine, and phencyclidine, are all classified under the hallucinogenic drug tree.
These medicinal pills were often given to those with certain needs, to help them cope with everyday parts of life. Drugs are always going to be a target, of course, which makes a lot of different stories regarding these psychological tests thought-provoking.
While their experiences may suggest a form of astral travel, there’s no way of telling if it was due to the drug aid, or due to them being able to separate their body from their minds.
Why Was the Government Experimenting with This Stuff Anyway?
This is a popular question.
As we mentioned before, the biggest beneficiary of these case studies and programs were entwined with specific branches of the military. The thought was that by using astral travel throughout wars or battles, soldiers and commanders would have an upper-hand on the enemy.
Think about it: if you could stay safely within the confines of your home base, but then travel along the astral plane to an enemy’s hideout and spy on them, you’d be able to learn quite a bit about them and their tactics.
As such, it would make sense regarding the military uses.
Thus, the U.S. Army was the first branch to really push for the studying of this technology.
The Experiments Begin on Army Officers
Everything officially started back in the early 80’s and concluded with this 29-page declassified CIA document in 1983, which was formally released to the public in late 2003.
Commander Wayne McDonnell was tasked with providing evidence and thoughts on an organization’s studies to expand a person’s consciousness. They did this by “Hemi-Sync,” which was a term developed to explain synchronizing your brainwaves together.
Project Center Lane, as the operation was known, was started as the Commander deemed the Monroe Institute’s studies worth the Army’s time and money.
As such, officers were then accepted into the study, which used hypnosis techniques to aid the men in reaching that astral plane. For the U.S. Army, their main goal was to learn foreign languages and use “habit control training,” which is more than likely code for special battle skills that would benefit the soldiers.
So, What Did They Find Out About Astral Projection?
Over the course of the tests, there were 251 Army intelligence officers that were selected to be in the first year of tests. Among them, a small group of 35 were to be given a shot at astral projection, as they exhibited the traits needed for testing.
The testing was supposed to allow the officers a chance to heighten their senses, heal any wounds, and even solve problems around the world, not dictated by a physical being.
But what happened?
Unfortunately, not much.
There were a few interesting testimonies from soldiers. One, apparently, was targeted to go back in time and view Mars a striking 1-million years ago. This remote viewing process, as it was called, allowed him to see far back into our world and the world of an alien race.
At the end of all the testing and people tied up with the studies, it’s unfortunate that nothing truly concrete was found regarding astral projection.
This type of psychic ability, so to speak, could’ve transformed the way the world works.
Just remember that unless the U.S. government decides to stop testing different experiments and avenues, there are bound to be countless failures.
While there was some mild success, according to transcript details and accounts, the lack of concrete evidence makes it hard to truly buy into the whole study. It’s hard to dismiss the efforts done here, of course, but for the time being astral projection and its subsequent testing methods will have to be put on hold.
But, thanks to the government, we know at least one man got to talk to aliens.
In December 1980, on a country road near Houston, Texas, three people had a terrifying close encounter with a large, low-flying, diamond-shaped Unidentified Flying Object that was being pursued or escorted by a large fleet of military helicopters. What would become known as the Cash-Landrum incident stands today as one of the most compelling–and also confusing–UFO cases on record; a case that resulted in significant health problems for one of the witnesses and which eventually lead to a $20 million lawsuit against the US government.
One of the world’s leading experts on the Cash-Landrum case is Curt Collins, the author behind Blue Blurry Lines, a website focused on UFO mysteries, legends, and hoaxes. In 2015, Curt was on the investigative team that exposed the BeWitness “alien” photo fiasco, the Roswell Slides Research Group; his detailed accounting of this exposé was featured in my 2017 book UFOs: Reframing the Debate. More recently, Curt launched The Saucers That Time Forgot with Claude Falkstrom, focused on unearthing “tales that UFO history has overlooked or would rather forget.” Curt has spent many years retrospectively investigating the Cash-Landrum incident. Here, Curt separates the fact from the fiction as he talks to me about this fascinating yet hugely problematic case.
A depiction of the Cash-Landrum incident of December 1980. Inset: writer / investigator Curt Collins.
RG: Summarise the Cash-Landrum incident for us.
According to the story that surfaced, Betty Cash (52) and her friend Vickie Landrum (57) were out for a drive on the evening of December 29, 1980. Along with them was Vickie’s grandson, Colby Landrum, just shy of seven years old. The location was near Houston, Texas, on a two-lane country road in a sparsely populated area on the outskirts of the little town of Huffman. They rounded a bend and found a huge, blindingly bright, unidentified flying object hovering over the road. It intermittently emitted flames downward, and the witnesses were afraid and stopped. Betty stepped out of the car in attempt to get a better look at the object, but the other two quickly returned to the car. Shortly afterwards, the object lifted up and slowly flew away. The witnesses saw helicopters following it, and they had the impression they were military helicopters trying to surround the object, either to pursue it, or perhaps escort it. Once the aircraft had passed, they continued their drive home. Betty dropped Vickie and Colby off, and went home, where she went to bed with a terrible headache, which was the beginning of a lengthy illness that resulted in her hospitalization. Vickie and Colby also had flu-like symptoms and reported similar, but milder problems than Betty’s. None of them initially connected their illness with the UFO sighting, but, due to Betty’s lingering problems, came to suspect it may have been the cause.
Vickie Landrum (left) and Betty Cash.
RG: You’ve spent many years of your life researching the Cash-Landrum incident; what is it about this case in particular that you find so compelling? Why is it so significant?
CC: I was interested in the whole of UFO history, but drawn to focus the C-L story due to its reputation for being one of the best-documented and credible cases. The reported involvement of the military made me think that there must be further evidence to be uncovered, from declassified documents or perhaps from new witnesses such as retired helicopter pilots. However, as I dug in, I learned that the real events have been obscured by misinformation and rumors to the point that the real story has begun to vanish. A great stroke of luck was finding Christian Lambright who had independently interviewed Vickie Landrum twice in 1985, uncovering important differences in the witnesses account from the way ufologists were packaging the UFO story. This fueled my desire to dig beneath the mythology to find exactly what could be documented about the case.
Another artistic visualisation of the Cash-Landrum incident.
RG: Did the US government ever provide an official explanation for the incident?
CC: No. There has never been any tangible proof that there actually was an incident.
RG: Has it ever been satisfactorily determined what caused the witnesses to fall ill immediately following their sighting? What was the nature of their poisoning?
CC: Due to the way the events unfolded, we can’t be sure what happened. The UFO story did not surface until a month after Betty was first hospitalized, and it was about another month before any investigation began. Betty Cash’s illness was documented, but since the Landrums did not receive medical attention, there’s no evidence that they were affected by a UFO encounter. Betty had cardiac problems about two years before the events and underwent heart surgery and was taking medication, but was said to be healthy at the time. The cause of her problems was not determined, her doctors just described her ailments as alopecia areata and cellulitis. Betty’s hair loss and flu-like symptoms caused the physicians to check her for radiation exposure, but the results were negative.
The story as reported in Weekly World News, March 24, 1981.
RG: What was the official response to the sighting, from local authorities and from the military?
CC: It was over a month before the UFO incident was reported, and then it seems to have been informal. Vickie Landrum told her neighbor, Dayton Police Chief Tommy Waring, but the sighting had occurred out of his jurisdiction. He located a card with the phone number for the National UFO Reporting Center, and Vickie called them, which eventually led to news coverage and a civilian investigation. The military did not become involved until August 1981, after Betty Cash wrote to Texas senators, who advised her to file a complaint at Bergstrom Air Force Base near Austin, Texas. The witnesses were interviewed and given damage claims forms, and afterwards there was a brief investigation, but they found it improbable that such an event could occur undetected so close to Houston Intercontinental Airport by tower equipment, personnel or the pilots of the many aircraft in the area. In 1982 Representative Ron Wyden asked for an investigation into whether US aircraft had been involved in the incident. The Department of the Army Inspector General (DAIG) assigned Lt. Col. George Sarran the task of investigating, and, by all accounts, he did a thorough job. Sarran found the witnesses to be credible, yet found no indication to support their claims that any helicopters had been involved.
RG: What agency, if any, do you feel the helicopters belonged to? Indeed, did the helicopters exist at all?
CC: At one time, I was convinced the helicopters were part of the Army’s Task Force 158, training for a mission to rescue the American hostages in Iran. The timing, the equipment and the secrecy of the project are all tantalizing close matches, but ultimately it just doesn’t fit. After learning more about the requirements for equipment and personnel, the fleet of helicopters has become the most unbelievable aspect of the story, instead of its best lead.
Betty Cash experiencing hair loss following her UFO encounter.
RG: Why was the witnesses’ court case against the government dismissed?
CC: The lawsuit is a very unfortunate aspect of the case, and a true instance where the witnesses were victims. In my opinion, they were used as pawns by ufologists. Their absentee attorney Peter Gersten had been involved with several lawsuits to disclose UFO documents, and part of the things he asked for in interrogatories were to probe other UFO rumors. Based on Gersten’s statements, the lawsuit was at best a ploy, hoping the government would settle out of court. He stated that the chances of winning were “slim and none.” Judge Ross Sterling dismissed the case Aug. 21, 1986 without it going to trial due to lack of evidence. The complainants had failed to prove that US aircraft were involved in the incident or that it was responsible for causing the alleged injuries.
RG: How was the incident depicted in the media at the time, and to what extent, if any, did this contribute to any popular misconceptions about the case?
CC: The first coverage of the story was in the tabloid press, followed by local news, then national exposure on ABC’s Good Morning America. Some of the coverage was lurid and sensationalized things, but it stuck generally close to the events the witnesses described. The problem was that it received attention only because it was a UFO story, perhaps diminishing the chance for a proper investigation. Another thorny issue is that the witnesses originally each told a piece of the story from their own point of view, but the press presented a simplified narrative. It caused a feedback loop, and, before long, the witnesses were telling a homogenized version based on what they’d read about their own story. A related problem about the press coverage is that it produced a few additional alleged witnesses to a UFO or helicopters, but none of them had reported anything before the story was in the news. Those kind of witnesses are admissible evidence in ufology, but not something that would hold up in court.
More news coverage of the incident, showing Betty Cash’s dramatic hair loss.
RG: What role did the UFO research community play in investigating the Cash-Landrum incident; who were the key investigators; and to what extent have the efforts of UFOlogists helped to elucidate the complexities of this strange and disturbing case?
CC: Ufology got off to a bad start with the Cash-Landrum case, and it’s possibly a more complicated story than the UFO incident itself. The Aerial Research Phenomena Organization (APRO) had the first crack at things, but a rogue intercepted the report and sold it to the tabloids instead of investigating. Weeks later John F. Schuessler, the deputy director of the Mutual UFO Network (MUFON), was contacted by Betty Cash, and he became the primary investigator for the case and became a “rabbi” for the witnesses, an advisor, confidante, their de facto press agent, and part of the story. Schuessler certainly seems to have had good intentions, but in trying to present the witnesses in the best light, did much to transform the story into a legend. Meanwhile, the dark side of ufology was on the rise, the nutty sinister conspiracy stuff that later made its way into The X-Files, and many of the players such as William Moore and Richard Doty tried to reframe the Cash-Landrum story to promote their own agenda.
RG: Does the Cash-Landrum incident have parallels with any other cases in UFOlogical history, and what, if anything, can we learn from these parallels?
CC: The helicopter involvement is different from most cases, but other incidents do have some strong similarities, and I have dug through UFO history looking for comparable events. A few recognizable ones are the 1957 Levelland Texas case, which had a gigantic bright UFO, and the next year at the Loch Raven Reservoir in Maryland there was a large glowing egg-shaped object reported to have left the witnesses with “sunburn.” Other cases match in ways, but the most worthy of mention are two other UFO injury cases. In 1967 Stefan Michalak encountered a landed flying saucer in at Falcon Lake in Manitoba, Canada, and it left him with mysterious burns and some lingering health problems. There’s also the 1979 close encounter of Deputy Sheriff Val Johnson, who was driving along a lonely Minnesota road at night, when he saw a blindingly brilliant UFO above the road ahead. Unlike the C-L case, he didn’t stop, and his vehicle collided with the (much smaller) UFO. The car was damaged, and he suffered injuries including “welder’s burns” to his eyes. As with all UFO cases, there’s probably some mistakes and hoaxes in the mix, but the witnesses to these type of cases don’t generally follow the pattern of behavior of attention-seeking phonies.
RG: Vicki Landrum interpreted the incident at the time as a divine event, remarking as she observed the UFO something to the effect of: “That’s Jesus. He will not hurt us.” Some scholars have suggested that UFOlogy, or the UFO subculture, has clear religious aspects. Do you see any parallels between the pursuit of UFOs and the pursuit of God?
CC: That quote comes from Vickie attempting to comfort her grandson, Colby, during encounter. In the C-L case, I don’t think religious beliefs play much of a role, beyond the fleeting first impression the witnesses had about what they described. The UFO culture absolutely has religious beliefs, but they predate saucers and reach back into mysticism and Theosophy. When UFOs became a big news story in 1947, these believers were the first promoters of the extraterrestrial origin. The Contactees of the 1950s were an offshoot of this, and, directly or indirectly, a lot of that message of god-like aliens has become a fundamental UFO belief. We should not waste time hoping for parents from space to come down and solve our problems.
RG: Is there any more to be learned about the Cash-Landrum case in 2019 and beyond, or will the mystery remain unsolved?
CC: I have been surprised as more information has surfaced over the years from government documents to researchers’ archived files and correspondence, and there’s probably more to come. New information frequently requires a review of what you thought you knew about something, and, sometimes, it’s a challenge to discard beliefs built on bad information and falsehoods. We may never know exactly what happened on that Texas roadway the night of Dec. 29, 1980, but it’s a fascinating UFO puzzle, and demonstrates the worth of finding the facts beneath the fiction.
For more of Curt Collins’ work, especially on the Cash-Landrum case, visit his website, Blue Blurry Lines.
Those who complain about UFO pictures being blurry and too far away to identify can’t say those things about a set of photos taken by two men in the Macedon ranges of Victoria. The photos and selfies are right up on top of what they claim is UFO wreckage and everything, including their can of beer, is clearly visible. What’s cloudy now is what exactly it might be.
“One of them sent me these pictures of their friends who were out on motor bikes in the Macedon ranges where they came upon a crashed UFO. They took some pictures that I am sending to you.”
‘You’ in this case is MUFON and the case is #99500, which can be viewed on the UFO Stalker website. Obviously, the report is not by the actual witnesses/photographers and it was submitted two years after the alleged discovery.
“They called some friends and told them they would come and pick them up to show them the object. When they returned a few hours later the site had been cleaned and there was no remains of the object. There was some police barrier tape but everything else was gone. They did take some pictures with their phones before and after.”
Mount Macedon
The MUFON post was picked up by intrepid UFO watchers TexasUFOs, who uploaded the pictures to their website and social media pages, where skeptics centered on the idea that the alleged debris looked like it was from a movie set. That’s entirely possible, since Mount Macedon (the name of the town and the mountain it sits at the foot of) has been used by some film crews – most notably for scenes in the 2009 sci-fi film “Knowing,” the 2010 horror film “Don’t Be Afraid of the Dark,” and the 2009 fantasy “Where the Wild Things Are.” However, those scenes were shot four years before the alleged UFO wreckage was discovered – enough time for it to deteriorate (movie sets aren’t made to last) or be vandalized.
The Macedon is also just a few kilometers from the location of Hanging Rock, the famous geological formation that has strong spiritual and cultural significance to the Dja Dja Wurrung, Woi Wurrung and Taungurung tribes. This mamelon rock formation was formed by volcanic magma cooling in place rather than flowing, and the unique configurations this created include the Hanging Rock (a boulder suspended between other boulders, the Colonnade, the Eagle, a number of pareidolic faces on rocks and the … here it comes … UFO! (You can see the formations here.)
Strange things happened when Picnic at Hanging Rock producer Pat Lovell visited the actual rock in Victoria.
Picture: AlamySource:Supplied
One of the ‘faces’ among the formations at Hanging Rock which rises up from the plains northwest of Melbourne.
Picture: tripadvisor.com.au.Source:Supplied
Of course, any reference to Hanging Rock brings up “Picnic at Hanging Rock,” the 1975 Peter Weir movie based on the book of the same name. Both center around the unsolved mysterious disappearance of three young girls on Valentine’s Day in 1900 that some believe could have been due to a UFO abduction or mysterious powers emanating from Hanging Rock. Some people have even reported seeing the ghosts of the girls in the area. What most forget because of the realistic style of both is that the book is a novel and not based on any historical event.
Yes, the movie was filmed at and around Hanging Rock, which brings us back to the UFO wreckage report and photographs. Texas UFOs found a video that leads them to consider it was from a TV series, but there’s no concrete proof that it’s a TV prop either.
Then there’s the “police barrier tape.” That’s the strangest part of this report. Why would the police be called out to remove an old movie set, and why would they cordon off the area with yellow tape? It doesn’t sound like the stuff was from a movie … or a picnic … or a picnic movie. Any ideas?
Whatever it was, this sounds like a great plot for a new movie in a beautiful location that’s cheaper for shooting than Hollywood. Wait a minute … could it be a cheaper location for alien movie crews too?
The next flying saucer you see may not be a UFO – it could be an ADFIO, especially if you’re currently living in Romania. That’s where an inventor has created a real flying disc with all of the capabilities you would expect in a flying saucer … except for the aliens. He’s built a prototype, won an awardand is pitching it to anyone who will listen in the hopes of raising the capital to build a commercial, military or private vehicle soon. Oh … ADFIO stands for All-Directional Flying Object. Is that one hovering above you?
“The Romanian inventor has stated that his device is unique in the world by the fact that it can evolve in any direction with the same aerodynamic characteristics and can fly just as well in subsonic or supersonic regime.”
Romanian engineer Razvan Sabie hasn’t just stated … he’s demonstrated his ADFIO, albeit at subsonic speeds and in a smaller electric platform, to Romanian media. But many of the capabilities are already in the prototype, as can be seen in the new video he’s released. (Watch it here.) The disc is a classic flying saucer shape, looking like two saucers glued top-to-top but tapered to a razor edge for aerodynamics in horizontal flight, which is currently provided by two fans that operate independently and will eventually be replaced with supersonic jet engines. Vertical-takeoff-and-landings and subsonic all-direction maneuvers are provided by surface fans on the top and the bottom. These fans rotate to give the craft a true flying saucer spin and can be retracted, as can the landing gear, to eliminate drag.
How many does it seat?
“It’s the only one bi-directional airfoil known and functional. The possibility to reach much easier supersonic speeds (for a normal airplane the drag coefficient increases 7-8 times during the transonic flight, respect to maximum two times for this aircraft), combined with the hypermaneuvrability can offer you a picture regarding the potential of this aircraft.”
While the ADFIO could be described as a round wing or two dolphin-tail foils glued together, Sabie points out that the ability to change directions puts it far ahead of today’s triangular flying wings. In addition, the minimal drag during acceleration is expected to reduce or eliminate sonic booms.
Buh-bye
But wait … there’s more!
While not demonstrated in the video, the ADFIO will be able to do all of these maneuvers upside down as well, without the need for separate wings, ailerons, rudders or flaps.
How much and when can I get one?
Ah, there’s the catch. The 1.2-meter (3.9 feet) diameter prototype was built to both demonstrate capabilities and find investors. It’s obviously not ready for supersonic flight and not big enough for pilots, although there’s no doubt an autonomous version will be built. As of now, no dates or prices have been released.
Nonetheless … the All-DIrectional Flying Object is WAY cool.
Ancient Egyptian Coffin With Two Mummies Inside Found In 5,000-Year-Old Cemetery
The Egyptian archaeological mission of the Antiquities Ministry found a limestone coffin in the shape of a human body during archaeological excavations in the northwestern part of the excavation site at Quesna quarry in Monufiya governorate.
Ancient Egyptian Coffin With Two Mummies Inside Found In 5,000-Year-Old Cemetery
Egyptian archaeologists uncovered anancient stone coffin located in a cemetery that’s 5,000-year-old. The discovery was made at Quesna Cemetery in the Nile Delta region which is north of Cairo. What’s so peculiar about the finding is that the two poorly conditioned mummies that were inside of the coffin were lying on top of each other and covered with gold chips. The limestone coffin measured 6.5 feet long by 23 inches wide.
Dr. Ayman Ashmawy, who is the head of the Egyptian Antiquities Department at the ministry, stated that the part of the Quesna Cemetery that was uncovered during the archaeological mission dates back to 3100 B.C. up to the Ptolemaic period.
The Ptolemaic period, which began not long after Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C., ended in 30 B.C. because of the Roman conquest as well as the death of Cleopatra.
Satellite image of the Nile Delta
There were other discoveries found in that area, including lanterns, pieces of ceramic, fragments of bronze nails, a bronze coin that dates back to the Ptolemaic period, and three heads of statues that represented Horus who was the Egyptian falcon god.
Mostafa Waziri, who is the Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities, said that the coffin had been moved to the antiquities warehouse that’s located in Kafr al-Sheikh.
The Quesna Cemetery has been around since the reign of King Narmer who is said to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt, meaning that he was the first ever ruler of the unified country.
Egypt’s Ministry of Antiquities has been attempting to make the archaeological work public in order to try to get more people to visit the country, as Egypt’s tourism has diminished since its 2011 revolution as well as their long period of instability.
Pyramids of Giza
Just last month, the Egyptian government announced that they had discovered an ancient village that dates back 2,500 years before the Pyramids of Giza were even built. In fact, the Neolithic village that was uncovered in the Nile Delta area of Tell el-Samara is one of the oldest settlements that have ever been excavated in Egypt. The archaeological team uncovered the remains of plants and animal bones, as well as stone tools and pottery which indicate that humans lived there.
Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities Mostafa Waziri said that the discovered coffin is about two meters long and about 60 cm wide. Inside it the mission found two mummies in poor condition covered by gold chips.
He elaborated that the coffin was moved to the antiquities warehouse in Kafr al-Sheikh. The Tourism and Antiquities Police coordinated and secured the transport process so that the restoration team could begin restoration work on the coffin and the mummies, to be completed in a restoration laboratory attached to the warehouse.
Head of the Central Department of Restoration and Maintenance of Antiquities Ghareeb Sonbol said that the restoration team gently prepared the coffin for its new environment.
He added that the team partially uncovered the coffin lid and found two mummies, one on top of the other, inside. The stone coffin was in stable condition. Care was taken to prevent any damage to the important discovery.
Head of the Egyptian Antiquities Department in the Antiquities Ministry Ayman Ashmawy said that the mission also uncovered part of the ancient Quesna cemetery, which dates back to the era of the Old Kingdom.
He added that the ancient Quesna cemetery was used continually throughout several ages from the Late Period of ancient Egypt until the Ptolemaic era.
The head of the Central Department of Lower Egypt Antiquities Nadia Khadr said that the mission also found a gold chip in the form of scarab that was promptly handed to the Egyptian Museum in Tahrir, as well as three symbolic limestone statue heads representing the three sons of Horus.
Reptilian Underground Bases "They Are Living Below Us"
Reptilian Underground Bases "They Are Living Below Us"
There is a hidden reptilian empire which consists of alien cultures and lost civilizations, their presence explains many of the myths of gods walking among humans.
The reptoids may have sought out refuge underground after Earth underwent climate changes some 12,000 years ago.
The Shanidar Cave is a vast archaeological complex located on Bradost Mountain in the Erbil Governorate of Iraqi Kurdistan.
The remains of 10 Neanderthals, dating from 35,000 to 65,000 years ago have been found within the Shanidar Cave.
The cave also contains two later “proto Neolothie” cemeteries, one of which dates back about 10,600 years and contains 35 ‘humanoids’ one such skill is extremely elongated and considered the Reptilian Elongated Race of Sumerians. Nobody know how vast the complex goes underground.
There are many accounts through history of lizard people and snake like bipedal’s from Sumeria to the Hopi Indians.
We will also explore the many accounts at the Dulce underground facility and how this all ties together.
We hope you will become aware of many facts you may have been previously unaware of in this 37-minute Reptilian Documentary.
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What Would We do If We Found An Earthlike Planet With Intelligent Life That Is 500 Years Behind Us In Technology And Advancements?
What Would We do If We Found An Earthlike Planet With Intelligent Life That Is 500 Years Behind Us In Technology And Advancements?
Readers of this blog know that I’m a big fan of Quora, because it lets non-experts raise the kinds of speculative questions that don’t normally come up in formal scientific discussions. One frequent theme that comes up is the issue of what we would do if we found intelligent life on a planet around another star. A recent posting in particular caught my eye: “What would we do if we found an Earthlike planet with intelligent life that is 500 years behind us in technology and advancements?”
Well, that’s a fun thought experiment! It’s not one question, really, but a whole set of nested questions about how to find alien life, how to determine the presence of alien intelligence, how to determine the nature of that intelligence, and then how we would study it, or even try to make contact with it. There’s a big moral issue at the end, but a lot of juicy scientific ones along the way. And that got me thinking…
First, how will we find a truly Earthlike planet? Despite all the amazing recent discoveries of planets around other stars, astronomers have yet to find a true Earth twin—that is, an Earth-size planet orbiting a sunlike yellow star at an Earthlike distance. The closest they’ve come is a planet called Kepler 452b. It’s roughly five times the mass of Earth and probably belongs to the class of planets called super-Earths. Habitable, maybe; Earthlike, no. The same goes, even more so, for the recently discovered Earth-size planets around the star Trappist-1. These are extremely exciting worlds to study, and it is possible that some of them could support life. But the Trappist-1 planets orbit a dim red-dwarf star, which means that they are blasted with energetic radiation and are probably tidally locked, with one hemisphere always facing toward the star.
Closer analogs are surely out there, but they are hard to find. NASA’s Kepler space telescope spots planets by the way they blot out a tiny bit of their star’s light when they transit: that is, they pass between the star and us. But for a planet in a one-year orbit (like ours!), that means you see a shadow only once a year, and very briefly. To confirm that the planet is real—and not, say, a random flickering of the star—you want to observe at least three events. So you need to watch a lot of stars, and watch them all for several years. Even then, the only planets you’ll find are the ones that happen to be lined up exactly between us and their star.
Planets in the habitable zones around other stars may not be anything like our own. Kepler-186 (top) is a miniature system similar to Trappist-1. Kepler-452 (middle) is a sunlike star but its key planet is bigger and more massive than Earth.
(Credit: NASA/JPL-CalTech/R. Hurt)
Second, how would we know if a superficially Earthlike planet is truly habitable? The leading method right now is to look at light streaming through the planet’s atmosphere when it passes between us and the star. That’s an extremely difficult task even for giant planets. Right now, we don’t have the technology to do it for a true Earth twin—if we even had one to study. Another approach is to search directly for other Earths alongside their stars, and then analyze their light. To do that, you need both a very powerful telescope and a highly effective way to block out the glare of the star, since an Earthlike planet would be right alongside it in the sky, but on the order of a billion times fainter!
Astronomers have some clever ideas about how to do that, using either an external light blocker (called a starshade) flying in front of a space telescope, or an internal device (coronagraph) built into the telescope itself to create a kind of artificial eclipse. The upcoming WFIRST telescope will test the coronagraph concept, but it won’t be sensitive enough to observe other Earths. That will take improved telescopes that are unlikely to be built at least until the 2030s.
Bringing other Earths into view won’t be easy. This is the plan for NASA’s upcoming WFIRST space telescope and its starlight-blocking coronagraph.
(Credit: NASA-JPL/G. Blackwood/Noecker et al)
Third, how would we know if there’s intelligent life on the planet?Proving the presence of any kind of life will be hugely challenging, even after we get past steps one and two above. Astronomers will analyze the atmospheres of the planets looking for “biosignatures”–unusual, out-of-balance chemical compositions such as those associated with life on Earth (eg, free oxygen plus methane). SETI searches focus on possible signals sent by alien civilizations, but aliens with 16th-century technology won’t be beaming us any radio messages. We’d have to find them in more subtle ways. For instance, we might detect heavy-metal signatures associated with smelting and other types of simple industry, although that still would not yield unambiguous proof. Some extreme, speculative types of lensing telescopes might be powerful enough to see evidence of cities or geometric clearing of forests; such observations would certainly be a lot more convincing.
Note, by the way, that it would be extremely unlikely to find an alien civilization that is so close to us in technological development, even if intelligent alien life is fairly common. Stars and planets have most likely been forming in our galaxy for more than 10 billion years. Maybe it’s normal for it to take 4 billion years for intelligent life to emerge; maybe not. Regardless, life on other worlds could have begun billions of years earlier or later than life on Earth. Out of that vast range, the odds that an alien civilization would be within 500 years of our stage of development are millions to one—and that assumes that other planets follow the same path as ours, which is a huge leap of faith. But let’s keep digging into the question.
How to launch an interstellar probe using a laser lightsail. The tech doesn’t exist yet, but it’s all near-term realistic.
(Credit: Breakthrough Starshot)
Fourth, what would we do if we really found rock-solid evidence of a pre-industrial civilization on a planet around another star? We couldn’t communicate with them by any currently known method. Unless physicists make some kind of wildly unanticipated new discovery, there is no practical way that humans could travel there, either. Potentially we could send miniature interstellar probes to examine the planet and learn more about its inhabitants. A project called Breakthrough Starshot is exploring the kind of technology needed to do something like that. Such probes would be so small and speedy that the aliens there would have no idea they were being watched.
Assume a best-case scenario (because, why not?). Sometime next decade we find a potentially Earthlike planet around Alpha Centauri A, the closest sunlike star, or maybe we find encouraging information about the Earth-size planet orbiting its companion star, the red dwarf Proxima Centauri. In the 2030s we find plausible biosignatures on one of these nearby exoplanets. In the 2050s we image the planet and see plausible indications of an intelligent civilization. What a moment of discovery that would be! We launch interstellar probes there, which arrive in the 2090s. By 2100, we’re convinced not only that the planet is inhabited, but that it is home to an advanced, semi-industrial civilization. So now what?
NASA will crash Cassini into Saturn in September, to make sure the probe doesn’t contaminate one of the planet’s potentially habitable moons. This kind of caution should extend to any future contact with sentient alien beings.
(Credit: NASA-JPL)
That brings us to the fifth and final part. Should we try to establish contact? Potentially we could use interstellar probes to drop coded messages all over the planet. Maybe the inhabitants could respond by setting huge geometric fires that we could observe from space. We would have a lotof time to think about whether making contact is a good idea and, if so, how best to do it. Each back-and-forth message would take about 9 years—and remember, this is for the very nearest star. Suppose we found a civilization on Kepler 452b. It is 1,400 light years away. Each round-trip message would take 2,800 years minimum. A Starshot-style probe would take at least 7,000 years to get there.
But let’s take all of the what-ifs all the way. What if we find this quasi-technological alien civilization, and what if humans develop some kind of faster-than-light technology (currently thought to be physically impossible, but we’re speculating here) so that we could jump in a ship and go visit, Star Trek style? How would we behave?
Right now, NASA has a detailed set of planetary-protection rules to make sure that humans do not contaminate Mars or other possibly habitable worlds. That is part of the reason the Cassini probe is being crashed into Saturn: to make sure it doesn’t contaminate the moons Enceladus or Titan. I like to think that by the time we are smart enough to find life in other planetary systems and advanced enough to travel there, we will have advanced versions of those planetary protection rules to make sure we don’t contaminate other civilizations, either.
On Earth, meetings between technological and non-technological cultures have generally not gone very well. If we ever get to the point where we find a non-technological culture on another planet, I expect that we will have enough good sense to observe from afar and not interfere.
Linda Moulton Howe: Planet X Revelations - Telescopes in Hawaii Hunting For Planet Nine's Exact Location
Linda Moulton Howe: Planet X Revelations - Telescopes in Hawaii Hunting For Planet Nine's Exact Location
COAST TO COAST AM. Earthfiles investigative reporter Linda Moulton Howe discussed details of a “Planet Nine” in our solar system. The announcement, a year ago, of a 9th Planet, ten to twenty times the mass of Earth, is one of the greatest astronomical mysteries as we enter 2017.
She spoke with the discoverer of the planet, Prof. Michael Brown, an astronomer at Caltech, who ironically was responsible for knocking Pluto out of the 9th planet category, and into dwarf planet status. Brown shared that he’s using telescopes in Hawaii to nail down Planet Nine’s location.
He believes it was once near Uranus and Neptune, but its orbit was jostled and it was thrown out much further in a slingshot effect. Further, he explained, the new planet’s mass is so large that it causes our entire solar system, including the sun, to tilt at 6 degrees.
Mars is a cold, dry desert, but a new study provides tantalizing evidence for liquid water deep below its surface. If it exists, this Mars groundwater might cause the weird dark streaks in Martian craters and canyons.
The long, thin dark streaks on the steep walls of this Martian crater are called “recurring slope lineae” by scientists. New research suggests they originate from deep groundwater. A collection of many additional images is available on the HiRISE website.
Image via Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter/NASA/JPL/University of Arizona/Lujendra Ojha et al./Geophysical Research Letters.
Modern day observations of Mars – from decades of spacecraft exploration – show that its surface is very dry today, although Mars does have ice at its poles and below its surface. However, it’s widely believed Mars once had a lot of water, including rivers, lakes and maybe even oceans. Now, scientists from the USC Arid Climates and Water Research Center have presented tentative evidence for liquid water on Mars – pockets of groundwater deep below the surface in near-equatorial regions of the planet. The peer-reviewed study was published on March 28, 2019, in Nature Geoscience.
The new paper suggests that deep groundwater might be the cause of the unusual and mysterious long, dark streaks – called recurring slope lineae by scientists – seen on steep slopes of some Martian craters and canyons. Some scientists think they are created by small, brief flows of briny water. The recurring slope lineae aren’t permanent features; they tend to occur during warmer summer months in or near equatorial regions and then fade again when it’s colder. They’ve been observed to recur in the same locations in multiple years, hence the name.
Recurring slope lineae (RSL) on the walls of Newton Crater, imaged by Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on May 30, 2011.
The study suggests that recurring slope lineae in those regions are created by deep groundwater that comes up to the surface through tectonic and impact-related fractures in the ground. Other hypotheses have said these features might be caused by melting snows, shallow subsurface water flows closer to the surface, deliquescenceor dry flows of sand/dust. According to USC research scientist Essam Heggy:
We suggest that this may not be true. We propose an alternative hypothesis that they originate from a deep pressurized groundwater source which comes to the surface moving upward along ground cracks.
The idea is that cracks in the surface in some craters allow water springs or aquifers deep below the surface – perhaps starting at some 2,500 feet (750 meters) – to rise up to the surface as a result of pressure. This water then leaks onto the surface, creating the sharp and distinct linear features found on the walls of some craters and canyons, including Valles Marineris, the Grand Canyon of Mars.
The experience we gained from our research in desert hydrology was the cornerstone in reaching this conclusion. We have seen the same mechanisms in the North African Sahara and in the Arabian Peninsula, and it helped us explore the same mechanism on Mars.
The mysterious recurring slope lineae on Mars tend to cluster in the planet’s equatorial regions, where temperatures are the warmest. They disappear again when the weather cools.
In 2018, researchers at the European Space Agency (ESA) announced that they had other evidence for liquid water: the tentative discovery of a large subsurface lake near Mars’ south polar cap. ESA’s Mars Express orbiter used ground-penetrating radar – the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding instrument (MARSIS) – to detect the suspected lake below several layers of ice and dust. The ice deposit extends down about a mile (1.5 km). Beneath that deposit, radar images showed a bright spot within one 12-mile-wide (20-km-wide) region – indicative of liquid water, not just ice. From the paper:
The presence of liquid water at the base of the Martian polar caps has long been suspected but not observed. We surveyed the Planum Australe region using the MARSIS instrument, a low-frequency radar on the Mars Express spacecraft. Radar profiles collected between May 2012 and December 2015 contain evidence of liquid water trapped below the ice of the South Polar Layered Deposits. Anomalously bright subsurface reflections are evident within a well-defined, 20-kilometer-wide [12.5-mile-wide] zone centered at 193°E, 81°S, which is surrounded by much less reflective areas. Quantitative analysis of the radar signals shows that this bright feature has [characteristics matching] that of water-bearing materials.
We interpret this feature as a stable body of liquid water on Mars.
Similar lakes have been found below thick ice at the Earth’s poles, such as Lake Vostok in Antarctica.
First-ever liquid water lake discovered on Mars? The bright horizontal feature in this image represents Mars’ icy surface. The south polar layered deposits – layers of ice and dust – are seen to a depth of about a mile (1.5 km). Below is a base layer that in some areas is even brighter than the surface reflections, highlighted in blue. Analysis of the reflected signals suggests liquid water.
Image via ESA/NASA/JPL/ASI/Univ. Rome; R. Orosei et al. 2018.
Finding groundwater on Mars today would help scientists better understand how Mars evolved over billions of years, and how similar that evolution was to Earth, as explained by Heggy:
Understanding how groundwater has formed on Mars, where it is today and how it is moving helps us constrain ambiguities on the evolution of climatic conditions on Mars for the last three billion years and how these conditions formed this groundwater system. It helps us to understand the similarities to our own planet and if we are going through the same climate evolution and the same path that Mars is going. Understanding Mars’ evolution is crucial for understanding our own Earth’s long-term evolution and groundwater is a key element in this process.
Groundwater is strong evidence for the past similarity between Mars and Earth – it suggests they have a similar evolution, to some extent.
Such depth requires us to consider more deep-probing techniques to look for the source of this groundwater versus looking for shallow sources of water.
Location of previous subsurface lake near Mars’ south pole (blue spot in the square), discovered by Mars Express in 2018.
Evidence for a current body of subsurface liquid water near Mars’ south pole is exciting, but additional such lakes closer to the equator even more so, if they can be confirmed. They would increase the chances that some kind of life – even if likely just microbes – might exist deep underground on Mars, usually thought to be the most likely place to search anyway, given the hostile conditions on Mars’ surface. In regards to the south polar lake, Jeffery Plaut at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California noted in New Scientist that:
If the result is confirmed, it would be the largest known occurrence of present-day liquid water on Mars. It clearly has implications for the history of climate and the possibility of habitats suitable for life.
Bottom line: Does the cold desert world Mars have underground lakes? We still don’t know for certain, but this new paper from USC – in addition to the previous south polar discovery – provides more evidence that seems to say, yes.
NASA wil over 14 jaar voet op Mars zetten (en gaat over 5 jaar al terug naar de maan) - HLN.be
NASA wil over 14 jaar voet op Mars zetten (en gaat over 5 jaar al terug naar de maan) - HLN.be
Bron: NDTV
WETENSCHAP & PLANEETRuimtevaartorganisatie NASA hoopt tegen 2033 astronauten naar Mars te sturen. Om dat te verwezenlijken moeten andere zaken in het ruimteprogramma, zoals een nieuwe maanlanding in 2024, sneller vooruitgang boeken. Dat zei Jim Bridenstine, de hoogste bestuurder van de NASA gisteren.
De Amerikaanse vicepresident Mike Pence had NASA eerder al de opdracht gegeven om in 2024 een bemande missie naar de maan te sturen. Dat is vier jaar eerder dan oorspronkelijk door NASA was meegedeeld. Pence wil de missie vervroegen omdat het oorspronkelijke streven “niet goed genoeg is”.
De nieuwe datum is politiek gezien belangrijk omdat het mogelijk het laatste jaar van president Trumps tweede termijn zou kunnen zijn.
Veel experten vrezen echter dat NASA de deadline voor de nieuwe maanmissie niet zal halen omdat de bouw van de SLS (Space Launch System)-raket vertraging oploopt. Boeing, die instaat voor het bouwen van deze draagraket, slaagt er maar niet in om op schema te blijven.
Het is niet alleen de bedoeling om mensen op Mars te laten landen. We willen ook aantonen dat we op een andere planeet kunnen wonen
Bridenstine
Mars
Een missie naar Mars zou ruim twee jaar duren. Om op de rode planeet te komen, ben je zes maanden onderweg. Naar de maan reizen duurt ‘slechts’ drie dagen. En men kan niet zomaar vertrekken: de astronauten kunnen enkel naar Mars reizen als de planeet aan de dezelfde kant van de zon is gepositioneerd als de aarde. Dit komt slecht om de 26 maanden voor: dus in 2031, 2033, enzovoort.
“Het is niet alleen de bedoeling om mensen op Mars te laten landen”, zegt Bridenstine. “We willen ook aantonen dat we op een andere planeet kunnen wonen.”
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03-04-2019
SCIENTISTS SAY NEW CYBORG PLANTS COULD SOMEDAY GROW ON MARS
SCIENTISTS SAY NEW CYBORG PLANTS COULD SOMEDAY GROW ON MARS
JILL WELLINGTON VIA PIXABAY/TAG HARTMAN-SIMKINS
DAN ROBITZSKI
Superplants
Scientists have figured out how to give plants a high-tech upgrade.
In new research, Australian scientists show howplants can be augmentedwith nanomaterials that make them better at absorbing sunlight — and may help them survive on futuristic Martian farms.
Old System
People have long been able to introduce new compounds into plants via their vascular systems, which shuttle water and nutrients throughout a plant similarly to our blood vessels.
But metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), which are the metallic nanomaterials that the scientists used to augment chrysanthemums and lilyturfs, are too complex to be taken up by a plant. Instead, the plants were given smaller, metallic ions and simple molecules that the plant’s internal machinery automatically synthesized into a complete MOF.
Heart Shaped Herb
As astronauts venture farther into space, they’ll need food and supplies. These cyborg plants could help, as some MOFs can enable plants to convert ultraviolet light — plentiful outside the Earth’s atmosphere — into light that it can absorb via photosynthesis.
“As we contemplate growing crops in space or on Mars where you don’t have an atmosphere and are bombarded by UV rays, something like this could be helpful,” said lead researcher Joseph Richardson. “Especially as you get farther away from the sun, it’s harder to capture all of the light you’d need for photosynthesis.”
Astronomers Found a Black Hole Rotating So Fast, It Could Be Spinning Space Itself
PRABHJOTE GILL, BUSINESS INSIDER
Black holes, while fascinating, are hardly a new discovery - but ablack holespinning at one of the highest speeds ever, according to the Hindustan Times, is a completely different story - especially when there have only ever been four others like it.
A spin rate can be anywhere between 0 and 1 — this black hole was spinning at a rate of 0.9.
Alain Riazuelo of the French National Research Agency, via Wikipedia
India's AstroSat and NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory have confirmed the discovery of a black hole spinning very close to the limit set by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity.
According to the theory, a black hole spinning that fast can make space itself rotate.
This black hole is only one of five to have an accurately measured high spin rate.
Researchers hypothesise that this could be the key to understanding how galaxies are formed.
In 2016, India's first dedicated astronomy satellite, the AstroSat, spotted a black hole in the binary star system called 4U 1630-47, which is bursting out X-rays that astronomers found unusual.
NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory later confirmed the outburst.
Those X-rays were caused by gas and dust falling into the black hole, which is about 10 times the mass of the Sun, and they revealed to researchers that the object is spinning very, very rapidly.
In fact, according to NASA this particular black hole is spinning very close to the limit set by Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, according to Rodrigo Nemmen, the lead author on the research paper. That means it is spinning close to the speed of light.
Currently, scientists only have two ways of measuring black holes - either by their mass or by their spin rate. A spin rate can be anywhere between 0 and 1: this black hole was spinning at the rate of 0.9.
Einstein's theory further implies that if a black hole is spinning that fast, then it is capable of making space itself rotate.
In fact, if the conditions around black holes are hypothesised to be correct, then the high spin rate coupled with the gaseous elements entering the black hole and high temperatures, could be the key to understanding how galaxies are formed.
Including the black hole discovered by the AstroSat, there are only five black holes that have accurately measured high spin rates. Even if you're not taking spin rates into account, this black hole is one of only 20 others that have been spotted in the Milky Way galaxy.
The Indian Space Research Organisation's (ISRO) AstroSat along with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Chandra X-Ray Observatory have confirmed the speed of the spinning black hole.
The study was conducted by researchers from multiple institutions led by the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and has been accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal.
How the pyramids in ancient Egypt were built thousands of years ago has always been a question for many scientists. However, an American author revealed a compelling theory that could cast light on why the Egyptians were motivated to embark on one of the most ambitious building projects in human history. In Amazon Prime’s 2007 documentary, “Egypt: Quest for the Lord of the Nile”, presenter Richard Bangs said: “One of the reasons may be the crocodiles."
During the annual floods, the River Nile would tear down the Egyptian valley bringing “fertile soil and lots of crocodiles”.
According to historical reports, the Nile flooded every year between June and September, in a season the Egyptians called Akhet– the inundation.
Melting snow and heavy summer rain in the Ethiopian mountains sent a torrent of water causing the banks of the Nile in Egypt to overflow on the flat desert land
The documentary explains that many of the Egyptians “equated the presence of the crocodiles with the rebirth of the dead soil”.
Is this the REAL reason ancient society built the pyramids?
(Image: Getty)
Mr Bangs suggests the pyramids were built as a place to keep precious objects in the hope that they could "carry them to the afterlife".
He said: “It gave them faith that there may, in fact, be an afterlife.
"They would build these monuments and fill then with precious objects and everyday items in hope that they could carry them alongside them to the afterlife."
The Egyptians both respected and feared the power of the crocodile as they were a real danger to them.
From the Byzantine period, the men and crocodile depict the blessing of the overflowing Nile
(Image: Getty)
The Nile, which was full of crocodiles, was important to the livelihood of the ancient society.
Crocodiles were represented by the god Sobek.
Possessing the strength and nature of a crocodile, he was a symbol of the Pharaoh's power.
Mummified crocodiles were placed in tombs to protect the dead and bring power and fertility to the hereafter.
UFO Sighting: Two spaceships seen entering source of Mount Asama volcano - shock claim
UFO Sighting: Two spaceships seen entering source of Mount Asama volcano - shock claim
TWO UFOs were seen entering a volcano in Japan and the sighting is proof aliens are visiting Earth – this is at least the shock claim of one conspiracy theorist.
On April 1, meteorologists reported the meteors zooming past Mount Asama, a Japanese volcano. A subsequent video appeared two show the fire balls flying past the source of the volcano, almost appearing as if they had entered. However, one UFO hunter claims that the burning objects were not meteors, but in fact UFOs controlled by aliens who are using Mt Asama as a base.
Prominent alien hunter Scott C Waring made the claims, and even goes as far to say the supposed ETs in control of the ‘meteors’ are millions of years more advanced than we are.
Mr Waring wrote on his blog UFO Sightings Daily: “This was reported on Twitter by a person that believed it to be a meteor strike into the mouth of a volcano.
“However I have found proof that this is 100 percent two alien craft entering an underground base. How you ask? Easy. I focused the smaller UFO to the left.
UFO Sighting: Two spaceships seen entering source of Mount Asama volcano - shock claim
(Image: GETTY)
“The smaller UFO has outlines to it, as I added contrast I saw that the object was a cube UFO (as seen below photos).
“I also added contrast to the round meteor and guess what? I found that within its centre is a cubic UFO craft disgusting as a meteor.
“Why pretend to be something you are not? They have rules, and to come to earth and enter an underground base they must follow those rules.
“When they break those rules, there are always consequences that they must pay. Basically, they fear those consequences more than they fear humans seeing them.”
"I have found proof that this is 100 percent two alien craft entering an underground base"
(Image: UFO SIGHTINGS DAILY)
This is not the first supposed alien base which has been discovered.
Alien hunters also believe Mexico’s Popocatepetl volcano is home to extraterrestrials.
Mr Waring said after an apparent UFO sighting last year: “Even the locals have reported seeing UFOs and even alien creatures on the volcano, so this video is not a surprise, but is excellent evidence that an alien base does exit there.”
A space perspective on India's recent anti-satellite weapon launch.
To piece together what happened during the anti-satellite (ASAT) weapontest-fired by India's military defense organization last week(March 27), a software company combed through information from Indian officials, radar data, existing knowledge on how past satellites have broken up — intentionally or not — and more.
Analytical Graphics Inc. (AGI) created two simulations — one published hours after Wednesday's launch and another the following day (March 28) — that aim to show the event, known as "Mission Shakti," as it might have looked from space. AGI specializes in the aerospace and defense field.
Their recent videos include information Indian officials released, such as the launch site on Abdul Kalam Island and the Notice to Airmen (NOTAM) filed that day indicating an area over the Indian Ocean blocked out for flight-safety reasons.
The likely target of the ASAT was the Indian satellite MICROSAT-R, which was at an altitude of about 186 miles (300 kilometers) and passing over the NOTAM region.
"One of the other things we considered was that the target spacecraft was likely to be another Indian object to avoid any kind of international problems," Tom Johnson, vice president of engineering at AGI, said as the narrator of the March 27 "First Look" video. A day later, more information confirmed that was still the case, he said in AGI's March 28 video updated to include debris data.
AGI representatives told Space.com in an email that existing information on the missile, target and debris field so far supports AGI's theoretical models.
AGI used U.S. Air Force data to determine the satellite indeed had a change in velocity of 21 meters per second. "This is a fairly significant change to velocity, which indicates something happened to this particular object," Johnson told Space.com. He added that subsequent orbital information seemed to confirm this change.
For the most recent video, AGI created representative debris fields based on past anti-satellite tests and natural spacecraft breakups.
"What we see from those studies is that the debris is primarily constrained to the orbit of the original object MICROSAT-R," Johnson said. "And then because of its relatively low altitude, a lot of that debris, we suspect, is going to re-enter fairly quickly within days and weeks."
India's Defence Research and Development Organisation launched MICROSAT-R in January 2019, and it subsequently entered into a low Earth orbit. This military imaging satellite weighed 1,631 lbs. (740 kilograms).
To figure out how fast the debris might be re-entering Earth's atmosphere, the team at AGI is working on getting updated orbital information to cross-check their current models. The first step is determining how much debris the radar technology actually detects.
"There are always objects that are too small to see, so what we're trying to do, what everybody is trying to do, is track the larger pieces because that's what the sensors can see," Johnson said.
Then his team has to sort out which tracks go with which pieces of debris.
"In the early stages of the game, it could be quite challenging, and it's a combination of the mathematical algorithms and the people involved," he said. Johnson added that using past ASAT tests as a reference, for instance, can take days, weeks or even months.
Mission Shakti makes India the fourth country, after Russia, China and the United States, to demonstrate ASAT capability.
As two supermassive black holes spiral around one another and merge, they create gravitational waves. With enough energy, they can "kick" themselves out of their starting spot, or even completely out of their home galaxy.
When galaxies collide, the supermassive black holes at their centers are thrown together. Sometimes the pair merge together gracefully. But if the two black holes come together with enough energy, the new black hole can be pushed away from the center of that galaxy, or even kicked out completely. Hunting for these off-center black holes can help scientists better understand how often galaxies merge as well as determine the frequency of the gravitational waves they generate.
Like all black holes, supermassive black holes absorb all light and cannot be directly seen. Instead, scientists identify them by hunting down their gravitational effects on stars, gas and dust around them. But unlike the smaller black holes generated by single stars, supermassive black holes have somewhere around 100 times the mass of the sun. Because of their huge mass, their mergers should produce gravitational waves that the European Space Agency's Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) spacecraft will be able to detect after its launch.
Intrigued by the connection to gravitational waves, Yashashree Jadhav, a graduate student at Rochester Institute of Technology in New York, began to search for supermassive black holes that were offset from the center of their galaxy. Jadhav is combing through a hundred galaxies imaged by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope to determine how many host off-center black holes. Jadhav presented her work in January at the annual winter meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Seattle, Washington.
Most galaxies show some signs of having consumed another galaxy in their past. Even the Milky Way will one day merge with its neighbor, the Andromeda Galaxy, though not for billions of years. The two galaxies don't always blend smoothly, and infalling gas and dust can collide to spark new star formation.
If both galaxies carry supermassive black holes at their hearts, there is a good chance that the pair will be brought together. But the two objects can put up a fight as they draw closer together. As the pair merge, they create gravitational waves. In order to conserve momentum, they also produce a kick that can knock the newly formed, merged supermassive black hole out of position.
"Imagine the recoil of a gun," Jadhav told Space.com. "It's basically the same, just on a much, much larger scale."
According to Jadhav’s research, the newly merged body can travel anywhere from a few hundred to several thousand kilometers per second away from where it formed, depending on how much mass the original pair started out with. That means that scientists tracing a set of gravitational waves back to their source wouldn't see the newborn supermassive black hole; they would have to look off to the side to find it.
The most powerful kicks can even hurl the young supermassive black hole completely out of the new galaxy, Jadhav said, a result that she calls "quite rare." The ejections only happen when one of the merging black holes is significantly larger than the other.
Milder kicks can push the newly merged object more than 300 light-years away from the heart of the galaxy. Over the course of about a billion years, gravity will slowly tug the merged object back to the galactic center.
Before Jadhav could determine if a black hole is off-center, she first needed to calculate the center of each galaxy. By comparing multiple archived Hubble images of the same galaxy, Jadhav was able to trace how much light was produced by all of the stars, then use that to estimate the collection's center of mass. Then, using near-infrared images, the researcher determined where the supermassive black holes actually lay and compared that location to the galactic centers.
Of the 100 objects that Jadhav and her colleagues examined, they found that roughly 20 percent lie off-center, suggesting that they had been displaced by the merger that formed them.
The next step is to use the results to help understand how often galaxies merge, a factor that Jadhav calls "arguably one of the more uncertain rates." She also hopes to use her results to better calculate how often black hole mergers should produce gravitational waves.
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) has detected multiple gravitational-wave signals. Most of them were produced by merging black holes, although at least one came from the collision of a pair of neutron stars, the densest type of star in the universe. According to Jadhav, LIGO isn't able to detect the type of supermassive black holes that are heavy enough to generate a kick. That's because more massive objects, as well as those in wider orbits, release a longer wavelength than those LIGO is hunting.
Enter LISA, a space-based mission set to launch by 2034. LISA will operate in a lower frequency range than LIGO, allowing the spacecraft to probe a wider range of gravitational-wave sources. With her results, Jadhav hopes to estimate how many supermassive black holes LISA will be able to spot once it has been launched.
It has the potential for water and intriguing science.
NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft revealed that as much as 22 percent of the material found in Shackleton crater, at the lunar south pole, may be made up of ice. This split image shows an elevation map (left) and a shaded-relief map (right) of Shackleton.
When Vice President Pence challenged NASA toput humans on the moon by 2024during an announcement last week, he targeted the southern lunar pole, an area rich in water as well as science.
Landing at that site might help astronauts' long-term survival on the moon and could possibly lay the groundwork for boosting future teams farther out into the solar system.
"We have known that the poles of the moon were unique environments for some time," Noah Petro, a NASA lunar astronomer in Greenbelt, Maryland, told Space.com by email. Petro is a project scientist for NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission currently orbiting Earth's nearest neighbor. Observations from LRO and other spacecraft have confirmed that there's water ice hidden in craters at the lunar south pole. Polar water or ice could provide both air and fuel as well as water for astronauts to drink.
Exploring "the south pole, with the possibility of water and/or ice, has the added benefit of finding a resource for future use," Petro said.
Why south pole?
When Apollo astronauts visited the moon 50 years ago, it was considered dry and barren. But the samples they returned eventually told a different story. In recent years, scientists have found "significant amounts" of hydroxyl — a chemical that includes both components of water — in the moon rocks brought home by Apollo 15, 16 and 17 astronauts.
While water may be widespread beneath the lunar surface, the last decade or so has revealed that the permanently shadowed regions of the poles hide hydrogen-rich deposits, in some cases confirmed to be water ice, beneath the upper three feet (one meter) of the lunar regolith.
While water is a requirement for humans to survive, a cool drink of lunar water isn't the only reason ice could be valuable. Once processed, the oxygen could produce vapor that could be used to supply a needed part of astronauts' breathable atmosphere. It could also be separated into hydrogen and oxygen components to be used as rocket fuel.
"These resources mined from the moon could potentially reduce the need for launching resources from Earth, which can significantly reduce the cost of deep space exploration," Debra Needham, a planetary scientist at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, told Space.com.
There is already an ongoing discussion about using the moon as a jumping-off point for Mars. By processing lunar ice into fuel, mission planners could help reduce the amount of material lifted into space from Earth, helping drive down costs. That, in turn, could help further human exploration beyond our planet.
"The farther humans venture into space, the more important it becomes to manufacture materials and products with local resources," Petro said.
Before you visit
There are still a number of things that need to be done before humans put boots on the moon again. While water-rich material has been identified at the lunar poles, scientists still want to nail down how much of it might be water and how much is ice.
"LRO has done an amazing job of telling us that there is something interesting going on there, but we should know more before sending humans," Petro said.
Needham agrees, adding that a lot of uncertainty remains about the distribution and purity of the water-rich material — information that could affect how it is extracted and used.
The technology to turn water into fuel is still in its infant stages. One of the cubesats selected to join NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) on its first flight will rely on a water-electrolysis propulsion system. Zapping the water with electricity breaks the bonds between hydrogen and water, creating a readily combustible fuel for the satellite. Once in space, the tiny satellite will test the process in microgravity.
Another problem for human explorers is dealing with the lunar day, which is 14 Earth days long. Additionally, the sun will sit extremely low in the sky at the poles, casting deep shadows over the course of the day. Needham said that such shadows would cause wide temperature swings, block communication pathways and complicate the operation of some instruments that astronauts might carry with them.
"These challenges require creative solutions that, while achievable, require additional help from orbiting assets," Needham said, adding that they could drive up the costs and complexities involved in planning a mission to the lunar poles. But that doesn't mean that such missions wouldn't be worth it.
"The knowledge and resources we stand to gain by surmounting these challenges is vast," Needham said.
Before setting up a permanent lunar outpost, engineers must also develop sustainable exploration setups that would safely allow astronauts to escape Earth, travel to the moon, move from orbit down to the surface and return home safely. NASA would also have to establish long-term assets for lodging and mobility as well as sample collection and storage. Needham said that NASA is working its way through many of these challenges, in part through its work with the SLS as well as working with international partners on other components. The results will help astronauts not only explore the moon but also move out farther into the solar system.
"There is certainly still work to be done, but we are on our way to exploring new parts of the moon and proving our capability of exploring other deep-space destinations as we push on to Mars," Needham said.
The Sahara desert has been slowly expanding southwards for decades through a region as the Sahel. Heavy grazing, deforestation, and numerous droughts have degraded the once lush Sahel, making it easy pickings for the Sahara’s expansion. In order to stave off an ecological disaster across the continent, 20 different African countries have embarked on an ambitious tree-planting programme called the ‘Great Green Wall’.The 10-mile(16-km) deep wall of green aims to stretch across 5,000 miles (8,000 kilometers) of terrain at the southern edge of the Sahara desert, arresting the desert’s spread. With so much hate surrounding the walls built to divide us, both physical and psychological, it’s refreshing to finally hear about a wall that we can all stand behind.
The green border
The Great Green Wall was first launched in 2007 at the initiative of 12 African countries — the other 9 joining later The plan is to plant trees that can resist tough droughts — such as acacias — across a narrow region stretching from Senegal in the east of Africa to Djibouti in the west of Africa.
Once complete, the wall will run through 11 countries in total. The wall is currently only about 15% complete, but the results are already showing. In Senegal alone, over 11 million trees have been planted since the project rolled out. Nigeria has seen the restoration of 12 million acres of degraded land and Ethiopia has claimed back 37 million acres of land.
Aerial photos showing the same area around Galma, a town in Niger. Left: 1975, Right: 2003 after reforestation.
Credit: USGS.
Tree planting in the Sahel has improved the area’s resilience against desertification. The green wall slows down the drying and scouring effects of the wind, restores micro-climates, and allows food crops to grow around trees which fertilize the soil. The ultimate goal of $8-billion project is to restore 100 million hectares of degraded land by 2030, which would create 350,000 rural jobs and absorb 250 million tons of CO2 from the atmosphere.
“There are many world wonders, but the Great Green Wall will be unique and everyone can be a part of its history,” said Dr. Dlamini Zuma, chairperson of the African Union Commission. “Together, we can change the future of African communities in the Sahel.”
However, since the project’s inception, some changes to the plan have been made. The idea of the Great Green Wall morphed into a program centered around indigenous land use techniques, not literally planting a forest on the edge of a desert — that would be highly impractical. “It is not necessarily a physical wall, but rather a mosaic of land use practices that ultimately will meet the expectations of a wall. It has been transformed into a metaphorical thing,” saidMohamed Bakarr, the lead environmental specialist for Global Environment Facility.
The Great Green Wall is a symbol of hope in an area where, until not too long ago, everyone was panicking over the prospect of the Sahara expanding. There is still much work ahead, though. Some are arguing that the project is moving too slowly. Seeing how the Sahel’s population is expected to double in 20 years, researchers say that regreening needs to be finished within 10 to 15 years.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
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