More than a decade has passed since we joined forces to try and find out if there was any reality to a claim that highly accurate units of length had been in used during the British Neolithic. We found that these supposedly primitive people were using a highly developed science that connected them to the rhythms of the Earth.

But our biggest personal challenge has been to face up to the consequences of our own findings because they have brought us to the point where we have found compelling evidence that our planet and its environment has been carefully designed for us. Stranger still, there appears to be a message built into the very fabric of the solar system itself.

This was not a finding that we had looked for or even care for. We are very pragmatic people working in an area of ancient research that is specialised and very sober.

In early 2009 we decided to revisit all of our findings that had resulted in three joint books plus one still in draft manuscript form (now published). We were troubled because despite one of us being an agnostic and an atheist, we could not escape the conclusion we were looking at a message from what we called the UCA (Unknown Creative Agency) that had designed our solar system and all life on Earth.

Then in late November 2009 we were contacted by David Cumming, an expert in AI (artificial intelligence) who had studied our evidence in great detail and independently come to the same conclusion. He claimed that it formed an equation with a very clear message from the creator. The equation and the mathematics of our discoveries is discussed later in this article.

The Origin of the Megalithic Yard (MY)

A BASIC PENDULUM IS A VERY ACCURATE TOOL TO MEASURE TIME.

The starting point of our joint research was simply to consider whether Alexander Thom had been right or wrong in his identification of a prehistoric unit he called the Megalithic Yard (MY). He was a professor of engineering at Oxford University who surveyed hundreds of Megalithic sites over the course of half a century to 1985. Thom concluded the planners and builders must have been highly skilled engineers. He deduced the builders had all been working to a common set of units based on the Megalithic Yard that was 2.722 +/- 0.002 feet (829.7 +/- 0.5 mm). Thom was viewed as an unwelcome outsider by nearly all archaeologists.

Our starting hypothesis was that if the Megalithic Yard were real, then it is highly probable that its apparent accuracy can best be explained as being derived from nature. If we could identify a natural origin, then Thom was probably right.

It did not take too long for us to realise there is only one aspect of nature that delivers up a near perfect means of creating measures – the revolving of the Earth on its axis. This provides the potential for creating a unit of time that can then be used to make units of length, weight and capacity – and potentially everything else from frequency to temperature.

The most obvious way to observe the turning of the Earth is to watch the stars, which appear to pass overhead once for each rotation. They also move across the sky in an annual rotation due to the Earth’s orbit of the Sun. Megalithic astronomers could not help but notice there where 366 of the daily star movements to one annual one.

We know that ancient peoples from across time liked to create patterns where the same values work upwards and downwards. And we had good reason to believe that early stargazers had used a 366 day calendar and a 366 degree circle. These astronomers knew there are 366 star rises (any star such as Sirius) over one circle of the Sun, so it was logical to divide the horizon into 366 parts to measure time in 1/366th part of a day.

They measured time in the same way that all clocks did until recent times – with a pendulum. A hand-held ball of clay on a string is a perfect instrument. When stationary it is a plumb line to gauge verticals and when swinging its beats measure time with great accuracy. The only factors that have any significant effect on the beat are the length of the pendulum from fulcrum to the centreline of the weight and the mass of the Earth (gravity). The energy put into the swing by the user has no effect – if the swing is made more vigorous it just swings faster in a wider arc but the rate of beat remains exactly the same.

Our first and most obvious assumption was that Megalithic people had divided the horizon up into 366 equal parts and then used a pendulum length that beat 366 times.

A FRAME 1/366TH OF THE HORIZON ANGLED TO TIME A STAR.

We found that a pendulum that beat 366 times during one 366th of the Earth’s turn was, much to our joy and amazement, half a Megalithic Yard in length! A circle scribed by such a pendulum would have a diameter of one Megalithic Yard. Archie Roy, emeritus professor of astronomy at Glasgow University (and a friend of the late Alexander Thom) joined us to give a public demonstration of how the Megalithic Yard is a product of measured observational astronomy.

We later refined the timing method, having realised that the Megalithic astronomers had improved their own accuracy by using the movement of the planet Venus at certain times rather than a star. Gordon Freeman, a distinguished professor of chemical physics and a much-published amateur archaeologist specialising in the Megalithic structures, was impressed with this saying; “Tying the MY to Venus path arcsecond is a major discovery. I’m an admirer of Thom, but was neutral about the MY. Now I’m a convert.”

Alexander Thom had been right all along because the chances of this technique producing a perfect fit for his unit could not be a coincidence. But there was more – much more to this system. Given that the builders of these Megalithic sites some 5,000 years ago used a 366 degree circle caused us to look at the Earth itself. Taking the polar circumference as the textbook 40,000,000 metres, we turned it into Megalithic units and found this:

Earth’s polar circumference   =   40,000,000 metres

1 Megalithic degree (1/366^th)   =   109290 metres

1 Megalithic minute of arc (1/60^th)  =   1822 metres

1 Megalithic second of arc (1/6^th)   =   303.6 metres

Now, 303.6 metres for a second of arc may look a little boring but it is exactly 366 Megalithic Yards!

The Megalithic second of arc appears to have been adopted later by the Minoan culture of Create some 4,000 years ago. The palaces of Crete were carefully surveyed by Canadian archaeologist J.W. Graham who identified a standard unit he called “the Minoan foot” of 30.36cm. It follows that 1,000 of these feet make precisely one Megalithic second of arc.

Even earlier, the ancient Egyptian culture had adopted units driven by the same thinking. They took the Megalithic Yard and made it the circumference of a circle. The diameter of that circle was called a royal cubit and the hypotenuse of a square from that diameter was called a remen.

Artefact Based Evidence

When we wrote Civilization One, we stated that the people who created the Megalithic Yard must have built very large circles and divided the circumference into 366 parts to be sure they were viewing 1/366th part of the night sky. We suggested they may well have understood a quick method to do this by making a circle with a diameter 233 units (any length would do if they didn’t already have a Megalithic Yard). They then knew they would have a circle of 732 units – which is twice 366, so they could take every other pole on the circumference. This is a 99.999% accurate means of using Pi in a practical manner. For all engineering purposes, this means is perfect.

THE THORNBOROUGH HENGES, A PERFECT COPY OF THE STARS OF ORION’S BELT. A TO B IS 366 MEGALITHIC RODS, B TO C IS 360 MEGALITHIC RODS AND THE TRUE NORTH/SOUTH LATITUDINAL DISTANCE (BLACK LINE) IS 3 MEGALITHIC SECONDS OF ARC.

Several years later we found that structures even older than Megalithic monuments demonstrated the use of the 233/732 circles – exactly as we had predicted. These are henges – large circular mounds such as the group near Thornborough in North Yorkshire, England. They were built around 3500 BCE, well before the Megalithic builders began their stonework phase. What is more, they were using the Megalithic Yard. At Thornborough there are three interlinked henges that are 233 MY across and 732 MY around their outer perimeter. These structures are measurable with units and ratios being 366 Megalithic Rods between the centres of the first two and 360 between the second. The trio, which are also exactly 3 Megalithic seconds of arc apart by latitude, have also been identified as being laid out as a copy of the stars of Orion’s Belt – exactly like the Giza pyramids. The difference is that these are a thousand years older. We explain in our book Before the Pyramids how Khufu’s pyramid builders came to this location in England to get instructions on how to plan this star pattern on the ground!

Weights and Measures

Having established that the people of the British Neolithic had units of lengths and time, we wondered if they had other units such as capacity and weight. We knew (or so we thought) that the Metric system was devised by the French in the late 18th century when they used a pendulum that beat at the rate of one second to create a unit they called the metre (meaning to beat out time). They later made a very small adjustment so their metre was one 10,000,000th of the distance from the equator to the north pole. To create a unit of capacity they took a 1/10th part of the metre (10cm) and made a cube. Filled with distilled water, this cube’s capacity was called a litre and its weight was designated a kilogram.

We applied the same logic to the Megalithic Yard, (which has 40 Megalithic Inches). We calculated what a 4 Megalithic Inch cube would contain. The answer is one pint – to an accuracy of one part in 5,000 as defined by the British government in 1601. And when carefully filled with any unpolished grain, such as barley, it weighed just one Imperial pound.

This was odd in the extreme but it appears that (unknown to history) Imperial units were indeed based on cubes because by doubling the sides of the cube to 8 Megalithic Inches holds one Imperial gallon and doubling again produced a unit equivalent to a bushel, which was used as a dry weight until recent times.

Next, we found some truly bizarre connections. We thought for thoroughness that we ought to consider the volumes of spheres with Megalithic dimensions in addition to the cubes: a 6 Megalithic Inch sphere held a litre and a 1.5 MY wide sphere of water weighs a metric tonne. The level of accuracy was not spot on, but at a level of 99% we were surprised to put it mildly.

We are used to modern measurements that are ad hoc, but the 366 system works in depth. Take just two examples:

1. Earth mass

One Megalithic degree (366^th) slice of the Earth = 360 x 10²⁰ pounds

One Megalithic minute slice of the Earth = 6 x 10²⁰ pounds

One Megalithic second slice of the Earth = 10²⁰ pounds

2. Temperature (hypothetical scale)

Water freezes     @  0 degrees

Water boils         @  366 degrees

Absolute zero     @  – 1,000 degrees

The Jefferson Paradox

Thomas Jefferson, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, was an amazing polymath. He set out to create a new system of units which were never adopted. He started by looking at what means nature provided for producing a repeatable unit and, like us, he quickly identified the spinning of the Earth and he used a pendulum that beat at the rate of once per second as his starting point.

Thomas Jefferson had unknowingly connected back into the system from prehistory. The following is true:

1,000 Jefferson Feet  = 360 Megalithic Yards

366 Jefferson Furlongs  = 1 Megalithic degree of arc of the Earth

366² Jefferson Furlongs  = The exact circumference of the Earth

This is a case-winning piece of evidence!

The Sun and the Moon

It is strange that the disc of the Moon should appear to be exactly the same size as the Sun. The Moon is obviously tiny compared to the Sun, and is much closer to Earth, but they still appear as equal discs. To be precise, the Moon is 400 times smaller than the Sun but is 400 times closer to the Earth. Strange!

The odds against this happening at all are huge – but how bizarre that both values are the same, round number. Isaac Asimov, the respected scientist and science-fiction guru, described this perfect visual alignment as being, “the most unlikely coincidence imaginable.”

This perfect fit only works at this point in time because it was very different in the distant past and it will change again.

The strangeness of the Moon continues because it is either hollow or made up of extremely low density material. It centres of mass are just below its surface. Odd!

Applying the Megalithic 366 system of geometry and MYs to the Moon and the Sun produces an astonishing result:

One Megalithic second on Moon  =  100 Megalithic Yards

One Megalithic second on Sun  =  40,000 Megalithic Yards

It is almost as though we are looking at the blueprint of the solar system.

The Rhythm of the Solar System

Looking closely at every aspect, the following values also stand out:

366
The number of complete rotations of the Earth in a year
The number of MY in a Megalithic second of arc on the Earth
The percentage size of the Earth compared to the Moon

100
The number of MY in a lunar Megalithic second of arc
The number of times the Earth rotates faster than the Moon

400
The Sun is larger than the Moon
The number of kilometres the Moon turns on its axis in a day
The number of times the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun

10,000
The number of times faster that light travels in a vacuum compared to Earth’s speed of orbit around the Sun
The number of Earth turns in an orbit of the Sun x the number of Earth turns in one lunar orbit of the Earth

40,000
The number of kilometres to Earth’s polar circumference
The number of MY in a solar second of arc

1,000,000
The number of times faster that light travels in a vacuum compared to the Moon’s speed of orbit around the Earth

109.25
The number of Earth diameters to the Sun’s
The number of solar diameters across the maximum diameter of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun

27.322
The number times the Earth turns in one turn of the Moon
The percentage size of the Moon to the Earth

The Message

Are we looking at ‘God’s blueprint’? These integer numbers could not possible fall out of the Earth – Moon – Sun relationship by accident when every other solar system body appears to have no rules whatsoever.

The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI), originally set up by NASA, spends a vast amount of energy searching for radio messages from a non-human origin based on the belief that we are probably not alone. Professor Christopher Rose and Dr. Gregory Wright have suggested:

“Rather than transmitting radio messages, extraterrestrial civilisations would find it far more efficient to send us a ‘message in a bottle’, some kind of physical message inscribed on matter. And it could be waiting for us in our own backyard.”

Could the Moon have been constructed as a message by integrating ratios and values of both the Sun and the Moon?

Could humans have been ‘seeded’ on a planet that would sustain us? The Moon is an ‘incubator’ to nurture life. No Moon would mean no humans.

Which brings us to David Cumming’s idea that all of this can be expressed as an ‘equation’ that formally identifies there is a message.

The Equation

The equation describes a relationship between the hydrogen fine transition line, the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle, and the speed of light in a vacuum.

The top line of the equation, Hlf.π is the hydrogen line – a universal value used as the search frequency by SETI (the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence).

Omega is the number 0.0123456789 – all the characters of the base 10 number system. Standard physics says that the frequency of a wave, multiplied by the wavelength of that wave, is equal to the speed of the wave. In the case of the equation, when you divide out π/Ω, the answer must be equal to the wavelength of the hydrogen line, because the hydrogen line frequency multiplied by the hydrogen line wavelength must equal the speed of light.

When we look at the overall equation, we know in advance that the equation will give the value for the speed of light very accurately because what we’re doing is multiplying the frequency of the hydrogen line by the wavelength of the hydrogen line. But remember, we’ve divided π (3.141592653) by Ω (0.0123456790) to get a result for the hydrogen line wavelength expressed in MYs, so the fact that we get a highly accurate answer appears to be nothing short of a miracle.

The speed of light calculated using the equation is 1420,405,751 cycles per sec (frequency [Hz]) multiplied by 0.2544690072 MY (wavelength). This works out at 361,449,241.3 MY per second – the speed of light in Stone Age units!

Amongst the many surprises of the last few years, there is one we came across in early 2009 that stumped us. As we explain in Before the Pyramids, there can be no doubt that the Founding Fathers of the USA secretly designed Washington DC using Megalithic seconds of arc for every detail of the City plan. It is still happening. The Pentagon is a perfect and inspirational exposition of Stone Age knowledge – using the 366 system with as much perfection as Stonehenge or Thornborough.

And this was driven by the 33rd degree of the Ancient Scottish Rite of Freemasonry. Presidents and people unknown have been driven to build a city using God’s own values – a city fit for God’s great purpose.

Do the powers that be in the USA already understand this message? Are they preparing to respond? Is there a new dawn ahead?

Illustrations courtesy of the authors. Much more on the above is available in Christopher Knight and Alan Butler’s book Before the Pyramids: Cracking Archaeology’s Greatest Mystery (Watkins, 2009), available from all good bookstores.

• This article was published in New Dawn Special Issue 13.

• If you appreciate this article, please consider a contribution to help maintain this website.

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01-05-2019 om 18:07 geschreven door peter  

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01-05-2019 om 17:39 geschreven door peter  

WAAROM OEFENT NASA VOOR EEN ASTEROÏDE APOCALYPSE ?

Krijgt tijdreiziger Scott toch gelijk en zullen wij op aarde te maken krijgen met een inslag van een asteroïde (2032)? 

NASA zegt dat de kans hierop extreem laag is, maar waarom dan die (internationale) simulatie van een dergelijke inslag?

De vraag is dan natuurlijk waarom NASA een simulatie gaat uitvoeren van een mogelijke asteroïde apocalypse? 

Niet alleen NASA doet aan deze simulatie mee, ook het alom bekende FEMA en om een generale repetitie te houden voor wanneer deze ramp werkelijk zal plaatsvinden. Ook andere internationale partners zoals de European Space Agency (ESA) zullen aan deze simulatie deelnemen. 

De gevolgen op aarde van een inslag door een asteroïde kunnen heel verschillend zijn, afhankelijk van waar deze zal neerkomen. Feit is dat wij in onze moderne tijd nog nooit een dergelijke ramp hebben meegemaakt, dus bij die oefening zullen er heel veel onbekende factoren meespelen. Desondanks gaat men deze oefening houden om de belangrijkste aspecten van een dergelijke ramp te identificeren. 

Het scenario dat gebruikt zal worden is dat op 26 maart er een asteroïde is ontdekt die de codenaam 2019 PDC krijgt. In eerste instantie wordt dan gesteld dat er een kans is van 1 op 50.000 dat deze de aarde zal raken, maar al snel wordt dit bijgesteld naar een kans van 1 op 100. 

Zelfs de mainstream wetenschap begint eindelijk wakker te worden en zegt dat wij ons in een periode bevinden van een ongekende toename van het aantal asteroïden vergeleken met eenhele lange periode van relatieve rust op dat gebied die de aarde heeft meegemaakt. 

Dit komt ook aardig overeen met het aantal waargenomen vuurbollen in de lucht. In de volgende grafiek die gaat tot en met maart dit jaar zie je de toch wel een spectaculaire toename. 

Het aantal vuurbollen in het eerste kwartaal is nu al gelijk aan het totale aantal vuurbollen in geheel 2011.

Men blijft erop hameren dat de kans dat de aarde zal worden geraakt door een asteroïde extreem klein is, maar waarom dan die uitgebreide (internationale) simulaties houden? 

Als een kans extreem klein is, dan lijkt het ons dat je wel betere dingen kunt verzinnen om jezelf bezig te houden, of wordt ons weer eens niet het gehele verhaal vertelt? 

Is alles wat er nu gebeurt een voorbereiding op de inslag die gaat komen in 2032? Een inslag die door de tot nu toe enige betrouwbare tijdreiziger is voorspeld, zoals we schreven in een eerder artikel. 

Veel van de kleinere asteroïden in de ruimte worden niet opgemerkt door de mensheid. Een aantal grotere zijn wel bekend en één daarvan passeert vandaag de aarde.

Florence is de naam van de reuzenasteroïde die vrijdag langs onze planeet zal scheren. Het gaat om de grootste asteroïde die, zover bekend, ooit langs de aarde passeerde. Florence heeft een diameter van bijna vijf kilometer en mocht de asteroïde op aarde inslaan, zou dat het einde betekenen van het leven zoals we het kennen. Florence zal op 7 miljoen kilometer van onze planeet voorbijrazen, ongeveer 18 keer de afstand tussen de aarde en de maan.

Het is van 1890 geleden dat Florence ons zo dicht naderde en de volgende scheervlucht komt er pas in het jaar 2500. Wetenschappers krijgen vrijdag dus een unieke kans op de asteroïde van dichtbij te bestuderen met radars.

Volgens het Amerikaanse ruimteagentschap NASA is het de eerste keer dat een asteroïde van dergelijke omvang zo dicht bij de aarde komt sinds NASA asteroïden begon te observeren.

"Hoewel heel wat asteroïdes dichter bij de aarde zijn gepasseerd, waren die allemaal kleiner", zegt Paul Chodas, manager van het NASA-centrum voor de studie van asteroïden.

Echter, de dag dat één van de ons bekende asteroïden op aarde zal knallen, is al bekend.

In oktober 2013 wordt er in de wereldmedia melding gemaakt van het feit dat er een nieuwe asteroïde is ontdekt en dat de kans groot is dat deze in 2032 de aarde zal raken. 

Het volgende is onder andere wat wij schreven in 2013:

In de wereldwijde media verschijnen het volgende soort koppen:

GETTY

An asteroid a third larger than the Shard could hit earth in 2032

GETTY

The rock, described as 2013 TV135, measuring an incredible 1345 feet

GETTY

Nasa said the threat of the asteroid hitting earth was only one in 63,000

Natuurlijk weet je dat wanneer iets dergelijks gebeurt NASA onmiddellijk zal ingrijpen en verklaren dat al die astronomen die dat hadden berekend het fout hadden en dat zij hebben gecalculeerd dat deze asteroïde niet of nauwelijks een gevaar zal opleveren.

Normaal gesproken is het dan een beetje einde verhaal, want NASA is voor de meeste mensen net de bijbel of de koran, wat zei zeggen, is waar.

Echter, er is nog een naar onze mening overtuigend argument om aan te nemen dat deze asteroïde wellicht de aarde wel degelijk zal raken in 2032.

En dat argument is afkomstig van een weblog dat in 2005 werd geschreven door een man die zei dat hij uit de toekomst kwam en op aarde was met een bepaalde missie en dat hij vanaf dat moment gerekend over enkele weken weer zou vertrekken naar waar hij vandaan kwam.

Het volgende is wat wij schreven over deze man in een eerder artikel:

Al enkele jaren lang schrijven wij over een tijdreiziger uit het jaar 2063 die naar onze aarde is gekomen in het jaar 2005 op een speciale missie. 

Die missie duurde niet zo gek lang en tijdens zijn verblijf in onze tijd schreef deze tijdreiziger onder de naam Scott op een blog waar hij diverse dingen onthulde betreffende onze toekomst. 

In september vorig jaar schreven wij het volgende: 

Mijn codenaam is Qronos1 en mijn werkelijke naam is Scott. De eenheid waartoe ik behoor bestaat uit vier mensen die hier nu in deze tijd zijn. Wij zijn hier op een geheime missie. Er zijn in deze periode ook andere tijdreizigers en ongetwijfeld zullen er meer volgen in de toekomst. De wereld die ik ongeveer een jaar geleden verliet is anders en toch hetzelfde. De vooruitgang in tijdreizen heeft het mogelijk gemaakt dat we nu precies daar naartoe reizen waar we willen. 

Er worden op dat blog berichten geplaatst in de periode van 10 september 2005 tot en met 21 september 2005. Daarna stopt het. 

Het eerste wat men dan al snel roept is: “Ja, maar dat blog is net gemaakt en ze hebben de data veranderd om het oud te doen lijken”. Dit is echter niet het geval. Want al in de jaren 2006, 2007 etc. werd er op diverse fora al over dit blog gediscussieerd. Voor een voorbeeld van een forum uit 2007 klik hier. Als er dus in die jaren al over werd geschreven, mogen we aannemen dat het blog daadwerkelijk in 2005 is geschreven. 

Als Scott geen tijdreiziger was dan wist hij toch heel nauwkeurig te voorspellen wat er de komende jaren zou gaan gebeuren. 

Zo voorspelde hij dat 2007 een heel slecht jaar zou worden, dat er in 2009 in de VS een president zou worden geïnstalleerd die niet van Amerikaanse oorsprong was en dat er in 2010 een grote olieramp zou plaatsvinden in de Golf van Mexico.

Echter, iets dat hij ook voorspelt, is het volgende:

“Yes WW3 took allot from us and the asteroid that hit the earth in 2032 also did some bad things, but we have come out off all that ok”. 

Het blog waarop dit geschreven is, stamt daadwerkelijk uit 2005, ver voordat asteroïde 2013 TV135 door astronomen werd ontdekt. Astronomen die hiervan schrikken en bekendmaken dat er een kans is dat deze asteroïde de aarde kan raken in 2032, hetzelfde jaar dat dit in 2005 door Scott de tijdreiziger wordt voorspeld.

In dit geval hopen we dat NASA een keer gelijk heeft, maar gezien de vele leugens die ze in de loop der jaren hebben rondgestrooid, houden we het er vooralsnog op dat onze tijdreiziger volkomen gelijk heeft.

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01-05-2019 om 17:30 geschreven door peter  

HOE KOMT EEN EEKHOORN OP MARS TERECHT? ( VIDEO )

Ook over alles wat met buitenaardse zaken te maken heeft worden we voorgelogen. 

NASA doet alsof er geen leven is op Mars en UFO’s niet bestaan, maar toch komt er binnenkort een einde aan die geheimhouding. 

Afkomstig van een door NASA gemaakte foto verschijnt een dier dat verdacht veel lijkt op een eekhoorn of misschien een hamster.

Wat Scott zich uiteraard afvraagt is wat een eekhoorn doet op Mars? In de volgende video wordt de originele foto door hem grondig geanalyseerd en hoe je ook naar het beeld kijkt, het blijft vreemd. 

Het is niet erg waarschijnlijk dat de geheime ruimtevloot een eekhoorn naar Mars heeft getransporteerd, hoewel dit uiteraard altijd een mogelijkheid blijft. 

Scott heeft NASA om een verklaring gevraagd en krijgt, zoals meestal, geen antwoord. 

Dat roept dan verder de vraag op of er überhaupt wel door NASA foto’s worden gemaakt op Mars, of dat dit gebeurt op Devon Island in Canada, een locatie die heel veel overeenkomsten vertoon met het Mars landschap. 

 
De moraal van het verhaal is dat we geen woord kunnen geloven wat ons via de officiële kanalen wordt verteld. 

Hetzelfde geldt natuurlijk voor het ufo fenomeen alhoewel daar nu heel langzaam verandering in lijkt te komen, gezien de recente ontwikkelingen rondom de Amerikaanse marine. 

Via Paul Harmans ontvingen we (dank!) een door hem Nederlands ondertitelde video van Richard Doland: 

Ik bestudeer gedurende meer dan 25 jaar het UFO-fenomeen. Ik kan mij geen ander onderwerp voorstellen dat mij meer behulpzaam is geweest bij de verandering van hoe ik naar de wereld kijk, of naar mijzelf. Na het lezen van talloze gedeclassificeerde militaire documenten welke onbekende en mysterieuze objecten beschrijven, die buitengewone capaciteiten vertonen, en waarover de functionarissen zelf grote zorgen hebben, werd het voor mij duidelijk dat UFO’s van groot belang voor ‘s werelds nationale veiligheidselite zijn. 

Het trachten tot de bodem te geraken van dit onderwerp heeft tot een eindeloze serie vragen geleid. Hoe kan zoiets voor zo’n lange tijd genegeerd worden? Waar waren de journalisten? Onze wetenschappers? Onze gekozen politici? Het is mij duidelijk geworden dat UFO’s het onderwerp van een cover-up van ongekende dimensies is geweest. Iets dat verder gaat dan ik mij ooit had kunnen voorstellen toen ik al die jaren geleden begon met de studie naar deze zaken. Daarnaast zijn er de meer fundamentele vragen. 

Wat is de wetenschap achter deze objecten? Wie of wat is de verantwoordelijke intelligentie erachter? Zijn het buitenaardsen of iets anders? Wat willen ze? Is het een goed ding of iets waarover we ons zorgen moeten maken? Welkom in de fascinerende en soms ergerlijke wereld van UFO’s. Je kunt een levenlang spenderen aan het bestuderen ervan en dan nog betwijfel ik of je elk antwoord vindt dat je zoekt. Ondanks dat kan ik je verzekeren dat de reis je tijd en inspanningen meer dan waard is. 

{ http://niburu.co/}

01-05-2019 om 17:16 geschreven door peter  

Archaeologists in Guatemala have discovered an ancient Mayan “figurine factory” that they say is the largest ever found. The workshop, called Aragón, which mass produced ceramic figurines of important political and social figures in Mayan society, was buried for over 1000 years. The site contains fragments of over 400 of the figurines and provides a glimpse into one of the world’s most mysterious and puzzling ancient civilizations. This particular region has never before had any archaeological excavations, and most of what is known is based off of the limited Spanish writing from after their conquest.

According to Science, the discovery was by chance. Brent Woodfill, an archaeologist at South Carolina’s Winthrop University was tipped off to the site by friends living in Guatemala. They were doing construction on their property in Cobán, Guatemala and accidentally smashed into a treasure trove of ancient Mayan action figures. Much of the workshop was destroyed during the construction and Woodfill was given a grant for the “emergency salvage” of the location.

Despite the damaged state of the workshop, Woodfill and colleagues were able to recover over 400 fragments of the ceramic figurines and the molds for making them. Researchers believe that these figurines served an important political and economic purpose for the Maya. it is believed that they were exchanged by leaders as a way to strengthen alliances and bolster their own reputation. they also acted as a sort of propaganda tool, publicizing important relationships between leaders and informing the public of alliances or political turmoil.

Ceramic figurines like these played an important role in Mayan politics.

Aragón was likely active between 750 C.E. to 900 C.E. This is well before archaeologists previously believed their were any large cities in the region. Intriguingly, the figurine factory appears to have survived and continued operations through 300 year collapse of the Mayan empire. That the figurine factory was active throughout this time leads researchers to believe there could be a detailed record of this collapse in the figurines that they find there.

Ancient Mayan ruins.

It’s not just a record of the collapse that researchers hope to find, either. Such a large scale and long lasting figurine workshop probably holds important clues to other mysteries of the Mayan civilization too. Archaeologists hope to use the figurines they find in conjunction with the data from the Spanish conquest to paint a more detailed picture of the Mayan empire in Guatemala: how trade routes progressed, how cities rose and fell, how ancient Mayan politics worked. With such limited knowledge of the region, this figurine factory could dramatically increase archaeologists understanding of the region.

Now, just think about what happens a thousand years from now when some future archaeologist finds a complete collection of Star Wars action figures, in their original packaging and alphabetized. What spurious conclusions will they draw from that?

{ https://mysteriousuniverse.org/ }

01-05-2019 om 17:07 geschreven door peter  

Brief Article Teaches You the Ins and Outs of Ufo Sightings and What You Should Do Today

What Is So Fascinating About Ufo Sightings?

With the numbers of UFO sightings increasing each calendar year, it’s important that you know precisely where to report a UFO sighting and what information will be necessary to be able to report it successfully. Usually once you speak about UFO sightings, most folks feel that I mistook it for something else or they may think that it is merely a crap. UFO sightings are now able to easily be captured on video, while it’s through a telephone or video camera. During February in Minnesota, for instance, only 69 UFO sightings are reported since the start of the 21st century. By way of example, over Midlothian, various sightings are made from January to March. It’s simple to comprehend why there are a lot of UFO sightings. The most typically known UFO sighting in the USA is called the Roswell UFO sighting of 1947.

The video has become the fodder for numerous arguments and debates about the authenticity of the same. It shows three different sightings of suspected UFOs in three different parts of the world. Have a look at the pictures and videos and you decide by yourself. Some video footage implies that the objects move quickly. What earns the video footage even more credible is that there’s footage taken by different individuals in various areas of town.

Rumors, Lies and Ufo Sightings

UFOs aren’t so hampered. The UFO looks like it’s been seen by plenty of individuals. UFOs are spotted each and every day. Throughout that time period, there were two triangle UFOs sighted in the very same place. The absolute most famous alien sighting occurred in the uk Rendlesham Forrest in 1980.

How to Get Started with Ufo Sightings?

Why is everyone slightly obsessed with the notion of extraterrestrial life. There’s very little doubt that the world wide web has played a part in the development of UFO reports recently, though most can be explained by natural or human-caused phenomena. In some instances, the truth is so strange it appears impossible. Somewhere in the middle of all the controversy lies it. It is so incredible fantastic that it cannot be adequately explained or investigated in just one hub article. People, generally, do not appear to want to understand the truth about anything. There are also a number of witnesses.

Scientists have been on the lookout for about a hundred decades. Two decades afterwards the scientists publicized the results of their test that they argued revealed that the animal isn’t human. Actually, scientists and a great deal of non-believers make no fuss about expressing their scepticism in regards to extrasensory perception.

Introducing Ufo Sightings

The planet has to be in a comparatively circular orbit otherwise it will stray from the habitable zone. It must be large enough to hold an atmosphere. Some individuals feel that we’re not even alone on Earth.

Source: 

• http://footageofufos.com/2019/05/brief-article-teaches-you-the-ins-and-outs-of-ufo-sightings-and-what-you-should-do-today-2/

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/v3/  }

01-05-2019 om 16:58 geschreven door peter  

NASA Prepares For Asteroid Impact! Warning...July 21, 2027)

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/v3/  }

01-05-2019 om 16:36 geschreven door peter  

FEMA & NASA To Simulate Impending Asteroid Strike

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/v3/  }

01-05-2019 om 16:18 geschreven door peter  

Futuristic Sci-Fi Weapons That Actually Exist!

{ https://beforeitsnews.com/v3/ }

01-05-2019 om 16:05 geschreven door peter  

{ https://futurism.com/the-byte }

01-05-2019 om 02:00 geschreven door peter  

“We were gobsmacked by what we saw in this system. It was completely unexpected … It tells us a little more about that big question: ‘How did we get here?'”

V404 Cygni Black Hole Animation from ICRAR on Vimeo.

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) said on April 29, 2019, that astronomers have spied a relatively modest black hole, which nonetheless features jets of fast-moving material that are wobbling or precessing so fast their change in direction can be seen in only minutes. This sort of wobble – witnessed before among black hole jets, but not on such short timescales – happens in a way that requires an effect of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. It happens because, as the black hole spins, its powerful gravity is dragging along nearby space itself.

James Miller-Jones of Australia’s International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research led researchers in this study. He and his team employed the Very Long Baseline Array, a system of 10 radio telescopes located in various U.S. states and remotely operated from Socorro, New Mexico. They studied a black hole known as V404 Cygni, which isn’t a supermassive black hole lodged in the center of a galaxy, but just an ordinary nine-solar-mass black hole, located only 8,000 light-years from Earth in our Milky Way galaxy. NRAO said in a statement:

The black hole is drawing in material from a companion star with a mass about 70 percent that of our sun. As the material streams toward the black hole, it forms a rotating disk, called an accretion disk, surrounding the black hole.

In such systems, the disk becomes denser and hotter with decreasing distance from the black hole. Either the innermost portion of the disk or the black hole itself launches jets of material outward away from the disk. The astronomers said V404 Cygni’s jet material moves as fast as 60 percent of the speed of light.

These jets are precessing or wobbling so fast, the scientists said, that Einstein’s general theory of relativity is needed to explain them. According to Einstein, massive objects like black holes distort space and time. Further, when such a massive object is spinning, its gravitational influence pulls space and time around with it, an effect called frame-dragging. NRAO said:

In V404 Cygni, the black hole’s spin axis is misaligned from the plane of its orbit with the companion star. That causes the frame-dragging effect to warp the inner part of the disk, then pull the warped portion around with it. Since the jets originate from either the inner disk or the black hole, this changes the jet orientation, producing the wobbling observed with the Very Long Baseline Array.

Miller-Jones said:

This is the only mechanism we can think of that can explain the rapid precession we see in V404 Cygni. You can think of it like the wobble of a spinning top as it slows down, only in this case, the wobble is caused by Einstein’s general theory of relativity.

Artist’s concept of the inner accretion disk of black hole V404 Cygni. The entire accretion disk is about 10 million km (6.2 million miles) wide. The inner few thousand km are warped. That inner part also is puffed up by strong radiation pressure into a doughnut shape that wobbles, or precesses, like a rigid body.

Image via NRAO.

Normally, astronomers will produce a single image of a system of this sort, using data collected over as much as several hours, like a long time-exposure photograph. The rapid direction changes of the jets of V404 Cygni meant these astronomers had to change their observation strategy. Team member Alex Tetarenko said:

These jets were changing so fast that in a four-hour image we saw just a blur.

To capture the jets’ rapid motion, the researchers made 103 individual images, each about 70 seconds long, then combined them to make a movie.

Team member Greg Sivakoff commented:

We were gobsmacked by what we saw in this system. It was completely unexpected. Finding this astronomical first has deepened our understanding of how black holes and galaxy formation can work. It tells us a little more about that big question: ‘How did we get here?’

He said the finding indicates that similar behavior might be found in other objects.

• Read more about V404 Cygni, which came to astronomers’ attention via a 2015 outburst.

Artist’s concept of black hole V404 Cygni, on right. At left you see the normal star in orbit with the hole. Material from the star falls towards the black hole and spirals inwards in an accretion disk, with powerful jets being launched from the inner regions close to the black hole.

Image via ICRAR/NRAO.

Bottom line: Jets of fast-moving material shot from the area surrounding a black hole are wobbling so fast that their change in direction can be seen in periods as short as minutes, and astronomers say it’s happening because the rotating black hole’s powerful gravitational pull is dragging nearby space itself along with it.

• Source: Miller-Jones, Tetarenko, and Sivakoff, along with colleagues from around the world, are reporting their results in the scientific journal Nature.
• Via NRAO

{ https://earthsky.org/ }

01-05-2019 om 01:46 geschreven door peter  

We viewed the first six episodes from the standpoint of writers who have long worked on the serious side of U.F.O.s. We broke the December 2017 New York Times exclusive on a secret Pentagon program investigating the phenomenon, with our colleague Helene Cooper. Leslie Kean wrote the Times 2010 best-seller “U.F.O.s: Generals, Pilots and Government Officials Go On the Record.” Ralph Blumenthal has written about U.F.O.s for Vanity Fair as well as The Times.

So, despite the embellishments, we were interested to discover parallels between the TV version and the historical and current reality.

• [Read the 2017 Times report on the Pentagon’s secret U.F.O. program.]

The History series predictably sensationalizes and overdramatizes case investigations and the historical figures involved, adding many story elements that simply never happened. It’s already hard enough for those trying to understand the truth about government involvement with U.F.O.s without mixing fact and fiction.

Nonetheless, melodrama aside, the real story is there:

Project Blue Book was the code name for an Air Force program set up in 1952, after numerous U.F.O. sightings during the Cold War era, to explain away or debunk as many reports as possible in order to mitigate possible panic and shield the public from a genuine national security problem: an apparently technological phenomenon that was beyond human control and was not Russian, yet represented an unfathomable potential threat.

The central character of the TV series, the prominent astronomer J. Allen Hynek, played by Aidan Gillen, was recruited as Blue Book’s scientific consultant and was indeed initially committed to explaining away flying saucers as natural phenomena or mistaken identifications. But he gradually realized that the bizarre objects were real and needed further scientific attention. (Though he never saw a supposed alien creature floating in a tank or crashed in a plane while recreating a reported U.F.O. dogfight, as depicted in the series.)

While Hynek was involved, Blue Book compiled reports of 12,618 sightings of unidentified flying objects, of which 701 remain unexplained to this day.

But what’s most important to study during that era is what occurred outside Project Blue Book, to the extent that it has been revealed. When we reported on the Pentagon’s Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program, which began in 2007, we offered a glimpse into a similar scenario today: military cases being investigated and filmed without the public knowing. This time, however, there was no public agency to accommodate reports of incidents, even when hundreds of witnesses were involved.

We learned through documents from the Pentagon program, and from interviews with participants, that the mystery of the elusive flying objects is still far from solved, and that not enough was being done to address that problem almost 50 years since the close of Blue Book.

The real Hynek, the Blue Book’s scientific consultant, at one of his observatories in the 1960s. Once a U.F.O. skeptic, he became a believer.

CreditNorthwestern University

It all began in 1947. Lt. General Nathan Twining, the commander of Air Materiel Command, sent a secret memo on “Flying Discs” to the commanding general of the Army Air Forces at the Pentagon. Twining stated that “the phenomenon reported is something real and not visionary or fictitious.” The silent, disc-like objects demonstrated “extreme rates of climb, maneuverability (particularly in roll), and motion which must be considered evasive when sighted or contacted by friendly aircraft and radar.”

A new project, code-named “Sign,” based at Wright Field (now Wright-Patterson Air Force Base) outside Dayton, Ohio, was given the mandate to collect U.F.O. reports and assess whether the phenomenon was a threat to national security. With Russia ruled out as the source, the staff wrote a top secret “Estimate of the Situation,” concluding that, based on the evidence, U.F.O.s most likely had an interplanetary origin.

According to government officials at the time, the estimate was rejected by General Hoyt Vandenberg, the Air Force chief of staff. From then on, the proponents of the off-planet hypothesis lost ground, with Vandenberg and others insisting that conventional explanations be found.

Project Sign eventually evolved into Project Blue Book, with the aim of convincing the public that flying saucers could be explained.

Yet behind the scenes, authorities grappled with something sobering: well-documented U.F.O. encounters involved multiple trained observers, radar data, photographs, marks on the ground and physical effects on airplanes.

In 1952, the office of Maj. Gen. John Samford, the Air Force director of intelligence, briefed the F.B.I., saying it was “not entirely impossible that the objects sighted may possibly be ships from another planet such as Mars,” according to government documents. Air Intelligence had largely ruled out an earthly source, the F.B.I. memo reported.

National defense concerns were mounting as well. After Air Force planes scrambled to intercept brilliant objects seen and picked up on radar over Washington in 1952, Samford called a news conference to calm the country.

He announced that between 1,000 and 2,000 reports had been analyzed and that most had been explained. “However,” he conceded, a certain percentage “have been made by credible observers of relatively incredible things. It is this group of observations that we now are attempting to resolve.”

He said no conclusions had been drawn, but played down any “conceivable threat” to the United States.

Later that year, however, H. Marshall Chadwell, the assistant director of scientific intelligence for the C.I.A., concluded in a memo to the C.I.A. director, Walter Bedell Smith, that “sightings of unexplained objects at great altitudes and traveling at high speeds in the vicinity of major U.S. defense installations are of such nature that they are not attributable to natural phenomena or known types of aerial vehicles.”

By 1953, authorities were concerned that communication channels were becoming dangerously clogged by hundreds of U.F.O. reports. Even false alarms could be perilous, defense agencies worried, since the Soviets might take advantage of the situation by simulating or staging a U.F.O. wave and then attack.

Documents show the C.I.A. then devised a plan for a “national policy,” as to “what should be told the public regarding the phenomenon, in order to minimize risk of panic.”

After a closed-door session with a scientific advisory panel chaired by H.P. Robertson from the California Institute of Technology, the C.I.A. issued a secret report recommending a broad educational program for all intelligence agencies, with the aim of “training and debunking.”

Training meant more public education on how to identify known objects in the sky. “The use of true cases showing first the ‘mystery’ and then the ‘explanation’ would be forceful,” the report said. Debunking “would be accomplished by mass media such as television, motion pictures, and popular articles.”

That plan involved using psychologists, advertising experts, amateur astronomers and even Disney cartoons to create propaganda to reduce public interest. And civilian U.F.O. groups should be “watched,” the report stated, because of their “great influence on mass thinking if widespread sightings should occur.”

The Robertson Panel Report was classified until 1975, five years after Blue Book was shut down. But its legacy endures in the aura of ridicule surrounding U.F.O. reports, inhibiting scientific progress.

“The implication in the Panel Report was that U.F.O.s were a nonsense (nonscience) matter, to be debunked at all costs,” Hynek wrote. “It made the subject of U.F.O.s scientifically unrespectable.”

Hynek, the former U.F.O. skeptic, eventually concluded that they were a real phenomenon in dire need of scientific attention, with hundreds of cases in the Blue Book files still unexplained. Even many of the “closed” cases were resolved with ridiculous, often infuriating explanations, sometimes by Hynek himself.

“The entire Blue Book operation was a foul-up based on the categorical premise that the incredible things reported could not possibly have any basis in fact,” he wrote in the 1970s, when he was finally free to speak the truth.

When Blue Book closed in late 1969, the Air Force flatly lied to the American people, issuing a fact sheet claiming that no U.F.O. had ever been a threat to national security; that U.F.O.s did not represent “technological developments or principles beyond the range of present day scientific knowledge”; and that there was no evidence that they were “extraterrestrial vehicles.”

(Just a few years earlier, in 1967, a glowing red oval-shaped object hovered over Malmstrom Air Force Base in Montana, and all 10 of the facility’s underground nuclear missiles became disabled almost simultaneously while the U.F.O. was present, according to interviews with witnesses and official government reports. Technicians could find no conventional explanation.)

But whatever the Air Force told the public, it didn’t actually stop investigating U.F.O.s. A once-classified memo, issued secretly in October 1969, a few months before the termination of Blue Book, revealed that regulations were already in place to investigate U.F.O. reports that were “not part of the Blue Book system.” The memo, written by Carroll H. Bolender, an Air Force brigadier general, went on to say that “reports of U.F.O.s which could affect national security would continue to be handled through the standard Air Force procedures designed for this purpose.”

Clearly, government agencies continued to have some level of involvement in U.F.O. investigations in the decades following — and to the present. Despite government statements to the contrary, once-secret official documents include detailed reports of dramatic U.F.O. events abroad. Many cases at home were not investigated, including a 2006 event in which a disc-shaped object hovered over O’Hare Airport for more than five minutes and shot straight up through the clouds at an incredible speed.

Our reporting in 2017, which led to briefings for members of Congressional committees, showed that not much has changed since the close of Project Blue Book.

Scientists may know more about the behavior and characteristics of U.F.O.s and are closer to understanding the physics of how the technology operates, according to A.A.T.I.P. documents and interviews. But the government still makes every attempt to keep investigations and conclusions secret, while denying any involvement to American citizens.

{ https://www.nytimes.com/ }

01-05-2019 om 01:32 geschreven door peter  

It's Time to Get Serious About Asteroid Threats, NASA Chief Says

30-04-2019 om 23:46 geschreven door peter  

There's Basically 'No Chance' for Earth-Like Planets to Form an Atmosphere Around Hot Young Stars

30-04-2019 om 23:29 geschreven door peter  

Because, following a string of remarkable discoveries over the past two decades, the idea of alien life is not as far-fetched as it used to seem.

Discovery now seems inevitable and possibly imminent.

It's just chemistry

While life is a special kind of complex chemistry, the elements involved are nothing special: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and so on are among the most abundant elements in the universe. Complex organic chemistry is surprisingly common.

Amino acids, just like those that make up every protein in our bodies, have been found in the tails of comets. There are other organic compounds in Martian soil.

And 6,500 light years away a giant cloud of space alcohol floats among the stars.

Habitable planets seem to be common too. The first planet beyond our Solar System was discovered in 1995. Since then astronomers have catalogued thousands.

Based on this catalogue, astronomers from the University of California, Berkeley worked out there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized exoplanets in the so-called "habitable zone" around their star, where temperatures are mild enough for liquid water to exist on the surface.

There's even a potentially Earth-like world orbiting our nearest neighbouring star, Proxima Centauri. At just four light years away, that system might be close enough for us to reach using current technology. With the Breakthrough Starshot project launched by Stephen Hawking in 2016, plans for this are already afoot.

Life is robust

It seems inevitable other life is out there, especially considering that life appeared on Earth so soon after the planet was formed.

The oldest fossils ever found here are 3.5 billion years old, while clues in our DNA suggest life could have started as far back as 4 billion years ago, just when giant asteroids stopped crashing into the surface.

Our planet was inhabited as soon as it was habitable – and the definition of "habitable" has proven to be a rather flexible concept too.

Life survives in all manner of environments that seem hellish to us:

• floating on a lake of sulphuric acid
• inside barrels of nuclear waste
• in water superheated to 122 degrees
• in the wastelands of Antarctica
• in rocks five kilometres below ground.

Tantalisingly, some of these conditions seem to be duplicated elsewhere in the Solar System.

Snippets of promise

Mars was once warm and wet, and was probably a fertile ground for life before the Earth.

Today, Mars still has liquid water underground. One gas strongly associated with life on Earth, methane, has already been found in the Martian atmosphere, and at levels that mysteriously rise and fall with the seasons. (However, the methane result is under debate, with one Mars orbiter recently confirming the methane detection and another detecting nothing.)

Martian bugs might turn up as soon as 2021 when the ExoMars rover Rosalind Franklin will hunt for them with a two-metre drill.

Besides Earth and Mars, at least two other places in our Solar System might be inhabited. Jupiter's moon Europa and Saturn's moon Enceladus are both frozen ice worlds, but the gravity of their colossal planets is enough to churn up their insides, melting water to create vast subglacial seas.

In 2017, specialists in sea ice from the University of Tasmania concluded that some Antarctic microbes could feasibly survive on these worlds. Both Europa and Enceladus have undersea hydrothermal vents, just like those on Earth where life may have originated.

When a NASA probe tasted the material geysered into space out of Enceladus last June it found large organic molecules. Possibly there was something living among the spray; the probe just didn't have the right tools to detect it.

Russian billionaire Yuri Milner has been so enthused by this prospect, he wants to help fund a return mission.

A second genesis?

A discovery, if it came, could turn the world of biology upside down.

All life on Earth is related, descended ultimately from the first living cell to emerge some 4 billion years ago.

Bacteria, fungus, cacti and cockroaches are all our cousins and we all share the same basic molecular machinery: DNA that makes RNA, and RNA that makes protein.

A second sample of life, though, might represent a "second genesis" – totally unrelated to us. Perhaps it would use a different coding system in its DNA. Or it might not have DNA at all, but some other method of passing on genetic information.

By studying a second example of life, we could begin to figure out which parts of the machinery of life are universal, and which are just the particular accidents of our primordial soup.

Perhaps amino acids are always used as essential building blocks, perhaps not.

We might even be able to work out some universal laws of biology, the same way we have for physics – not to mention new angles on the question of the origin of life itself.

A second independent "tree of life" would mean that the rapid appearance of life on Earth was no fluke; life must abound in the universe.

It would greatly increase the chances that, somewhere among those billions of habitable planets in our galaxy, there could be something we could talk to.

Perhaps life is infectious

If, on the other hand, the discovered microbes were indeed related to us that would be a bombshell of a different kind: it would mean life is infectious.

When a large meteorite hits a planet, the impact can splash pulverised rock right out into space, and this rock can then fall onto other planets as meteorites.

Life from Earth has probably already been taken to other planets – perhaps even to the moons of Saturn and Jupiter. Microbes might well survive the trip.

In 1969, Apollo 12 astronauts retrieved an old probe that had sat on the Moon for three years in extreme cold and vacuum – there were viable bacteria still inside.

As Mars was probably habitable before Earth, it's possible life originated there before hitchhiking on a space rock to here. Perhaps we're all Martians.

Even if we never find other life in our Solar System, we might still detect it on any one of thousands of known exoplanets.

It is already possible to look at starlight filtered through an exoplanet and tell something about the composition of its atmosphere; an abundance of oxygen could be a telltale sign of life.

A testable hypothesis

The James Webb Space Telescope, planned for a 2021 launch, will be able to take these measurements for some of the Earth-like worlds already discovered.

Just a few years later will come space-based telescopes that will take pictures of these planets directly.

Using a trick a bit like the sun visor in your car, planet-snapping telescopes will be paired with giant parasols called starshades that will fly in tandem 50,000 kilometres away in just the right spot to block the blinding light of the star, allowing the faint speck of a planet to be captured.

The colour and the variability of that point of light could tell us the length of the planet's day, whether it has seasons, whether it has clouds, whether it has oceans, possibly even the colour of its plants.

The ancient question "Are we alone?" has graduated from being a philosophical musing to a testable hypothesis. We should be prepared for an answer.

• This article is an edited extract from an essay, "The search for ET", in The New Disruptors, the 64th edition of Griffith Review.
• Cathal D. O'Connell, Researcher and Centre Manager, BioFab3D (St Vincent's Hospital), University of Melbourne.
• This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

{ https://www.sciencealert.com/ }

30-04-2019 om 22:45 geschreven door peter  

Everything really is bigger in Texas! Incredible time lapse video shows HUGE 'mothership' supercell thunderstorm cloud hovering over Amarillo

• Video footage shot on Saturday in Texas shows supercell cloud looming over Amarillo
• The time lapse video shows what appears to be a large cloud formed in the shape of a disc slowly glide across the sky like a spaceship 
• Supercell storms violent thunderstorms which can produce hail stones that are bigger than baseballs in addition to damaging winds and even tornadoes
• Supercells form thanks to updrafts of warm and moist air which rises and condenses as well as strong downdrafts 

By DAILYMAIL.COM REPORTER

Incredible video footage from Saturday shows a ‘mothership’ supercell cloud over Amarillo, Texas.

The time lapse video shows what appears to be a large cloud formed in the shape of a disc slowly glide across the sky like a spaceship.

‘This high-based, beauty of a storm was long tracked, making its way across the Panhandle for several hours,’ the person who filmed the cloud told Newsflare.

‘It created hype among the cities & towns it passed near, flooding social media with its majestic form.

Incredible video footage shows a ‘mothership’ supercell cloud over Amarillo, Texas, on Saturday

The slow-moving cloud hovered over the surface of the earth like a spaceship

‘This high-based, beauty of a storm was long tracked, making its way across the Panhandle for several hours,’ the person who filmed the cloud told Newsflare

‘I decided to get a quick time lapse of the cell as it approached, making sure the quality was as crisp as possible.’

Supercell storms are thunderstorms that are not that common, yet they are potentially the most violent.

These storms can produce hail stones that are bigger than baseballs in addition to damaging winds and even tornadoes.

Supercells form thanks to updrafts of warm and moist air which rises and condenses as well as strong downdrafts.

Warm, most air pushes upward and is rotated by strong winds.

There are three simplified thunderstorm types: the single-cell, the multicell and the supercell.

Of these, the multicell is the most common.

A supercell thunderstorm is a special storm type which maintains an intense steady-state for many hours.

Supercell storms are thunderstorms that are the least common, yet are potentially the most violent

Social media users also posted images of the supercell cloud over the weekend

This image filmed from a distance shows the cloud from another angle. Massive storm systems like this center on mesocyclones - rotating updrafts that deliver torrential rain and high winds

They are a fascinating but dangerous cloud complex.

Massive storm systems like this center on mesocyclones - rotating updrafts that deliver torrential rain and high winds.

Known as the 'mother of tornadoes', a mesocyclone can be up to six miles wide and can produce as many as 60 tornadoes.

These severe thunderstorms form where cold dry air meets warm moist tropical air.

The wind coming into the storm starts to swirl and forms a funnel.

The air in the funnel spins faster and faster and creates a very low pressure area which sucks more air - and objects - into it.

If the cyclone runs out of wet, warm surface air, it dies out.

If it does not run out of this fuel, however, the rotating cloud stretches toward the ground and may become a giant tornado. 

ALREADY IN 2013 :

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

30-04-2019 om 22:19 geschreven door peter  

Ocean of magma blasted into space may explain how the moon formed

BY TIBI PUIU 

A snapshot from a recent lunar formation model. The red points indicate material from the ocean of magma while blue dots represent material from the impactor.

Credit: Hosono, Karato, Makino, and Saitoh.

For decades, physicists have been trying to solve the mystery of the moon’s formation. Although several plausible models have been proposed, none stood out as particularly satisfying — until now. In a new study, researchers claim that our planet’s only natural satellite formed following the impact with a Mars-sized planet that ejected liquid magma from the surface of the early Earth into space. This magma solidified, along with a small proportion of the impactor’s material, to form the moon as we know it today.

Magma may be key to the moon’s formation

Most modern lunar formation models can at least agree on one thing — that the Earth formed around 4.5 billion years with the moon joining the system shortly after two protoplanets collided violently. The “Giant Impact Hypothesis” explains many features that we see today in the Earth and moon, such as their relative sizes and rotation rates. But it has a big shortcoming that flaws the whole model — the moon’s chemical composition.

We now know that most bodies in the solar system have unique chemical compositions, and so should the moon. However, lunar rocks brought home during the Apollo missions show that their isotopic fingerprint is almost identical to that of minerals from Earth.

In order to account for this major inconsistency, researchers have devised all sorts of alternative models. One of the most extravagant models proposed by physicists at the University of California, Davis and Harvard University claims that the ancestral collision turned early Earth into a giant planetary-sized donut made of vaporized rock called a “Synestia” (from “syn-,” “together” and “Hestia,” Greek goddess of architecture and structures). According to this theory, chunks of molten rock which were ejected into orbit following the impact formed the seed for the moon. Synestias likely don’t last long — not more than a couple hundred years — because they can’t sustain their heat, shrinking rapidly and finally collapsing into a molten planet. And while the Earth-synestia gradually shrank, vaporized silicate rock rained into the proto-moon, which explains how the moon inherited its composition from Earth. Another model suggests that the planet that collided into proto-Earth was rapidly spinning. Both models are plausible but unlikely. They simply involved too many “ifs”.

By comparison, the new model proposed by scientists at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology in Yokohama and Yale University sounds closer to reality.

The researchers claim that shortly after the Earth formed, it was covered by a sea of hot magma, while the impacting object was likely made of solid material. The team performed a computer simulation showing that the impact would have heated the magma much more than solids from the impacting object. According to this simulation, the magma expands in volume and shoots into orbit to form the moon, explaining why there is much more Earth material in the lunar makeup. Even a glancing blow from the impactor would have been enough to knock more than 70% of the moon-forming debris from the magma ocean.

“In our model, about 80% of the moon is made of proto-Earth materials,” said co-author, Shun-ichiro Karato, a Yale geophysicist. “In most of the previous models, about 80% of the moon is made of the impactor. This is a big difference.”

This new model confirms previous theories about how the moon formed, without the need to propose unconventional collision conditions — but it’s not the final word on the matter either. The Japanese researchers found that the amount of debris from the impact was comparable to the current mass of the moon. Previous work, however, suggests that debris should equal about three to four times the moon’s mass. In the future, the researchers will tweak other variables such as the mass of the impactor and its rotation to see if the amount of generated debris is a better fit.

• The findings appeared in the journal Nature Geoscience. 

{ https://www.zmescience.com/ }

30-04-2019 om 22:03 geschreven door peter  

Pluto de (dwerg)planeet: astronomen en IAU debatteren over lot van het hemellichaam - HLN.be

Pluto was tot het jaar 2006 de negende planeet van ons zonnestelsel. De planeet is - sinds de ontdekking ervan in 1930 - wel altijd een buitenbeentje geweest omdat Pluto veel kleiner was dan de acht andere planeten. Mercurius, Venus, de Aarde, Mars, Jupiter, Saturnus, Uranus en Neptunus vervolledigden het lijstje van planeten die rondjes rond de zon draaien.
Al bleef Pluto gewoon rondjes rond de zon draaien, de Internationale Astronomische Unie besliste dertien jaar geleden dat de planeet niet langer voldeed aan alle drie de voorwaarden.

Lees ook

“Pluto misschien toch een volwaardige planeet”

(Lees verder onder de foto)

Wat is een planeet?

Over welke voorwaarden het dan gaat? De eerste voorwaarde werd hierboven reeds vermeld: een planeet draait in een baan rond de zon. Ten tweede is een planeet een object dat door zijn eigen zwaartekracht bolvormig is: een vinkje voor Pluto.

De derde voorwaarde was echter het breekpunt voor Pluto als planeet. Een planeet moet zich immers in een baan rond een ster bevinden waar het de omgeving van zijn eigen baan heeft schoongeveegd van andere objecten. Daar is Pluto jammer genoeg niet groot genoeg voor.

Nieuwe definitie

“Maar”, zegt planetair wetenschapper Alan Stern die NASA’s onbemande New Horizons-missie naar Pluto leidde, “er moet een nieuwe definitie gehanteerd worden om planeten te omschrijven.” De oppervlakte van Pluto bestaat immers uit valleien en andere complexe structuren zoals waterijs: stuk voor stuk geologische eigenschappen die meer lijken op die van een planeet dan die van een dwergplaneet.

Dwergplaneten

Bijna, maar net niet: dat is een dwergplaneet. De objecten die aan twee van de drie voorwaarden van een planeet voldoen, worden dwergplaneten genoemd. Dat zijn er voorlopig vijf in ons eigen zonnestelsel: Pluto, Ceres, Eris, Makemake en Haumea. Daarnaast zijn er nog twaalf kandidaat-dwergplaneten.

En Pluto wil zijn plaats maar wat graag afstaan, althans de astronomen die Pluto negen jaar lang bestudeerden tijdens de New Horizons-ruimtemissie. Aan de hand van wetenschappelijke gegevens afkomstig van die ruimtemissie hopen wetenschappers dat de discussie over de classificatie van Pluto vanavond voor eens en altijd zal stoppen.

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

30-04-2019 om 19:02 geschreven door peter  

“Nooit eerder vertoond”: wetenschappers ontdekken zwart gat dat plasmagas sproeit - HLN.be

Bron: anp

V404 Cygni werd voor het eerst waargenomen als een zwart gat in 1989. Net als veel zwarte gaten voedt deze zich ook met een ster in de buurt door er gas van te onttrekken. Daardoor vormt zich een schijf van materiaal rond het gat. Ook worden er zogenoemde jets, straalstromen van energie en materie, gelanceerd vanuit een gebied vlakbij het zwarte gat.

Lees ook

Historisch: dit is de eerste foto van een zwart gat

De onderzoekers vermoeden dat bij dit zwarte gat de schijf en het zwarte gat niet goed zijn uitgelijnd. Daardoor wiebelt het binnenste gedeelte van de schijf als een “goedkope speelgoedtol”. Het gevolg is dat de jets verschillende kanten opschieten. “En de jets veranderden in minder dan een paar uur van richting. Zoiets is nog nooit vertoond”, aldus hoofdonderzoeker James Miller-Jones.

Observatie

De onderzoekers observeerden het zwarte gat twee weken lang in juni 2015. Ze gebruikten daarvoor de Very Long Baseline Array, tien radiotelescopen in de Verenigde Staten, op de Maagdeneilanden en op Hawaï. Normaal gesproken maken die telescopen één samengestelde afbeelding in vier uur. Maar omdat de jets binnen een paar uur van richting veranderden, was op de samengestelde beelden alleen een waas te zien. Daarop besloten de onderzoekers om 103 losse beelden met een korte sluitertijd in een filmpje te zetten. Daardoor zagen ze het zwarte gat wiebelen en de jets alle kanten op schieten. 

De onderzoekers vermoeden dat er meer wiebelende zwarte gaten zijn.

Het International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research (ICRAR) maakte een video waarin het opmerkelijke fenomeen te zien is:

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

30-04-2019 om 18:55 geschreven door peter  

Noorse vissers aangevallen door witte dolfijn met harnas: “Mogelijk getraind door Russische marine” -- HLN.be

Bron: NRK

De vissers merkten de witte dolfijn of beloega voor het eerst op in de buurt van het dorp Inga in het uiterste noorden van Noorwegen, niet ver van de Russische grens. “We wilden onze netten uitgooien toen we de dolfijn tussen onze boten zagen zwemmen”, vertelt visser Joar Hesten aan de Noorse zender NRK. “Hij kwam op ons af, en het was pas toen dat we zagen dat hij een soort harnas aan had.”

Lees ook

“Russen trainen witte dolfijnen voor militaire doeleinden”: Deze dieren deden het hen al voor

Het dier bleef de hele tijd de boot volgen en toonde duidelijk weinig angst voor de marinebiologen die ter plaatse kwamen om poolshoogte te nemen. De dolfijn bleef de boten benaderen en hapte naar touwen en kabels om er aan te trekken. 

Noorse experts denken nu dat het harnas bedoeld was om er een camera of mogelijk zelfs wapens op te bevestigen en vermoeden dat het dier militair getraind is. De Russische marinebasis van Moermansk ligt niet ver van de andere kant van de grens. De inscriptie ‘Eigendom van Sint-Petersburg’ lijkt de Noorse theorie alleen maar te bevestigen. “Als de dolfijn uit Rusland komt - en we hebben alle redenen om dat aan te nemen - is hij wellicht niet voor wetenschappelijk onderzoek getraind, maar voor het leger”, zei ook Martin Biuw van het Noorse Instituut voor Marineonderzoek aan NRK.

Samuli Haapala@SamuHaa

Tromsø läheltä norjalaiset kalastajat vapauttivat maitovalaan valjaista joissa teksti: "Equipment of St. Petersburg". Epäily että karannut Murmanskin laivastotukikohdasta #sotavalas #turpo

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Onderwatermijnen

Dolfijnen en zeehonden worden al langer militair ingezet, onderzoek daarnaar startte al tijdens de Koude Oorlog. De Verenigde Staten gebruiken bijvoorbeeld dolfijnen bij zoekacties op zee of bij het lokaliseren van onderwatermijnen. De dieren hebben een bijzonder goed zicht, zijn snel en wendbaar en hebben een goed geheugen. Rusland zou zijn onderzoeksprogramma in de jaren 90 stopgezet hebben, maar zette er de laatste jaren opnieuw op in.

In een reportage uit 2017 legde het Russische ministerie van Defensie zelf uit dat het opnieuw testen aan het doen was met beloega’s, dolfijnen en zeehonden. Tegelijkertijd liet president Poetin drie oude Sovjet-bases aan de Arctische kust heropenen. Volgens de documentaire werden de dieren getraind om de toegangen tot de marinebases te bewaken, maar konden ze ook mijnen zoeken, objecten optillen van de zeebodem en voorwerpen vervoeren. 

De testen wezen overigens uit dat de witte dolfijnen niet bijster geschikt waren voor alle trainingsopdrachten. “Velen van hen werden ziek na de lange opdrachten in de koude polaire wateren”, aldus de Russische documentaire. Zeehonden bleken uiteindelijk effectiever te zijn, en de dieren waren ook beter in het uitvoeren van mondelinge commando’s. “Zeehonden kunnen actief samenwerken met duikers: ze kunnen voorwerpen aangeven of wegbrengen en ze herkennen ‘hun’ duiker in een groep anderen. Met een speciaal commando kunnen ze de toegang blokkeren voor andere duikers en hen zelfs proberen te doden.”

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

30-04-2019 om 18:50 geschreven door peter