Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS NEARLY 13 YEARS AND 4 MONTH.
ON /30/09/2024 MORE THAN 2.230.520
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
Space Mysteries: If the universe is 13.8 billion years old, how can a star be more than 14 billion years old?
This Digitized Sky Survey image shows the oldest star with a well-determined age in our galaxy. Called the Methuselah star, HD 140283 is 190.1 light-years away. Astronomers refined the star's age to about 14.3 billion years (which is older than the universe), plus or minus 800 million years. Image released March 7, 2013.
For more than 100 years, astronomers have been observing a curious star located some 190 light years away from Earth in the constellation Libra. It rapidly journeys across the sky at 800,000 mph (1.3 million kilometers per hour). But more interesting than that, HD 140283 — or Methuselah as it's commonly known — is also one of the universe's oldest known stars.
In 2000, scientists sought to date the star using observations via the European Space Agency's (ESA) Hipparcos satellite, which estimated an age of 16 billion years old. Such a figure was rather mind-blowing and also pretty baffling. As astronomer Howard Bond of Pennsylvania State University pointed out, the age of the universe — determined from observations of the cosmic microwave background — is 13.8 billion years old. "It was a serious discrepancy," he said.
Taken at face value, the star's predicted age raised a major problem. How could a star be older than the universe? Or, conversely, how could the universe be younger? It was certainly clear that Methuselah — named in reference to a biblical patriarch who is said to have died aged 969, making him the longest lived of all the figures in the Bible — was old, since the metal-poor subgiant is predominantly made of hydrogen and helium and contains very little iron. It's composition meant the star must have come into being before iron became commonplace.
But more than two billion years older than its environment? Surely that is just not possible.
Taking a closer look at the age of Methuselah
Bond and his colleagues set themselves to the task of figuring out whether or not that initial figure of 16 billion was accurate. They pored over 11 sets of observations that had been recorded between 2003 and 2011 by the Fine Guidance Sensors of the Hubble Space Telescope, which make a note of the positions, distances and energy output of stars. In acquiring parallax, spectroscopy and photometry measurements, a better sense of age could be determined.
"One of the uncertainties with the age of HD 140283 was the precise distance of the star," Bond told All About Space. "It was important to get this right because we can better determine its luminosity, and from that its age — the brighter the intrinsic luminosity, the younger the star. We were looking for the parallax effect, which meant we were viewing the star six months apart to look for the shift in its position due to the orbital motion of the Earth, which tells us the distance."
There were also uncertainties in the theoretical modelling of the stars, such as the exact rates of nuclear reactions in the core and the importance of elements diffusing downwards in the outer layers, he said. They worked on the idea that leftover helium diffuses deeper into the core, leaving less hydrogen to burn via nuclear fusion. With fuel used faster, the age is lowered.
This is a backyard view of the sky surrounding the ancient Methuselah star, cataloged as HD 140283. Image released March 7, 2013.
(Image credit: A. Fujii and Z. Levay (STScI))
"Another factor that was important was, of all things, the amount of oxygen in the star," Bond said. HD 140283 had a higher than predicted oxygen-to-iron ratio and, since oxygen was not abundant in the universe for a few million years, it pointed again to a lower age for the star.
Bond and his collaborators estimated HD 140283's age to be 14.46 billion years — a significant reduction on the 16 billion previously claimed. That was, however, still more than the age of the universe itself, but the scientists posed a residual uncertainty of 800 million years, which Bond said made the star's age compatible with the age of the universe, even though it wasn't entirely perfect.
"Like all measured estimates, it is subject to both random and systematic error," said physicist Robert Matthews of Aston University in Birmingham, UK, who was not involved in the study. "The overlap in the error bars gives some indication of the probability of a clash with cosmological age determinations," Matthews said. "In other words, the best supported age of the star is in conflict with that for the derived age of the universe [as determined by the cosmic microwave background], and the conflict can only be resolved by pushing the error bars to their extreme limits."
Further refinements saw the age of HD 140283 fall a bit more. A 2014 follow-up study updated the star's age to 14.27 billion years. "The conclusion reached was that the age is about 14 billion years and, again, if one includes all sources of uncertainty — both in the observational measurements and the theoretical modelling — the error is about 700 or 800 million years, so there is no conflict because 13.8 billion years lies within the star's error bar," Bond said.
This graphic shows a timeline of the universe based on the Big Bang theory and inflation models.
(Image credit: NASA/WMAP)
Taking a closer look at the age of the universe
For Bond, the similarities between the age of the universe and that of this old nearby star — both of which have been determined by different methods of analysis — is "an amazing scientific achievement which provides very strong evidence for the Big Bang picture of the universe". He said the problem with the age of the oldest stars is far less severe than it was in the 1990s when the stellar ages were approaching 18 billion years or, in one case, 20 billion years. "With the uncertainties of the determinations, the ages are now agreeing," Bond said.
Yet Matthews believes the problem has not yet been resolved. Astronomers at an international conference of top cosmologists at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara, California, in July 2019 were puzzling over studies that suggested different ages for the universe. They were looking at measurements of galaxies that are relatively nearby which suggest the universe is younger by hundreds of millions of years compared to the age determined by the cosmic microwave background.
In fact, far from being 13.8 billion years old, as estimated by the European Planck space telescope's detailed measurements of cosmic radiation in 2013, the universe may be as young as 11.4 billion years. One of those behind the studies is Nobel laureate Adam Riess of the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland.
The conclusions are based on the idea of an expanding universe, as shown in 1929 by Edwin Hubble. This is fundamental to the Big Bang — the understanding that there was once a state of hot denseness that exploded out, stretching space. It indicates a starting point that should be measurable, but fresh findings are suggesting that the expansion rate is actually around 10% higher than the one suggested by Planck.
Indeed, the Planck team determined that the expansion rate was 67.4 km per second per megaparsec, but more recent measurements taken of the expansion rate of the universe point to values of 73 or 74. That means there is a difference between the measurement of how fast the universe is expanding today and the predictions of how fast it should be expanding based on the physics of the early universe, Riess said. It's leading to a reassessment of accepted theories while also showing there is still much to learn about dark matter and dark energy, which are thought to be behind this conundrum.
A higher value for the Hubble Constant indicates a shorter age for the universe. A constant of 67.74 km per second per megaparsec would lead to an age of 13.8 billion years, whereas one of 73, or even as high as 77 as some studies have shown, would indicate a universe age no greater than 12.7 billion years. It's a mismatch that suggests, once again, that HD 140283 is older than the universe. It has also since been superseded by a 2019 study published in the journalSciencethat proposed a Hubble Constant of 82.4 — suggesting that the universe's age is only 11.4 billion years.
Matthews believes the answers lie in greater cosmological refinement. "I suspect that the observational cosmologists have missed something that creates this paradox, rather than the stellar astrophysicists," he said, pointing to the measurements of the stars being perhaps more accurate. "That's not because the cosmologists are in any way sloppier, but because age determination of the universe is subject to more and arguably trickier observational and theoretical uncertainties than that of stars."
A visualization of the formation of the first stars.
(Image credit: Wise, Abel, Kaehler (KIPAC/SLAC))
So, how will scientists figure this out?
But what could be making the universe potentially appear younger than this particular star?
"There are two options, and the history of science suggests that in such cases the reality is a mix of both," Matthews said. "In this case that would be sources of observational error that haven't been fully understood, plus some gaps in the theory of the dynamics of the universe, such as the strength of dark energy, which has been the prime driver of the cosmic expansion for many billions of years now."
He suggests the possibility that the current "age paradox" reflects time variation in dark energy, and thus a change in the rate of acceleration — a possibility theorists have found might be compatible with ideas about the fundamental nature of gravity, such as so-called causal set theory. New research into gravitational waves could help to resolve the paradox, Matthews said.
To do this, scientists would look at the ripples in the fabric of space and time created by pairs of dead stars, rather than relying on the cosmic microwave background or the monitoring of nearby objects such as Cepheid variables and supernovae to measure the Hubble Constant — the former resulting in the speed of 67 km per second per megaparsec and the latter in 73.
Trouble is, measuring gravitational waves is no easy task, given they were only directly detected for the first time in 2015. But according to Stephen Feeney, an astrophysicist at the Flatiron Institute in New York, a breakthrough could be made over the course of the next decade. The idea is to collect data from collisions between pairs ofneutron starsusing the visible light these events emit to figure out the speed they are moving relative to Earth. It also entails analyzing the resulting gravitational waves for an idea of distance — both of which can combine to give a measurement of the Hubble Constant that should be the most accurate yet.
The mystery of the age of HD 140283 is leading to something bigger and more scientifically complex, altering the understanding of how the universe works.
"The most likely explanations for the paradox are some overlooked observational effect and/or something big missing from our understanding of the dynamics of the cosmic expansion," Matthews said. Precisely what that "something" is, is sure to keep astronomers challenged for some time.
AFPPhusarum polycephalum of blob in de dierentuin van Parijs.
DIERENZoo de Paris, een dierentuin in Parijs, heeft een wel heel bijzonder organisme uitgestald voor het publiek. Het heeft een gele kleur, eet zonder mond, beweegt zonder benen, het ziet eruit als een fungus maar gedraagt zich als een dier. In de war? Wij ook.
De ‘blob’ is een slijmerig, eencellig organisme dat de wetenschappelijke benaming ‘Phusarum polycephalum’ kreeg. Nogal moeilijk om uit te spreken, dus kreeg het organisme een bijnaam: kortweg blob, naar de sciencefictionfilm waarbij een onbekend wezen in een stadje terechtkomt en daar alles en iedereen wil verslinden.
Geen schrik: ontsnappen en een stad vernietigen zal dit organisme niet snel doen. Maar als je heel veel geduld hebt, zie je het organisme misschien alsnog bewegen met een snelheid van één centimeter per uur. “Vier centimeter als hij sprint”, aldus Zoo de Paris.
Zoo de Paris@zoodeparis
Dans une semaine, vous pourrez découvrir une nouvelle espèce au @zoodeparis : le #blob ! Cet être unicellulaire ne manquera pas de vous surprendre. Déroulez notre fil pour en savoir plus... #5AnsZoodeParis#RDVSauvage MNHN - F.-G. Grandin
De (onschuldige) blob in Parijs behoort tot de slijmzwammen en telt bijna 720 geslachten. Daarnaast kan het organisme zichzelf genezen nadat het bijvoorbeeld in tweeën werd gesneden. De blob doet qua uiterlijk wat denken aan een schimmel, maar is toch een klasse apart. “Het is een van de grootste mysteries van de natuur”, aldus Bruno David, directeur van het Museum of Natural History in Parijs.
Zo is de blob ‘intelligent’ genoeg om zijn weg uit een doolhof te vinden. “Het is verrassend hoe het geen brein heeft, en toch in staat is om te leren. Als je twee blobs bijvoorbeeld samenvoegt, zal de ene zijn verworven kennis overdragen aan de andere.” Dat betekent dat de blob informatie kan vergaren, maar ook verzenden: “Verrassend gedrag voor iets dat op een paddenstoel lijkt”.
Geen wonder dat biologen zo’n fascinatie koesteren voor het mysterieuze organisme. Tot op heden wordt Phusarum polycephalum nog steeds beschouwd als een onbekende vorm van intelligentie.
Artist's representation of a crumbling Dyson sphere -- a theoretical alien megastructure -- orbiting a star.
Danielle Futselaar/METI International
Something strange is going on around star system HD 139139 (sometimes called EPIC 249706694), so naturally some scientists have checked to see if it might be the product of some sort of extraterrestrial intelligence.
The answer so far, for the umpteen-millionth time in a row is: It's probably not aliens.
The weird behavior stems from what's believed to be a pair of stars bound to each other nicknamed the "Random Transiter" (a transit is an astronomy term for when something like a planet passes in front of a star, dimming its brightness slightly). It's reminiscent of KIC 8462852, better known as Boyajian's Star or Tabby's Star, which dims randomly and also gradually over time. Boyajian's Star went viral after astronomers like Pennsylvania State University's Jason Wright suggested that the ongoing construction of alien megastructures could explain the odd dimming.
Aliens are not a leading explanation for the behavior of Boyajian's Star at this point. We know this in part because SETI (Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence) researchers checked with the help of a teenager.
Naturally, some of those same researchers are now checking the Random Transiter for signs of life, or at least technology created by it. As with Boyajian's Star, astronomers have also observed a number of random transits, or dimming events, of HD 139139. In fact, it was seen dimming randomly by the Kepler Space Telescope 28 times over an 87-day period.
So the team used the Green Bank Radio Telescope in West Virginia to check for radio emissions from the distant star system around 350 light years away from Earth. After listening for three five-minute sessions, there were no signs of life or tech.
"We detect no evidence of technosignatures from EPIC 249706694," they write.
Even if there are no aliens, the mystery of the Random Transiter remains intriguing. Possible explanations include a huge collection of up to 28 planets orbiting the star, an extremely close-in planet or planets whipping around the two stars via some undetectable pattern, a belt of dust and debris or possibly interstellar objects.
There are problems with some of these explanations, though. And with alien megastructures also now seeming pretty unlikely, the possibilities are only limited to everything that scientists haven't thought of yet.
De vreemdste dubbelster van het sterrenstelsel is een groot raadsel voor astronomen
De vreemdste dubbelster van het sterrenstelsel is een groot raadsel voor astronomen
Er is iets vreemds aan de hand met dubbelster HD 139139. Sommige wetenschappers hebben nu gekeken of het vreemde gedrag van de ster misschien wordt veroorzaakt door een buitenaardse intelligentie.
De dubbelster doet denken aan KIC 8462852, beter bekend als Tabby’s ster, die zo nu en dan zwakker schijnt.
Astronomen suggereerden dat de helderheidsdipjes veroorzaakt konden worden door een buitenaardse megastructuur.
28 keer
Het SETI Institute heeft onderzocht of er leven is in de buurt van HD 139139.
Uit gegevens van de Kepler-ruimtetelescoop blijkt dat de dubbelster in 87 dagen tijd 28 keer zwakker is geworden.
Om die reden was de dubbelster een interessant doelwit voor onderzoekers van het Breakthrough Listen-project van de Universiteit van Californië – Berkeley.
Technosignaturen
Het team gebruikte de Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia om te speuren naar radiosignalen rond de dubbelster, die op zo’n 350 lichtjaar staat.
Je kunt je afvragen of een buitenaardse beschaving die in staat is om een megastructuur te bouwen rond een ster, nog gebruik zal maken van radiosignalen.
“We hebben geen bewijs voor technosignaturen ontdekt,” schrijven de onderzoekers.
Maar wat?
Er zijn nog een aantal andere mogelijkheden, bijvoorbeeld een enorme verzameling planeten rond de dubbelster of enkele planeten die extreem dicht in de buurt van de dubbelster staan.
Het zou ook kunnen gaan om stof, puin of interstellaire objecten.
Al deze mogelijke theorieën geven echter geen sluitende verklaring voor het verschijnsel.
These images from the Mars Express spacecraft show an ancient, dried-up river system, one of the longest valley networks on Mars.
View larger. | Nirgal Vallis, a dried-up river valley on Mars. This oblique perspective view was generated using a digital terrain model and Mars Express data gathered in November, 2018 during the spacecraft’s orbit #18818.
Read more about this image,This image from ESA’s Mars Express shows a dried-up river valley on Mars named Nirgal Vallis. This oblique perspective view was generated using a digital terrain model and Mars Express data gathered on 16 November 2018 during Mars Express orbit 18818. The ground resolution is approximately 14 m/pixel and the images are centred at about 315°E/27°S. This image was created using data from the nadir and colour channels of the High Resolution Stereo Camera. The nadir channel is aligned perpendicular to the surface of Mars, as if looking straight down at the surface.
which is via ESA/DLR/FU Berlin.
The new images on this page – released October 10, 2019 – are from the European Space Agency’s Mars Express spacecraft. They show an ancient, dried-up river system – called Nirgal Vallis by Earth’s space scientists – stretching for nearly 435 miles (700 km) across Mars’ surface. It’s one of the longest valley networks on this neighboring world. The area lies just south of the planet’s equator, and scientists think it was shaped by a mix of flowing water and impacts by rocks from space smashing into the Martian surface.
You can see evidence of both of these mechanisms in these images. For example, in the images below, see the impact craters, some large and some small, on Mars’ surface. A tree-like, forked channel cuts prominently through the center of the frame.
All of these images cover a part of the Martian surface centered at about 315 degrees east longitude/27 degrees south latitude. North is to the right.
The dried-up river valley on Mars named Nirgal Vallis. This image – and the 2 below – are from ESA’s Mars Express, using data gathered on November 16, 2018, during orbit #18818 of Mars Express. The ground resolution is approximately 14 meters per pixel and the images are centered at about 315 degrees east longitude/27 degrees south latitude. This image was created using data from the nadir and color channels of the High Resolution Stereo Camera. The nadir channel is aligned perpendicular to the surface of Mars, as if looking straight down at the surface.
View larger. | This color-coded topographic view shows a dried-up river valley on Mars named Nirgal Vallis. In this image, lower parts of the surface are shown in blues and purples, while higher altitude regions show up in whites, yellows, and reds, as indicated on the scale to the top right.
Read more about this image,This colour-coded topographic view shows a dried-up river valley on Mars named Nirgal Vallis. Lower parts of the surface are shown in blues and purples, while higher altitude regions show up in whites, yellows, and reds, as indicated on the scale to the top right. This view is based on a digital terrain model of the region, from which the topography of the landscape can be derived. It comprises data obtained by the High Resolution Stereo Camera on Mars Express on 16 November 2018 during orbit 18818. The ground resolution is approximately 14 m/pixel and the images are centred at about 315°E/27°S. North is to the right.
via ESA/DLR/FU Berlin.
Here’s Nirgal Vallis again. If you’ve got 3D red-green or red-blue glasses, check out this image. This anaglyph was derived from data obtained by the nadir and stereo channels of the High Resolution Stereo Camera on ESA’s Mars Express during spacecraft orbit #18818.
Nirgal Vallis is a typical example of a feature known as an amphitheater-headed valley. As the name suggests, rather than ending bluntly or sharply, the ends of these tributaries have the characteristic semi-circular, rounded shape of an ancient Greek amphitheater. Such valleys also typically have steep walls, smooth floors, and, if sliced through at a cross-section, adopt a ‘U’ shape. The valleys pictured here are about 200 meters (656 feet) deep and 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) wide, and their floors are covered in sandy dunes; the appearance of these dunes indicates that Martian winds tend to blow roughly parallel to the valley walls.
We see valleys like this often on Earth, including valleys found in the Chilean Atacama Desert, the Colorado Plateau, and on the islands of Hawaii. Mars also hosts a few of them, withNanedi Valles and Echus Chasmajoining Nirgal Vallis as clear examples of this intriguing feature. Both of these features also resemble terrestrial drainage systems, where meandering, steep-sided valleys – thought to have been formed by free-flowing water – have carved their way through hundreds of kilometers of Martian rock, forging through old volcanic plains, lava flows, and material deposited by strong Martian winds over time.
Scientists say that valleys such as Nirgal Vallis, which are ubiquitous in the low-latitude regions surrounding the Martian equator, indicate that these areas once experienced a far milder, wetter and more Earth-like climate.
Nirgal Vallis in context. The area outlined by the bold white box indicates the area imaged by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera on November 16, 2018.
An archaeologist from the University of Arizona recently found over two dozen previously unknown Mayan sites all while sitting at his desk. Takeshi Inomata found a free lidar (light detection and ranging) map online and that’s what he used to make the huge discovery.
The lidar technology provides scientists with a way of scanning archaeological sites using airborne lasers. They can even see through dense forests and pick out shapes of old buildings and settlements that once stood at the location.
The free map that Dr. Inomata studied was originally published by Mexico’s National Institute of Statistics and Geography in 2011 and covered a total of 4,440 square miles in Tabasco and Chiapas, Mexico. While the map’s resolution was low, he was still able to find the ruins of 27 previously unknown Maya ceremonial centers. What’s even more incredible is that the ruins were constructed in a way that has never been seen before by archaeologists. Some of the large rectangular platforms that were very low to the ground measured as long as two-thirds of a mile and are believed to be as old as 1000 B.C. to 700 B.C.
Ancient Mayan temple
Dr. Inomata and his wife Daniela Triadan are currently leading excavations at the biggest ceremonial center (they named it Aguada Fenix) that was recently discovered in hopes of learning more about the Mayan culture’s rituals.
In 2005, he and his wife started excavating the ancient city of Ceibal which is located in the Petén rainforest in Guatemala. They uncovered several of the earliest known buildings in the Mayan culture with the ceremonial center being as old as 950 B.C.
“The stuff he is finding is crucial for our understanding of how Maya civilization developed,” stated Arlen Chase who is an archaeologist at Pomona College. For many years, Dr. Inomata has been interested in finding out how the Maya culture began between 1000 B.C. and 400 B.C. and his work is providing important information in figuring that out.
Charles Golden, who is an anthropology professor at Brandeis University, also took a look at some lidar maps and discovered numerous ancient settlements close to the Usumacinta River which borders Mexico and Guatemala.
In other news, a new study suggests that Mayans could have unintentionally caused their own demise by changing the climate. Researchers found evidence in Belize that indicates the Mayans created canals and wetlands to accommodate their rising population, as well as often performing “burn events” while they worked on their farms which created more carbon dioxide and methane in the air that they breathed.
Ancient Mayan temple
In a statement, the study’s lead author Tim Beach said, “We now are beginning to understand the full human imprint of the Anthropocene in tropical forests,” adding, “These large and complex wetland networks may have changed climate long before industrialization and these may be the answer to the long-standing question of how a great rainforest civilization fed itself.”
Takeshi Inomata identified this ancient Maya site, dubbed La Carmelita, using LiDAR maps, seen here in both low and high resolution.
Image courtesy of the Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía/Nacional Center for Airborne Laser Mapping.
Takeshi Inomata identified this ancient Maya site, dubbed La Carmelita, using LiDAR. But the structures are difficult to see with the naked eye.
Photo by Takeshi Inomata.
According to their study, the Birds of Paradise wetland was “five times larger than previously discovered”. Additionally, they discovered another wetland field in Belize that was even larger. “These perennial wetlands were very attractive during the severe Maya droughts, but the Maya also had to be careful with water quality to maintain productivity and human health,” explained Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach who was the study’s co-author.
The increase in methane in the atmosphere is believed to have happened between 1,800 and 1,000 years ago which coincides with the growing number of Maya wetlands. “Even these small changes may have warmed the planet, which provides a sobering perspective for the order of magnitude greater changes over the last century that are accelerating into the future,” Beach stated. Their research can be read in full here.
How Lasers Are Utterly Transforming Our Understanding of the Ancient Maya, Bringing Their Whole Civilization Back to Light
A LiDAR scan can reveal ancient Maya ruins that might never be found by archaeologists on the ground
The ancient Mayan city of Tikal was one of the best-mapped regions of the Mayan world, but the PACUNAM Lidar Initiative quintupled the amount of mapping done in 50 years in a single summer.
Photo courtesy of Tikal Park.
A newly discovered ancient Maya site north of Tikal as detected by LiDAR.
Image courtesy of Luke Auld/Thomas Garrison/Pacunam.
An aerial view of Tikal.
Photo courtesy of Marcello Canuto.
The Pacunam LiDAR Initiative scanned the Maya Biosphere Reserve in northern Guatemala, finding tens of thousands of previously unknown ancient structures. 61,000 Maya Structures in One Day.
Image courtesy of Francisco Estrada-Belli/Pacunam.
A LiDAR scan of the ancient Maya city of Tikal.
Image courtesy of Marcello Canuto/PACUNAM.
A topographical map of ancient Maya cities in northern Guatemala created with LiDAR scanning of the jungle.
Image courtesy of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Archaeologists announced Sunday that they had discovered the remains of a massive bronze age settlement in northern Israel that could “change forever what we know about emergence of urbanization in entire area.” The site was discovered in Israel’s newest city, Harish, during excavations in preparation for a new highway interchange, which seems to be how about half of all recent history changing discoveries are made.
The 5,000-year old megalopolis covers 160 acres and is the largest Bronze Age settlement ever discovered in Israel. In addition, the Times of Israel reports that archaeologists found remains of an even earlier, 7,000-year old Chalcolithic settlement beneath the 5,000 year old buildings. That’s a pretty good find. Dr. Yitzhak Paz, co-director of the excavation, says:
“It is much larger than any known site in the land of Israel — and outside the land of Israel — in the region of Jordan, Lebanon, southern Syria.”
Overhead view of the Bronze Age megalopolis discovered in Harish.
(Credit: Israel Antiquities Authority)
The site is filled with artifacts and that tell a story of a bustling Bronze age metropolis. The city was home to at least 6,000 people and traded with cultures all across the Mediterranean, and according to the archaeologists, the city was very carefully and thoughtfully planned. Excavation directors Itai Elad, Yitzhak Paz and Dina Shalem say in an IAA statement:
“This is a huge city – a megalopolis in relation to the Early Bronze Age, where thousands of inhabitants, who made their living from agriculture, lived and traded with different regions and even with different cultures and kingdoms in the area… This is the Early Bronze Age New York of our region; a cosmopolitan and planned city.”
Excavation directors (right to left) Itai Elad, Dr. Dina Shalem, and Dr. Yitzhak Paz, walk in a 5,000-year-old alley at the Early Bronze Age excavation site near modern Harish.
(Yoli Schwartz, Israel Antiquities Authority)
Thousands of youth and volunteers participated in the excavation at the Early Bronze Age excavation site near modern Harish.
(Yaniv Berman, Israel Antiquities Authority)
Archaeologists found remains of public and private buildings, streets and alleys, and a fortification wall surrounding the site. The site is in a fertile part of Israel and central to many trade routes, making it the perfect place for a large city. Two large cities, in fact. Dina Salem says in a IAA video:
“The excavation at this site revealed two main settlements. The earliest one is about 7,000 years old. It’s a very large agricultural settlement. Two thousand years later, another settlement became one of the first cities known in this area of the world.”
One of the buildings archaeologists discovered at the site is a temple that may shed some light on the spiritual practices of the Canaanites who lived in the city. The temple has a basin in the courtyard that archaeologists assume was used for ritualistic purposes, and a collection of burnt animal bones possibly used for sacrifices were found inside the temple.
Collection of figurines discovered at the ancient settlement.
(Credit: Israel Antiquities Authority)
Also found were tools, a mysterious cylindrical stamp of a man with his hands in the air, and several figurines of people and animals and tools imported from Egypt.
According to Yitzhak Paz, once it is fully researched and investigated, this site will rewrite history. He says:
“The study of this site will change forever what we know about the emergence [and] rise of urbanization in the land of Israel and in the whole region. And it means that what we know now will change what is written today in the traditional books when people read about the archaeology of Israel.”
And as far as the planned highway interchange goes, they decided to just build it higher up as to not destroy the settlement.
My previous article here at Mysterious Universe was titled “Aliens, Swinging Fun & Secret Surveillance.” It was focused on the life of a woman named Sonja Lyubicin, a 1950s-era Contactee. She claimed not just close encounters with aliens, but swinging parties with them too! It’s an entertaining story of sex, intelligence-gathering by a certain agency of the Australian government, and fun and wild times behind closed doors. As I also noted in the article, that agency was the Australian Security Intelligence Organization. ASIO opened a file on Sonja and her adventurous times, of which closed-minded government-types clearly disapproved. They spent quite a while keeping watch on Sonja, who flew to meet George Adamski in the United States in 1959. It turns out that also in 1959 Adamski lectured in New Zealand on his claims of face-to-face encounters with long-haired aliens. The ASIO watched carefully with regard to Adamski’s claims made in New Zealand, even though New Zealand was not their jurisdiction.
George Adamski
It’s worth noting that George Adamski was, in fact, watched closely by several intelligence agencies in 1959 – and, in part, in relation to the matter of Russia and communism. Adamski’s trip to New Zealand took him to Wellington and Auckland. Notably, this lecture-tour was of interest to the world of government, and Adamski’s presentations were clandestinely scrutinized by various government operatives. A Foreign Service Dispatch of February 1959 was sent from the American Embassy in New Zealand to the Department of State in Washington, D.C., that summarized Adamski’s activities in New Zealand. Also forwarded to the FBI, the CIA, the U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy, the report was titled “‘Flying Saucer’ Expert Lecturing In New Zealand” and recorded the following, amusing information:
“Mr. George Adamski, the Californian ‘flying saucer expert’ and author of the book Flying Saucers Have Landed and others, has been visiting New Zealand for the last two weeks. He has given well-attended public lectures in Auckland and Wellington as well as meetings with smaller groups of ‘saucer’ enthusiasts. In Wellington his lecture filled the 2,200 seats in the Town Hall. He was not permitted to charge for admission as the meeting was held on a Sunday night, but a ‘silver coin’ collection was taken up and this would more than recoup his expenses.”
The document continues in equally amusing fashion: “Adamski’s lectures appear to cover the usual mass of sighting reports, pseudo-scientific arguments in support of his theories and his previously well-publicized ‘contacts’ with saucers and men from Venus. He is repeating his contention that men from other planets are living anonymously on the earth and, according to the press, said in Auckland that there may be as many as 40,000,000 of these in total. He is also making references to security restrictions and saying that the U.S. authorities know a lot more than they will tell. The report of Adamski’s lecture in Wellington in The Dominion was flanked by an article by Dr. I.L. THOMPSON, Director of the Carter Observatory, vigorously refuting Adamski on a number of scientific points. However, the news report of the lecture called it ‘the best Sunday night’s entertainment Wellington has seen for quite a time.'”
Moving on, there is this from the authorities who had Adamski under surveillance: “Interest in flying saucers in New Zealand seems to be roughly comparable to that in the United States. There is a small but active organization which enthusiasts have supported for some years. This organization publishes a small paper and receives and circulates stories of sightings. At the Adamski lecture in Wellington, approximately 40 members of the ‘Adamski Corresponding Society’ wore blue ribbons and sat in reserved seats in the front row. Press reports suggest that Adamski probably is making no new converts to saucer credence in his current tour. His audiences have given forth with a certain amount of ‘incredulous murmuring’ and are said to be totally unimpressed with his pictures of saucers.”
In late 1959, Adamski was the topic of FBI interest when an American citizen (whose name is deleted from the FBI records) offered an opinion that Adamski was using the UFO controversy as a means to promote communism and the Russian way of life. In a report on the affair, the FBI recorded the following: “[Censored] said that in recent weeks she and her husband had begun to wonder if Adamski is subtly spreading Russian propaganda. She said that, according to Adamski, the ‘space people’ are much better people than those on earth; that they have told him the earth is in extreme danger from nuclear tests and that they must be stopped; that they have found peace under a system in which churches, schools, individual governments, money, and private property were abolished in favor of a central governing council, and nationalism and patriotism have been done away with; that the ‘space people’ want nuclear tests stopped immediately and that never should people on earth fight; if attacked, they should lay down their arms and welcome their attackers.”
“[Censored] said the particular thing that first made her and her husband wonder about Adamski was a letter they received from him dated 10/12/59, in which it was hinted that the Russians receive help in their outer space programs from the ‘space people,’ and that the ‘space people’ will not help any nation unless such nation has peaceful intent. It occurred to them that the desires and recommendations of the ‘space people’ whom Adamski quotes are quite similar to Russia’s approach, particularly as to the ending of nuclear testing, and it was for this reason she decided to call the FBI.”
Finally, there’s more to come on all of this. It’s something that will help to resolve some of the early “Men in Black” encounters in 1950s-era New Zealand. Stay tuned.
One report of a UFO sighting is interesting. A report of a UFO over a refinery is intriguing. Multiple reports of UFOs over the same refinery in a town known for UFO sightings demands attention … and possibly a government or military investigation. Welcome to Ciudad Madero, a Mexican coastal city in southeast Tamaulipas on the Gulf of Mexico where a UFO was seen and recorded by many people, reported by multiple media sites and raised questions about why UFOs seem to be attracted to refineries and mineral mines, especially in Mexico and Central and South America.
“Photographs of an alleged unidentified flying object (UFO) flying over the facilities of the “ Francisco I. Madero ” Refinery in Pemex , in Ciudad Madero , Tamaulipas , have begun to circulate through social networks.
These facts were reported by public transport operators, in addition to the same workers of the parastatal, who recognize that this type of sightings is not something new.”
El Heraldo de Mexico reports that the UFO sighting occurred on October 12 between 6:50 and 7:00 am and was witnessed by numerous workers. Along with photos of the ring of lights above the refinery (see them here), El Heraldo reminds readers of the “urban legend” of an extraterrestrial ship located just offshore of the city that many believe is there to protect it from hurricanes and tropical storms. The El Rrun Rrun blog shows more photos of the sightings and says that the state’s Direccion de Proteccion Civil (Civil Defense) has received over 50 reports of UFOs in Tamaulipas since October 22, 2008.
“Since the terrible catastrophe caused by Hurricane Hilda in 1955, Tampico seems to be immune to natural disasters. A popular belief says that about 800 meters deep at Miramar Beach, located in Ciudad Madero, an extraterrestrial base was established that protects the coast. It is not uncommon to hear tampiqueños talk about strange lights coming out of the sea or flying saucers guarding the city. The belief in extraterrestrial beings has taken so much strength that on that coast the Martian Day is celebrated on the last Tuesday of each month. On one of these Tuesdays, the municipality of Ciudad Madero unveiled a monument to aliens which, unfortunately, was the victim of robbery within a few weeks.”
“To doubt the existence of UFOs is to have no intelligence.”
Many people like Guillermo H. Sosa Tovar, who shared the images on Facebook, agree. So do local authorities according to the 2015 BBC article.
“The last time a hurricane that was heading towards the Tampico area was diverted was in 2013. That year, local authorities placed the bust of a Martian in Playa Miramar (which was stolen shortly afterwards) and declared that the Martian’s Day would be celebrated on the last Tuesday of October.”
Ufologists have long speculated that sightings over refineries, mines and volcanoes – all common in Mexico – could be extraterrestrial ships refueling or getting parts. Skeptics point out that gasoline is a poor fuel for long-distance travel and believe Martian Day is just a way to attract tourists to this poor city. (Did they see how well this worked out on Storm Area 51 weekend?)
Which way to Martian Day?
“I have many friends who have told me about ships leaving the sea. Even other fishermen have told me that when they go out at night or at dawn, they see very large, very powerful lights that follow them on their routes. Many serious people they told me about things that happened to them. I think it was a ship, they visit us.”
A fisherman named Guadalupe told Vice.com why he believes. Did these same visitors hover their craft over the Pemex refinery in Ciudad Madero on October 12? There appears to have been no interviews with the workers and no official explanation given, leaving locals to draw their own conclusions.
“To doubt the existence of UFOs is to have no intelligence.”
This is ancient technology and its still floating above the surface today. No one knows how old it is, but we do know that it came from a very technologically advanced species. It has the ultimate battery. Something NASA doesn't want to investigate, or at least, doesn't want you to find out about. You can tell it is hovering, because its lit top is more in focus that the things in the background. This is 100% real. This floating orb was found by th late great Streetcap1 and Paranormal Crucible of Youtube and is very extraordinary. It casts a shadow below it and is hovering about 1-2 feet off the ground. The orb itself looks to be two feet across! Scott C. Waring
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:Ruins, strange artifacts on other planets, moons, ed ( Fr, EN, NL )
UFO Comes Out Of Storm Over City In Russia, Oct 2019, Video, UFO Sighting News.
UFO Comes Out Of Storm Over City In Russia, Oct 2019, Video, UFO Sighting News.
Date of sighting: Oct 8, 2019
Location of sighting: Russia
This UFO was caught over Russia last week. The eyewitness mistakenly identified it as ball lightning. However ball lightning is not this big, nor can it change speeds like this does. Ball lighting has a size between that of a pea to two meters across. This UFO is huge, about 20-30 meters across! No ball lighting has ever been recorded that big before. Also this UFO seems to change speed as it gets closer to the eyewitness. The UFO speeds up, slows down dramatically, then speeds up again. Only an intelligently controlled device could have some control over its speed. This is also not a plane because it has no wings, and its speed is too fast. This can't be a meteor because its not being pulled down by gravity, but flying horizontal across the sky! This is absolute an alien craft over Russia. There is not a doubt in my mind about this craft. Its 100% alien.
Planet X Anunnaki Mystery of Serpent Mythology Decoded
Planet X Anunnaki Mystery of Serpent Mythology Decoded
This was originally the symbol for the Anunnaki-Sirian creator god, EA, or EN.KI (who has become an Archetype), was the chief of the magicians, “the one who knows,” and infamous for being the serpent of the Garden of Eden who created lifeforms in test tubes half a million years ago with his half-sister Ninharsag, at the suggestion of his son, Marduk, to create humans to be the workers for the gods. (The symbol is also based upon the symbol of the royal Anunnaki family.)
All around the globe, there are intriguing pieces of a massive puzzle that seems to indicate a civilisation known as the Anunnaki were on Earth. From the Middle East and South America, clues to a mysterious episode in history are evident.
The Egyptians, Mayans, and other civilisations whose gods and goddesses looked nearly the same and carried the same bags. The evidence for Anunnaki in various locations increases as historians and archaeologists uncover more information.
Car driver captures weird object in the sky over Texas
Car driver captures weird object in the sky over Texas
While driving on a highway in Texas on October 14, 2019 Almagro Velasquez noticed an unknown cigar-shaped object in the sky on which he started to film the object that apparently did not move at all.
Please take a look and decide for yourself whether it is a UFO, a blimp or just a strange cloud formation.
Twintig intacte sarcofagen in Luxor: hoe oud zijn ze en wie ligt erin?
Twintig intacte sarcofagen in Luxor: hoe oud zijn ze en wie ligt erin?
In de buurt van de Egyptische stad Luxor hebben archeologen twintig verzegelde doodskisten uit het oude Egypte ontdekt. De sarcofagen zijn bijna allemaal zo goed als intact. Volgens het Egyptische ministerie van Oudheden gaat het om een van de grootste en meest belangrijke vondsten van de voorbije jaren.
Kathleen Heylen
De archeologen vonden de doodskisten op de necropolis (oude begraafplaats, red) van Al Asasif, op de westelijke oever van de Nijl, in de buurt van de stad Luxor. Luxor, in het zuiden van Egypte, stond vroeger bekend als Thebe, lange tijd de belangrijkste stad van het oude Egypte. In de omgeving bevinden zich tientallen belangrijke en belangwekkende archeologische vindplaatsen die dateren van 1994 tot 332 voor Christus. Onder meer de beroemde Vallei der Koningen, met de piramides waar de farao’s begraven zijn, ligt in de buurt.
De houten sarcofagen lagen op twee niveaus in een groot graf. Volgens de Egyptische overheid gaat het om "een van de grootste en meest belangrijke vondsten van de voorbije jaren". De kisten verkeren in zeer goede staat en "zien er nog net zo uit als toen de oude Egyptenaren ze achterlieten". De gravures en kleuren zijn goed bewaard.
Het is nog niet duidelijk wie in de sarcofagen ligt. Uit de schilderingen is volgens de archeologen op te maken dat het gaat om belangrijke mensen, zoals machtige functionarissen of edelen.
(tekst gaat voort onder de foto)
Hoe oud zijn de sarcofagen?
Hoe oud de sarcofagen precies zijn, is ook nog niet bekend. Zaterdag komt het ministerie met meer informatie. De meeste graven uit de necropolis van Al Asasif dateren van ongeveer 664 tot 332 voor Christus, de zogenoemde Late Periode van het oude Egypte. Er bevinden zich echter ook graven uit de zogenoemde 18e dynastie (1550 - 1292 voor Christus), met als beroemde telgen de farao's Ahmose, Hatsjepsoet, Thoetmoses III, Amenhotep, Akhenaton en Toetanchamon.
Nog maar enkele dagen geleden maakte het ministerie van Oudheden een andere vondst bekend. In de buurt van Luxor werd een oude nijverheidszone ontdekt met 30 ateliers voor werknemers in de grafindustrie.
Egypte hoopt dat de recente vondsten het toerisme naar het land weer op gang zullen brengen. Door sociale onrust en aanslagen is het aantal toeristen dat naar Egypte reist de afgelopen jaren sterk gedaald.
Ministry of Antiquities-Arab Republic of Egypt@AntiquitiesOf
The Al-Asasif Cachette. Intact and sealed coffins. More details to be announced on Saturday..Keep tuned
Opinion: Here’s a believable explanation of those UFO videos released by the Navy
Opinion: Here’s a believable explanation of those UFO videos released by the Navy
Jurica Dujmović says a military patent could explain mysterious objects caught on video by a jet-fighter pilot
The Stars Academy of Arts & Science
A frame from the U.S. Navy’s video of an unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP), confirmed in September.
By JURICA DUJMOVIC
COLUMNIST
Cue “The X-Files” music and put on your tinfoil hats. We’re going for a ride.
Last month the U.S. Navy confirmed that three videos of unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) taken by airplane pilots a few years ago are indeed authentic. (Notice we’re not saying “unidentified flying object,” or UFO.) This means the videos went through the U.S. military, so it can be assumed they have not been computer-generated or altered.
Commander David Fravor, who flew one of the fighters in the video (“Gimbal”), describes the object as “Tic Tac”-shaped, 40-feet long, with no wings, exhaust or discernible propulsion. After some maneuvering, the object ended up hovering above the water. Moments later, it rapidly ascended to 12,000 feet and finally accelerated away at a speed the commander suggested was “well above supersonic.”
Unsustainable G-forces
When asked if a human pilot could survive such an acceleration in a modern aircraft, Fravor responded with a resounding “no.” Acceleration of that magnitude would wreak havoc on the human body: broken bones, shifting of organs, burst blood vessels and even death would occur as the body was crushed with G-forces it could not withstand.
But let’s consider for a second that the mysterious object in question was manned by a human pilot. In that case, the vehicle would have to be equipped with the technology capable of reducing the inertial mass of the object by generating gravity waves to reduce G-forces during acceleration.
Navy patent
Perhaps this could be achieved if the outer shell of the craft were turned into a cavity wall filled with gas, which would vibrate thanks to microwave emitters. This description was taken from a patent the U.S. Navy applied for in 2016, which says such a peculiar craft could move with great ease through air, space or water by being enclosed in a vacuum plasma bubble or sheath.
That could be the UAP that Fravor saw during his documented flight. Gravity manipulating tech at play could explain how the craft was able to effortlessly perform certain maneuvers such as suddenly turning sideways without losing altitude (aka knife-edge flight) in the FLIR1 video, or rapidly changing in-flight direction without visible inertia.
While the patent for the mysterious craft was approved last year, there is no indication that it was built or tested. Then again, it’s hard to imagine that a military aircraft equipped with this kind of technology would get any publicity.
Accidental release
If it indeed was this craft in the video, it was built and tested prior to the patent application. However, it could be that the cat got out of the bag. That could be why the Navy reluctantly acknowledged the authenticity of the footage, while also outlining that it wasn’t cleared for public release.
So far, the pieces of the puzzle seem to be falling into place. Then again, at about the 1:17 mark in the video above, one pilot says: “There’s a whole fleet of them. Look on the ASA.” ASA is most likely AESA, the APG-79 radar’s “search while track” feature that enables it to follow multiple targets without degradation to its search capability. Having one experimental craft exposed during a mission is a likely event, but what about a whole fleet?
Two explanations
We have two possibilities: First, there was more than one mysterious aircraft at the location, but it’s unlikely any of them was our patented vehicle.
Another explanation could be that because of the vacuum sheath or another type of stealth technology surrounding the UAP, radar erroneously reported multiple bogies, where in fact there was only one.
That would also explain why the pilot had a hard time locking on to the target in “FLIR1” and “Go Fast” videos. The speed must have played a role as well. Clinicians have a saying: Common things are common. If it looks like a duck, swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck.
So what do you think is more likely? A Navy experimental aircraft, inadvertently uncovered by pilots, or an alien UFO? My bet is on the latest Navy patent, but I’m open to suggestions. Please share them in the comment section below. You can take your tinfoil hat off now.
Here's the reality: We're messing up the Earth and any far-out ideas of colonizing another orb when we're done with our own are wishful thinking. That's according to Michel Mayor, an astrophysicist who was a co-recipient of the Nobel Prize in physics this year for discovering the first planet orbiting a sun-like star outside of our solar system.
"If we are talking about exoplanets, things should be clear: We will not migrate there," he told Agence France-Presse (AFP). He said he felt the need to "kill all the statements that say, 'OK, we will go to a livable planet if one day life is not possible on Earth.'"
All of the known exoplanets, or planets outside of our solar system, are too far away to feasibly travel to, he said. "Even in the very optimistic case of a livable planet that is not too far, say a few dozen light years, which is not a lot, it's in the neighbourhood, the time to go there is considerable," he added.
Mayor shared half of the Nobel Prize this year along with Didier Queloz for discovering the first exoplanet in October 1995. Using novel instruments at the Haute-Provence Observatory in southern France, they detected a gas giant similar to Jupiter, which they named 51 Pegasi b. (The other half of the prize was awarded to James Peebles of Princeton University for his work in dark matter and dark energy).
Since then, over 4,000 other exoplanets have been found in the Milky Way, but apparently, none of them can be feasibly reached.
Stephen Kane, a professor of planetary astrophysics at the University of California in Riverside, agrees with Mayor. "The sad reality is that, at this point in human history, all stars are effectively at a distance of infinity," Kane told Live Science. "We struggle very hard as a species to reach the Earth's moon."
We might be able to send people to Mars in the next 50 years, but "I would be very surprised if humanity made it to the orbit of Jupiter within the next few centuries," he said. Since the distance to the nearest star outside of our solar system is about 70,000 times greater than the distance to Jupiter, "all stars are effectively out of reach."
Well, you might say, plenty of things seemed out of reach until we reached them, such as sending aircraft on intercontinental flights. But "in this case, the required physics to reach the stars, if it exists, is not known to us and it would require a fundamental change in our understanding of the relationship between mass, acceleration and energy."
"So that's where we stand, firmly on the Earth, and unlikely to change for a very, very long time," he said.
Mayor told the AFP: "We must take care of our planet, it is very beautiful and still absolutely livable."
Andrew Fraknoi, emeritus chair of the astronomy department at Foothill College in California agreed that we won't be able to travel to these stars in the near future. But "I would never say we can never reach the stars and possible habitable planets," he said. "Who knows how our technology will evolve after another million years of evolution."
China toont eerste foto van Marsverkenner die weg moet effenen voor “zoektocht naar buitenaards leven” - HLN.be
China toont eerste foto van Marsverkenner die weg moet effenen voor “zoektocht naar buitenaards leven” - HLN.be
Twitter CGTNHet ruimtetuig omvat de orbiter, lander en marsrover.
WETENSCHAP China heeft de allereerste foto van zijn Marsverkenner verspreid. Die zal in 2020 gelanceerd worden richting de rode planeet om daar acht maanden later te landen.
Op de foto, die het Chinese staatsmedium China Global Television Network (CGTN) verspreidde, is een omkapseld ruimtetuig te zien. Dat ruimtetuig zou een orbiter, lander en rover omvatten.
De Marsrover moet uiteindelijk op de rode planeet landen om er stalen te vergaren. Daar is het Amerikaanse ruimtevaartagentschap NASA alvast mee bezig met zijn Marsrover Insight. In 2030 moeten de stalen uiteindelijk terugkeren naar de aarde.
Buitenaards leven
Als de missie naar Mars goed verloopt, gaat China nog een stapje verder. “Wanneer de omstandigheden het toelaten, zullen gerelateerde projecten worden opgezet die draaien om de grote wetenschappelijke vraagstukken zoals de oorsprong en evolutie van het zonnestelsel en de zoektocht naar buitenaards leven,” stond vorig jaar in het document te lezen dat werd vrijgegeven door de Chinese overheid.
WETENSCHAP & PLANEETHet Californische ruimtevaartbedrijf SpaceX heeft officieel frequenties aangevraagd voor nog eens 30.000 satellieten bovenop de 12.000 die reeds waren voorzien voor zijn constellatie ten behoeve van wereldwijd snel internet.
De Amerikaanse Telecomautoriteit FCC heeft op 7 oktober bij de Internationale Telecommunicatie Unie (ITU) in Genève twintig aanvragen ingediend voor telkens 1.500 satellieten, zo bevestigde Alexandre Vallet als hoofd ruimtevaartdiensten bij de organisatie aan het Franse persbureau AFP.
De ITU coördineert wereldwijd het spectrum van radiofrequenties en de banen van satellieten. Op zijn website zijn er twintig technische aanvragen voor SpaxeX in te kijken. Een woordvoerder van SpaceX bevestigde niet rechtstreeks het aantal satellieten dat Starlink uiteindelijk zou omvatten, maar hij zei dat het bedrijf “maatregelen neemt om de totale capaciteit en datadensiteit van het Starlink-netwerk te ontwikkelen, om te beantwoorden aan de geanticipeerde groei van de noden van de consumenten”.
Ongerustheid
SpaceX wil vanuit de ruimte een breedbandinternetwerk lanceren, in concurrentie met bijvoorbeeld de start-up OneWeb of het Kuiper-project van Amazon. De elk 227 kilo wegende kunstmaantjes draaien een relatief lage baan. SpaceX heeft in mei de eerste zestig stuks gelanceerd. Vijf procent daarvan was al een maand na lancering buiten dienst.
Momenteel wentelen er meer dan 2.100 actieve satellieten rondom onze planeet op ongeveer 23.000 objecten in totaal, zoals ook rakettrappen en afgedankte satellieten. Dat het aantal nog kan verdubbelen wekt dubbele ongerustheid op: overbevolking in lage banen met risico op botsingen en verstoring van sterrenkundige waarnemingen.
SpaceX zegt dispositieven te hebben om uitgevallen kunstmanen uit hun baan te halen en botsingen te kunnen voorkomen.
Nasa is believed to have been quietly testing a revolutionary new method of space travel that could one day allow humans to travel at speeds faster than light.
Researchers say the new 'impossible' drive could carry passengers and their equipment to the moon in as little as four hours.
A trip to Alpha Centauri, which would take tens of thousands of years now, could be reached in just 100 years.
The system is based on electromagnetic drive, or EMDrive, which converts electrical energy into thrust without the need for rocket fuel.
The concept of an EmDrive engine is relatively simple. It provides thrust to a spacecraft by bouncing microwaves around in a closed container. Pictured is the first device created by Roger Sawyer
HOW DOES AN EMDRIVE WORK?
The concept of an EmDrive engine is relatively simple. It provides thrust to a spacecraft by bouncing microwaves around in a closed container.
Solar energy provides the electricity to power the microwaves, which means that no propellant is needed.
Researchers previously believed this wouldn't work in the vacuum of space, but Nasa has allegedly shown otherwise.
The implications for this could be huge. For instance, current satellites could be half the size they are today without the need to carry fuel.
Humans could also travel further into space, generating their own propulsion on the way.
According to classical physics, this should be impossible because it violates the law of conservation of momentum.
The law states that the momentum of a system is constant if there are no external forces acting on the system – which is why propellant is required in traditional rockets.
Researchers from the US, UK and China have demonstrated EMDrive over the past few decades, but their results have been controversial as no one has been exactly sure how it works.
Now, Nasa has built an EMDrive that works in conditions like those in space, according to users on forum NasaSpaceFlight.com.
A number of those discussing the plan on the technical forum claim to be Nasa engineers who are involved in the project.
The concept of an EmDrive engine is relatively simple. It provides thrust to a spacecraft by bouncing microwaves around in a closed container.
Solar energy provides the electricity to power the microwaves, which means that no propellant is needed.
The implications for this could be huge. For instance, current satellites could be half the size they are today without the need to carry fuel.
Humans could also travel further into space, generating their own propulsion on the way.
When London-based Roger Sawyer came up with concept in 2000, the only team that took him seriously was a group of Chinese scientists.
In 2009, the team allegedly produced 720 millinewton (or 72g) of thrust, enough to build a satellite thruster. But still, nobody believed they had achieved this.
Last year, Pennsylvania-based scientist Guido Fetta and his team at Nasa Eagleworks published a paper that demonstrates that a similar engine works on the same principles.
Their model, dubbed Cannae Drive, produces much less thrust at 30 to 50 micronewtons - less than a thousandth of the output of some relatively low-powered ion thrusters used today.
On the NasaSpaceFlight.com, those allegedly involved in the project claim that the reason previous EmDrive models were criticised were that none of the tests had been carried out in a vacuum.
Solar energy provides the electricity to power the microwaves, which means that no propellant is needed.The implications for this could be huge. For instance, current satellites could be half the size they are today without the need to carry fuel
Physics says particles in the quantum vacuum cannot be ionised, so therefore you cannot push against it. But Nasa's latest test is claimed to have shown otherwise.
'Nasa has successfully tested their EmDrive in a hard vacuum – the first time any organisation has reported such a successful test,' the researchers wrote.
'To this end, Nasa Eagleworks has now nullified the prevailing hypothesis that thrust measurements were due to thermal convection.'
However, Nasa's official site says that: 'There are many 'absurd' theories that have become reality over the years of scientific research.
'But for the near future, warp drive remains a dream,' in a post updated last month.
The Nasa test has yet to be peer-reviewed and the space agency did not immediately respond to DailyMail.com for comment.
NASA engineer's 'helical engine' may violate the laws of physics
NASA engineer's 'helical engine' may violate the laws of physics
Rocket engines that don’t need propellant have been proposed before: this is an illustration of the EM-driveIllustration by luismmolina/iStock / Getty Images Plus
For every action, there is a reaction: that is the principle on which all space rockets operate, blasting propellant in one direction to travel in the other. But one NASA engineer believes he could take us to the stars without any propellant at all.
Designed by David Burns at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama, the “helical engine” exploits mass-altering effects known to occur at near-light speed. Burns has posted a paper describing the concept to NASA’s technical reports server.
It has been met with scepticism from some quarters, but Burns believes his concept is worth pursuing. “I’m comfortable with throwing it out there,” he says. “If someone says it doesn’t work, I’ll be the first to say, it was worth a shot.”
To get to grips with the principle of Burns’s engine, picture a box on a frictionless surface. Inside that box is a rod, along which a ring can slide. If a spring inside the box gives the ring a push, the ring will slide along the rod one way while the box will recoil in the other. When the ring reaches the end of the box, it will bounce backwards, and the box’s recoil direction will switch too. This is action-reaction – also known as Newton’s third law of motion – and in normal circumstances, it restricts the box to wiggling back and forth (see video below).
Helical engine with relativistic masses
This mass changing isn’t prohibited by physics. Einstein’s theory of special relativity says that objects gain mass as they are driven towards the speed of light, an effect that must be accounted for in particle accelerators. In fact, a simplistic implementation of Burns’s concept would be to replace the ring with a circular particle accelerator, in which ions are swiftly accelerated to relativistic speed during one stroke, and decelerated during the other.
But Burns thinks it would make more sense to ditch the box and rod and employ the particle accelerator for the lateral as well as the circular movement – in which case, the accelerator would need to be shaped like a helix.
Frictionless space
It would also need to be big – some 200 metres long and 12 metres in diameter – and powerful, requiring 165 megawatts of power to generate just 1 newton of thrust, which is about the same force you use to type on a keyboard. For that reason, the engine would only be able to reach meaningful speeds in the frictionless environment of space. “The engine itself would be able to get to 99 per cent the speed of light if you had enough time and power,” says Burns.
Propellant-less proposals aren’t new. In the late 1970s, Robert Cook, a US inventor, patented an engine that supposedly converted centrifugal force into linear motion. Then, in the early 2000s, British inventor Roger Shawyer proposed the EM drive, which he claimed could convert trapped microwaves into thrust. Neither concept has been successfully demonstrated and both are widely assumed to be impossible, due to violation of the conservation of momentum, a core physical law.
Martin Tajmar at the Dresden University of Technology in Germany, who has performed tests on the EM Drive, believes the helical engine will probably suffer the same problem. “All inertial propulsion systems – to my knowledge – never worked in a friction-free environment,” he says. This machine makes use of special relativity, unlike the others, which complicates the picture, he says, but “unfortunately there is always action-reaction”.
Burns has worked on his design in private, without any sponsorship from NASA, and he admits his concept is massively inefficient. However, he says there is potential to harvest much of the energy that the accelerator loses in heat and radiation. He also suggests ways that momentum could be conserved, such as in the spin of the accelerated ions.
“I know that it risks being right up there with the EM drive and cold fusion,” he says. “But you have to be prepared to be embarrassed. It is very difficult to invent something that is new under the sun and actually works.”
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