Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 10 MONTHS.
ON 06/04/2024 MORE THAN 1.951.050
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
25-07-2019
UFO Captured In Sky Has Rainbow Colors As It Fades In And Out Of Visibility, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Captured In Sky Has Rainbow Colors As It Fades In And Out Of Visibility, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: unknown Location of sighting: July 15, 2019 Watch as this UFO is captured as it fades in and out of its invisible camouflage. The UFO has the most amazing and brilliant colors I have ever seen. No rocket, shuttle or jet could ever make such breathtaking colors. I am just in awe of how the craft fades in and out of visibility, however each time it does, only a small section of it is visible, each time a different area and a different color. Absolute mind blowing. 100% alien craft. Scott C. Waring
Linda Miller:
On July 15, 2019 I felt compelled to go outside and film the sun again. I was in the middle of watching the sun go down and when I turned my head and saw this... I thought it might be a plane, I was wrong. Linda: The colors are the real thing, just adjusted exposure. It is really pretty and weird all at the same time. I have no freakin' idea.
I found this interesting structure hidden in the shadows of Tycho crater. This is huge and its sitting on a hill slanted to once side. I estimate it to being about 1km long and next to it is another structure that is smaller and more elaborate. The object sits in the shadows to hide it, or to keep the suns rays limited. Many aliens like the greys have a second eyelid that is like sunglasses to protect their eyes from the light. If this species of alien has sensitive eyes, also, the glaring sunlight might bother any species since the moon is much closer than earth at times to the sun.
Scott C. Waring
I colored the ship yellow below to make it easier to see.
Astronomers have a new theory about the formation of supermassive black holes.
Extremely bright objects that first appeared close to the birth of the universe — theoretical objects called “dark stars” — could have seeded supermassive black holes over millions of years, according to a new Astronomy story about University of Michigan physicist Katherine Freese.
Dark stars wouldn’t have been much like the stars we’re used to: rather than balancing out gravitational forces with heat dissipated by nuclear fusion reactions, dark stars would have been far less dense, mostly made up of hydrogen and helium. That means they could have swelled up to outrageous sizes compared to today’s stars.
The energy that stopped them from collapsing in on themselves is thought to have come from dark matter particles — which have still never been observed directly — that annihilate each other, releasing energy in the process.
“They can keep growing as long as there is dark matter fuel,” Freese told Astronomy. “We’ve assumed they can get up to 10 million times the mass of the Sun and 10 billion times as bright as the Sun, but we don’t really know. There is no cutoff in principle.”
In 2016, for instance, the Atacama Large Millimeter Array in northern Chile spotted a supermassive black hole that was 660 million times as massive as the Sun.
Dark stars would have been anything but “dark.” In fact, they are thought to have been much brighter than the Sun.
So why haven’t astronomers spotted a dark star yet? Astrophysicists’ best guess is that they existed in the era after the Big Bang — and we have yet to find a way to glimpse such ancient stellar history.
But luckily, scientists at NASA are building a telescope sensitive enough to one day spot dark stars — the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
In a 2012 study, scientists from the Royal Astronomical Society at Oxford University proposed using the telescope to detect supermassive dark stars from the early stages of the universe. Astronomers at NASA also believe that the JWST could allow us to catch glimpses of the early cosmos.
“Looking for the first stars and black holes has long been a goal of astronomy,” said Rogier Windhorst of Arizona State University, Tempe in a 2018 NASA statement.
And Reese is hopeful as well.
“If a dark star of a million solar masses were found [by James Webb] from very early on, it’s pretty clear that such an object would end up as a big black hole,” Freese told Astronomy. “Then these could merge together to make supermassive black holes. A very reasonable scenario!”
While astronomers have been excited to start studying data from the JWST, the project has unfortunately been in development hell for over two decades. In June 2018, the project was rescheduled for March 2021.
But if the JWST does ever make its way into space, it could provide tantalizing new data on dark stars and supermassive black holes — and we’d also be one step closer to understanding the early days of the universe.
The Amazons: Ancient Warrior Women Dismissed as Myth and Legend Were Real Fearsome Fighters
Famous ancient Greek historian Herodotus once wrote of the Amazons - or as he called them Oier Pata (‘Killers of Men’) – a tribe of fierce warrior women. Though in today’s world, the name ‘Amazon’ is strongly associated with Jeff Bezos’s mighty online delivery empire; it still carries a heavy association with these gender-role breaking, fist fighting, sword swinging, arrow shooting, single-breasted warrior woman of antiquity. For centuries, they were dismissed as mere legend, but in the last decades, detailed investigations have revealed that the Amazons were very real, and they were a fearsome force to be reckoned with.
The Amazons are believed to have been the descendants of the nomadic ancient Scythians and Sarmatian people. Their territory ranged from the slopes of the Caucasus mountains between the eastern end of the Black Sea and all the way to the vast Eurasian steppes.
In every myth, whether they be Persian, Greek, or Scythian, the Amazons remained consistent in their descriptions: They rode horses , shot arrows, were uneasy around boats, and even wore pants. However, the question remains: Who were they really?
In the Greek myths , Homer first mentioned their existence in the Iliad. They appeared fighting against Achilles on the side of Troy. In Hercules’s ninth labor, he was tasked by Eurystheus to steal the belt (or girdle) from an Amazon queen . Another story mentioned the ill-fated marriage of Theseus and Hippolyta, resulting in one of the earliest perspectives to the traumas that parent separations may bring on their children.
In ancient Rome, the mythical stories about ‘Amazons’ was re-enacted in the gladiatorial arena. Women gladiators were be given the names of famous Greek Amazon queens and fought in hand-to-hand combat to the first cut.
With such fantastic tales retold throughout the ages, it is understandable why most people assumed the Amazons never existed. Their legends and history challenged the male-dominated establishment and planted seeds of rebellion in the minds of their women.
However, in the twentieth century, Russian archaeologists began to re-examine their existence when excavations of Scythian kurgans (Scythian burial mounds) revealed startling finds.
The Motives to the Myths About the Amazons
In the minds of the ancient Greeks, they never questioned whether the Amazons truly existed. Their tales were used to contrast the natural values 5th century BC Athens allegedly carried. Athenian Greek women were be expected to be good family women, productive of male heirs, and zealous in maintaining the household. To be anything less of those traits would be Amazonian in nature.
Amazon women - according to ancient Athenian men - were loose, brawlers, hot-tempered, and unable to fully mature into adulthood due to their carefree lifestyles.
Of all the accounts mentioned about the Amazons, there is none which speaks more clearly than the works of Herodotus. In his accounts, he remains as objective as possible. Most of his research was based on translating other accounts from Persia as well as the older writings from prior generation Greek scholars. His accounts remain the closest to the possible truth than any other writings about the Amazons.
Herodotus wrote passages about their possible origins. His sentiments were the same: They were man-killers who could kill ten men with little to no effort. In one of his historical accounts, he mentioned that a group of Amazons was captured during the Battle of Thermodon. As the Greeks sailed home, the Amazons broke free and killed every single man on the ship.
However, the Amazons were oblivious to the workings of ships. They were adrift for days until it crashed onto the shores of Palus Maeotis near Cremini (translating to ‘the cliffs’). These lands had been known to be the country of the free Scythians. The women, now freed from the shackles of a would-be fate, mounted wild horses and rode further inland, only to discover they were too far away from home.
The languages which were spoken by the Amazons, though linguistically similar to the Scythians, still differed enough to be a hindrance. Herodotus noted that the Scythians assumed the Amazons were never taught to speak correctly.
Though their dress appeared similar, they were worlds away from being the same people. Rumor had it that with no hope of returning home, the Amazons resorted to a life as raiders, plundering every Scythian village they could find.
Herodotus went on to discuss how after the Amazon raids, the vengeful Scythian men went after them. But, after days of conflict, efforts were made for a peaceful outcome. Both groups were able to learn enough about each other’s dialect in order to communicate. It was then that their desires for blood were soon replaced with the desire for intercourse.
These two groups eventually intermarried and became the Scythian-Sarmatians. They then moved northeast to live a nomadic way of life . It was also mentioned that this group created a tradition of training both men and women in the ways of hunting, shooting bows and arrows, horseback riding, and the basics of warfare. Though it may seem like a technicality, in this, there can be room to further explore what Herodotus was saying.
Herodotus stated that these Amazons seemed like Scythians yet did not speak Scythian fluently. He noted that when actual Scythian men met with the Amazons and fell in love, the men were given an ultimatum to either leave or join them in their quest to return home. If the women were Scythians, why would they ask the Scythian men to leave their customs and families behind?
The clues about the Amazons, as mentioned by Herodotus, discuss a group of people who had little in common except for technological similarities. With these slight clues mentioned, how could the women be considered Scythian at all?
Merging of Myth and Fact of the Amazons
According to the ancient Greeks, the term Scythian acted as a generalization for an entire nomadic cultural group. As far as the ancient Greeks were concerned, anything past Thrace and heading to inner Asia was essentially the land of the Scythians.
If one were to analyze this massive generalization, one would notice that this region accounted for thousands of miles and consisted of hundreds of cultures, languages, and ethnicities which may have been completely different from each other.
However, if one were to continue reading the passages of Herodotus, further clues would actually lean to the favor of the Amazons being Scythians. One passage regarding the origins of the Scythians, by Herodotus, may have unintentionally explained the rise of the Amazon warrior women the world knows today. The passage describing the retribution brought forth from the twenty-eight-year war with the Medes:
“…They (the Scythians) entered Asia in pursuit of the Cimmerians and overthrew the empire of the Medes [...] On their return to their homes after the long absence of twenty-eight years, a task awaited them more troublesome than their struggle with the Medes. They found an army of no small size prepared to oppose their entrance. For the Scythian women, when they saw that time went on, and their husbands did not come back, had intermarried with their slaves….”
Amazon women triumph in battle. (Pharos / Public Domain )
His passages go on to describe how the returning Scythian men dealt with their own people and slaves not recognizing who they were. However, given this description about the possible formation of the Scythians, could this tie together to the reason why the captured Amazons spoke Scythian badly? Rather than being that they were of an entirely different group, could it have been that they were the offspring of slaves and women who ran away from one of the Scythian villages?
In the passage, it clearly states that the women and slaves were able to put up a worthy fight against the war-hardened men who had been absent for twenty-eight years. Could such a long absence have created a cultural shift making women the dominant warrior over men? And could this have led to the traditions of warrior duality between the sexes that was shared by the Scythian-Sarmatians in the years to come?
Archaeological Facts About the Amazons
In 1993, the mummified remains of a Scytho-Siberian woman from the fifth century BC, famously named “the Siberian Ice Maiden ”, was excavated from a burial mound (also known as a kurgan) in the Republic of Altai, Russia. Forensic anthropologists eventually determined her age of death between twenty to thirty years of age due to breast cancer and severe trauma sustained from a fall. The Ice Maiden’s body, along with remains of two horses, were oriented toward the east. In later excavations of other kurgans, this was revealed to be a consistent custom.
The Ice Maiden’s burial mound held a plethora of items revealing further insight to the mysterious Scythian people. But of all the incredible artifacts from her kurgan that fascinated the world, it was the garments she wore and the tattoos she had, still preserved from the arid permafrost of the steppe.
In her larch wood coffin, she dawned a yellow silk tussah blouse, a striped wool skirt of crimson and white, a tassel belt, thigh-high white felt leggings with a marten fur, a polished metal mirror by her side, and a three-foot-tall headdress.
Even though Russian archaeologists had assumed her to be a priestess of some kind, the Ice Maiden’s funerary dress closely resembled the depictions of Greek Amazons from the fifth and sixth century BC Greek vases.
Amazon wearing trousers and carrying a shield with an attached patterned cloth and a quiver. (Jastrow / CC BY-SA 2.5 )
In further expeditions, Russian archaeologists continued excavating over one hundred and fifty additional ancient Scythian kurgans in the Altai Mountain regions, Pokrovka and Kazakhstan. To their surprise, they discovered that almost one third were women of elite warrior status.
The kurgans included bows, daggers, and the women appeared to be of high rank. Some of the remains had women in battle dress no different than the remains of warrior men. There were young women showing characteristics of bow-leggedness. (A trait resulting from a life of constant riding). There was bronze-tipped arrows, iron daggers, and some women were even being buried next to horses. These women further astonished archaeologists by revealing their height to be five feet, six inches; a height that was significantly tall, especially for that time.
The assumptions made to why there were so many Scythian-Sarmatian warrior women can be linked to the nomadic way of life. They were trained in survival from a very young age using the techniques learned from both their mothers and fathers.
When Scythian men were away in battle or engaged in a hunt, their women had to be able to defend themselves against the elements and other nomad raiders. The women needed to be as tough as the men in order to survive the harshness of the steppe.
With the 150 kurgan mounds revealing large amounts of evidence to the existence of warrior women, there was a strong possibility that these women were the inspiration for the concept of Amazons. However, these are still assumptions and one must always question what they have found.
Closing Thoughts about the Amazons
In the eyes of the ancient male Athenian Greeks, they were the epitome of feminine rebellion in dire need of being tamed. However, in the opinions of twentieth-century scholars, the Amazons embodied the association of freedom, sexual equality, and the undoing of the patriarchal status quo. If all were to agree that the Scythian-Sarmatians were indeed the Amazons, regardless of the massive generalizations made by the Greeks, historians, and even archaeologists, then could Herodotus’s description of the Scythian origin potentially be the beginnings of the Amazons?
The Amazon/Scythian hypothesis has convincing evidence to make it a strong possibility. However, they still may not have been the same people as warrior women known as the Amazons. As previously mentioned, the land of the ancient Scythians encompassed thousands of miles. Within those thousands of miles are also thousands of possibilities leading to many more questions.
In the twentieth century, there was further discussion about whether the Amazons were women at all, but Asiatic groups who contained less facial hair then the Greeks. A highly unlikely but not unusual theory to consider. After all, conquistadors once thought that Native Americans of South America were Amazon warrior women simply because they fashioned no facial hair at all. They were so convinced of this that they named an entire region after the Amazon warrior women. (See Amazon river history).
Whatever their true history may be, there is no doubt that these fearsome warrior women were not to be underestimated!
Top image: The Amazons were a tribe of warrior women. ( Atelier Sommerland / Adobe Stock).
L'armée américaine a déclaré que les OVNIS existent bel et bien
L'armée américaine a déclaré que les OVNIS existent bel et bien
« Les OVNIS existent. Notre gouvernement et les militaires l’ont reconnu. Maintenant, nous passons à l’étape d’après et nous posons les questions difficiles. »
Avec les récentes révélations de la Navy selon lesquelles les pilotes ont régulièrement repéré des objets volants non-identifiés, certains individus de la communauté des OVNI, pris autrefois pour des fous, ont maintenant des preuves évidentes. Les nombreuses et régulières nouvelles histoires populaires sur les observations des OVNI ont inspiré une nouvelle génération de chasseur d’OVNI et de chercheurs.
On me demande souvent pourquoi un homme de 32 ans comme moi, avec un bon travail et une jeune famille, a passé six ans à faire des recherches sur la sous-culture des OVNI. Simplement, j’ai trouvé cette culture et ces gens fascinants.
L’ufologie a toujours été un mouvement de contre-culture. Avec cette décennie de ridicule, la communauté des OVNI a toujours été perdante. J’aime les perdants. Mais les objets volants non-identifié font leur grand retour dans la culture depuis deux ans. En effet, il y a eu une énorme augmentation des reportages dans les médias populaires de ce phénomène curieux et des personnes qui l’explorent. Il semble que les OVNIS soient à la mode et que cette renaissance populaire inspire une nouvelle génération de jeunes chercheurs et chasseurs d’OVNIS.
On a vu ces derniers mois une déferlante de reportages sur les OVNIS dans les médias. Cette semaine, le New York Times a rapportél’histoire de deux pilotes de la Navy qui ont fait de multiples rencontres avec des objets étranges qui visiblement faisaient des manoeuvres impossibles. Dans un cas, les pilotes racontent l’histoire d’un objet qui ressemblait à « une sphère entourant un cube » volant entre leurs deux avions de combats en vitesse de croisière, à peine à 30 mètres d’eux.
Ces histoires ont été traité par toutes les chaînes d’informations et ont fait les grands titres dans le monde entier.
Les OVNIS ont toujours été une cible facile pour les médias traditionnels. Il est facile de trouver des reportages sur les soucoupes volantes dans les années 1950 et des supposées personnes enlevées par des extraterrestres sont mêmes apparues dans l’émission d’Oprah Winfrey. La différence entre avant et maintenant est que les OVNIS ont commencé à quitter tout doucement les bas fonds du tabloïd journalistique. La sous-culture des amateurs et des chercheurs d’OVNIS a repoussé très fortement les stéréotypes et les tabous établis par la culture populaire et qui les décrivait comme fou ou friand des théories de complot.
Ryan Sprague, un chercheur d’OVNI basé à Manhattan, auteur, podcaster et co-animateur de Roswell: Mysteries Decoded sur la populaire chaîne The CW est l’incarnation de cette nouvelle génération. D’autres jeunes ufologues et lui, voient et parlent de leur communauté comme une contre-culture, voire une culture subversive.
« La communauté a toujours fait son possible pour être légitime, mais à la fin de la journée, ils se fichent de ce que pensent les gens d’eux ou de leurs théories, ce n’est pas important d’être bizarre ou ridicule, » nous explique Ryan Sprague. « Et maintenant, comme toute révolution, les OVNIS prennent la lumière après avoir été ridiculisé depuis longtemps. Les OVNIS existent. Notre gouvernement et les militaires l’ont reconnu. Maintenant, nous passons à l’étape d’après et nous posons les questions difficiles. »
« À leurs yeux, c’est cool mais ça le sera bien plus lorsque l’on aura les connaissances sur ces OVNIS qui nous affecteront au jour le jour »
Dans mon livre, The UFO People: A Curious Culture, j’émets l’idée que la sous-culture des OVNIS a toujours été, et continuera d’être, un groupe de dissident défiant les systèmes de pouvoirs et d’idéologies établies. Le problème est que la culture populaire a toujours fait passer les gens qui croient aux OVNIS comme ignorants, conspirateurs ou délirants. C’est à dire jusqu’à maintenant : avec les récentes révélations de la Navy, de nombreux membres de la communauté des OVNIS ont été innocenté.
Donc pourquoi personne n’en a rien à faire de ces révélations qui font la une des journaux ? Comme l’a expliqué l’auteur, spécialiste des OVNIS, Chris Rutkowski, peut-être que c’est parce que nous nous sommes habitués à voir la présence des OVNIS envahissant les livres et les écrans. Que vous soyez de la génération Spielberg, ou un millénial qui a grandit en regardant The Avengers repousser les hordes d’aliens intergalactiques, c’est habituel de voir cette autrearchétype dans nos médias. Les OVNIS sont par conséquent devenus beaucoup moins effrayant et peut-être plus intéressant. A-t-on négocié les OVNIS dans notre structure et identité culturelle ?
Les chercheurs comme Ryan Sprague ne sont pas les seuls affectés par la reconsidération des OVNIS. Les ufologues viennent de tous horizons du monde. Deep Prasad, directeur de 23 ans de ReactiveQ, une start-up de plusieurs millions de dollars en informatique quantique basé à Toronto, n’a jamais été intéressé par les OVNIS en grandissant. Mais après avoir lu un article du New York Times en 2017 qui casse l’existence d’un programme secret sur les OVNIS du Pentagone, il est devenu fasciné par ce phénomène. Pendant qu’il admet que le public peut mettre du temps à se sensibiliser à l’importance culturelle des OVNIS, une quantité de personne dans son réseau commencent à s’y intéresser.
« La plupart de mes amis ne pensaient pas que les OVNIS étaient cool. Maintenant beaucoup d’entre eux sont à la fois dubitatifs ou profondément excités, dit-il. À leurs yeux, c’est cool mais ça le sera bien plus lorsque l’on aura les connaissances sur ces OVNIS qui nous affecteront au jour le jour. »
Parler de ces OVNIS reste un commerce risqué à cause de la stigmatisation de ces discours mais ce n’est pas comme ça que de nouveaux mouvement émergent ? Peut-être le renouveau des OVNIS n’est pas différent.
Il semble que nous ne puissions pas remettre en doute l’existence des OVNIS et bien que l’origine de ces objets étranges reste encore à débattre, nous sommes sans aucun doute au début de quelque chose de nouveau, incroyablement cool et à la portée d’une nouvelle génération.
For the last few decades, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence has focused on detecting radio signals. But a new collaboration between Breakthrough Listen and VERITAS will focus on looking for laser-like flashes of light.
VERITAS will be used to help search for laser-like optical light pulses that could be beacons from an advanced alien civilization.
The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) has traditionally looked for radio signals of artificial origin, i.e. coming from an alien civilization at least as advanced as our own. We humans have been broadcasting radio waves into space for about 100 years now, since Marconi pioneered long-distance radio transmission. The reasoning has been that other civilizations might use radio, too. While that approach continues to be highly debated, there is another kind of search that is starting to be considered more seriously now as well: looking for optical signals – brief flashes of light like pulsing lasers – that could be used as beacons to communicate over interstellar distances.
On July 17, 2019, Breakthrough Initiatives – founded in 2015 by entrepreneur Yuri Milner – announced a new partnership with the VERITAS Collaboration to focus on this strategy. VERITAS (the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System) will search for such pulsed optical beacons, as well as radio signals, with its array of four 12-meter telescopes at the Whipple Observatory in Amado, Arizona.
Breakthrough Listen, part of Breakthrough Initiatives, has already been conducting searches using its still-ongoing radio frequency survey and spectroscopic optical laser survey. But VERITAS can take the search to a new level. It was built to detect cosmic gamma rays and is the most powerful telescope array in the world for studying high energy astrophysics. As it turns out, it can also be used to look for “pulsed optical beacons” – laser-like pulses of light – that are very short in duration, only a few nanoseconds (one nanosecond is a billionth of a second).
Closer view of one of the 4 telescopes in the VERITAS array.
An advantage of this method is that any artificial pulses could outshine stars that happen to lie in the same direction. The use of all four telescopes would also help to eliminate false positives from any detections made. VERITAS will provide a unique way of expanding the search for alien intelligence beyond previous methods, as noted by Yuri Milner:
When it comes to intelligent life beyond Earth, we don’t know where it exists or how it communicates. So our philosophy is to look in as many places, and in as many ways, as we can. VERITAS expands our range of observation even further.
Breakthrough Listen is already the most powerful, comprehensive, and intensive search yet undertaken for signs of intelligent life beyond Earth. Now, with the addition of VERITAS, we’re sensitive to an important new class of signals: fast optical pulses. Optical communication has already been used by NASA to transmit high definition images to Earth from the moon, so there’s reason to believe that an advanced civilization might use a scaled-up version of this technology for interstellar communication.
VERITAS will be able to detect very faint light signals, if any exist, according to Jamie Holder at the University of Delaware:
Using the huge mirror area of the four VERITAS telescopes will allow us to search for these extremely faint optical flashes in the night sky, which could correspond to signals from an extraterrestrial civilization.
Aerial view of the VERITAS telescope array and the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory basecamp in Amado, Arizona.
Just how sensitive is VERITAS? The most powerful lasers on Earth can transmit a pulse of 500 terawatts lasting only a few nanoseconds. If one were placed at the distance of Tabby’s Star – that weird dimming star about 1,470 light-years away – then VERITAS could detect it. However, most of the stars that VERITAS will observe are 10-100 times closer than that, so feasibly a pulse of light 100-10,000 times fainter than that earthly laser could be found.
VERITAS being able to search for alien light signals is a great bonus, since that is not what it was designed for. As David Williams at the University of California, Santa Cruz said:
It is impressive how well-suited the VERITAS telescopes are for this project, since they were built only with the purpose of studying very-high-energy gamma rays in mind.
One great advantage of optical SETI is that there’s no terrestrial interference. It’s an exciting new field.
This Lick experiment is unique as it uses three light detectors (photomultipliers) to search for bright pulses that arrive in a short period of time (less than a billionth of a second). Light from the star itself can also trigger the detectors as well, but seldom will all three photomultipliers be hit by photons within a billionth of a second time frame. This means few false alarms are expected, only about one per year.
Other SETI searches, such as with Lick Observatory’s 40-inch Nickel Telescope, are also looking for laser pulses from advanced civilizations.
New and novel ways of looking for evidence of extraterrestrial intelligence are welcome, since the previous, traditional SETI method of just searching for radio signals is considered by many to be antiquated. Would a civilization thousands or millions of years more advanced then us still be using radio waves to communicate? SETI and other searches should be as broad as possible, and consider alternate possibilities for the best chance of success. With billions of stars in our galaxy alone, the hunt for such signals is like looking for a needle in a haystack. VERITAS is just one such alternate method, but it is a good start.
Breakthrough Listen is a comprehensive initiative to search for evidence of intelligent, technological life from nearby stars to the universe at large. The objective is to examine one million nearby stars, all the stars in the galactic plane and 100 nearby galaxies, for both radio and optical signals. Not a small undertaking, but if there is to be any chance of finding an alien light show, then we must look.
This is how far human radio broadcasts have reached into the galaxy – not the black square – but the little blue dot at the center of that zoomed-in square. The ever-expanding bubble announcing humanity’s presence to anyone listening in the Milky Way is now only about 200 light-years wide, in contrast to our 100,000-light-year galaxy.
Bottom line: Using VERITAS, the search for intelligent alien life will broaden in its scope, looking not only for radio signals but also laser-like optical flashes of light that an advanced civilization might use as communication beacons.
I know it looks like a galaxy is shooting a weird laser at our radio dishes, or vice-versa, but it's all just radio signals so calm down.
SWINBURNE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY / OZGRAV ARC CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE.
Fast radio bursts ("FRB's" for short or even "furbies" if you're feeling saucy) are...well, fast bursts of radio emission. They're little pops and whizzles in the sky that you can only pick up if you have a really sensitive radio antenna and are also an expert at sniffing out little signals from deep space. In other words, a totally professional radio astronomer.
First spotted (heard?) in 2007, so far we've caught less than a hundred, usually by pouring over archival data from radio telescopes. They last only a few milliseconds, and seem to scan over a range of radio frequencies before disappearing altogether. A few of them have repeated (over the span of hours) but almost all of them happen once and only once.
They come from all over the sky, so we don't think they originate from within our galaxy (otherwise they would be concentrated in the band of the Milky Way), but only two of them have been isolated to a particular extragalactic source. One came from a small galaxy bursting with star formation, the other from a larger, mostly dead galaxy.
Explanations abound. To have even a faint signal that this great distance means they have to be incredibly powerful at their origination. What could be? A star dying? An exotic remnant collapsing in on itself? The last gasp of material before it meets its doom in a supermassive black hole? Aliens saying hello?
Wait, hold up. Did someone say aliens?
Here's the deal. Astronomy is full of mysteries. That's why it's a science: we're still learning. Half the research papers published every day are essentially "Here's a thing we saw. Any ideas?" That's simply the way it is.
The main problem with "aliens did it!" is that it's useless as a scientific hypothesis. Intelligent creatures can do whatever the heck they want - they're intelligent. Which means they can explain any and every signal you could possible imagine. FRB's are rare? Aliens! No wait, they're pretty common? Still aliens! FRB's generally don't repeat? Aliens for sure! But some do? Special aliens!
No matter what you see, no matter what mystery confronts you in the universe, you can always reach to aliens for an answer. And because that explanation has so much power, it makes it...useless. And it's hard to do science with useless explanations.
LIGHTSAIL 2 SPACECRAFT OFFICIALLY UNFURLS MASSIVE SOLAR SAIL
LIGHTSAIL 2 SPACECRAFT OFFICIALLY UNFURLS MASSIVE SOLAR SAIL
THE PLANETARY SOCIETY/VICTOR TANGERMANN
VICTOR TANGERMANN
The Planetary Society’s LightSail 2 satellite successfully unfurled its boxing ring-sized solar sail on Tuesday and is getting ready to absorb solar rays as its only energy source for propulsion. It could soon represent the first time a spacecraft has traveled through space using only sunlight.
The unusual spacecraft is investigating an exciting form of locomotion in the far reaches of outer space — something that astronomers have been wondering about for hundreds of years.
German 17th century astronomer Johannes Kepler theorized that sails and ships could one day be “adapted to the heavenly breezes.” Now we know that the Sun’s photons exert tiny amounts of pressure which could be collected and used by a spacecraft’s “sail” for propulsion. The big advantage: no need for heavy liquid fuel and conventional solar arrays as an energy source.
If all goes according to plan, LightSail 2 could soon start zipping through outer space — but at an incredibly slow velocity at first. The Sun’s photons only exert pressure equal to the weight of a paperclip.
The unique spacecraft will spend about a year in Earth’s orbit before the team behind it will adjust its orientation to eventually burn up in the atmosphere.
The headlines in the wake of Apollo 11 could have been very, very different.
Michael Collins, Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong seen inside the Mobile Quarantine Facility during the 2.5-day trip back to port on the USS Hornet, which picked them up when they splashed down.
It would have been the ultimate contingency of Apollo 11: What if the astronauts returning home unleashed upon Earth something dangerous and foreign to science — moon germs?
Before Apollo 11 set out, NASA couldn't be positive that, if bits of dust or potential microorganisms got loose back home, life on Earth would be safe. Needless to say, accidentally setting a lunar plague loose on the inhabitants of Earth would have erased all the good publicity garnered by accomplishing the moon landing in the first place. Just in case, in addition to the protections they were establishing to make sure the moon rocks remained free of terrestrial contamination, NASA decided to establish a three-week quarantine for the crew of Apollo 11.
"Initially, NASA thought that all they really needed was a clean room to handle the packaging of the lunar samples in a vacuum," Judith Hayes, chief of NASA's biomedical research and environmental sciences division, told Space.com. "They started really wrapping their head around this, is my understanding. They said, 'We've really never done this before, so we're not really sure,' even though I think most of the scientists didn't firmly believe that there might be a risk."
The quarantine was treated all along as a better-safe-than-sorry operation. The day before Apollo 11 splashed down, support staff had already entered quarantine in Houston to prepare for the crew's arrival, and The New York Times reported: "Twelve men are in absolute quarantine here because of something that probably does not exist."
The problem was, though, if that threat turned out to be a reality, things would get very ugly. "The quarantine program was created out of an abundance of caution," Jason Schwartz, a historian of medicine at the Yale School of Public Health, told Space.com. "You had a very, very small risk of something that could be very, very, very significant."
When the Apollo missions were launching, public health professionals had generally moved on from crude tools like quarantines, he said. "By the 1960s, we were really in the golden age of vaccines and immunizations," Schwartz said, particularly for diseases like polio, measles and mumps. "There was great optimism that the war against infectious diseases was being won," and he said that could have contributed to a fear of backsliding if Apollo went very wrong.
And the prospect of moon germs also mirrored a real public health concern at the time, of novel pathogens that the population had never had a chance to build an immunity to. It's a fear that remains with us today, which was sparked at the time by, for example, new influenza strains popping up on occasion. If something nasty hitched a ride back from the moon, it would have been the epitome of a novel pathogen. And, it would have driven doctors and public health practitioners way beyond their comfort zone.
"This was a different story than most public health efforts at the time, because typically, when we think about treatments, antibiotics, vaccines, quarantines, we're thinking about known viruses or bacteria with distinct symptoms, distinct modes of transmission that we know about and we can apply that knowledge to figure out how to tailor the public health response," Schwartz said. "In this case, it was responding to an unknowable, responding to a very slim but still nonzero uncertainty. How do you tailor a public health response when you're not sure what exactly you're concerned about or what it looks like or how it might affect humans at all?"
In the absence of any precisely honed tools to combat the potential threat, NASA used the blunt approach of a quarantine. The details of the plan were based on tackling a disease like the plague, according to a 1999 oral history given by Charles Berry, who was in charge of medical operations during Apollo.
The quarantine procedures began three weeks before launch, when the astronauts went into isolation to reduce the odds they would catch anything that NASA would later need to identify as terrestrial or lunar. For Apollo 11, Berry said, the prelaunch quarantine was nearly derailed by President Richard Nixon, who wanted to eat dinner with the crew the evening before launch. It was Berry's job to explain why that simply wasn't an option — the closest he said he believed he ever came to being fired.
"If [the astronauts] came down with anything, whatever it was, a cough, a sniffle, or anything else, we were going to have to prove that it didn't come from the moon," Berry told the interviewer. "So I think it would be pretty stupid to let somebody just walk into that situation. It would have been a total breakdown of the program."
(Astronauts today are also quarantined before their launch, but only because carrying terrestrial germs into orbit would be deeply unpleasant.)
Nixon shooed off and quarantine preserved, the trio of astronauts climbed aboard their rocket and blasted off on the historic journey. As they wrapped up their time on the moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin abandoned some of their equipment, including their boot covers, in part to reduce the odds they would bring back any lunar threats. The 21-day quarantine clock began ticking as soon as the pair stepped off the moon and closed the hatch on the lunar module.
They rejoined their colleague, Michael Collins, and headed back to Earth, splashing down in the Pacific Ocean on July 24. But the astronauts still had more than two weeks of quarantine left, and NASA had decided it wasn't safe to simply hoist the newly returned command module onto the aircraft carrier sent to fetch the astronauts.
The rescue crew had to send a swimmer to the spacecraft to open the hatch and throw in biological isolation garments for the astronauts to put on — spacesuits for Earth use only, essentially, with tightly woven fabric that would contain particles; rubber gloves; and a built-in breathing system.
The quarantine procedure began with biological isolation garments, which the Apollo 11 crew donned while leaving the command module and wore until they entered the Mobile Quarantine Facility seen in the right foreground.
(Image credit: NASA)
That made splashdown the biggest weakness in the quarantine system, as Collins has said in interviews looking back at the mission. "When you open that hatch, we had stuff come into the air, without any question about it," Berry said in his oral history. "You know, if it had been lunar plague, I don't know what would have happened. I didn't believe we were going to have lunar plague, but I couldn't go on the basis that we weren't."
Once the astronauts had donned their isolation suits, they climbed on board the ship sent to rescue them, then into the Mobile Quarantine Facility, a trailer NASA had converted to house them. The crew spent 2.5 days in the trailer as they sailed to port in Hawaii, then boarded a plane to Houston. Back in NASA's astronaut headquarters, the trailer was connected to the Lunar Receiving Laboratory, a special facility the agency had built at what is now the Johnson Space Center.
The building included quarantine quarters as well as lab space for preparing and studying moon rocks. The crew section was large enough to hold more than 100 people if something went very wrong, Hayes said, and included a kitchen, a lounge, a library and a collection of surgical and medical examination rooms.
Neil Armstrong celebrated his 39th birthday on Aug. 5, 1969, while still in quarantine. According to NASA the cake was "standard two-layer, plain vanilla" and decorated with 39 candles.
(Image credit: NASA)
"It was, I think, quite comfortable," Hayes said. "Talking to the crews from back then and the flight surgeon, they did say that — you know, it wasn't bad. After spending time in a capsule, being in the quarantine facility was quite comfortable." Armstrong even celebrated his birthday in the quarantine building.
The crew and about 20 companions waited out the rest of the quarantine period in the facility, without particular concerns about the possibility they were infected. "I got the impression that … the [astronauts] were not worried," Hayes said. "They had daily exams from their flight surgeons … they were being carefully watched by the flight surgeons and the scientists in the quarantine." Scientists were also monitoring mice that had been exposed to lunar samples in case they showed signs of distress, but all did well.
But by the end of the 21 days, newspapers reported that the astronauts were ready to get back to exploring Earth. "I'm ready any time they want to open that door," Aldrin said according to The New York Times. "Take my blood. Marvelous idea. Why didn't I think of that sooner?" the paper reported Collins said when it transpired that a blood test would shorten quarantine by a few hours.
NASA had planned to institute the quarantine for Apollo 11, 12, 13 and 14, then reevaluate the situation. The Apollo 13 quarantine was canceled after the crewmembers were forced to skip the moon landing maneuver. During the first couple years of studying moon rocks in terrestrial labs, occasional lapses in safety protocols also sent scientists into observation or quarantine.
Wives and children of the Apollo 12 crew greet the returning astronauts in their Mobile Quarantine Facility. The crew quarantine procedures were used for Apollo 11, 12 and 14, then deemed unnecessary.
(Image credit: NASA)
But after Apollo 14, NASA decided that Earth was safe from lunar bugs. The lunar receiving lab's sample-processing side remained active until a new building was constructed and the moon rocks were moved out. Then, the building was turned over to NASA's life sciences division, which is how Hayes ended up spending decades working in its labs and uncovering its history.
Now, her department has moved out as well. "I was the last one to shut the lights out and lock the door when we moved out of the Lunar Receiving Lab, and now it sits empty," Hayes said.
According to NASA spokesperson Noah Michelsohn, the building is slated for demolition, with a new sample-processing facility due to be built before the asteroid missions OSIRIS-REx and Hayabusa2 bring back new, precious space rocks starting late next year. Hayes said she wishes she had appreciated the facility more when she first joined NASA, since it tells such a compelling story about the Apollo program and of spaceflight in general.
"It's kind of amazing, all the things they thought of and pulled together to do this," Hayes said. "I imagine when we go back to the moon, we'll have to do some similar things, not necessarily for the crew but handling samples and the experiments that'll be done."
Julie Ritt, I've studied and read up on NASA history in great detail.
The astronauts of Apollo 11, 12, and 14 were quarantined for 21 days - but I'm not entirely sure NASA took the threat of “moon bugs” too seriously when you consider a couple things.
The POTUS, President Nixon, was on board the recovery ship. If you thought there was even a potential chance of contamination, would you really have the leader of the free world standing there? Really?
The procedure involved the frogmen literally spraying the capsule in betadine as they put the flotation collar on it, just in case the heat of re-entry didn't kill anything that might be there. Then the hatch was opened - the vents having already opened - and a guy tossed in a bag of bio-suits. (Presumably while holding his breath?) The astronauts then shut the hatch, put on the suits, re-opened the hatch, were helped onto a helicopter, and landed on the ship. Only then were they put into the mobile quarantine facility.[1]
It could just be me, of course, but it seems like there might be one or two holes in that there quarantine process.
The carmaker and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) just signed a three-year agreement to jointly develop a pressurized lunar rover, which will incorporate fuel-cell electric-vehicle technologies.
"Over the course of the three-year joint research period, JAXA and Toyota will manufacture, test and evaluate prototypes, with the goal of developing a manned, pressurized lunar rover and exploring the surface of the moon as part of an international project," Toyota representatives wrote in a July 16 statement.
Artist's illustration of the planned Toyota/JAXA rover on the moon.
(Image credit: Toyota/JAXA)
Toyota's giant pressurized rover for astronauts could be solar powered, as shown in this illustration.
(Image credit: Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency)
This artist's illustration shows the scale of Toyota's planned pressurized moon rover for astronauts. The auto manufacture is working with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency on the project.
(Image credit: Toyota)
The agreement runs from June of this year through the end of fiscal year 2021, Toyota representatives added.
Toyota set up a new department called Lunar Exploration Mobility Works on July 1 and plans to have about 30 people working there by the end of the year.
If all goes according to plan, Toyota and JAXA will build a full-scale prototype in the 2022 time frame, design the flight model and build and test an engineering model about two years later, and build and test the flight model around 2027.
Launch would follow in 2029.
"The rover will be used for missions to explore the moon's polar regions, with the aim both of investigating the possibility of using the moon's resources ― such as frozen water ― and of acquiring technologies that enable exploration of the surfaces of massive heavenly bodies," Toyota representatives wrote in the statement.
There could be a number of customers interested in the moon rover.
For example, NASA plans to launch two astronauts to the south pole by 2024and apparently wants to develop a research outpost in the region over the ensuing years. The European Space Agency has similar aims; it would like to help build a south pole "moon village" in the not-too-distant future.
In addition, a number of private companies plan to mine water ice near the lunar south pole, where the material is abundant on the floors of permanently shadowed craters. This water could be used for life support and, when broken into its constituent hydrogen and oxygen, as rocket fuel.
The Toyota/JAXA vehicle wouldn't be the first crewed vehicle to roam the lunar surface. NASA launched unpressurized, astronaut-driven "moon buggies" on the final three Apollo moon missions, in 1971 and 1972.
Mike Wall's book about the search for alien life, "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated byKarl Tate), is out now. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall. Follow us on Twitter@Spacedotcom orFacebook.
The secrets of the Quark-Gluon Plasma that filled the early universe are being unlocked by the ALICE collaboration at CERN with the first measurement of the flow of bottomonium particles.
Quark-Gluon Plasma that filled the early Universe investigated by ALICE
(Author’s Collection)
In a paper presented at the European Physical Society’s conference on high-energy physics, the ‘A Large Ion Collider Experiment’ (ALICE) collaboration has documented the first-ever measurement of the flow of a heavy meson particle — bottomonium.
The measurement of particles like bottomonium — a type of ‘upsilon’ particle — helps the researchers understand the Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) that filled the hot, dense early universe.
By observing pairs of ‘heavy electrons’ — known as muons — produced by the decay of bottomonium, the team discovered bottomonium particles have small values of elliptic flow — a measure of how uniform energy and momentum is distributed across the particles when viewed from the beamline.
This is quite unexpected as all other hadrons investigated thus far have exhibited significant elliptic flow.
David Evans, a professor of high energy physics at the University of Birmingham, leads the UK participation in ALICE.
He says: “ Elliptical flow measurements in ALICE show that the Quark-Gluon Plasma flows like an almost perfect liquid, with the light quarks (up, down, strange, and charm) flowing with the system.”
“The fact that no significant elliptical flow is seen for the bottomonium suggests b-quarks are only produced in the initial collision of the lead ions, before the QGP is formed.”
The ALICE team’s results seem to support existing theories that bottonium and other upsilon particles split into their constituents during the early stages of their interactions with plasma.
This gives the researchers a better insight at the conditions in the early moments of the universe when it was filled with a plasma composed of free quarks and gluons.
Evans continues: “This makes b-quarks (and particles made up of b-quarks) an ideal probe for studying the QGP as they experience the entire evolution of the system.”
Bottomonium particles — probing the Quark-Gluon Plasma at the dawn of the universe
Taking a trip through the ‘particle zoo’ to discover what these bottomonium particles actually are, helps us understand their role in the ALICE experiment.
The six known types of quarks on the left and how they come together to form protons and neutrons on the right
Bottonium is a heavy meson — particles which consist of a quark and its own antiparticle. In the case of bottomonium, a bottom (or beauty quark) — b quark — and its antiparticle counterpart.
These subatomic particles are extremely unstable, existing for short periods of time and only at high energies before decaying into other particles. When bottomonium decays it leaves behind a pair of ‘heavy electrons’ called muons.
Bottomonium particles — which are formed in the LHC by the violent collision of heavy lead-lead ions — provide an excellent probe of the Quark-Gluon Plasma which filled the universe just a few millionths of a second after the big bang.
Being produced so early in the collision event means bottomonium particles ‘experience’ the entire evolution of the plasma — from the moment it is produced to the moment it cools down and enters a state in which hadrons can form.
This extremely early stage in the universe’s evolution would have been the only time in history that quarks and gluons existed freely in plasma and not bound together in a state called ‘confinement’ in protons, neutrons and other hadrons.
These particles were only able to exist in this free state because of the incredible heat in the universe at this point. In our era, quarks and gluons are never observed as free particles.
Thus, it takes a tremendous amount of energy, to recreate these huge temperatures. At the moment, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the only piece of apparatus on Earth capable of doing this, with collisions in the LHC able to generate temperatures a 100 thousand times hotter than the Sun.
At these temperatures, protons and neutrons ‘melt’, freeing quarks and gluons from confinement, thus creating a Quark-Gluon Plasma and allowing them to form short-lived, unstable particles like bottonium.
ALICE: Collision queen
The ALICE collaboration — consisting of over a 1000 scientists operating a 10-thousand-tonne, 16m tall detector buried 56m under the Alps — achieves this high-energy feat by slamming together beams of lead ions rather than the proton-proton collisions used in other LHC experiments.
The decay of upsilon particles — another type of meson — into muon pairs as the result of a lead-lead collision. The red lines track the two muons the orange lines track the other particles produced (CERN)
The benefit of colliding lead ions is that, as ALICE is looking to create Quark-Gluon Plasma, the more quarks available to it, the better the chance of observing something significant.
A single proton and neutron each contain three quarks but as lead ions contain at least 56 protons and at least 204 neutrons this leaves the team with far more quarks to play with.
ALICE then measures this plasma as it expands and cools, but it is still unable to measure the particles created directly— instead deducing the presence and properties of QGP from the signatures on pairs of muons it produced by decay.
One of these signatures is the elliptic flow — the collective movement of the produced particles determined by several factors like particle type, mass, the angle at which the particles meet and the momentum they possess as they collide — which is what the team measured. The flow is created by the expansion of hot plasma after the collision of the lead ions.
Upgrading ALICE: More collisions. More Quarks. More Results
Perhaps the most promising thing about ALICE’s mission to probe the early universe and its conditions is the fact that the forthcoming high-luminosity upgrade only promises to yield more data for researchers to investigate.
The ALICE Experiment is about to be revitalised (CERN)
The upgrade — which CERN hopes will be operational by 2021— aims to increase the luminosity of the LHC by a factor of 10. Luminosity, as described in reference to particle accelerators, is proportional to the number of collisions that occur. Thus increasing the luminosity also means increasing the number of collisions.
As an example of the usefulness of this upgrade, whereas the LHC produced 3 million Higgs boson particles in 2017, the High-Luminosity LHC is expected to produce 15 million per year.
In addition to the High-Luminosity upgrade — on which work began in 2018 — ALICE will also several other upgrades and improvements. As a result of these improvements, the ALICE team expect an overall gain of 100 times the current results.
Evans says: “With this huge increase in statistics and a new inner detector in ALICE, we will be able to measure particles made of b-quarks with much higher precision.”
As such, the experiment stands a very good chance of significantly improving our knowledge of the quark-gluon plasma and the conditions in the early universe, with these new bottomonium results pointing the way.
Evans concludes: “[The upgrades] allow us to probe the properties of the QGP in much more detail and hence learn more about the evolution of the early universe.”
July 20 marked not only the 50th anniversary of the first manned moon landing, but also the beginning of the next chapter of exploration. In the Neil Armstrong Operations and Checkout Building at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center, Vice-President Mike Pence announced that the Orion capsule is ready for the first Artemis lunar mission.
Built by Lockheed Martin, Orion will fly on the uncrewed Artemis 1 test mission around the moon next summer. Tying itself to the original moon program, the mission is named for the twin sister of Apollo in Greek mythology. The capsule will be lifted into orbit by the many-times-delayed Space Launch System (SLS) heavy-lift rocket, whose postponements caused the original Artemis date of 2020 to be pushed back to 2021.
During Artemis 1, the SLS will send the uncrewed spacecraft – consisting of the crew and service modules – thousands of miles past the Moon for the first in a series of increasingly complex missions. In 2023, Artemis 2 will then carry astronauts on board, followed by Artemis 3 — scheduled for 2024 — which will be the first craft to land humans on the moon since Apollo 17.
“Similar to the 1960s, we too have an opportunity to take a giant leap forward for all of humanity,” said NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine.
The European Service Module will provide the power and propulsion for Orion during the mission, is also complete. The European Space Agency‘s module was manufactured by Airbus in Bremen, Germany, and shipped to Kennedy in last November for final assembly and integration.
NASA and Lockheed Martin are preparing for the first crewed test flight of the Orion spacecraft.
Image Credit: Lockheed Martin.
Since the crew module pressure vessel arrived in Florida, engineers have been busy installing the capsule’s avionic computers, harnesses, propulsion system and its 12 engines, 11 parachutes, its 16-foot-diameter heat shield, forward bay cover and numerous other systems and components. When the two modules are joined, a heatshield backshell panel on the spacecraft will be installed to prepare it for a September flight inside ESA’s Super Guppy aircraft to NASA’s Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio. Testing there will ensure the joined modules can withstand the deep space environment and a successful trip to Mars.
“Orion is a new class of spaceship, uniquely designed for long-duration deep space flight, that will return astronauts to the Moon and eventually take the first humans to Mars, and bring them all back safely.” said Lisa Callahan, vice president and general manager of Commercial Civil Space at Lockheed Martin. “Orion will accelerate scientific discovery of our solar system and will be the cornerstone of the defining space achievement of this era.”
Once Orion returns to Kennedy at the end of the year, the spacecraft will go through final preparations before Lockheed Martin delivers it to ground systems for launch processing in early 2020.
Remember that model of the Earth’s layers — a big orb with clean divisions throughout — you learned about in high school? It turns out the reality of the situation is a whole lot messier.
The Earth’s core has been leaking into other layers of the planet for the past 2.5 billion years, reports Live Science. It turns out that tungsten from the core has been filtering out into the mantle, occasionally even migrating farther out into the surface of the Earth’s crust. Aside from revealing that the Earth has some bad plumbing, it’s also the first indication that the inner layers of our planet swap materials.
Steady Drip
A team of scientists from the U.S., Canada, France, and Australia found that the ratio of tungsten and hafnium found in minerals from the core and mantle have shifted by 200 parts per million, according to research published last month in the journal Geochemical Perspective Letters last month.
The scientists aren’t sure why the core is leaking, per Live Science, though in an essay published in The Conversation last week the researchers suggested two possible explanations related to plate tectonics or changes that occurred as the Earth initially formed.
As they explore the phenomenon, the scientists wrote in The Conversation that their “our new results could tell us something about the evolution of the core, including the origin of Earth’s magnetic field.”
A cross-section of the Earth, showing what’s deep inside the planet.
De kern van de aarde lekt, en wetenschappers hebben geen idee waarom
De kern van de aarde lekt, en wetenschappers hebben geen idee waarom
Herinner je je dat plaatje dat je op school kreeg te zien van de samenstelling van de aarde? De werkelijkheid is een stuk ingewikkelder.
Het blijkt nu dat de aardkern al 2,5 miljard jaar lekt, schrijftLive Science.
Wolfraam heeft zich vanuit de kern verspreidt naar de mantel en in sommige gevallen zelfs naar het oppervlak van de aardkorst.
Eerste aanwijzing
Het is een eerste aanwijzing dat de binnenste lagen van onze planeet materie uitwisselen.
Een team wetenschappers uit de Verenigde Staten, Canada, Frankrijk en Australië is tot de ontdekking gekomen dat de verhouding tussen wolfraam en hafnium in mineralen uit de kern en mantel is veranderd.
Het gaat om een verandering van 200 deeltjes per miljoen, blijkt uit onderzoek dat ze afgelopen maand publiceerden in het tijdschrift Geochemial Perspective Letters.
Wetenschap staat voor raadsel
De wetenschappers kunnen niet met zekerheid zeggen waarom de kern lekt.
In een essay dat onlangs werd gepubliceerd in The Conversation stellen onderzoekers twee mogelijke verklaringen voor die te maken hebben met platentektoniek of veranderingen die plaatsvonden tijdens het ontstaan van de aarde.
“Onze nieuwe resultaten kunnen ons iets zeggen over de ontwikkeling van de kern, inclusief de oorsprong van het aardmagnetisch veld,” klonk het.
China Lake/Ridgecrest: Super Volcano Forming, Emergency Water Releases From Reservoirs, And More
China Lake/Ridgecrest: Super Volcano Forming, Emergency Water Releases From Reservoirs, And More
dutchsinse- Earthquake Live Stream — 24/7 Seismic Activity — Past 48 hours up to current
USGS Report Leaked. Super Volcano forming near China Lake Naval Station, Emergency Water Release From Major Reservoirs, More Earthquakes To Follow. , Prepare To Evacuate. Total Media Blackout To Prevent Panic.
Geologist at China Lake are reporting that there is a large chamber of magma discovered beneath China Lake/Ridgecrest, appears to be a new super volcano forming, this would explain the earthquake swarm that has smothered this area recently. FEMA and National Guard Alerted, Standing By….
All this information, from AMERICAN UNDERGROUND ARMY, is in the video below.
In an attempt to Debunk this information, I have come across some other interesting reports I would like to share with you.
Marfoogle news is also working to verify this leaked information and discredit it, but hit a brick wall. I will include the Marfoogle Video below as well. Marfoogle basically confirms the information from AMERICAN UNDERGROUND ARMY Youtube report above.
Significant DATA on Lake Levels Falling Confirm an attempt to lower the water levels behind the dams on the reservoirs in this geographic locations, as fast as possible.
With FEMA and the National Guard at the Ready, Water Levels being reduce on the Largest Reseviors, Emergency Funding Approved in minutes for China Lake Naval Base….. Marfoogle’s report will drive home the significance of the events taking place in the last 24 hours.
Now in my search for the truth, of all places, I found this information over at the Los Angeles Times.
More than 80,000 earthquakes have been recorded in the Ridgecrest area since July 4
The U.S. Geological Survey says the chance of an earthquake of magnitude 7 or higher resulting from the Ridgecrest quakes is 1 in 300
This activity is common in areas where there’s a high heat flow in the earth, Ross said. (Super Volcano?)
The Ridgecrest earthquakes are relatively close to the Coso Volcanic Field of Inyo County, which is mainly within the borders of Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake, the sprawling military installation where much of the earthquake rupture occurred underneath. It’s one of the nation’s largest producers of geothermal power.
Scientists have been urging the public to use heightened concern over quakes to get prepared, including planning for a home or apartment retrofit and furniture and heavy appliances to walls.
If you have loved ones living along the West Coast, you may want to raise their awareness to these current events that mainstream media seems to be ignoring for some reason. Of course if anything happens in these areas, they will claim the “Blackout” was for our own good.
Be Prepared, Do Your Own Research, God Bless.
From KTLA News: A magnitude 4.2 earthquake jolted the Twentynine Palms area on Monday morning, more than two weeks after a pair of powerful temblors rattled the region, according to the U.S. Geological Survey.
A 4.2 quake centered near Twentynine Palms hit on July 22, 2019.
(Credit: USGS)
The quake struck about 9:26 a.m. and was centered nearly 10 miles south of Twentynine Palms and 23 miles north-northeast of Coachella, USGS reported.
It was initially reported to be a 4.4 before being downgraded to a 4.2.
The first quake was followed about an hour and a half later by a small 2.2 temblor, according to USGS.
There were no immediate reports of damages or injuries.
Twentynine Palms is about 180 miles southeast of Ridgecrest, where magnitude 6.4 and 7.1 quakes struck on July 4 and 5 respectively.
That area has been shaken by thousands of aftershocks since the Fourth of July, including at least 70 with a magnitude of 4.0 or greater.
CaSeismograph Live Earthquake Stream
On July 5, 2019, the largest earthquake to strike California in 20 years occurred near the town of Ridgecrest with a moment magnitude of 7.1 following a magnitude 6.4 foreshock on the previous day.
The National Tsunami Warning Center (NTWC) in Palmer, Alaska, has the primary responsibility for determining whether earthquakes in the continental United States, including California, pose a tsunami threat.
The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC) also monitors these earthquakes in case it has to provide back-up service for NTWC .
While California produces many earthquakes, most are too small, too far from the ocean, and/or move the earth in such a way that they are unlikely to produce tsunamis, though there are exceptions.
This animation covers a period of 30 years to put the Ridgecrest earthquakes in context and show how they compare with other recent, noteworthy earthquakes including: Oct 10, 1989 — Loma Prieta — 6.9 Mw Apr 25, 1992 — Cape Mendocino — 7.2 Mw (caused a small tsunami) Jun 28, 1992 — Landers — 7.3 Mw Jan 17, 1994 — Northridge — 6.7 Mw Oct 16, 1999 — Hector Mine — 7.1 Mw Dec 22, 2003 — San Simeon — 6.6 Mw Apr 4, 2010 — Baja California (Mexico) — 7.2 Mw Aug 24, 2014 — South Napa — 6.0 Mw Jul 4, 2019 — Ridgecrest — 6.4 Mw Jul 5, 2019 — Ridgecrest — 7.1 Mw
Malta – the three-island archipelago in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea — has been ruled by many groups since it was first inhabited around 5200 BCE, including Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Byzantines, Arabs and Sicilians. However, long before these cultures, it was inhabited by a mysterious prehistoric group that built the world’s only known prehistoric subterranean temple — Hal Saflieni Hypogeum – which was used as a necropolis and where archeologists found a number of elongated skulls … skulls whose origin has never been determined, leaving them open to speculation that their owners were extraterrestrials. Now, for the first time, those elongated skulls will be subjected to intense scientific study with the intention of determining their true origin.
Photograph of the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni made before 1910
“From an examination of the skeletons of the polished-stone age, it appears that the early inhabitants of Malta were a race of long-skulled people of lower medium height, akin to the early people of Egypt, who spread westward along the north coast of Africa, whence some went to Malta and Sicily and others to Sardinia and Spain.” — NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE January to June, 1920 VOLUME XXXVII
Malta Today announced that the project – called The Sentinels of Ħal Saflieni, Malta: Science Facts versus Science Fiction — will be carried out by Heritage Malta, the Superintendence of Cultural Heritage and Macquarie University of Sydney, Australia. The Hal Saflieni Hypogeum was accidentally discovered in 1902 by construction workers who initially attempted to hide it. Determined to have been used from about 4000 BCE to 2500 BCE, it was excavated by a number of archeologists, including Sir Themistocles “Temi” Zammit, a noted Maltese archeologist, who documented the discovery of around 7,000 skeletons, including many with skulls that were elongated and one that was mysteriously missing a Fossa median – the join that runs along the top of the skull. Unfortunately, the remains crumbled at the touch and only about 20 skulls survived intact.
That’s where the mystery and myth surrounding these remaining elongated skulls deepens. National Geographic was able to examine some and concluded that they were from an entire long-skulled culture. A number of them were put on display in the Archaeological Museum in Valletta, the capital of Malta. In 1985, they were removed from the display by Heritage Malta, the authority responsible for Malta’s prehistoric heritage, and have never been seen in public again. While some say they’ve disappeared, Heritage Malta insists they have been available for scientific research. However, only a handful of people have actually been granted permission. Two were Dr. Anton Mifsud and Dr. Charles Savona Ventura, who published books and articles detailing the skulls’ elongation, abnormally developed temporal partitions, and drilled and swollen occiputs (back of the skull). These are apparently the skulls that will be used in the new analysis.
A physical examination of the skulls will not necessarily resolve other mysteries about their discovery. For example, the papers of the man who first found the site – Emmanuel Magri – have never been published and appear to have disappeared. The original reports of the discovery said there were 33,000 skeletons, not 7,000 – and the latter number was eventually reduced to a mere 100. Of the 20 skulls said to have survived, only six are left. What happened to the others?
Then there are the stories of giant humanoids living in hidden caverns below the already-subterranean Hal Saflieni Hypogeum and the unconfirmed disappearance of 30 children and a teacher on a school tour of the catacombs – whose cries were said to have been heard all over the island.
Let’s hope the new study can solve the origin of the elongated skulls of Malta. As for the other mysteries? Malta obviously knows how to guard its secrets.
In my 2017 book, The Roswell UFO Conspiracy, I wrote the following, which will demonstrate how I personally became so embroiled in the matter of the Tim Cooper-era Majestic 12 papers: “It’s a little known fact that in late 2001 Tim Cooper sold all of his voluminous UFO files to Dr. Robert M. Wood. Bob is the father of Ryan Wood, who has spent years researching alleged crashed UFO incidents – all detailed in his book, Majic Eyes Only. It is even less well-known that in the early days of 2002, Bob hired me to spend a week in an Orange County, California-based motel-room, surrounded by all of the thousands upon thousands of pages of Cooper’s voluminous collection of the cosmic sort. The plan was for me to catalog all of the material, to compile each and every piece of it into chronological order, and to summarize the content of each document, every letter, and every Freedom of Information request that Cooper had submitted to government agencies – which is precisely what I did. It was a week in which I most definitely earned my loot. It was also a week that paralleled the infamous story told by Hunter S. Thompson in his classic gonzo saga, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. Whereas Thompson was hunkered down with his whisky, margaritas and shrimp cocktails, for me it was cases of cold beer and club sandwiches.”
Contained in the Cooper files was a document titled UFO Reports and Classified Projects, and which I saw for the first time in that aforementioned Orange County motel-room. It offers a very controversial, non-UFO-themed, explanation for what occurred at Roswell back in July 1947. I doubt that anyone in Ufology – aside from myself, Bob Wood and Tim Cooper – has ever seen the document in its original form. And I do mean “original.” It’s not a photocopy. The relevant extract reads as follows, in relation to 1947-era classified U.S. military programs:
“One of the projects underway at that time incorporated re-entry vehicles containing radium and other radioactive materials combined with biological warfare agents developed by IG Farben for use against allied assault forces in Normandy in 1944. When a V-2 warhead impacted near the town of Corona, New Mexico, on July 4, 1947, the warhead did not explode and it and the deadly cargo lay exposed to the elements which forced the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project to close off the crash site and a cover story was immediately put out that what was discovered was the remains of a radar tracking target suspended by balloons.”
Of IG Farben, the Holocaust Research Project states: “IG Farben was a German Limited Company that was a conglomerate of eight leading German chemical manufacturers, including Bayer, Hoechst and BASF, which at the time were the largest chemical firms in existence. Prior to the First World War these firms had established a community of interests – Interessengemeinschaft – hence the initials IG which merged into a single company on the 25 December 1925, thus constituting the largest chemical enterprise, in the whole world.”
Britannica.com gets to the heart of the absolute worst part of IG Farben’s “work.” They note: “During World War II, IG Farben established a synthetic oil and rubber plant at Auschwitz in order to take advantage of slave labor; the company also conducted drug experiments on live inmates. After the war several company officials were convicted of war crimes (nine being found guilty of plunder and spoliation of property in occupied territory and four being found guilty of imposing slave labor and inhumane treatment on civilians and prisoners of war).”
Scum? Yep.
It appears – within the pages of the UFO Reports and Classified Projects document that Cooper acquired – that someone wanted to make a connection between the Roswell affair of 1947 and IG Farben. It’s important to note, though, that Timothy Cooper specifically chose not to release this particular document into the public domain. In fact, it may well have been the only allegedly leaked document that he never made public. Why did Cooper choose to keep this report out of the hands of Ufology? I don’t know. Perhaps it was too controversial for even Cooper, which is certainly saying something. What I can state for sure, however, is that had I not found the relevant papers in the voluminous files of Cooper back in 2002, it’s highly doubtful that they would ever have surfaced. Most probably, had Cooper chosen to reveal the document, then it would have likely created a firestorm within Ufology. After all, linking the world’s most famous UFO case with Holocaust-connected IG Farben would have provoked a huge controversy and created even more distrust about the actions of the U.S. Government. If the Russians were behind theUFO Reports and Classified Projects document, as I suspect, then that may well have been the goal.
It seemed for a while as we forged bravely into the 21st century that we were pretty smart. We thought we were figuring out the mysteries of the universe, one after another. Recently, however, there’s been a series of reports that all challenge our model of the universe, which we thought was pretty well figured out. First we find out that the sun is a lot stranger than we think it is, then we find out that the universe is more than a billion years younger than it should be. These both suggest the same thing: we’re not nearly as smart as we think we are. This is nothing new, of course. The story of humanity is in essence the surfing of the constant realization that we’re pretty dumb all the way to the stars. Which is a neat little trick.
Now there’s a third in the series of assumption defying realizations. The Hubble constant is an astrophysical value that represents the expansion rate of the universe. It was named for Edwin Hubble who, in 1924, discovered that the farther away from Earth a galaxy was, the faster it appeared to be continuing its outward trajectory. In the early 1990’s, a team led by astrophysicist Wendy Freedman calculated the Hubble Constant within 10% of it’s true value, and scientists have been trying to refine that calculation ever since.
The Hubble Space Telescope, also named for Edwin Hubble, was used to calculate the Hubble constant.
And there seems to be a pretty big problem. Wendy Freedman recently recalculated the Hubble Constant using red giant stars as mileposts—red giants are useful because they reach the same brightness late in their evolution and thus make pretty good distance markers. With her new calculation, rently accepted for publication by the Astrophysical Journal, Wendy Freedman came to an entirely different result than she and her team calculated in the 1990’s. What might this mean? Well, this is just the latest in a series of discoveries related to the age and expansion of the universe that have found serious discrepancies, discrepancies that open up the possibility that something is well and truly broken with physics.
“Alright, I admit it. I don’t understand!”
Wendy Freedman’s red giant method of calculating the Hubble constant was supposed to be a “tie-breaker” between two other competing calculation. Instead it’s a different result entirely. According to Freedman:
“The Hubble constant is the cosmological parameter that sets the absolute scale, size and age of the universe; it is one of the most direct ways we have of quantifying how the universe evolves. The discrepancy that we saw before has not gone away, but this new evidence suggests that the jury is still out on whether there is an immediate and compelling reason to believe that there is something fundamentally flawed in our current model of the universe.”
“Naturally, questions arise as to whether the discrepancy is coming from some aspect that astronomers don’t yet understand about the stars we’re measuring, or whether our cosmological model of the universe is still incomplete. Or maybe both need to be improved upon.”
NASA is launching a brand-new telescope at some point in the mid-2020’s called the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). This telescope will provide the same resolution as the now-defunct Hubble Space Telescope with 100 times the field of view. Astronomers hope that this new super telescope will show them where the discrepancy lies without making us re-do physics. More likely, it will probably keep showing us just how dumb we are.
Imagine a world where magic existed. In such a world, one might be able to wear a cloak that, once it covered our bodies, rendered us invisible; the likes of things we read about or see in films that include Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone.
Such things will never really exist, at least not from magical means. However, that’s not to say that science won’t eventually be able to achieve similar things. One day, with the use of unique and, at times, almost unearthly composite materials–the likes of which are never found in nature–humans may indeed be able to bring such things as invisibility cloaks into real existence.
To achieve invisibility, a metamaterial needs to possess certain optical properties. Specifically, scientists would have to design the material so that they could control how light moves around an object without being reflected or absorbed. This design is possible, but it would take just the right material with just the right structure.
The aforementioned algorithm, created by Yongmin Liu, a professor at Northeastern University, and his team found that using a computer algorithm to create such unnatural composite materials was “much faster and more accurate than previous approaches, paving the way for engineers to design next-generation materials.”
By introducing the algorithm to some 30,000 different sample data sets, it was able to not only learn those relationships, but to expand on them and predict new varieties based on the data.
Fast forward to 2019, where new developments in this burgeoning field are pushing boundaries even further into tomorrow: a multidisciplinary team with the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering at the Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) have now formalized a system “that allows researchers to choose materials and design photonic structures arbitrarily by using deep learning.”
In layman’s terms, this means they are using artificial intelligence to aid in the creation of new kinds of metamaterials, capable of functions that include invisibility.
“The resulting metamaterials can be utilized in display, security, and military technologies. In this regard, introduction of AI to the design method is expected to make important contributions to the technological development of metamaterials,” PhysOrgreported.
Of the three areas listed above, perhaps the mention of “military technologies” is the most interesting and impactful. It also reminds us of the kinds of “innovations of tomorrow” that were being foreshadowed decades ago, albeit in relation to more speculative lines of thought.
A good example might include an article that appeared in Britain’s Sunday Dispatch in October 1954. In it, a quote from a spokesman with the British War Office stated that “(UFOs) are invisible to the human eye,” and that radar operators frequently detected “fleets” of unidentified—and invisible—objects passing overhead in the mid-afternoon. Any attempts at establishing visible line-of-sight confirmation proved unsuccessful.
“Every time, they have followed the same pattern, always around mid-day. All our radar sets in the area have picked them up,” the article stated.
This may sound like a description of some rather exotic technology; however, early camouflage techniques were already being developed by around the time of World War I that would allow aircraft to become functionally “invisible” when viewed against the sky at a distance. One 1917 patent application attributed to Mary “Mitty” Taylor Brush proposed a pattern that would be “able to produce a machine which is practically invisible when in the air.” Such techniques, later put into use during wartime, were derived from techniques used in fine art already for centuries.
Modern stealth technology is, of course, far more advanced than this, and although these modern aircraft are generally only “invisible” to radar systems, their incredible speed, sophistication, and maneuverability allows them to often function in ways that almost exceeds any necessity for possessing actual invisibility.
Nonetheless, if current innovations in metamaterials (helped along by artificial intelligence) are any indication, the aircraft of tomorrow may indeed take such technologies into new and unforeseen places… or for that matter, perhaps into the unseen, period.
For those who have been following the UFO phenomenon for a long time are undoubtedly familiar with the famous UFO videos from Sheilaaliens.
Most of the original videos were lost when the original Sheilaaliens channel was terminated long long ago.
But now it appears that Sheilaaliens is back whereby she indicates that she will regularly present new UFO sightings on her channel.
Sheila: In this video I present a compilation of strange things I recorded in Tucson, AZ many years ago. Re-uploaded because the old upload somehow got the aspect ratio squished and distorted to 21:9 or worse, and it was completely unwatchable.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
