The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld Ontdek de Fascinerende Wereld van UFO's en UAP's: Jouw Bron voor Onthullende Informatie!
Ben jij ook gefascineerd door het onbekende? Wil je meer weten over UFO's en UAP's, niet alleen in België, maar over de hele wereld? Dan ben je op de juiste plek!
België: Het Kloppend Hart van UFO-onderzoek
In België is BUFON (Belgisch UFO-Netwerk) dé autoriteit op het gebied van UFO-onderzoek. Voor betrouwbare en objectieve informatie over deze intrigerende fenomenen, bezoek je zeker onze Facebook-pagina en deze blog. Maar dat is nog niet alles! Ontdek ook het Belgisch UFO-meldpunt en Caelestia, twee organisaties die diepgaand onderzoek verrichten, al zijn ze soms kritisch of sceptisch.
Nederland: Een Schat aan Informatie
Voor onze Nederlandse buren is er de schitterende website www.ufowijzer.nl, beheerd door Paul Harmans. Deze site biedt een schat aan informatie en artikelen die je niet wilt missen!
Internationaal: MUFON - De Wereldwijde Autoriteit
Neem ook een kijkje bij MUFON (Mutual UFO Network Inc.), een gerenommeerde Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in de VS en wereldwijd. MUFON is toegewijd aan de wetenschappelijke en analytische studie van het UFO-fenomeen, en hun maandelijkse tijdschrift, The MUFON UFO-Journal, is een must-read voor elke UFO-enthousiasteling. Bezoek hun website op www.mufon.com voor meer informatie.
Samenwerking en Toekomstvisie
Sinds 1 februari 2020 is Pieter niet alleen ex-president van BUFON, maar ook de voormalige nationale directeur van MUFON in Vlaanderen en Nederland. Dit creëert een sterke samenwerking met de Franse MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP, wat ons in staat stelt om nog meer waardevolle inzichten te delen.
Let op: Nepprofielen en Nieuwe Groeperingen
Pas op voor een nieuwe groepering die zich ook BUFON noemt, maar geen enkele connectie heeft met onze gevestigde organisatie. Hoewel zij de naam geregistreerd hebben, kunnen ze het rijke verleden en de expertise van onze groep niet evenaren. We wensen hen veel succes, maar we blijven de autoriteit in UFO-onderzoek!
Blijf Op De Hoogte!
Wil jij de laatste nieuwtjes over UFO's, ruimtevaart, archeologie, en meer? Volg ons dan en duik samen met ons in de fascinerende wereld van het onbekende! Sluit je aan bij de gemeenschap van nieuwsgierige geesten die net als jij verlangen naar antwoorden en avonturen in de sterren!
Heb je vragen of wil je meer weten? Aarzel dan niet om contact met ons op te nemen! Samen ontrafelen we het mysterie van de lucht en daarbuiten.
27-11-2019
NASA's Orion Capsule Takes a Ride on the 'Super Guppy' (Photos, Video)
NASA's Orion Capsule Takes a Ride on the 'Super Guppy' (Photos,Video)
NASA's Super Guppy transport plane, with the Orion crew capsule inside, on the ground at Mansfield Lahm Airport in Ohio on Nov. 24, 2019. Orion will undergo a series of tests at NASA’s Plum Brook Station.
NASA's Orion spacecraft just took a ride on one of the weirdest airplanes in the world.
Orion, which will help astronauts get to and from the moon and Mars, flew from Florida's Kennedy Space Center (KSC) to Ohio over the weekend aboard the Super Guppy, NASA's specialized oversized-transport plane.
The Super Guppy touched down at Mansfield Lahm Airport on Sunday (Nov. 24). Orion was removed from the plane and loaded onto a flatbed truck on Monday morning (Nov. 25), NASA officials said. The capsule is headed for NASA's Plum Brook Station, where it will undergo extensive testing inside the world's largest vacuum chamber.
The testing campaign will begin with a "thermal test," during which Orion's various systems will be powered on in a space-like environment.
"During this phase, the spacecraft will be subjected to extreme temperatures, ranging from minus 250 to 300 degrees Fahrenheit [minus 160 to 150 degrees Celsius], to replicate flying in and out of sunlight and shadow in space," NASA officials wrote in a statement. "The second phase is an electromagnetic interference and compatibility test, lasting about 14 days. This testing will ensure the spacecraft’s electronics work properly when operated at the same time."
After these tests are done, Orion will be ferried back to KSC, where technicians will begin integrating it with NASA's huge Space Launch System (SLS) rocket ahead of the Artemis 1 mission.
Artemis 1, which is targeted for November 2020, will send Orion on a three-week, uncrewed flight around the moon. That mission will be the first for the SLS and the second for Orion, which took a brief uncrewed jaunt to Earth orbit in December 2014. (That flight lifted off atop a United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy rocket.)
Artemis 1 will be a key milestone in NASA's Artemis program, which aims to put two astronauts down near the lunar south pole by 2024 and establish a long-term, sustainable human presence on and around the moon by 2028.
Accomplishing such goals will help NASA and its partners learn the skills needed to put boots on Mars, agency officials have said.
NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine posted this photo on Twitter on Nov. 25, 2019, along with the following words: "Ohio welcomes NASA's Super Guppy carrying our newest Moon capsule! @NASA_Orion will be tested @NASAglenn's Plum Brook Station. The Orion spacecraft will launch on the #Artemis 1 mission and will travel 280,000 miles from Earth, thousands of miles beyond the Moon!" (Image credit: NASA/Jim Bridenstine via Twitter)-
NASA's Super Guppy transport plane waits to ferry the Orion capsule from Florida to Plum Brook Station in Ohio for testing. (Image credit: Kim Shiflett/NASA)
NASA's Orion capsule, wrapped up for transport, is guided toward the Super Guppy. (Image credit: NASA/Jim Bridenstine via Twitter)
Super Guppy opens wide for Orion. (Image credit: Kim Shiflett/NASA)
Super Guppy was designed to handle oversized loads such as Orion. (Image credit: Kim Shiflett/NASA)
The transport plane has been flying NASA cargo for more than five decades. (Image credit: NASA/Jim Bridenstine via Twitter)
This Orion capsule will fly Artemis 1, an uncrewed mission around the moon that's scheduled to launch in late 2020. (Image credit: Kim Shiflett/NASA)
The Super Guppy's cargo area is 111 feet long by 25 feet wide (34 by 7.6 meters). (Image credit: Kim Shiflett/NASA)
Orion slides right in. (Image credit: Kim Shiflett/NASA)
Another view. (Image credit: Kim Shiflett/NASA)
Room to spare! (Image credit: NASA/Jim Bridenstine via Twitter)
At Plum Brook Station, Orion will undergo extensive testing inside the world's largest vacuum chamber, showing how the capsule performs in a space-like environment. (Image credit: Kim Shiflett/NASA)
The Super Guppy has been hauling oversized NASA cargo for more than five decades. The plane's strange, bulbous shape makes perfect sense, given this role.
"Although there are other aircraft capable of carrying more weight than the Super Guppy, very few come close to its internal dimensions. Boasting an immense cargo area that is 25 feet in diameter and 111 feet long [7.6 by 34 meters], the Super Guppy can carry items that are virtually impossible to fit inside other cargo aircraft," NASA officials wrote in a description of the aircraft.
"The Super Guppy has a unique hinged nose that opens 110 degrees, permitting full frontal cargo loading," they added. "A control lock and disconnect system at the fuselage break allows the nose to be opened and closed without disrupting the flight or engine control rigging."
Mike Wall's book about the search for alien life, "Out There" (Grand Central Publishing, 2018; illustrated byKarl Tate), is out now. Follow him on Twitter @michaeldwall.
Despite the apparent shrinkage of clouds in Jupiter's Great Red Spot, the storm itself is still going strong, new research suggests.
Jupiter's Great Red Spot represents the most powerful storm in the solar system. While earlier studies have suggested that the storm has been shrinking since at least the 1800s, researchers from the University of California, Berkeley, argued today (Nov. 25) at a conference of the American Physical Society's Division of Fluid Dynamics that there is no evidence that the vortex that powers the cloud formation is changing.
"I don't think its fortunes were ever bad," Philip Marcus, a professor of fluid dynamics at the University of California, Berkeley, said in a statement released by the society. "It's more like Mark Twain's comment: The reports about [the storm's] death have been greatly exaggerated."
The Great Red Spot has been photographed by both professional and amateur astronomers. Photos captured in May and June 2019 revealed large red "flakes" spinning off from the storm, which fueled assumptions that the system is getting smaller.
However, observers don't see the storm directly, only the visible clouds above it, Marcus said. He and his colleagues suggest that the "flaking" observed around the storm is a natural consequence of storms interacting, rather than an indication that the Great Red Spot storm is itself weakening.
As a smaller storm spinning the opposite direction approaches the Great Red Spot, a point of stagnation form. Then, when a smaller storm spinning the same direction as the monster storm approaches, its clouds are shattered and flake away in a reddish extension like that observed on the east side of the storm this spring, said Marcus, whose research focuses on the fluid dynamics of vortices, waves, turbulence and hydrodynamic stability.
"These are very normal healthy activities for the Red Spot and its colleagues," Marcus said during a news conference held at the society's meeting.
In addition, Marcus said, he expects that the heating and cooling patterns around the vortex will continue to fuel the Great Red Spot.
"I think that unless something somewhat cataclysmic happens on Jupiter, it will last for the indefinite future, until the jet streams change, so I would say likely centuries," Marcus said in the news conference. "Of course, I probably just gave it the kiss of death and it'll probably fall apart next week but that's the way science works."
19 more galaxies mysteriously missing dark matter have been found
19 more galaxies mysteriously missing dark matter have been found
The newly found outliers defy ideas of how these star systems evolve
Most dwarf galaxies, like NGC 5477 seen in this image from the Hubble Space Telescope, have far more dark matter than normal everyday matter. But researchers recently found 19 dwarf galaxies that seem to be missing huge stores of dark matter.
A smattering of small galaxies appear to be missing a whole lot of dark matter.
Most of a typical galaxy is invisible. This elusive mass, known as dark matter, seems to be an indispensable ingredient for creating a galaxy — it’s the scaffolding that attracts normal matter — yet reveals itself only as an extra gravitational tug on gas and stars.
But now, researchers have found 19 dwarf galaxies — all much smaller than the Milky Way — that defy this common wisdom. These newly identified outliers have much less dark matter than expected. The finding, published November 25 in Nature Astronomy, more than quintuples the known population of dark-matter renegades, adding fuel to an already simmering mystery.
“We are not sure why and how these galaxies form,” says Qi Guo, an astrophysicist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing. Typical dwarf galaxies concentrate dark matter far more than their larger cousins, she notes. Their smaller size leads to weaker gravity, which has trouble holding on to tenuous clouds of gas. That usually shifts the balance of mass in dwarf galaxies away from normal matter and toward dark matter.
“This new class of galaxy is straining our ability to explain all galaxies in one cohesive framework,” says Kyle Oman, an astrophysicist at Durham University in England who was not involved in this research.
In 2016, Oman and his colleagues identified two galaxies that appeared to be missing dark matter. In short order, two more oddballs turned up (SN: 3/28/18).
Guo and her colleagues wondered if these galaxies had more company. So using existing data from the Arecibo radio telescope in Puerto Rico, the team weighed dwarf galaxies by looking at how fast hydrogen whipped around each one. Higher speed means more total mass. The researchers then combined the mass of the hydrogen and of all the stars, inferred from starlight, to estimate how much of each galaxy’s mass is made up of normal matter.
For every galaxy, total mass added up to more than the mass of the gas and stars — not surprising, as that extra mass is the dark matter. But in about 6 percent of cases, there wasn’t as much extra mass as expected.
One oddball, designated AGC 213086, weighs in at around 14 billion suns. If it were typical, about 2 percent of its mass — nearly 280 million solar masses — would be gas and stars. Instead, its actual inventory of normal matter is about 3.8 billion solar masses, or about 27 percent of its total mass.
Of 324 dwarf galaxies analyzed, 19 appear to be missing similarly large stores of dark matter. Those 19 are all within about 500 million light-years of Earth, and five are in or near other groups of galaxies. In those cases, the researchers note, perhaps their galactic neighbors have somehow siphoned off their dark matter. But the remaining 14 are far from other galaxies. Either these oddballs were born different, or some internal machinations such as exploding stars have upset their balance of dark matter and everyday matter, or baryons.
It may not be a case of missing dark matter, says James Bullock, an astrophysicist at the University of California, Irvine. Instead, maybe these dwarf galaxies have clung to their normal matter — or even stolen some — and so “have too many baryons.” Either way, he says, “this is telling us something about the diversity of galaxy formation…. Exactly what that’s telling us, that’s the trick.”
NASA just showed us what a future moon lander might look like – CNET
NASA just showed us what a future moon lander might look like – CNET
This illustration shows what the midsize lander concept would look like on the moon.
NASA
NASA just gave us a peek at what a possible future moon lander might look like. The concept design the agency shared on Monday is essentially a space-faring delivery truck, meant to carry gear like rovers to the moon’s polar regions.
NASA doesn’t just want to send humans to the moon with its planned 2024 Artemis mission. The space agency wants to “establish a sustainable human presence on the Moon by 2028 to uncover new scientific discoveries, demonstrate new technological advancements, and lay the foundation for private companies to build a lunar economy.”
NASA unveils new next-generation spacesuits
The concept art highlights the lander’s utilitarian look. There’s a certainTesla Cybertruck-flairto the angular design topped with large solar panels.
NASA is working with commercial partners to eventually deliver science and technology payloads to the moon. The space agency hopes the lander reference design will give them some food for thought as they develop their own equipment.
While this concept is dedicated to a rover payload, designers could use some of the same ideas for future human landers or other types of lunar equipment deliveries.
Engineers, scientists and space fans will enjoy browsing through NASA’s technical paper (PDF) for all the details on the lander’s potential components. It’s a fascinating inside look at how a lunar-lander sausage is made.
Vrees van astronomen komt uit: vloot Starlink-satellieten van Elon Musk verstoort zicht op sterren en planeten - HLN.be
Vrees van astronomen komt uit: vloot Starlink-satellieten van Elon Musk verstoort zicht op sterren en planeten - HLN.be
(En er komen nog duizenden exemplaren bij)
EPAEen streep Starlink-satellieten zichtbaar in de lucht nabij Salgotarjan, Hongarije (beeld van gisteren). De satellieten vliegen straks met honderden tot duizenden in gecoördineerde groepjes rond de aarde.
WETENSCHAP & PLANEET Het plan van SpaceX-baas Elon Musk om duizenden satellieten rond de aarde te brengen voor supersnel internet overal ter wereld werkt nu al op de heupen van astronomen. De satellieten verstoren namelijk sterrenkundige waarnemingen.
Eerder deze maand lanceerde het Amerikaanse ruimtebedrijf SpaceX een tweede cluster van mini-satellieten voor zijn toekomstige constellatie ‘Starlink’, dat wereldwijd - dus ook op afgelegen locaties waar internet nu afwezig, onbetrouwbaar of duur is - supersnel internet moet opleveren.
Per zestig worden ze gelanceerd en dan komen ze op zo’n 550 kilometer hoogte in onze atmosfeer terecht. Dat is hoger dan het ISS, maar lager dan de meeste andere satellieten. 120 exemplaren zweven op dit moment in de lucht, gespreid over verschillende ruimtebanen. Een peulschil, want SpaceX heeft al toelating gekregen om 12.000 kunstmanen de lucht in te schieten. Het heeft bovendien frequenties aangevraagd voor nog eens 30.000 satellieten.
Al van in het begin gaat het grootse breedbandinternet-project van Elon Musk gepaard met controverse. Zo wordt gevreesd voor overbevolking van satellieten in lage banen, met risico op botsingen. “Elon Musk vult de lucht met ruimteafval”, klinkt onder meer de kritiek. Astronomen vrezen ook een verstoring van sterrenkundige waarnemingen, doordat de satellieten heldere strepen door hun beelden trekken en sterren en andere hemellichamen versluieren.
“Ik ben in shock”
Wat blijkt? De satellieten kunnen inderdaad observaties hinderen. Daarover klaagt onder meer een astronome van het Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO), in het noorden van Chili.
“Wow!! Ik ben in shock!!”, tweette wetenschapster Clarae Martínez-Vázquez. “De grote hoeveelheid Starlink-satellieten passeerde ons luchtruim vanavond”, zei ze. “Onze DECam-zichtbaarheid (Dark Energy Camera, red.) werd zwaar getroffen door 19 van hen. Het treintje Starlink-satellieten duurde langer dan vijf minuten.” De astronome voegde eraan toe dat ze dat “nogal deprimerend” vindt.
Clarae Martínez-Vázquez@89Marvaz
·
Wow!! I am in shock!! The huge amount of Starlink satellites crossed our skies tonight at @cerrotololo. Our DECam exposure was heavily affected by 19 of them! The train of Starlink satellites lasted for over 5 minutes!! Rather depressing… This is not cool!
Toen in mei de eerste zestig satellieten werden gelanceerd, kwam er al meteen kritiek toen de formatie heel helder en duidelijk werden gespot aan de nachtelijke hemel. Ook bij ons was een streep van tientallen lichtjes zichtbaar die op sterren leken. Een Nederlandse UFO-website werd overspoeld met meldingen van mensen die zich verbaasden over het mysterieuze lichtspoor.
Een maand later publiceerde de International Astronomical Union een officieel statement waarin werd geklaagd over de reflecterende satellieten. Er werd geargumenteerd dat de kunstmanen astronomisch onderzoek kunnen bemoeilijken en zelfs in gevaar kunnen brengen, onder meer gelet op de gevoelige capaciteiten van grote astronomische telescopen op de grond.
De Europese ruimtevaartorganisatie ESA moest in september dan weer een koerscorrectie uitvoeren met aardobservatiesatelliet Aeolus, om een botsing met een Starlink-satelliet te voorkomen. Door de toenemende drukte in de ruimte worden koerscorrecties steeds normaler, vreest de ESA.
EPA
Volgens astronomen verpesten dit soort satellieten het zicht op de kosmos en brengen ze toekomstige astronomische waarnemingen in gevaar.
Twitter @esaspaceflightDe Italiaanse astronaut Luca Parmitano heeft met succes vanuit het ISS een rover over een hindernissenparcours in Nederland gestuurd.
WETENSCHAP & PLANEET De Italiaanse astronaut Luca Parmitano heeft met succes vanuit het Internationaal Ruimtestation (ISS) een zogeheten rover over een hindernissenparcours op Aarde gestuurd. Het robotwagentje reed door een hangar op het voormalige vliegveld Valkenburg, bij het Nederlandse Katwijk.
Via een scherm kon de astronaut van het Europese Ruimtevaartbureau ESA zien waar hij het voertuig naartoe stuurde. Volgens ESA had de test nauwelijks beter kunnen verlopen. Voor de proef was een uur uitgetrokken, maar Parmitano trotseerde de baan in minder dan een halfuur.
Het ruimtevaartbureau is zeer enthousiast over de samenwerking tussen mens en robot. “Een rover op Mars zou weken over het werk hebben gedaan dat Luca en de Analog-1-rover in een halfuur verrichten”, zei projectmanager Kjetil Wormnes. En dat is zeer van belang voor ESA, want ESA stuurt volgende zomer met Rusland een robotjeep en een stabiel platform naar Mars. Hoofdvraag van die missie is of op de Rode Planeet ooit leven heeft bestaan.
Human Spaceflight✔@esaspaceflight
·
Scientific rover-operating #Analog1 mission a success!
On the International @Space_Station, @astro_luca was enjoying driving the #Analog1 rover in the Netherlands so much he wanted to continue, but the experiment includes a questionnaire to fill in for @ISS_Research...
This #Analog1 experiment proves the technology behind a lunar rover such as for @esa's proposed Heracles mission. Ministers will convene at #Space19plus to decide on the Agency's future course.
De technieken die ESA vandaag heeft uitgeprobeerd, kunnen bij toekomstige missies goed van pas komen. Astronauten kunnen op deze manier veilig en comfortabel vanuit een ruimteschip of -basis een robot aansturen die op onderzoek uitgaat. Ze hoeven dan niet zichzelf in een ruimtepak te hijsen. Alleen al het aantrekken van zo’n pak en de deur “uitgaan” door een luchtsluis duurt uren.
This is the view @astro_luca sees in space as he moves the #Analog1 rover through a simulated lunar terrain in the Netherlands to search for scientifically interesting rocks.
Human Spaceflight✔@esaspaceflight
And this is what we see on Earth! Spooky to see the #Analog1 robot move, knowing the operator is thousands of kilometres away orbiting our planet.
EPAGemummificerde leeuwenwelpjes worden tentoongesteld in Saqqara.
WETENSCHAP In Saqqara, een begraafplaats uit het Oude Egypte in de buurt van hoofdstad Caïro, hebben archeologen gemummificeerde dieren aangetroffen. Het gaat onder meer om ibissen (heilige vogels bij de Oude Egyptenaren; nvdr) en vijf katachtigen. Volgens de eerste studies gaat het om leeuwenwelpjes van acht maanden. Minister van Antiquiteiten Khaled al-Anani deed de aankondiging vandaag tijdens een persconferentie.
Er werden ook 75 houten en bronzen standbeelden van katten gevonden, in verschillende vormen en maten. In houten dozen zaten gemummificeerde katten. Er waren ook standbeelden van andere dieren, zoals mangoesten en kleine krokodillen.
EPAEen gemummificeerde leeuw.
“Als de resultaten bevestigd worden, is het de eerste keer dat in Egypte intacte gemummificeerde leeuwenwelpjes ontdekt zijn”, aldus Mostafa Waziri als topman van de Hoge Raad van Antiquiteiten. Tot nu zijn enkel skeletten van leeuwen gevonden. De leeuwenmummies zouden in de zevende eeuw voor Christus begraven zijn.
EPAEen gemummificeerde kat.
In de bekende necropolis van Saqqara zijn honderdduizenden dieren geofferd en achtergelaten in graven.Egypte kondigde recent een reeks ontdekkingen aan die de toeristische sector in het land er weer bovenop zouden moeten helpen.
REUTERS
Standbeelden van katten.
EPA
Gemummificeerde katachtigen worden tentoongesteld in Saqqara.
AFP
Een van de recent ontdekte graftombes waar archeologen aan het werk zijn.
WETENSCHAP Rotsen van de rode planeet naar de aarde brengen om zo sporen van microben te vinden. Dat is het doel van de nieuwe ambitieuze marsmissie van het Europese en het Amerikaanse ruimtevaartagentschap (ESA en NASA). Hand in hand met dat ambitieuze doel gaat een spectaculair, eerder complex, plan dat werd voorgesteld.
Het plan werd ‘Mars Sample Return’ gedoopt en moet zo’n 500 gram gesteente dat afkomstig is van mars, naar onze aarde brengen. “En laten we duidelijk zijn, elke stap van de missie belooft behoorlijk uitdagend te worden”, zo stak Jan Wörner, directeur van de Europese ruimtevaartorganisatie, van wal tijdens de voorstelling.
Om het gesteente te verzamelen zullen in de eerste plaats twee marsrovers of robots worden ingezet. De eerste rover verzamelt de staaltjes in metalen buisjes, terwijl de tweede robot die buisjes in een container zo groot als een voetbal, moet opslaan. Vervolgens zal het materiaal in een baan rond mars gekatapulteerd worden door een raket om daar onderschept te worden door een onbemand ruimteschip. Tot slot zullen de staaltjes van mars per parachute in de woestijn in Utah gedropt worden.
Waarom de twee ruimtevaartagentschappen uitpakken met zo’n complex plan? Wetenschappers popelen om materiaal afkomstig van mars te bestuderen gezien de omstandigheden op de rode planeet miljarden jaren geleden vergelijkbaar waren met die op aarde. De planeet had destijds een dikke atmosfeer en er was stromend water te vinden op het oppervlak.
Vandaag is het grootste deel van die atmosfeer echter verdwenen en wetenschappers stellen zich de vraag of er vroeger sprake was van geëvolueerd leven.
Inadequate methodes
“We hebben op dit moment slechts twee manieren om het gesteente van mars te bestuderen”, aldus astrobioloog Susanne Schwenzer. “We kunnen sondes naar mars sturen en daar rotsmonsters analyseren of we kunnen stukjes bestuderen die als meteorieten op de aarde arriveren.”
Maar die methodes hebben enkele nadelen. De sondes worden belemmerd door hun (gelimiteerde) opslagplaats, batterijduur en ondervinden vaak problemen bij het landen op de rode planeet. En het bestuderen van meteorieten - stukjes rots die de ruimte werden ingeblazen nadat grotere meteorieten mars troffen - levert nog meer problemen op. “Vaak wordt het gesteente besmet na de aankomst op aarde. Bovendien weten we niet vanwaar op mars de meteorieten afkomstig zijn.”
Vandaar de luide roep van wetenschappers om het gesteente zelf te verzamelen en naar aarde te brengen.
Het is zeer onwaarschijnlijk dat we levende organismen naar de aarde zullen brengen
Sanjay Vijendran, lid van de ‘Mars Sample Return’
En wat met dat leven?
De halve kilogram aan gesteente van mars zal onderzocht worden door wetenschappers wereldwijd. Hun zoektocht naar leven zal zich daarbij vooral focussen op de aanwezigheid van fossiele microben. Al bestaat er een kleine kans dat er nog steeds leven is op mars. “Het is zeer onwaarschijnlijk dat we levende organismen naar de aarde zullen brengen. Zelfs als we dat doen, is het erg onwaarschijnlijk dat ze schadelijk zullen zijn”, verklaart Sanjay Vijendran, lid van de ‘Mars Sample Return’. “We kunnen dat echter niet als vanzelfsprekend beschouwen en alle maatregelen die ervoor zorgen dat de staaltjes geen bedreiging voor de planeet vormen, zullen genomen worden.”
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6800 jaar oude steencirkel die drie keer zo groot is als de sarsen-cirkel van Stonehenge ontdekt. Archeologen doen ‘sensationele vondst’
6800 jaar oude steencirkel die drie keer zo groot is als de sarsen-cirkel van Stonehenge ontdekt. Archeologen doen ‘sensationele vondst’
Archeologen hebben in Polen een 6800 jaar oude steencirkel ontdekt. Het bouwwerk heeft een doorsnee van ruim 100 meter, en is daarmee drie keer zo groot als de binnenste sarsen-cirkel van Stonehenge.
Er wordt al sinds 2017 onderzoek gedaan naar de steencirkel.
Een Poolse overheidswebsite meldt dat onderzoekers het bouwwerk hebben gedateerd op 4800 voor Christus.
Steeds groter en dieper
De cirkel bevindt zich bij het dorp Nowe Objezierze, op zo’n 80 kilometer ten oosten van Berlijn.
Het bouwwerk bestaat uit een centraal gebied omgeven door drie poorten die naar het binnenste gedeelte leiden.
Eromheen bevinden zich vier greppels, die naar buiten toe steeds groter en dieper worden.
Vrij sensationeel
Soortgelijke steencirkels zijn eerder gevonden in gebieden rond de Donau. Gedacht wordt dat ze voor astronomische doeleinden of rituelen werden gebruikt.
“Dit is vrij sensationeel, aangezien het [bouwwerk] ongeveer net zo oud is als steencirkels die langs de Donau zijn ontdekt,” zei projectleider Lech Czerniak van de Universiteit van Gdansk.
Honderden botten
Zijn team probeert vooral te achterhalen waarom men de cirkel heeft gebouwd, waar men de benodigde kennis vandaan haalde en hoe vaak en hoelang het bouwwerk werd gebruikt.
Rond de steencirkel werden verder honderden botten, stukken aardewerk en andere voorwerpen gevonden.
A huge ancient ritual site dating back over 6,800 years has been discovered in Poland. It is believed to have been used by neolithic people for between 200 and 250 years, with new features added every few dozen years, archaeologists have said.
The circular structure is 360 feet in diameter, which is over three times the size of the inner Sarsen Circle at Stonehenge and roughly the same size as the monument's outer ditch.
The structure, which has been called a "roundel" because of its circular shape, was first spotted in 2017. Since then archaeologists have been working at the site to understand its significance. In an article on PAP, a website run by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education Website, researchers have announced radiocarbon dating indicates the site was built before 4,800 B.C.
The roundel is located in the village of Nowe Objezierze, about 50 miles east of Berlin, Germany. It consists of a central area surrounded by three gates that lead to the interior. It then has four ditches circling it. Each ditch is larger and deeper than the last, and it appears they were dug at relatively regular intervals, with a new one being added every few dozen years. The ditches were about 4 to 6.5 feet deep.
Other similar circular enclosures dating to between 4,850 B.C. and 4,600 B.C. are found in a fairly limited area of Europe, including around the River Danube. These are generally thought to have had a ritual purpose and served as some sort of astronomical calendar.
Discussing the new roundel in Poland, project leader Lech Czerniak, from the University of Gdańsk, told PAP: "This is quite sensational, given the fact that it coincides with the dating of structures located on the Danube, considered the oldest. It seems equally important that the four ditches surrounding the central area of the structure probably did not function simultaneously, but every few dozen years, a new ditch with an ever larger diameter was dug.
"The primary focus of the project are questions about the social aspects of the functioning operation of roundels, including what prompted the inhabitants of a given region to make a huge effort in building and maintaining the roundel, where the idea and knowledge necessary to build this object came from, and how often and for how long the object was used."
As well as dating the roundel, archaeologists also excavated the area and found hundreds of bones, ceramics, stone and flint artifacts and shells and dye. The bones are now being analyzed by experts and the team hopes to find out more about the communities that used the structure for worship. It is thought that like the other circular enclosures, the Roundel was used as a “ritual calendar.”
“It is worth realizing that many so-called pre-literate communities celebrated the most important holidays once in a few, or even a dozen or so years, but very intensely,” Czerniak said.
Stock image of Stonehenge. The newly discovered roundel in Poland is thought to have served a similar function to this famous neolithic ritual site.ISTOCK
A huge ancient ritual site dating back over 6,800 years has been discovered in Poland. It is believed to have been used by neolithic people for between 200 and 250 years, with new features added every few dozen years, archaeologists have said.
The circular structure is 360 feet in diameter, which is over three times the size of the inner Sarsen Circle at Stonehenge and roughly the same size as the monument's outer ditch.
The structure, which has been called a "roundel" because of its circular shape, was first spotted in 2017. Since then archaeologists have been working at the site to understand its significance. In an article on PAP, a website run by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education Website, researchers have announced radiocarbon dating indicates the site was built before 4,800 B.C.
The roundel is located in the village of Nowe Objezierze, about 50 miles east of Berlin, Germany.It consists of a central area surrounded by three gates that lead to the interior. It then has four ditches circling it. Each ditch is larger and deeper than the last, and it appears they were dug at relatively regular intervals, with a new one being added every few dozen years. The ditches were about 4 to 6.5 feet deep.
Other similar circular enclosures dating to between 4,850 B.C. and 4,600 B.C. are found in a fairly limited area of Europe, including around the River Danube.These are generally thought to have had a ritual purpose and served as some sort of astronomical calendar.
Discussing the new roundel in Poland, project leader Lech Czerniak, from the University of Gdańsk, told PAP: "This is quite sensational, given the fact thatit coincides with the dating of structures located on the Danube, considered the oldest. It seems equally important that the four ditches surrounding the central area of the structure probably did not function simultaneously, but every few dozen years, a new ditch with an ever larger diameter was dug.
"The primary focus of the project are questions about the social aspects of the functioning operation of roundels, including what prompted the inhabitants of a given region to make a huge effort in building and maintaining the roundel, where the idea and knowledge necessary to build this object came from, and how often and for how long the object was used."
As well as dating the roundel, archaeologists also excavated the area andfound hundreds of bones, ceramics, stone and flint artifacts and shells and dye. The bones are now being analyzed by experts and the team hopes to find out more about the communities that used the structure for worship. It is thought that like the other circular enclosures, the Roundel was used as a "ritual calendar."
"It is worth realizing that many so-called pre-literate communities celebrated the most important holidays once in a few, or even a dozen or so years, but very intensely," Czerniak said.
While the great unwashed Facebook hordes were storming Area 51 in Nevada, something equally strange transpired over Minnesota in an area known locally as “Spot 51”. Friday, September 20th, Todd Mitchell, owner of Country Campground in Detroit Lakes, MN, ran his 24-hour security video camera just like any other evening. But this night he wondered if it might document something more exciting than camper arrivals, perhaps some dramatic lightning strikes from an incoming thunderstorm. What he didn’t know was he had recorded something even more extraordinary.
Later when Mitchell reviewed his footage, he forgot all about the lightning when he noticed what appeared to be a fuzzy, black object flitting erratically among the storm clouds, trailing what could be easily mistaken for dark fumes behind it. To the viewer’s eye, it sure looks like a skybound smoke monster, repeatedly performing feats of aerial acrobatics before it vanishes into thin air. Or perhaps it’s an alien spaceship suffering the effects of a faulty exhaust system. Or maybe someone just let the air out of one prime specimen of Charles Fort’s normally invisible sky jellyfish. Any of those options qualify the strange object as Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP).
Mitchell provided the footage to his TV news station, noting that on a local map, the Detroit Lakes Chamber of Commerce identifies Country Campground as “Spot 51”. The video combined with that revelation resulted in yucks and ample banter at the end of WDAY’s Sept. 25th evening news broadcast. But at least they didn’t play the X-Files theme music.
Looks like I spoke too soon! They saved the X-Files theme music for the second report. To their credit, the TV crew visited the scene, interviewed Mitchell, and even delved into the county’s UFO-related history.
Some may propose that the object Mitchell captured is merely a bug on the lens or some other equally pedestrian explanation. I contacted witness Todd Mitchell and he provided a link to three video clips, which he has uploaded to YouTube for your examination.
Mitchell acknowledges that some of the office to the back of the camera is reflected by the double pane window he shoots the video through. He identifies the small lights to the left and the center of the screen as the reflection of his “Dish Network rack system”. To the far right side, there is additional room reflection.
In Part 1, the video seemed perfectly normal until Mitchell drew my attention, about 10 seconds in, to a tiny, barely perceivable black dot off to the right of the screen, in the part of the sky just above a small tree. The dot moves slowly upward in a more-or-less straight line. Of all three of the objects appearing in these video clips, this one most clearly seems to demonstrate the crawling movement of a bug. It traverses the screen smoothly, seemingly unaffected by wind shear or changes in sky composition, as if creeping across a perfectly flat surface.
In Part 2, we see much more erratic moment, that is also consistent with bugs flying close to the lens. However, the smokey trailing effect following the movement is interesting, but may just indicate video blurring caused by extreme speed.
Part 3, is the most curious because at the last moment some commenters point out that the object seems to weave through a cloud.
When I asked Mitchell if he had ever experienced anything strange or paranormal before his response was, “Oh, heck, no!” “There’s a lot of things that you can generally explain or guess at. But for this I have no guesses,” he says.
When Mitchell’s footage went public, a Native American man stopped by the campground for a visit. He came to share with Mitchell the possibility that perhaps the mysterious sky dweller Mitchell captured on video was a sacred Thunder Being — a bringer of life, a protector of humanity, and an important part of the man’s native heritage. Mitchell intends to review past footage to see if there is any correlation between thunderstorms and the appearance of the strange objects. If there is some relationship to thunderstorms, perhaps that will help explain the similarities between Mitchell’s footage and another strange object spotted in Nebraska during a thunderstorm in 2015.
So what’s your take, is this simply the work of displaced insects attracted to the lights of the campground or could it be something far stranger?
Henry Lee was someone whose diligent research in the 19th century uncovered numerous tales of sea serpents and over-sized creatures of the oceans. He spent some of his time addressing one of the most controversial of all aspects of this phenomenon. Namely, the disturbing issue of people being attacked – maybe even killed – by creatures of the sea. Of this particular issue, Lee said: “I have often been asked whether an octopus of the ordinary size can really be dangerous to bathers. Decidedly, ‘Yes,’ in certain situations. The holding power of its numerous suckers is enormous. It is almost impossible forcibly to detach it from its adhesion to a rock or the flat bottom of a tank; and if a large one happened to fix one or more of its strong, tough arms on the leg of a swimmer whilst the others held firmly to a rock, I doubt if the man could disengage himself under water by mere strength, before being exhausted. Fortunately the octopus can be made to relax its hold by grasping it tightly round the ‘throat’ (if I may so call it), and it may be well that this should be known.”
Lee continued with his position on all of this: “That men are occasionally drowned by these creatures is, unhappily, a fact too well attested. I have elsewhere related several instances of this having occurred. Omitting those, I will give two or three others which have since come under my notice. Sir Grenville Temple, in his ‘Excursions in the Mediterranean Sea,’ tells how a Sardinian captain, whilst bathing at Jerbeh, was seized and drowned by an octopus. When his body was found, his limbs were bound together by the arms of the animal; and this took place in water only four feet deep.”
Lee was not done; indeed, his files were voluminous: “Mr. J. K. Lord’s account of the formidable strength of these creatures in Oregon is confirmed by an incident recorded in the Weekly Oregonian (the principal paper of Oregon) of October 6th, 1877. A few days before that date an Indian woman, whilst bathing, was held beneath the surface by an octopus, and drowned. The body was discovered on the following day in the horrid embrace of the creature. Indians dived down and with their knives severed the arms of the octopus and recovered the corpse.
Lee cited the work of Clemens Laming, the author of a book titled The French in Algiers. In its pages, as Lee learned, was a case that could have resulted in overwhelming tragedy. Thankfully, it didn’t quite get to that point: “The soldiers were in the habit of bathing in the sea every evening, and from time to time several of them disappeared–no one knew how. Bathing was, in consequence, strictly forbidden; in spite of which several men went into the water one evening. Suddenly one of them screamed for help, and when several others rushed to his assistance they found that an octopus had seized him by the leg by four of its arms whilst it clung to the rock with the rest. The soldiers brought the ‘monster’ home with them, and out of revenge they boiled it alive and ate it. This adventure accounted for the disappearance of the other soldiers [italics mine].”
Lee was hardly done: “The Rev. W. Wyatt Gill, who for more than a quarter of a century has resided as a missionary amongst the inhabitants of the Hervey Islands, and with whom I had the pleasure of conversing on this subject when he was in England in 1875, described in the Leisure Hour of April 20th, 1872, another mode of attack by which an octopus might deprive a man of life. A servant of his went diving for ‘poulpes’ (octopods), leaving his son in charge of the canoe. After a short time he rose to the surface, his arms free, but his nostrils and mouth completely covered by a large octopus. If his son had not promptly torn the living plaister from off his face he must have been suffocated – a fate which actually befell some years previously a man who foolishly went diving alone [italics mine].”
“In Appleton’s American Journal of Science and Art, January 31st, 1874,” said Lee, “a correspondent describes an attack by an octopus on a diver who was at work on the wreck of a sunken steamer off the coast of Florida. The man, a powerful Irishman, was helpless in its grasp, and would have been drowned if he had not been quickly brought to the surface; for when dragged on to the raft from which he had descended, he fainted, and his companions were unable to pull the creature from its hold upon him until they had dealt it a sharp blow across its baggy body. A similar incident occurred to the government diver of the colony of Victoria, Australia. Whilst pursuing his avocation in the estuary of the river Moyne he was seized by an octopus. He killed it by striking it with an iron bar, and brought to shore with him a portion of it with the arms more than three feet long.”
There is a lesson to be learned here. Be very careful when you go swimming in our oceans and seas: you may not be aware of what lurks below you, just ready to strike. Perhaps, fatally so.
Near-Death Experience - Being at the edge of the Afterlife
Near-Death Experience - Being at the edge of the Afterlife
Today, we know much more about what happens to people when they die - and what we are learning does not support materialism. Even medical scientists take near-death-experiences seriously now.
The doorway or barrier is a common event in a typical NDE. The experiencer instinctively knows that to pass through the door or barrier means they would not come back to their life.
In the next video a brief NDE experience told by Paul Swain on what it was like to be at the edge of the afterlife.
Then, in a continuing interesting discussion, Robert J. Marks and Walter Bradley, after whom the Walter Bradley Center for Natural and Artificial Intelligence is named, looked at near-death experiences (NDEs) which I recommend you to read the in-depth article (including excerpts, podcast, video and additional information on NDEs) at Mindmatters.ai
Driver Stuck in Traffic Captures a Video of Strange Rotating Disc in NC
Driver Stuck in Traffic Captures a Video of Strange Rotating Disc in NC
Experts logged eleven UFO sightings last month in North Carolina. However, if you include a lesser-known report made close to Shelby, approximately 50 miles west of Charlotte, it is an even dozen.
The potential sighting has surfaced publicly after a video showing a disc-like object appeared on YouTube. The UFO on the video remained stationary for several minutes before disappearing over Cleveland County.
According to the witness, the video was recorded in the morning rush hour on 25th of October. The footage requested viewers to offer ideas on what the mysterious thing might have been.
Aaron Bostic, 33, said that he was stuck in traffic on U.S. 74 in Shelby when a diamond-shaped object came into his view glowing brightly against a cloudy sky. He observed the object was somewhat rotating. He added that it stuck out like a sore thumb.
Initially, he thought it was a plane landing at Charlotte Douglas Airport or a big stunt drone but later wondered as it stayed in the same spot for around two minutes.
He showed the video to his co-workers, but nobody knew what it could have been. He added that the UFO did not have the flashing lights of a helicopter and no right contours to be a blimp.
Several Residents Have Witnessed a UFO in the Dubai Sky
Several Residents Have Witnessed a UFO in the Dubai Sky
UAE residents who happened to be outdoors shared clips online, showing a glowing object that flew over Al Khalil Road on Wednesday night.
According to the report, a single UFO appeared for a short time at around 7:45 pm over the skies of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.
Astronomer Ebrahim Al Jarwan said that this was the second reported sighting within the month.
Al Jarwan, who works at Sharjah Planetarium as a general supervisor, stated that they have also been investigating the strange incident.
Indian expatriate Shiny Shajudheen and daughter Ashley spotted the UFO in the sky from Al Khail Gate in Al Quoz at around 7:50 pm.
According to Mr Shajudheen, he was driving within their community, and his daughter first saw the strange fireball. He then pulled over and took a video.
Before hitting the record button, he saw two trails of flares crisscrossing each other. The video only shows both of them swirling while slowing going down.
He said that it was an impressive sight, but they felt scared as they could not understand what they had witnessed.
Unearthly greens and yellows color the scorching-hot landscape surrounding the Dallol volcano in northern Ethiopia. This alien-like world is filled with hydrothermal pools that are some of the most extreme environments on the planet — and some of them seem to be completely devoid of life, according to a new study.
Different life-forms on our planet have adapted to survive under some pretty harsh conditions, places that are superhot, superacidic or supersalty, to name a few, said study senior author Purificación López-García, the research director at the French National Centre for Scientific Research.
But can life survive in a single environment that combines all three conditions, such as in the colorful waters of the Dallol hydrothermal region?
To figure out if this extreme environment oversteps the limits for life on our planet, the researchers sampled a number of brines— or pools of water with high concentrations of salt — in the area. Some were extremely hot, salty and acidic, while others were still very hot and salty but weren't too acidic or basic. The scientists analyzed all the genetic material found in the samples to identify any organisms living there.
Some of the milder pools were chock-full of sodium chloride, a condition that some tiny organisms can withstand; the more extreme environments had high concentrations of magnesium-based salt, which is "deleterious for life," because magnesium breaks down the cell membrane, López-García said.
In these most extreme environments, that were really acidic, hot and contained magnesium salts, the researchers found no DNA and thus no trace of a living organism, the study said. The scientists did detect a small hint of DNA from single-celled organisms called archaea if they "forced the conditions" in those samples, López-García said. That means they took the sample and kept amplifying the DNA — imagine zooming into a picture — to see if there was a very small quantity that they'd missed. But the researchers hypothesized that this small amount of DNA is likely the result of contamination from a neighboring salt plain, brought from people who visit the area or wind.
On the other hand, in the less extreme ponds, the researchers found a large diversity of microbes, again mostly archaea. "The diversity of archaea is really very, very large and very surprising," López-García said. Researchers found some archaea that are well known to live in areas of high salt concentration and some that the scientists had no idea could survive in even the relatively less-salty ponds.
Their findings suggest that there is a gradient of extreme environments, some of which harbor life and others that don't and might serve as a bit of a caution in the search for life elsewhere in the cosmos, she added. "There is this idea … that says any planet with liquid water on the surface is habitable," she said. But as the lifeless pools of Ethiopia may suggest, water "might be a necessary condition, but it is far from sufficient."
What's more, using electron microscopes, the researchers also detected the presence of biomorphs or "mineral precipitates that can mimic tiny cells" in samples taken from both the lifeless pools and those found to harbor life, López-García said. "If you go to Mars or to fossil environments and you see little, rounded things, you might be tempted to say that these are microfossils, but they might not be."
Proving that life doesn't exist
There were some weaknesses in this study, John Hallsworth, a lecturer at The Institute for Global Food Security at Queen's University Belfast in Northern Ireland wrote in an accompanying commentary published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution. For example, the researchers' DNA analysis couldn't determine if the detected organisms were alive or active, and it's unclear if their measurements of the water factors such as pH were done accurately, he wrote.
Even so, the team "managed to characterize the geochemistry and microbial diversity of a large number of brines that span a wide range of physicochemical conditions, revealing the extensive diversity of the archaeal communities present," Hallsworth wrote.
What's more, a couple of months ago, another group of researchers came up with the opposite conclusion after they, too, sampled the waters in the Dallol area. In the most extreme ponds of the area, those researchers found that archaea were "thriving," and various types of analysis suggested that these microorganisms didn't originate from any type of contamination, said Felipe Gómez, a biochemist at Spain's Center of Astrobiology and the lead author of that study, which was published in May in the journal Scientific Reports.
"Given the risk of detecting any type of contamination, microbiologists that work in extreme environments take many precautions to avoid it," he said. "In our work, we sampled in completely aseptic conditions," or those free from contamination. It's unclear why there is a discrepancy between the studies, and though "they claim that they do not see what we report," that doesn't mean the older findings are incorrect, he said. "More work needs to be done."
But this older paper is "weak" because the researchers only found traces of one type of archaea that's similar to archaea living in the neighboring salt plain, and didn't do enough to prevent contamination, López-García said.
"Dispersal is active in the area," so this trace of archaea could have been carried in by the wind or tourists, similar to how her team also discovered traces of archaea but hypothesized that they were contaminants from the neighboring salt plain, she said.
A bright fireball meteor streaked across the night sky above Missouri Monday (Nov. 11), passing over St. Louis' iconic Gateway Arch.
The giant flash of light came from a meteor traveling east to west across the state. It was seen over Missouri around 8:52 p.m. local time (0252 GMT), according to the American Meteor Society (AMS). The meteor was clearly visible in this stunning video from EarthCam's St. Louis location. You can see here on YouTube.
More than 120 sightings were reported to AMS. Reports came from multiple cities in Missouri, including St. Louis and Columbia, which are approximately 125 miles (200 kilometers) apart. The meteor is believed to have ended its flight somewhere near Wellsville, Missouri, according to AMS.
While the meteor was mostly seen in Missouri, observations were also reported from Indiana, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada, Nebraska, Oklahoma and Wisconsin. In addition to seeing a bright flash of light, many people also reported hearing a loud boom as the meteor streaked across the sky.
This video from AMS includes several views of the meteor that were captured by smart home security cameras in the area. The video also contains footage from EarthCam's St. Louis camera, which spotted the meteor passing behind the Gateway Arch monument, according to the statement from AMS.
NWS St. Louis✔@NWSStLouis
Great video of a meteor this evening! Video courtesy of Tom Stolze! Awesome catch Tom!
The National Weather Service in St. Louis also shared a video of the meteor on Twitter and stated that it was unknown whether or not it touched down on Earth.
The sighting coincides with the peak of the Taurid meteor shower, which is known for its spectacular fireballs. The Taurid meteor shower is one of the year's longest, running from Oct. 20 to Nov. 30. The Taurids are most active during a one-week time frame extending from Nov. 5 through Nov. 12.
The centers of massive galaxy clusters are super hot (red), while bright structures show diffuse gas from the intergalactic medium shock heating at the boundary between cosmic voids and filaments.
The formation of galaxies is a complex dance between matter and energy, occurring on a stage of cosmic proportions and spanning billions of years. How the diversity of structured and dynamic galaxies we observe today arose from the fiery chaos of the Big Bang remains one of the most difficult unsolved puzzles of cosmology.
In search of answers, an international team of scientists has created the most detailed large-scale model of the universe to date, a simulation they call TNG50. Their virtual universe, some 230 million light-years wide, contains tens of thousands of evolving galaxies with levels of detail previously seen only in single-galaxy models. The simulation tracked more than 20 billion particles representing dark matter, gases, stars and supermassive black holes, over a 13.8-billion-year period.
The unprecedented resolution and scale allowed the researchers to gather key insights into our own universe's past, revealing how various oddly shaped galaxies morphed themselves into being and how stellar explosions and black holes triggered this galactic evolution. Their results are published in two articles to be featured in the December 2019 issue of the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.
TNG50 is the latest simulation created by the IllustrisTNG Project, which aims to build a complete picture of how our universe evolved since the Big Bang by producing a large-scale universe without sacrificing the fine details of individual galaxies.
"These simulations are huge datasets where we can learn a ton by dissecting and understanding the formation and evolution of galaxies within them," said Paul Torrey, associate professor of physics at the University of Florida and co-author of the study. "What's fundamentally new about TNG50, is that you're getting to a sufficiently high mass and spatial resolution within the galaxies that give you a clear picture of what the internal structure of the systems looks like as they form and evolve."
The model's attention to detail comes at some cost. The simulation required 16,000 processor cores of the Hazel Hen supercomputer in Stuttgart, Germany, running continuously for more than a year. The same calculation would take a single processor system 15,000 years to compute. Despite being one of the most computationally heavy astrophysical simulations in history, the researchers believe their investment has paid off.
"Numerical experiments of this kind are particularly successful when you get out more than you put in," Dylan Nelson, a postdoctoral fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Munich, Germany, and co-author of the study, said in a statement. "In our simulation, we see phenomena that had not been programmed explicitly into the simulation code. These phenomena emerge in a natural fashion, from the complex interplay of the basic physical ingredients of our model universe."
The violent simulated birth of a galaxy cluster where dark matter structures (in white) merge together while supermassive blackholes and supernovae expel cosmic gas away (gas motion is shown in red). (Image credit: TNG Collaboration)
That emergent phenomenon might be essential to understanding why our universe appears as it is today 13.8 billion years after the Big Bang. TNG50 allowed researchers to see firsthand how galaxies may have emerged from the turbulent clouds of gas present shortly after the universe was born. They discovered that the disk-shaped galaxies common to our cosmic neighborhood naturally emerged within their simulation and produced internal structures, including spiral arms, bulges and bars extending from their central supermassive black holes. When they compared their computer-generated universe to real-life observations, they found their population of galaxies were qualitatively consistent with reality.
As their galaxies continued to flatten into well-ordered rotating disks, another phenomenon began to emerge. Supernova explosions and supermassive black holes at the heart of each galaxy created high-speed outflows of gas. These outflows morphed into fountains of gas rising thousands of light-years above a galaxy. The tug of gravity eventually brought much of this gas back unto the galaxy's disk, redistributing it to its outer edge and creating a feedback loop of gas outflow and inflow. Apart from recycling the ingredients for forming new stars, the outflows were also shown to change their galaxy's structure. The recycled gases accelerated the transformation of galaxies into thin rotating disks.
Despite these initial findings, the team is far from finished dissecting their model. They also plan to release all of the simulation's data publicly for astronomers across the world to study their virtual cosmos.
"There's a huge road ahead of us now that we have these simulations completed," Torrey said. "A whole team of researchers are working to better understand the detailed properties of the galaxies that form and what emergent trends show up in that data."
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
