Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 10 MONTHS.
ON 06/04/2024 MORE THAN 1.951.050
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
24-07-2019
Cosmic Pearls Found in Fossil Clams, Evidence of Asteroid Strike in Florida
Cosmic Pearls Found in Fossil Clams, Evidence of Asteroid Strike in Florida
Researchers picking through the contents of fossil clams from a Sarasota County quarry found dozens of tiny glass beads, likely the calling cards of an ancient meteorite.
Analysis of the beads suggests they are microtektites, particles that form when the explosive impact of an extraterrestrial object sends molten debris hurtling into the atmosphere where it cools and recrystallizes before falling back to Earth.
They are the first documented microtektites in Florida and possibly the first to be recovered from fossil shells.
Mike Meyer was a University of South Florida undergraduate when he discovered the microtektites during a 2006 summer fieldwork project led by Roger Portell, invertebrate paleontology collections director at the Florida Museum of Natural History.
As part of the project, students systematically collected fossils from the shell-packed walls of a quarry that offered a cross-section of the last few million years of Florida’s geological history. They pried open fossil clams, washing the sediment trapped inside through very fine sieves. Meyer was looking for other tiny objects – the shells of single-celled organisms known as benthic foraminifera – when he noticed the translucent glassy balls, smaller than grains of salt.
Mike Meyer mounted the microtektites on micropaleontology slides, a process that involves licking a paintbrush to pick up the small spheres and place them on dots of glue. “I did accidentally eat a couple of them,” Meyer said.
Photo credit: Meyer et al in Meteoritics and Planetary Science.
“They really stood out,” said Meyer, now an assistant professor of Earth systems science at Harrisburg University in Pennsylvania. “Sand grains are kind of lumpy, potato-shaped things. But I kept finding these tiny, perfect spheres.”
After the fieldwork ended, his curiosity about the spheres persisted. But his emails to various researchers came up short: No one knew what they were. Meyer kept the spheres – 83 in total – in a small box for more than a decade.
“It wasn’t until a couple years ago that I had some free time,” he said. “I was like, ‘Let me just start from scratch.’”
Meyer analyzed the elemental makeup and physical features of the spheres and compared them to microtektites, volcanic rock and byproducts of industrial processes, such as coal ash. His findings pointed to an extraterrestrial origin.
“It did blow my mind,” he said.
He thinks the microtektites are the products of one or more small, previously unknown meteorite impacts, potentially on or near the Florida Platform, the plateau that undergirds the Florida Peninsula.
Initial results from an unpublished test suggest the spheres have traces of exotic metals, further evidence they are microtektites, Meyer said.
Most of them had been sealed inside fossil Mercenaria campechiensis or southern quahogs. Portell said that as clams die, fine sediment and particles wash inside. As more sediment settles on top of the clams over time, they close, becoming excellent long-term storage containers.
“Inside clams like these we can find whole crabs, sometimes fish skeletons,” Portell said. “It’s a nice way of preserving specimens.”
Credit: Florida Museum of Natural History
During the 2006 fieldwork, the students recovered microtektites from four different depths in the quarry, which is “a little weird,” Meyer said, since each layer represents a distinct period of time.
“It could be that they’re from a single tektite bed that got washed out over millennia or it could be evidence for numerous impacts out on the Florida Platform that we just don’t know about,” he said.
Credit: Florida Museum of Natural History
The researchers plan to date the microtektites, but Portell’s working guess is that they are “somewhere around 2 to 3 million years old.”
One oddity is that they contain high amounts of sodium, a feature that sets them apart from other impact debris. Salt is highly volatile and generally boils off if thrust into the atmosphere at high speed, Meyer said.
“This high sodium content is intriguing because it suggests a very close location for the impact,” Meyer said. “Or at the very least, whatever impact created it likely hit a very large reserve of rock salt or the ocean. A lot of those indicators point to something close to Florida.”
The relative age of microtektites can be determined by a process known as potassium-argon dating. “The melting process basically sets the clock back to zero because that’s when this rock, ever so tiny, was created,” Meyer said. “With recrystallization, the clock starts again, and you can use that.”
Photo credit: Meyer et al in Meteoritics and Planetary Science.
Meyer and Portell suspect there are far more microtektites awaiting discovery in Florida and have asked amateur fossil collectors to keep an eye out for the tiny spheres.
But no one will be recovering microtektites from the original quarry any time soon. It’s now part of a housing development.
“Such is the nature of Florida,” Meyer said.
Researchers searching for fossils kept finding tiny glassy spheres inside ancient clams. After more than a decade, testing suggests they are evidence of one or more undocumented meteorite impacts in Florida’s distant past.
Credit: Florida Museum photo by Kristen Grace
Contacts and sources: Natalie van Hoose Florida Museum of Natural History
Citation: A first report of microtektites from the shell beds of southwestern Florida. Mike Meyer, Peter J. Harries, Roger W. Portell. Meteoritics & Planetary Science, 2019; DOI: 10.1111/maps.13299
Meteorite Found in Siberia Contains Naturally Impossible Crystal
Meteorite Found in Siberia Contains Naturally Impossible Crystal
In 2009, scientists made a groundbreaking discovery that was ultimately traced to a remote corner of the world. In a box obtained from the Italian Museum of Natural History in Florence, Italy, they found a small grain of extraterrestrial mineral that was formed shortly after the birth of our solar system, 4.5 billion years ago. The mineral came from an area near the Koryak Mountains in eastern Siberia, and was delivered to Earth by an object known as the Khatyrka meteorite. The latter was discovered only after researchers returned to the area in search of more exotic minerals in 2011.
This new rock has been designated as a quasicrystal, in recognition of its unique structural properties. A quasicrystal looks like a normal crystal on the outside, but on the inside it is noticeably different. While the atoms in a pure crystal are arranged in constantly repeating patterns, the atomic lattices inside the quasicrystal are both ordered and diverse, displaying a range of shapes never before seen in a natural substance.
More than 100 synthetic versions of these minerals have been produced in laboratories, between 1982 and the present day. Until these experiments, such a form of matter had never been seen before, and in the past had been believed to be theoretically impossible according to accepted ideas about the laws of nature. Previously the only thing ever found were crystals, with their rigidly repetitive patterns, and so-called normal solids, which are comprised of atoms arranged in no particular order.
A Scientific Detective Story
Even after quasicrystals were created in a laboratory, their existence in nature was doubted. But one of the people who’d predicted that quasicrystals might actually be makeable, Princeton University theoretical physicist Paul Steinhardt, was determined to leave no stone unturned (figuratively and literally) in his search for quasicrystals formed by the processes of nature .
It was Steinhardt who was responsible for finding the quasicrystal sample in the box from the Italian museum, with assistance from an Italian geologist named Luca Bindi. Steinhardt formed a team of scientists to study this intriguing mineral, and they eventually confirmed the unique structure of the tiny rock from one of the planet’s remotest areas.
To uncover the true origin of the quasicrystal sample, the team of scientists investigated numerous possibilities. They tried to develop a realistic scenario explaining how the quasicrystal could have formed naturally on Earth. But in the end, they were able to establish with near 100-percent certainty that it had arrived on Earth from somewhere else in the solar system.
Steinhardt’s analysis showed the mineral was embedded in another mineral known as stishovite. This rock comes from meteorites, and its encirclement of the quasicrsytal meant both minerals had been formed by a high-pressure process at approximately the same time inside a meteorite that eventually landed in the wilds of Siberia. Further cementing their conclusion was the discovery that the ratio of oxygen isotopes inside the quasicrystal was not consistent with ratios found on Earth, but was instead explainable only if the quasicrystal had been created off-planet.
“The finding is important evidence that quasicrystals can form in nature under astrophysical conditions, and provides evidence that this phase of matter can remain stable over billions of years,” Steinhardt explained after announcing the results of his team’s analysis.
Not content with finding just one quasicrystal, Steinhardt and associates made their own trip to Siberia in 2011. After searching the Kamchatka Peninsula area near the Koryak Mountains, they were able to obtain a fresh sample of rock from the Khatyrka meteorite, and inside they eventually found two more quasicrystals , each of which had a unique molecular structure. Since quasicrystals are extremely small the hunt for them is a bit like searching for a needle in a haystack, and the most recently discovered sample was only uncovered in 2016, five years after the meteorite sample was removed from Siberia.
All three quasicrystals were found to contain a mixture of aluminum, copper and iron. The third quasicrystal discovered has a special structure that has yet to be created in synthetic form in a laboratory, highlighting nature’s persistent habit of producing more novelty than we expect or imagine to be possible.
As for the source of the naturally-formed quasicrystals, Steinhardt speculates that a violent collision between two asteroids in the early days of the solar system may have created these remarkable minerals. Close study of their characteristics, and other materials in the Khatyrka meteorite sample retrieved, could help physicists and geologists determine more about what conditions were like when the solar system was in its formative stage.
Quasicrystals possess an interesting package of characteristics. They are extremely hard, but they are also slippery to the touch and do not generate much friction.
So far, the search for useful applications has yielded only a few results, even though researchers have been working with synthetic samples for more than three decades. Quasicrystal has been used to harden the steel from which surgical and other medical instruments are manufactured, and Steinhardt himself invented a quasicrystal-lined frying pan that has some impressive no-stick qualities. But as of now, that’s about it.
Nevertheless, hope springs eternal.
As explained by Paul Asimov, a quasicrystal researcher from the California Institute of Technology, scientists working in this area hope “to find new quasicrystalline alloys that might have some use, because none of the ones discovered so far really have any use other than ‘wow, this is cool. But its not out of the question that someone will find a really good use for quasicrystals one of these days.”
Treasure Troves from the Sky
It is estimated that as much as 100 tonnes of space debris will enter the Earth’s atmosphere each and every day. Most of it will burn up, but a few thousand kilograms of material will actually make it to the Earth’s surface annually.
Few would ever guess that we’re constantly being showered by rocks and dust from the solar system, only a small portion of which will ever be seen or identified.
Which of course bings up a question. Are there other exotic, extraterrestrial forms of matter delivered by meteorites laying around in remote or distant locations, just waiting to be discovered by intrepid scientific explorers? The possibility cannot be ruled out.
At one time, the existence of substances like quasicrystals was considered impossible Other impossible leftovers from ancient times may have landed here as well, brought in on the wings of fiery, glowing chariots of rock. If and when they’re discovered, they may force us to expand our conceptions about the nature of matter.
Top image:An iron meteorite. Credit: Vladimir / Adobe Stock
You may see the footage below. Footage of a huge shadow moving over the crowd stays in the movie. Footage of a tremendous shadow moving over the crowd stays in the movie.
You might actually watch videos all day long for many years about aliens. The quick video below, for example, is just one of several contemporary sightings. It is possible to have a look at the video below. The video can be seen on the TTS Academy Community of Interest site by click on this link. Hypnosis video is simply one of the absolute most productive procedures to do hypnosis without the use of an actual hypnotist.
You may have a look at the footage below. It’s possible that you have a look at the footage below. You’re able to look at the footage below. You can have a peek at the footage below.
You may have a look at the video below. You have the ability to have a look at the video below. It’s possible to have a peek at the video below. You’re ready to have a look at the video below. Let’s take a quick glance at UFO history.
Life After Latest UFO Footage
Some reports state it is a ping, although some claim it is a beep. They state it’s a ping, but others claim it’s a beep. Today you can get the related news immediately! The great news for people that would like to have an out-of-body experience (OOBE), but haven’t yet done so is that there are lots of astral projection techniques out there. The official story has changed a lot of occasions and a lot of questions remain. The beeswarm plot would enable you to easily see whether any buildings fell outside of the standard distribution, which might help identify candidates for deep energy retrofits.
The Bigfoot sighting a part of a bigger recording, but is covered during an approximate 53-second part of the film. The sighting itself, in spite of the corroborative sightings, is not hard to dismiss by itself. There are, however, several other similar sightings around some of the absolute most nuclear heavy facilities on Earth.
To us, it’s the only moon. The complete Moon can cause all sorts of changes on Earth. It can lead to all types of changes on Earth. The total Moon can result in a variety of changes on Earth.
Today, a great deal of individuals are certain that aliens exist. Other folks report being made to breed with human-like extraterrestrials. None are in fact extraterrestrial spacecraft. None are in reality extraterrestrial spacecraft.
My sighting only lasted a number of seconds. It’s simple to comprehend why there are lots of UFO sightings. Today, UFO sighting has been an issue of amusement as an alternative to a concern, despite the fact that there are ample evidences about their scary overall look. Many reported UFO sightings actually end up being something as simple as a balloon.
UFOs are observed through telescopes. They are frequently associated with aliens and conspiracy theories. They are often associated with aliens and conspiracy theories. At some stage, you’re very likely to encounter a UFO. At times, however, UFOs can’t be identified due to the minimal quality of evidence associated with their sightings. Throughout that period of time, there were two triangle UFOs sighted in the same location.
A study led by researchers from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) puts a sequence to the events which gave rise to our Galaxy.
The Milky Way 10 billion years ago and the Milky Way shape currently
Credit: IAC
The universe 13,000 million years ago was very different from the universe we know today. It is understood that stars were forming at a very rapid rate, forming the first dwarf galaxies, whose mergers gave rise to the more massive present-day galaxies, including our own. However the exact chain of the events which produced the Milky Way was not known until now.
Exact measurements of position, brightness and distance for around a million stars of our galaxy within 6,500 light years of the sun, obtained with the Gaia space telescope, have allowed a team from the IAC to reveal some of its early stages. “We have analyzed, and compared with theoretical models, the distribution of colours and magnitudes (brightnesses) of the stars in the Milky Way, splitting them into several components; the so-called stellar halo (a spherical structure which surrounds spiral galaxies) and the thick disc (stars forming the disc of our Galaxy, but occupying a certain height range)” explains Carme Gallart, a researcher at the IAC and the first author of this article, which is published today in the journal Nature Astronomy.
Previous studies had discovered that the Galactic halo showed clear signs of being made up of two distinct stellar components, one dominated by bluer stars than the other. The movement of the stars in the blue component quickly allowed us to identify it as the remains of a dwarf galaxy (Gaia-Enceladus) which impacted onto the early Milky Way. However the nature of the red population, and the epoch of the merger between Gaia-Enceladus and our Galaxy were unknown until now.
“Analyzing the data from Gaia has allowed us to obtain the distribution of the ages of the stars in both components and has shown that the two are formed by equally old stars, which are older than those of the thick disc” says IAC researcher and co-author Chris Brook. But if both components were formed at the same time, what differentiates one from the other? “The final piece of the puzzle was given by the quantity of “metals” (elements which are not hydrogen or helium) in the stars of one component or the other” explains Tomás Ruiz Lara, an IAC researcher and another of the authors of the article. “The stars in the blue component have a smaller quantity of metals than those of the red component”. These findings, with the addition of the predictions of simulations which are also analyzed in the article, have allowed the researchers to complete the history of the formation of the Milky Way.
Thirteen thousand million years ago stars began to form in two different stellar systems which then merged: one was a dwarf galaxy which we call Gaia-Enceladus, and the other was the main progenitor of our Galaxy, some four times more massive and with a larger proportion of metals. Some ten thousand million years ago there was a violent collision between the more massive system and Gaia-Enceladus. As a result some of its stars, and those of Gaia-Enceladus were set into chaotic motion, and eventually formed the halo of the present Milky Way. After that there were violent bursts of star formation until 6,000 million years ago, when the gas settled into the disc of the Galaxy, and produced what we know as the “thin disc”.
“Until now all the cosmological predictions and observations of distant spiral galaxies similar to the Milky Way indicate that this violent phase of merging between smaller structures was very frequent” explains Matteo Monelli, a researcher at the IAC and a co-author of the article. Now we have been able to identify the specificity of the process in our own Galaxy, revealing the first stages of our cosmic history with unprecedented detail.
Scientific article: Carme Gallart, Edouard J. Bernard, Chris B. Brook, Tomás Ruiz-Lara, Santi Cassisi, Vanessa Hill and Matteo Monelli. Uncovering the birth of the Milky Way through accurate stellar ages with Gaia. Nature Astronomy (22 July 2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-019-0829-5
Contacts and sources: Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC)
Astronomers Map Vast Cosmic Void in Our Galactic Neihborhood
Astronomers Map Vast Cosmic Void in Our Galactic Neighborhood
An astronomer from the University of Hawaiʻi Institute for Astronomy (IfA) and an international team published a new study that reveals more of the vast cosmic structure surrounding our Milky Way galaxy.
The universe is a tapestry of galaxy congregations and vast voids. In a new study being reported in The Astrophysical Journal, Brent Tully’s team applies the same tools from an earlier study to map the size and shape of an extensive empty region they called the Local Void that borders the Milky Way galaxy. Using the observations of galaxy motions, they infer the distribution of mass responsible for that motion, and construct three-dimensional maps of our local Universe.
A smoothed rendition of the structure surrounding the Local Void. Our Milky Way galaxy lies at the origin of the red-green-blue orientation arrows (each 200 million lightyears in length). We are at a boundary between a large, low density void, and the high density Virgo cluster.
Credit: R. Brent Tully
Galaxies not only move with the overall expansion of the universe, they also respond to the gravitational tug of their neighbors and regions with a lot of mass. As a consequence, relative to the overall expansion of the Universe they are moving towards the densest areas and away from regions with little mass — the voids.
Although we live in a cosmic metropolis, back in 1987 Tully and Richard Fisher noted that our Milky Way galaxy is also at the edge of an extensive empty region that they called the Local Void. The existence of the Local Void has been widely accepted, but it remained poorly studied because it lies behind the center of our galaxy and is therefore heavily obscured from our view.
Now, Tully and his team have measured the motions of 18,000 galaxies in the Cosmicflows-3 compendium of galaxy distances, constructing a cosmographic map that highlights the boundary between the collection of matter and the absence of matter that defines the edge of the Local Void. They used the same technique in 2014 to identify the full extent of our home supercluster of over one hundred thousand galaxies, giving it the name Laniakea, meaning “immense heaven” in Hawaiian.
For 30 years, astronomers have been trying to identify why the motions of the Milky Way, our nearest large galaxy neighbor Andromeda, and their smaller neighbors deviate from the overall expansion of the Universe by over 600 km/s (1.3 million mph). The new study shows that roughly half of this motion is generated “locally” from the combination of a pull from the massive nearby Virgo Cluster and our participation in the expansion of the Local Void as it becomes ever emptier.
Representations of the void can be seen in a video (below) and, alternatively, with an interactive model (below). With the interactive model, a viewer can pan, zoom, rotate, and pause/activate the time evolution of movement along orbits. The orbits are shown in a reference frame that removes the overall expansion of the universe. What we are seeing are the deviations from cosmic expansion caused by the interactions of local sources of gravity.
The study, Cosmicflows-3: Cosmography of the Local Void is published in the July 22, 2019 issue of The Astrophysical Journal, and is available online.
Contacts and sources: Dr. Roy Gal. Dr. Brent Tully
University of Hawaii at Manoa
Citation:Cosmicflows-3: Cosmography of the Local Void. R. Brent Tully, Daniel Pomarède, Romain Graziani, Hélène M. Courtois, Yehuda Hoffman, Edward J. Shaya. The Astrophysical Journal, 2019; 880 (1): 24 DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2597
It is difficult to describe what this weird object may have been; celestial object, UFO or something else that enters the atmosphere?
Linda Miller: On July 15, 2019 I felt compelled to go outside and film the sun gain. I was in the middle of watching the sun go down and when I turned my head and saw this... I thought it might be a plane, I was wrong.
Linda: The colors are the real thing, just adjusted exposure. It is really pretty and weird all at the same time. I have no freakin' idea.
I found this diamond shaped base in a gigapan photo today. The base is located within the 93km Copernicus crater. The diamond structure is a black metallic color and is attached to another longer black metallic structure. There are also lots of lights glowing around these buildings, which makes me believe someone is home. These structures are probably portable, meaning they are ships that landed there and they sit there until they want to leave. It make me wonder what they are doing there? Perhaps mining. Scott C. Waring
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Pixie Geldof Reveals Her Encounter with a UFO in Rome
Pixie Geldof Reveals Her Encounter with a UFO in Rome
Singer and model Pixie Geldof claimed to have spotted an extraterrestrial, and she wanted to befriend aliens after the incident. One of the daughters of Bob Geldof was in Rome with a friend when she saw the UFO.
She revealed she had seen strange lights and remembered recently when she was in Rome about two years ago of spotting an odd star next to the moon. She has never seen a star right next to the moon. She and her friend convinced themselves that they had seen a UFO.
Geldof, 28, went on the say that she believed in aliens and she’d try to be friends with them if they were to contact her.
She said that it is insane to believe we’re alone in the universe.
Geldof’s late sister Peaches also took an interest in the unknown and even in Scientology.
India's Chandrayaan-2 mission is now on its way to the moon, but it has a slow journey ahead: The rover and lander won't touch down until early September.
As the Apollo missions the U.S. spent the weekend commemorating prove, it doesn't necessarily have to take seven weeks to land on the moon. But the lander and rover of Chandrayaan-2 were scheduled to touch down Sept. 6 (Sept. 7 local time in mission control) — and that was before the launch was delayed nearly a week.
The slow, round-about route that Chandrayaan-2 will follow to reach the moon reflects the power of the Indian rocket used to launch the spacecraft, called the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III. That rocket doesn't carry the same amount of thrust as the giant Saturn V rockets that drove NASA's Apollo program — and no surprise, since those U.S. boosters were the most powerful rockets ever built.The Apollo missions were also designed to carry astronauts, while Chandrayaan-2 is a smaller, uncrewed mission.
This Indian Space Research Organisation diagram shows the flight profile of the Chandrayaan-2 spaceraft as they fly to the moon between July and September 2019. Chandrayaan-2 will take about seven weeks to reach the moon.
(Image credit: Indian Space Research Organisation)
India's Chandrayaan-2 orbiter (bottom) and Vikram lander (top with legs) as seen during launch preparations.
(Image credit: India Space Research Organisation)
ISRO's landing site for Chandrayaan-2's Vikram lander is near the south pole of the moon.
(Image credit: Indian Space Research Organisation)
India launched a three-part moon mission called Chandrayaan-2 on July 22, 2019.
(Image credit: Indian Space Research Organisation)
So Chandrayaan-2 was always scheduled to spend a while orbiting Earth before transferring to lunar orbit. After the launch delay last week, engineers at the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), which oversees the mission, adjusted the mission timeline to ensure the landing schedule wouldn't be seriously affected.
Keeping the landing time from slipping too far is important because the lander and rover aren't designed to withstand the bitterly cold lunar nights, which last the equivalent of two weeks here on Earth.
According to the mission's new schedule, Chandrayaan-2 will spend 23 days orbiting Earth, gradually raising its altitude on one side of an elliptical orbit around the planet. Then, in mid-August, it will turn its sights on the moon, completing a series of maneuvers to leave Earth orbit and begin circling the moon.
In order to accommodate the launch delay, Chandrayaan-2 will spend less time orbiting the moon than previously planned, according to the Hindustan Times.
During the first week of September, the Chandrayaan-2 orbiter will release its Vikram lander, which will then descend to the surface, touching down just a bit later than the mission's original timetable called for. If all goes well, a rover called Pragyan, will then be deployed from the lander a few hours later.
When Vikram lander does land, it will do so near the moon's south pole, an area of particular interest to scientists and explorers because of its stash of water ice in permanently shaded craters. Several of the payloads on board both the lander and its companion rover designed to map and analyze this ice.
If Chandrayaan-2's flight and landing go smoothly, India will become the first country to reach the moon's south pole and only the fourth country to successfully land softly on the moon, after the former Soviet Union, United States and China.
A vast cosmic void surrounding our galaxy has been mapped and measured by a team of astronomers to work out its gravitational influence on the Milky Way.
For 30 years astronomers have been trying to work out why the Milky Way, the Andromeda galaxy and their smaller neighbours are expanding faster than the rest of the Universe by over 1.3 million mph (600 km/s).
Experts from the University of Hawaii focused their attentions on a region known at the 'Local Void', estimated to be between 146 and almost a billion light-years wide - and which, they say, is getting bigger.
They found that roughly half of this rapid expansion is caused 'locally' from the combination of a pull from the massive nearby Virgo Cluster and our participation in the expansion of the Local Void as it becomes ever emptier.
Scroll down for video
A vast cosmic void surrounding our galaxy has been mapped and measured by a team of astronomers to work out its gravitational influence on the Milky Way. Pictured: A computer generated 3D image of the Local Void's shape, with the Milky Way found at the centre of the blue, green and red arrows
Experts from the university measured the motions of 18,000 galaxies in the Cosmicflows-3 compendium of galaxy distances.
Using this data, they constructed a cosmographic map that highlights the boundary between the collection of matter and the absence of matter that defines the edge of the Local Void.
They used the same technique in 2014 to identify the full extent of our home supercluster of over one hundred thousand galaxies, giving it the name Laniakea, meaning 'immense heaven' in Hawaiian.
Representations of the void can be seen in the video below and with the interactive model above.
With the interactive model, a viewer can pan, zoom, rotate, and pause/activate the time evolution of movement along orbits.
The orbits are shown in a reference frame that removes the overall expansion of the universe. What we are seeing are the deviations from cosmic expansion caused by the interactions of local sources of gravity.
For 30 years astronomers have been trying to work out why the Milky Way, the Andromeda galaxy and their smaller neighbours are expanding faster than the rest of the Universe by over 1.3 million mph (600 km/s). The Milky Way is located at the centre of the arrows in this image
Experts from the University of Hawaii focused their attentions on a region known at the 'Local Void', estimated to be between 146 and almost a billion light-years wide - and which, they say, is getting bigger. This image shows void areas in our region of space, with our Local Void pictured in black
The universe is a tapestry of galaxy congregations and vast voids. Galaxies not only move with the overall expansion of the universe, they also respond to the gravitational tug of their neighbours and regions with a lot of mass.
As a consequence, relative to the overall expansion of the universe, they are moving towards the densest areas and away from regions with little mass - the voids.
Although we live in a cosmic metropolis, back in 1987 Brent Tully and Richard Fisher noted that our Milky Way galaxy is also at the edge of an extensive empty region that they called the Local Void.
The existence of the Local Void has been widely accepted, but it remained poorly studied because it lies behind the centre of our galaxy and is therefore heavily obscured from our view.
Pictured: A computer simulation showing part of the 'cosmic web' structure that makes up the universe. Blue and white represent galaxies and the darker sections are voids containing very little matter
WHAT IS THE COSMIC WEB OF FILAMENTS THAT THE UNIVERSE IS MADE UP OF?
'Ordinary' matter, which makes up everything we can see, corresponds to only five per cent of the known universe. The rest is made up of so-called 'dark matter.'
For decades, at least half of this regular matter had eluded detection, but scientists have in recent years made the first direct observations of a 'cosmic web' of filaments spanning between galaxies.
These filaments are made up of gas at temperatures between 100,000°C (180,032 °F) and 10 million°C (50 million°F) and the experts believe these structures may account for the 'missing' ordinary matter.
Studies have estimated that around 95 per cent of the universe is made of a mixture of 'dark matter' and 'dark energy', which only makes its presence felt by its gravitational pull, but has never been seen directly.
What is less widely known, however, is that around half of the regular matter is also missing.
In 2015, a team led by University of Geneva scientist Dominique Eckert claimed that these 'missing baryons' - subatomic particles made up of three quarks - were detected because of their X-ray signature in a massive cluster of galaxies known as Abell 2744.
Using the XMM-Newton space telescope, the researchers found matter concentrated into a network of knots and links connected through vast filaments, known as the 'cosmic web'.
Large-scale galaxy surveys have shown that the distribution of ordinary matter in the universe is not homogeneous.
Instead, under the action of gravity, matter is concentrated into so-called filamentary structures, forming a network of knots and links called the 'cosmic web'.
The regions experiencing the highest gravitational force collapse and form the knots of the network, such as Abell 2744.
Researchers focused on Abell 2744 - a massive cluster of galaxies with a complex distribution of dark and luminous matter at its centre - to make their finding.
Comparable to neural networks, these knots then connect to one another through filaments, where the researchers identified the presence of gas, and consequently, the missing ordinary matter thought to make up the universe.
The local void — a vast cosmic structure surrounding our Milky Way galaxy — has been mapped in a new study, suggesting why our galaxy doesn’t travel with the expansion of the universe.
The large-scale structure of the universe is a tapestry of congregations of galaxies and vast voids. Applying same tools from an earlier study, Brent Tully from the University of Hawaii and his international team of astronomers have been able to map the size and shape of an extensive empty region they called the Local Void that borders the Milky Way galaxy.
Shaded grey contours outline the extent of the Local Void, while blue dots show major mass constituents (large galaxies, galaxy groups, and clusters). The curved blue lines show the derived motions of these massive objects, after removing the overall expansion of the universe. The most important galaxy congregations are given special symbols, like the red ball identifying the Virgo Cluster. The dominant pattern of motions revealed by the orbits is a flow away from the Local Void.
(University of Hawaii)
Tully and his team were able to measure the motions of 18,000 galaxies in the Cosmicflows-3 compendium of galaxy distances. This allowed them to build a 3D cosmographic map that highlighting the boundary between the collection of matter and the absence of matter. This boundary defining the edge of the Local Void.
The study gives researchers a good idea of why our galaxy seems to be
The team used the same technique to identify the full extent of our home supercluster of over one hundred thousand galaxies in 2014, giving it the name Laniakea — or “immense heaven” in Hawaiian.
For 30 years, astronomers have been trying to identify why the motions of the Milky Way, our nearest large galaxy neighbour Andromeda, and their smaller neighbours deviate from the overall expansion of the Universe by over 600 km/s (1.3 million mph).
This new study — published in The Astrophysical Journal — shows that roughly half of this motion is generated “locally” from the combination of a pull from the massive nearby Virgo Cluster and our participation in the expansion of the Local Void as it becomes ever emptier.
Studying the local void
Galaxies not only move with the overall expansion of the universe — or the Hubble Flow — but they also respond to the gravitational influence of their neighbours and regions with an abundance of mass.
A smoothed rendition of the structure surrounding the Local Void. Our Milky Way galaxy lies at the origin of the red-green-blue orientation arrows (each 200 million lightyears in length). We are at a boundary between a large, low-density void, and the high-density Virgo cluster.
(University of Hawaii)
As a consequence, relative to the Hubble Flow they are moving towards the densest areas and away from regions with little mass — the voids.
The knowledge that our Milky Way galaxy is at the edge of an extensive empty region that they called the Local Void dates back to research spearheaded by Tully and Richard Fisher in 1987.
Despite the fact that the existence of the Local Void has been widely accepted, it has remained poorly studied until now, because it lies behind the centre of our galaxy. This means it heavily obscured from our view by gas and dust lying in the galaxy’s equatorial plane.
In addition to a video showing the simulations the team created, the astronomers have also provided the public with a resource that enables them to manipulate their view of the local void.
NASA engineers are working on a new family of space robots that can roll, climb, and use artificial intelligence to navigate around obstacles in rough terrains on other worlds. Meet the family, here.
The climbing robot LEMUR rests after scaling a cliff in Death Valley, California in early 2019. The robot uses special gripping technology that has helped lead to a series of new, off-roading robots that can explore other worlds.
From uncovering the first clues of liquid water on Mars to crossing our solar system, NASA’s missions have been adventurous, to say the least. Ranger 3 was NASA’s first attempt to land a rover on the moon in 1962. Since then, numerous robots have followed Ranger 3 from Earth into space. Yet the surfaces of planets and moons in our solar system remain largely unexplored, partly because current space robots haven’t been capable of scaling cliffs, gripping icy surfaces and otherwise conquering hard-to-reach places.
This month (July 10, 2019), NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory described its work on a new family of robots that can roll, climb, and use artificial intelligence (AI) to navigate around obstacles in rough terrains. These robots are currently being tested on Earth and will later be sent to places that are otherwise inaccessible by humans, helping scientists do meaningful science along the way.
A tiny climbing robot rolls up a wall, gripping with fishhooks – technology adapted from LEMUR’s gripping feet.
This new class of space robots will have functionalities inspired by the Limbed Excursion Mechanical Utility Robot (LEMUR), which was originally conceived as a repair robot for the International Space Station. In the video below, NASA describes LEMUR’s last field test, in Death Valley, California, in early 2019. The robot used hundreds of fishhooks to climb walls and AI to avoid obstacles that it could not climb. It also used its suite of scientific instruments to scan the rock for ancient fossils, and, as the video explains, it found some!
A direct application of this LEMUR field test would be searching for biosignatures – substances that provide evidence of life – on the planet Mars, perhaps in lake beds thought to hold signs of Martian life from the distant past.
While the LEMUR itself will not be sent into space, the engineers did adopt much of its AI and structural features into the next generation of robots that will act as our eyes and ears beyond Earth. Each one of them has unique features built into it to tackle harsh conditions and uncertain environments. Keep reading, to meet this new generation of space explorers.
Ice Worm was put to its first field test in the cave walls at Mount St. Helens in August 2018. The robot was belayed with a rope to ensure that it wasn’t damaged if it fell.
Engineers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, are developing a robot called Ice Worm in an attempt to navigate slippery surfaces. True to its name, the robot – adapted from a single limb of LEMUR – compacts its body before extending it to move forward. It proceeds an inch at a time by drilling one end of a limb into an icy surface, uses a grip to steady itself, then brings in the second limb to join the first using the same technique.
To move forward, it unscrews one foot, lengthens its body and screws it back into the ice a few meters ahead. Using the pressure sensors that instruct it how hard to drill into the ice, it repeats this over and over again to “inchworm” forward. Ice Worm also uses this method to anchor itself while analyzing the surface beneath to collect material in its legs that can be used to test salinity concentrations for microbial life.
Aaron Parness, an engineer at JPL, has trained Ice Worm in the remote regions of Antarctica, which is the harshest place they could find on Earth. The slippery ice coupled with the harsh environment will prepare the robot for similar conditions on the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Another set of tests are lined up in glaciers on Mt. Rainier in Seattle. Parness commented:
Field testing shows you things that are hard to learn in the laboratory.
This 1.4-meter (4.6 foot) long robot is also being equipped with pattern recognition and machine learning – aspects of AI that allow it to learn from past mistakes and make optimal decisions. The robot will need to investigate patterns left behind by life in cave formations. In order to do so, it needs to be tiny and mobile enough to scuttle through the cave’s tiny gaps. For this, Parness and his team are working on miniaturized remote sensing and data analysis instruments that Ice Worm can wear like a backpack. Once ready, robots of this kind will be sent to the icy moons of Saturn and Jupiter to bring back samples for further analyses.
While this four-legged robot is also inspired by LEMUR in its size and build, RoboSimian has supple wheels made of music wire in contrast to LEMUR’s gripping ones, thus having greater flexibility on rough terrains. This concept first materialized as a part of the DARPA Robotics Challenge, which promoted robotic technology for disaster-response operations. The robot is built and trained to operate in dangerous environments, so it’s not surprising that RoboSimian – a four-legged robot that can walk, crawl, slide on its belly, and even do cartwheels – will most likely be sent to Saturn’s moon Enceladus. Saltwater oceans are theorized to be present under the icy surface of that distant moon. Its geysers may also contain signs of microbial life.
Nicknamed King Louie after a character in the film “Jungle Book,” RoboSimian is equipped with spectroscopic instruments that could explore Enceladus’ polar regions.
NASA engineers were inspired by gecko feet, such as the one shown here, in designing a gripping system for space. Just as a gecko’s foot has tiny adhesive hairs, so the JPL devices incorporate small structures that work in similar ways.
You can use tape only so many times before the adhesion wears off. Geckos, on the other hand, offer inspiration for glues that stick even after multiple uses. These tiny lizards have hair on their feet that allow them to cling to a wall with ease. Parness and his team designed a robot with similar features – gecko-inspired adhesives – synthetic hair that sticks to any surface.
These grippers can sustain up to 150 Newtons of force and have been tested in simulated microgravityenvironments. The gecko material itself was tested 300,000 times to make sure the stickiness does not wear off. This robot will one day repair satellites, service them, and even snatch space garbage.
Yet another robot inspired by LEMUR, the Underwater Gripper, adopted LEMUR’s 16 fingers and 250 fishhooks to hold on tightly to surfaces and drill into formations. This is particularly useful in environments where there is little to no gravity, especially underwater where the force of the drill could push the robot away.
As of now the robot is working with Nautilus – an underwater research vessel – to collect samples from water that are a mile below the surface. Eventually, it might be sent to explore the surfaces of asteroids and other similar bodies.
A tiny, solar-powered helicopter will accompany the Mars 2020 rover. Arash Kalantari, a JPL engineer, modified LEMUR’s design to build a robot that lands not just horizontally, but also vertically by clinging to rocks like a dragonfly.
MiMi Aung, project manager for the Mars Helicopter at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, said:
Nobody’s built a Mars Helicopter before, so we are continuously entering new territory.
The Mars Helicopter is expected to reach Mars by February 2021 and will conduct geological assessments on the landing sites, assess natural resources and hazards for future space missions.
Bottom line: A new class of space robots have functionalities inspired by the Limbed Excursion Mechanical Utility Robot (LEMUR). While each design is unique in its abilities, there is one common goal that unites them all: the hunt for life beyond Earth.
The shameful truth: America only put a man on the moon with the help of Nazi monsters - not that anyone will admit it amid all the hype about the 50-year anniversary
The shameful truth: America only put a man on the moon with the help of Nazi monsters - not that anyone will admit it amid all the hype about the 50-year anniversary
For the moon landing, America's scientists had been given a huge helping hand
German scientists Wernher von Braun, Kurt Debus and Arthur Rudolph all helped
But it wasn't mentioned all three were Nazi war criminals, guilty of mass murder
All of these men were veterans of the infamous programme to build V2 rockets
Weapons Hitler believed would obliterate London and save Germany from defeat
Watching the Moon landing 50 years ago from his comfortable Paris home, Yves Beon could barely contain himself at the spectacle unfolding on TV.
Dozens of white-shirted scientists and engineers at the Apollo Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, were on their feet, many waving flags, cheering at a triumph that was enhancing American prestige and unleashing an ocean of apple-pie patriotism.
Yet Beon, a hero of the French Resistance, was spitting venom at the screen that night and, had he been alive to see last week’s documentaries repeating the footage of Neil Armstrong’s ‘giant leap for mankind’, his reaction would have been incandescent.
Amid the jubilation half a century ago, no one bothered to point out that America’s scientists had been given a huge helping hand. Or that the Moon landing was, in fact, the brainchild of German scientists led by Wernher von Braun, Kurt Debus and Arthur Rudolph. Or that all three were Nazi war criminals, guilty of mass murder.
Making history: The only clear shot of Neil Armstrong's face as he stepped on to the Moon - it was produced by a British photographer using the latest photo-enhancing technology
'Ardent Nazi': Wernher von Braun (pictured), a veteran of the V2 programme that killed thousands in Britain, was later acclaimed as an Apollo 11 hero
Dr Hubertus Strughold (left) used concentration camp detainees for high-altitude experiments - and filmed their excruciating deaths. While at a V2 factory, Arthur Rudolph (right) would hang slave labourers if they did not work hard enough. He later had a key role in the Apollo programme
The 1969 footage of the three German scientists embracing each other in the centre of the Houston control room never reached the global television audience – and neither was it broadcast amid last week’s 50th anniversary celebrations.
The fact that more than 130 German scientists were employed on the design and production of the Apollo 11 Moon landing was conveniently ignored at the time of the mission, and no wonder. These men were veterans of the infamous programme to build V2 rockets, the secret weapons that Hitler believed would obliterate London and save Germany from defeat in the Second World War.
‘Everyone forgot the hell those Nazis created to build their rocket,’ Beon recalled when we met in 1986. ‘They were b******s with brains. The world forgot that 20,000 innocent men were murdered by those Germans.’
Today, the amnesia continues and it seems wilful. Why, 50 years on, has the BBC refused to re-show The Paperclip Conspiracy, a TV documentary I produced in 1987, for example? It exposed the shocking crimes committed by von Braun’s team and the subsequent conspiracy to conceal the atrocities.
AMID the sentimental nostalgia of the past few days, the Corporation has ignored a fundamental question: what price conscience and morality for that ‘giant leap for mankind’?
The world only knows about the true history of the Apollo programme because of people such as Beon, one of the few slave labourers to emerge in 1945 from the underground factory where Hitler’s engineers built the V2s. Himmler’s SS forced an estimated 60,000 Europeans on to the production line in Nordhausen at the foot of the Harz mountains in central Germany. Survivors were rare.
Beon has particular memories of Arthur Rudolph, the 37-year-old director of production in Nordhausen who, just 17 years later, was the director of Apollo production in America.
As Beon recalled, Rudolph’s management technique in Nazi Germany was distinctive. ‘If he suspected anyone of not working, he hanged them above the production line and left the body dangling above us for a few days, as a warning. Every week, dozens were killed that way,’ he said.
‘Sometimes an electric crane lifted 12 prisoners at a time, hands behind their backs with a piece of wood in their mouths to prevent them crying out. Every day over 100 people died from exhaustion, starvation or disease.’
Astronaut Buzz Aldrin is photographed walking on the Moon during humanity's first landing in 1969
The crew of the Apollo 11, from left, Neil Armstrong, commander; Michael Collins, module pilot; Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, lunar module pilot. Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to the surface of the moon
As the chief director of the American Apollo programme, von Braun had arranged for Kennedy to witness the test firing of a Saturn rocket (pictured), the type that would eventually deliver Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to the surface of the Moon
Beon recalled how von Braun, an SS major, and other scientists ‘just passed by us without looking at the bodies, without any sign of emotion’.
Von Braun’s team were committed Nazis, including Rudolph who, when I interviewed him in 1987, told me: ‘Hitler’s first six years were marvellous. They were the best years in Germany. Everybody was happy.’
The fact that Beon survived Nordhausen was a miracle. With the Americans approaching, vengeful SS guards went on a murderous rampage against the labourers but Beon managed to hide.
Von Braun and his team, meanwhile, had already left, calculating – correctly – that they could wait in the Bavarian countryside, then offer their expertise to the Americans. ‘We were interested in continuing our work,’ he said later. He had no intention of ‘being squeezed like a lemon and then discarded’.
The first V2 rocket hit London in September 1944. By the end of the war, 3,172 rockets had been successfully launched, killing thousands of civilians and dispelling any doubts that the Germans had invented an outstanding weapon of the future – years ahead of the Allies. In 1945, US soldiers were dispatched across Germany to seize completed V2s and the blueprints. Among them was 28-year-old Major Robert Staver, a mechanical engineer, who followed the US 1st Army into the Nordhausen factory on April 11, 1945.
‘The Germans’ cups were still warm when we arrived,’ he recalled when we met in California in 1986. He admitted that, bewitched by the sight of the rockets and such brilliant mechanical innovation, he had ignored the hundreds of corpses scattered across the area.
About 100 rockets were shipped to White Sands in New Mexico, but to understand them and develop rockets of their own, the Americans needed von Braun’s team, too. And that meant reaching them before the Russians. ‘These were geniuses 25 years ahead of us,’ gushed Staver. ‘My orders were to get the top rocket team in history. I decided to treat the Germans as normal, friendly human beings. Otherwise we wouldn’t get their co-operation.’
Buzz Aldrin sets up the landing gear on the Moon after he, Neil Armstrong and Michael Collins
Winston Churchill (pictured) and Franklin D.evelt issued solemn wartime pledges to prosecute all Nazi war criminals
Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt issued solemn wartime pledges to prosecute all Nazi war criminals, promises that Staver and his bosses decided to ignore.
The secret journey of the rocket scientists from Nordhausen to America’s Apollo space programme involved an astonishing conspiracy between US army officers and a handful of complicit Washington bureaucrats. In September 1945, following rapid negotiations with Staver and other American officers, von Braun and a small group of his senior aides were flown to El Paso, Texas.
American law explicitly ruled out permanent residence for incriminated Nazis, so they were contracted to stay in America ‘temporarily’ for a few months while they were debriefed. The scheme was known as Operation Paperclip. Later, a further 118 members of his team were flown from Germany. While Yves Beon and other victims of the Nazis struggled to keep body and soul together in wartorn Europe, von Braun lived well on $750 a month plus unlimited free food, comfortable accommodation and generous healthcare.
It wasn’t only engineering expertise that the Americans lacked – they wanted medical information, too. In a parallel operation, American air force officers led by Colonel Harry Armstrong negotiated a deal with Dr Hubertus Strughold, the leader of Germany’s aviation doctors.
Strughold and other specialists had developed techniques to protect Luftwaffe pilots flying at high altitudes. German designs for pressurised cockpits, G-suits and oxygen masks to avoid blackouts were far more advanced than anything available in America or Britain – but that was not surprising, since the German research had been conducted by testing human ‘guinea pigs’ at the Dachau concentration camp.
Inmates had been locked into pressurised chambers by doctors to test the limits of their endurance. The filmed experiments recorded the inmates’ excruciating deaths.
Tom Bower is author of The Paperclip Conspiracy. He is known for his investigative journalism and for his unauthorized biographies
In early 1946, Armstrong decided to ignore the doctors’ crimes. For him, as for Staver, morality was not an issue. The principles of justice for which millions had died during the war were ignored. ‘They were scientists, after all,’ as Armstrong told another, similarly complacent officer. So Strughold and 37 other German specialists were flown to Wright Field, a US air force base in Ohio.
Armstrong had twin motives: to develop America’s aviation medicine, but also to protect the Germans from prosecution as war criminals in American military courts in Nuremberg. With remarkable foresight, Armstrong ordered the medics to focus on how man could survive in space and, in 1969, Strughold was acclaimed among the heroes of Armstrong’s walk on the Moon. No one asked questions about his wartime crimes.
This state of affairs was in part testimony to the skill of Colonel Walter Rozamus, the US army officer in charge of Operation Paperclip at the Pentagon and a man determined to overcome the American laws that explicitly forbade Nazis from staying in the US. By 1946, the German scientists wanted permanent contracts and wished to be reunited with their families. Yet security files compiled by US army investigators in Germany made their Nazi affiliations all too clear.
Herbert Axster, von Braun’s assistant, was described as ‘a notorious supporter and profiteer of the Nazi regime’. Kurt Debus, Apollo’s second-in-command, had been a member of the Brown Shirts and the SS and was guilty of denouncing an innocent German to the Gestapo to remove a rival scientist.
Von Braun was described as ‘an ardent Nazi’ and a ‘potential security threat’. Investigators had discovered that, in 1931, Rudolph had marched through Berlin in a brown Stormtrooper uniform holding a flaming torch and singing the Nazi anthems of racial hatred. He was classified as ‘100 per cent Nazi, dangerous type’ and recommended for imprisonment. By now, Rudolph and 134 rocket experts were living in New Mexico and Rozamus was determined to keep them there.
His next obstacle was Samuel Klaus, an officer in the visa section of the State Department, the equivalent of Britain’s Home Office. Klaus, a Jewish lawyer, had toured Europe in 1945 and was appalled by the atrocities. He understood better than most the terrible crimes committed by German scientists.
Outraged by the Pentagon’s attempt to ignore the truth, Klaus refused to allow von Braun’s team to become American citizens. None of them, he said, was so vital that their expertise could not be extracted within six months. After that, they must be returned to Germany. In the Pentagon, Rozamus and his superiors fumed. ‘Get that little Jew off the committee,’ ordered Major Simpson of the Pentagon’s intelligence section during a conversation in Washington with Klaus’s superior.
‘What the Germans did during the war was irrelevant,’ recalled another army officer. ‘We had to keep the scientists out of the Russians’ hands.’
Wernher von Braun, Kurt Debus and Arthur Rudolph were veterans of the infamous programme to build V2 rockets, the secret weapons that Hitler (pictured) believed would obliterate London and save Germany from defeat in the Second World War
So, with the support of senior politicians, Klaus was removed from the visa section.
The next step was to sanitise the security records. Paperclips were attached to all the files requiring attention and American officers in Germany were told to ‘rewrite’ reports, allowing the Pentagon and State Department to form ‘a different interpretation’. Overnight, Herbert Axster, von Braun’s assistant, was given ‘a clear record’. Rudolph was declared to be ‘not an ardent Nazi’. Von Braun’s revised report said his records had been lost in the Soviet zone of Germany and that ‘no derogatory information’ was available.
The path to permanent residence was now clear and, for the most important of the Nazi scientists, US citizenship soon followed. Protecting Nazi mass murderers was by now a favoured – if secret – policy in Washington. In 1949, the CIA invented the ‘Ratline’ to help their German agents and informants to escape Europe to South America. Among the first to flee was Klaus Barbie, the Gestapo chief known as the Butcher of Lyons.
Not merely rehabilitated but thoroughly respected, in September 1962 von Braun met President Kennedy in Huntsville, Alabama. As the chief director of the American Apollo programme, von Braun had arranged for Kennedy to witness the test firing of a Saturn rocket, the type that would eventually deliver Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin to the surface of the Moon.
Charismatic and smiling, von Braun greeted the President as if he were a close friend and, together, the two men watched as the orange flames spurted out of the base and the rocket launched successfully. Turning to Kennedy, von Braun said: ‘I will fulfil your promise to put a man on the Moon by the end of this decade. And by God we’ll do it.’
Von Braun was simply too important for the Americans to allow his murderous past to interfere. A clutch of war criminals had now become Cold War heroes.
Wernher von Braun would die in 1977 in Virginia without a blemish on his reputation. Arthur Rudolph was less fortunate. In 1984, Eli Rosenbaum, a zealous lawyer in the US Office of Special Investigations, forced Rudolph to renounce his American citizenship and return to Germany. ‘I’m really angry,’ Rudolph told me before leaving America for ever. ‘I helped put the first man – an American – on the Moon and then I was treated like this.’ He died in 1996 in Hamburg aged 89. He was never brought to justice for his wartime barbarity.
Today, we know the truth in all its terrible detail. Yet there was no mention of these monstrous crimes during last week’s celebrations of the astonishing Moon landing 50 years ago. Why?
WETENSCHAP & PLANEET Grote delen van het Noordpoolgebied hebben deze zomer af te rekenen met ongeziene bosbranden. Dat blijkt uit een reeks satellietbeelden die vorige week zijn vrijgegeven. Van Alaska over Groenland tot Siberië: honderden branden houden de Noordpool in hun greep.
Bij ons is de tweede hittegolf van het jaar deze week een feit, maar ook elders in de wereld beleven ze een hete zomer. Vorige maand ging de geschiedenisboeken in als de warmste juni sinds het begin van de metingen. En daar ondervindt ook de Noordpool de gevolgen van.
Ten noorden van de Noordpoolcirkel leiden de hoge temperaturen en de droogte dit jaar tot ongeziene bosbranden. Al zou je het misschien niet verwachten, een bosbrand op de Noordpool is niet ongewoon. De schaal waarop het vuur nu om zich heen grijpt, is dat echter wel.
Geograaf Pierre Markuse verzamelde een hele reeks satellietbeelden van de branden en postte ze online. De beelden tonen gigantische gebieden gehuld in rook, brandende bomen en verwoeste landschappen.
Flickr/Pierre Markuse
Flickr/Pierre Markuse
Impact
De branden hebben een enorme ecologische impact. Gegevens van de Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) tonen aan dat het vuur in juni verantwoordelijk was voor 55 megaton CO2-uitstoot - meer dan de uitstoot van alle juni-branden van 2010 tot 2018 bij elkaar geteld. En ook juli staat op het punt om alle records te breken.
Volgens Mark Parrington, wetenschapper aan het European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast, is er tussen 1 juni en 21 juli ongeveer 100 megaton CO2 uitgestoten, of bijna zoveel als de CO2-uitstoot van heel België in 2017.
Estimated June total #wildfire#CO2 emissions for the #Arctic Circle from 2003-2019. 50 Mt CO2 is equivalent to 2017 national fossil fuel CO2 emissions for Bulgaria, Hungary and Sweden https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=booklet2018&sort=asc9 … @EU_ScienceHub@adamvaughan_uk
De Wereld Meteorologische Organisatie (WMO) noemt de branden in het Noordpoolgebied “ongeëvenaard” en waarschuwt voor de enorme impact op de klimaatcrisis. “De aanhoudende branden zijn het ernstigst in Alaska en Siberië”, klinkt het. “Sommige branden zijn zo groot als bijna 100.000 voetbalvelden. In Alberta, Canada, woedt zelfs een brand van meer dan 300.000 voetbalvelden groot. In Alaska alleen zijn dit jaar bijna 400 bosbranden geregistreerd, en elke dag ontstaan er nieuwe.”
Het noordelijke deel van de wereld warmt sneller op dan de planeet als geheel, zegt de WMO nog. “Die hitte droogt de bossen uit en maakt ze vatbaarder voor branden. De schaal waarop de bosbranden plaatsvinden is in zeker 10.000 jaar niet vertoond.”
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22-07-2019
De schaamtevolle waarheid: dit zijn de nazimonsters die de Apollo-maanlanding mogelijk maakten
De schaamtevolle waarheid: dit zijn de nazimonsters die de Apollo-maanlanding mogelijk maakten
De maanlanding in 1969 was het geesteskind van naziwetenschappers onder leiding van Wernher von Braun, Kurt Debus en Arthur Rudolph, oorlogscriminelen die schuldig waren aan massamoord. Dat schrijft Tom Bower voor de Mail On Sunday.
Er werkten in totaal 130 Duitse wetenschappers mee aan de Apollo 11-maanlanding.
Deze mannen bouwden V2-raketten, het geheime wapen dat Hitler wilde gebruiken om Londen te vernietigen.
Gruweldaden
Bower merkt op dat hier vandaag de dag nog altijd niet over wordt gesproken.
Vijftig jaar na dato weigert de BBC de documentaire ‘The Paperclip Conspiracy’ opnieuw uit te zenden, die Bower in 1987 maakte.
Daarin onthult hij aan welke gruweldaden het team van Von Braun schuldig zich schuldig had gemaakt en hoe ze onder het tapijt werden geveegd door de Amerikaanse overheid.
De SS van Himmler zette zo’n 60.000 dwangarbeiders aan het werk in Nordhausen in het hart van Duitsland, waar de V2’s werden gebouwd. Slechts weinigen konden het navertellen.
Opgehangen
Rudolph stond indertijd aan het hoofd van deze operatie. Na de Tweede Wereldoorlog overzag hij de productie van de Apollo-productie in Amerika.
Als Rudolph het vermoeden had dat iemand niet werkte, werd diegene boven de productielijn opgehangen.
Het lichaam bleef dagenlang hangen, als waarschuwing, vertelt Yves Beon, één van de weinige dwangarbeiders die wist te ontkomen.
“Elke week werden op deze manier tientallen mensen gedood,” zegt hij. “Elke dag stierven ruim 100 mensen aan de gevolgen van uitputting, honger en ziekte.”
Meer
Von Braun, een SS-majoor, en andere wetenschappers ‘liepen langs zonder naar de lichamen te kijken, zonder ook maar een sprankje emotie’.
Het was een wonder dat Beon Nordhausen wist te overleven. Toen de Amerikanen naderden begonnen wraakzuchtige SS-soldaten de arbeiders uit te moorden.
Beon wist zich ergens te verstoppen.
De Amerikanen verscheepten zo’n 100 V2-raketten naar White Sands in New Mexico, maar ze hadden het team van Von Braun nodig om er meer te kunnen bouwen.
Diepste geheim
In september 1945 werden Von Braun en enkele andere naziwetenschappers in het diepste geheim overgevlogen naar El Paso in Texas.
Later werden nog eens 118 leden van zijn team overgevlogen vanuit Duitsland. Dit project zou later bekend worden als Operatie Paperclip.
Ook nazidokters die in concentratiekamp Dachau experimenten hadden gedaan met menselijke ‘proefkonijnen’, werden overgebracht naar de Verenigde Staten.
Irrelevant
De artsen, waaronder dr. Hubertus Strughold, moesten manieren zien te vinden om de mens te laten overleven in de ruimte.
“Wat de Duitsers hadden gedaan tijdens de oorlog was irrelevant,” herinnerde een legerofficier zich. “We moesten de wetenschappers uit handen van de Russen houden.”
Was de maanlanding een show? Dit belangrijke bewijs is tot op de dag van vandaag nooit teruggevonden
Was de maanlanding een show? Dit belangrijke bewijs is tot op de dag van vandaag nooit teruggevonden
Volgens complottheoretici is de maanlanding in scène gezet in een tv-studio vanwege de gevaren die er kleefden aan een echte reis.
Eén van hen is Kees, een 59-jarige IT’er uit Brabant. Hij zegt in De Telegraaf-serie ‘Complottheorieën’ dat de Amerikanen de reis op het laatste moment niet door hebben laten gaan.
Volgens hem is vervolgens plan B uitgevoerd, een soort Hollywood-versie van de maanlanding.
Show
“Het teruggaan van de maan, het opstijgen, is nooit echt goed getest,” meent Kees. “De machine die ze gebouwd hebben is zelf ook nooit getest.”
“Dit was gewoon een show,” benadrukt hij.
De astronauten zijn volgens hem wel opgestegen en in een baan om de aarde gekomen, maar zouden op het laatste moment te horen hebben gekregen dat het toch een simulatie zou worden.
Grafstemming
Naderhand kregen ze te horen dat de autoriteiten het publiek hadden wijsgemaakt dat de landing echt had plaatsgevonden, aldus Kees.
“Dat is het moment waarop ze allemaal gedesillusioneerd waren,” zegt hij. “En dat is het moment dat die persconferentie zo’n enorme grafstemming opleverde.”
Spoorloos verdwenen
Daarnaast zijn de originele magneetbanden waar de beelden op staan van de maanlanding en andere data, telemetrische gegevens, spoorloos verdwenen.
Dit belangrijke bewijs is tot op de dag van vandaag nooit teruggevonden.
Is er een link tussen het elektromagnetisch veld rond de aarde en de locatie van piramides? Bekijk deze video
Is er een link tussen het elektromagnetisch veld rond de aarde en de locatie van piramides? Bekijk deze video
Piloot Bruce Cathie (1930-2013) zag gedurende zijn carrière vaak UFO’s in de lucht vliegen. Hij besloot zijn waarnemingen in kaart te brengen en deed een opmerkelijke ontdekking.
De onbekende objecten bleken zich allemaal te verplaatsen langs dezelfde denkbeeldige lijnen.
Samen met een softwareprogrammeur maakte Cathie een computerprogramma dat elektromagnetische lijnen rond de aarde aangeeft.
Energieveld
Veel oude culturen zouden zich bewust zijn geweest van dit wereldwijde energieveld. Zo bevinden veel megalithische bouwwerken zich op plekken waar deze lijnen lopen.
Is het mogelijk dat de piramides zijn gebouwd om zich te verbinden met de elektromagnetische velden die UFO’s ook lijken te gebruiken?
De Grote Piramide produceert vandaag de dag nog steeds elektromagnetische energie.
Samenkomen
Uit metingen die in en rond de piramide zijn verricht blijkt dat het gaat om een spanning van ongeveer 1,2 volt.
Computermodellen laten volgens de onderzoekers zien dat de interne kamers en basis van het bouwwerk zo gevormd zijn dat ze elektrische golven op één plek laten samenkomen.
Niet achterhalen
Het ontwerp van de piramide zorgt dat deze energie naar zijn basis wordt geleid, waar vervolgens magnetische velden worden gevormd.
Waarvoor die dienen en of de bouwers van de piramides wisten dat ze een dergelijke constructie aan het maken waren, konden ze niet achterhalen.
Why People Aren’t Talking About UFO Videos from 2019
Why People Aren’t Talking About UFO Videos from 2019
At a while, you will encounter a UFO. UFO stands for Unidentified Flying Object and they’ve been seen since the start of recorded history. Throughout that time frame, there were two triangle UFOs sighted in the same location. Many reported UFO sightings actually prove to be something as easy as a balloon. They actually prove to be something as easy as a balloon.
Several UFO investigators would analyze the incident over the subsequent decade. Law enforcement would record the incident by making use of their superiors. The incident would draw the interest of both national and global media, along with numerous UFO investigators over time. The whole incident is apparently one of double-crossing.
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How to Choose UFO Videos from 2019
The picture managed to create a small wave of publicity for the region. You may see the video below. The quick video below, for example, is just one of several contemporary sightings. It, for example, is just one of several contemporary sightings. You might already have the videos that you would like a transfer over on your computer already. Hypnosis video is just one of the most effective techniques to do hypnosis without the usage of a real hypnotist. You may see the footage below.
There’s no doubt you NEED to earn marketing videos in the event you want to do things the easy way online nowadays. The notion that UFOs are spacecraft from other planets or piloted by extraterrestrials is called the ET hypothesis. Something must be going on here. Employing every one of your abilities to earn a situation more promotable for you will be something which you like. You won’t have to be concerned anymore. To have the ability to get the most benefit for an intensive cardio workout with only a little proportion of the physical output is well worth trying. There are lots of finds of strange and bizarre objects made all over Earth.
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Not every book is suitable for everybody. You simply submitted that article or book and a few of the reviews aren’t very nice. It’s so incredible fantastic that it cannot be adequately explained or investigated in just a single hub article. Some reports state it is a ping, but others claim it is a beep. They state it is a ping, but others claim it is a beep. There weren’t any reports of any crashes in the area.
In July 11, 2019, two huge flying objects were caught on camera while they were in the vicinity of the sun.
Linda Miller who captured the two objects says: “I just shot this tonight, I still have footage to look over, but, when I saw this, I had to put it up for you to see. What the heck?”
The first object, which looks like a triangle UFO, comes into view when it passes the sun; but it is unclear what the second object might have been, but it seems to be exiting the sun at high speed.
Earth still has its many mysteries, few would argue that humankind has an infatuation with the great unknowns about deep space. The further out into the cosmos we peer with our telescopic arrays, the more we learn about the nature of worlds far removed from our own.
We’re also reminded of what a desolate, cold, and utterly silent place the deep regions of space has proven to be; at least to date, no convincing evidence of life, or any forms of interstellar communication, have ever been found that withstood the scrutiny of modern science.
That isn’t to say that there aren’t plenty of unique and energetic things going on “out there” that keep us guessing. Short bursts of radiation of different varieties (and from a multitude of different places) have long been observed. Detection of everything from “bursts” in the infrared, to X-ray and gamma-ray radiative anomalies have been logged over the years… and those may not even be the most unique and perplexing of the bunch.
As far back as 1983, New Scientist reported on a unique experiment that involved the placement of a cosmic-ray telescope beneath 1800 feet of rock, which led to an illuminating discovery: the detection of cosmic ray bursts which appeared to come from specific regions of the sky, rather than at random, and over an even distribution. Two key areas that were identified in this study were the galactic north pole, as well as the constellation Cygnus, the celestial swan. The idea that these cosmic rays would emanate from key locations in this way would seem to run counter to the idea that cosmic rays hitting the earth are distributed more or less at random with help of the galaxy’s magnetic field.
More recently, there has been a renewed discussion about another kind of radiative phenomenon emanating from deep space: the ever-perplexing fast radio bursts, or FRBs. A recent entry in the journal Nature Astronomy raised new questions about what these unusual bursts might entail, and why there appear to be so many of them.
According to Vikram Ravi of Caltech, FRBs appear to be occurring at a rate that is much higher than that of anything scientists would expect to produce them on a single occasion, let alone in the clusters which have been reported in recent months. Ravi guesses this means that there is no single type of known source for the FRBs—cosmic explosions, stellar collisions, etc—that can fully account for their number and frequency.
“The rate of FRBs appears to be higher than the rate of anything we can really think of that can make an FRB just once,” Ravi told New Scientist. “If we’re doing our jobs right, we should be able to figure it out in the next five years.”
Ravi has suggested that by looking very specifically at the regions in space where FRBs are most frequently observed, we might be able to pinpoint what sorts of galaxies they are most likely to emanate from, and more specifically, what locations in those galaxies appears to be their point of origin.
While radio bursts and other kinds of non-visual celestial phenomenon remain of preeminent interest to astronomers, there is some literature pertaining to alleged “optical bursters”, which constitute quick flashes of light that were actually seenin various regions of the night sky by astronomers over the years. In 1984 and 1985, a series of 24 bright flashes were reportedly detected near the border between the constellations of Aries and Perseus. The observations were logged by a group of eight observers, located across a total of 12 different locations in Canada during the period in question.
On one occasion a photograph was obtained of one of these flashes of light, while on another the source of illumination was logged at the same region in the sky by two separate observers. An article by Bill Katz, “Optical Flashes in Perseus,” appeared in the Astrophysical Journal, number 307, the following year, where it was noted that “The brightest of the flashes was of magnitude -1 and lasted about 0.25 second” (even this author, on two separate occasions, recalls having observed a strikingly similar phenomenon in the night sky during skywatching sessions).
Despite all that we know about the cosmos through the steady progression of astronomical knowledge, there are, and will no doubt remain, many mysteries about deep space. The ultimate answer to many of these, as famously echoed on televisions all around the world over the years, “to go where no one has gone before”… space, that is; the final frontier.
Beste bezoeker, Heb je zelf al ooit een vreemde waarneming gedaan, laat dit dan even weten via email aan Frederick Delaere opwww.ufomeldpunt.be. Deze onderzoekers behandelen jouw melding in volledige anonimiteit en met alle respect voor jouw privacy. Ze zijn kritisch, objectief maar open minded aangelegd en zullen jou steeds een verklaring geven voor jouw waarneming! DUS AARZEL NIET, ALS JE EEN ANTWOORD OP JOUW VRAGEN WENST, CONTACTEER FREDERICK. BIJ VOORBAAT DANK...
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
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