The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
12-11-2020
Saudi Arabia’s 7,000-year-old ‘mystery structures’ revealed up close in stunning new images
Saudi Arabia’s 7,000-year-old ‘mystery structures’ revealed up close in stunning new images
The mysterious structures which could date back around 7,000 years can only be appreciated from the air. Who built them and what was their purpose?
New Aerial Images Shed Light on Ancient 'Desert Kites' ...
Located in the Harrat Khaybar region in Saudi Arabia are stunning gate structure dubbed as the oldest man-made structures in the landscape.
The incredible structures, only visible from the air, are believed to have been built around 7,000 years ago.
Around 400 of these mysterious stone structures adorn the landscape in the remote Saudi Arabian Desert, and archaeologists have no idea what their purpose was, why they can only be seen from the air, and who created them.
Some of these structures are more than 500 meters long and were built on top of lava domes, thousands of years ago.
So far, experts were unable to study the structure up close due to restrictions in the country, however, a leading archaeologist from Australia has recently been given special permission to fly over the enigmatic formations, obtaining the clearest yet images of the mysterious formations ever.
Archaeologist Dr. David Kennedy, from the University of Western Australia, has spent more than two decades studying the ‘Works of the Old Men,’ as they were dubbed by the local Bedouin population when asked about the mystery formations in the 1920s.
In an article published in Live Science, he said that the overflight of his helicopter could be the first systematic archaeological aerial reconnaissance ever made in that Arab country.
Curiously in many cases, the structures which include structures that eerily resemble gates, kites, pendants, and keyholes are revealed only when seen from above, just as the famous Nazca Lines in Peru.
Scholars believe that fresh aerial photography combined with fieldwork at the structures could lead to breakthrough discoveries.
Flying in a Saudi Royal Commission helicopter, Dr. Kennedy spent a total of fifteen hours in the sky exploring around 200 sites of interest and snapping a staggering 6,000 images of the mystery formations.
“The number of high-resolution “windows” on Google Earth has increased rapidly, especially since the launch of the Landsat 8 satellite in February 2013. Google Earth will remain a useful tool for prospection. It is simple to “pin” and catalog sites, measure them, sketch them and generate distribution maps for interpretation,” wrote Dr. Kennedy in an article for Live Science.
“The limitations are equally obvious, however. The imagery is two-dimensional, and even the best resolution can be very fuzzy when enlarged. Detail is missing, and some sites are effectively invisible for various reasons. And imagery may be months, or even years, old and thus less valuable for routine monitoring, explained Dr. Kennedy.”
The mysterious structures were built across lava domes in a region that is now inhospitable. However, experts say that when the structures were built, thousands of years ago, the area would have been much more hospitable than it is now.
Some of the structures show evidence of lava flow on top of them which indicates that the structures are older than the lava flows.
The next step in solving the mystery behind the so-called Gates is to study the structures on the ground.
The comet is headed for its closest approach to Earth on Saturday, November 14, 2020. It can’t be seen with the eye, but astrophotographers are capturing glorious images. Charts and photos in this post.
Location of Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas) on the night of Wednesday, November 11, 2020. This chart faces east around 10 p.m. local time, as seen from the U.S. See how the comet is lined up with the famous Belt of Orion? Those 3 medium-bright stars – in a short, straight row – point right to the comet. Be forewarned: this comet isn’t as bright as NEOWISE was last summer. Be sure to look in a dark sky, with binoculars or a small telescope.
A comet discovered this past summer is currently approaching Earth’s vicinity. Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas) won’t become bright enough to see with the unaided eye, but binoculars can pick it up. We’ve seen some good images via long-exposure photography, even with just zoom lenses. The ATLAS telescope system – two telescopes being developed by University of Hawaii as an asteroid or comet impact early warning system – was the first to spot Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas) on June 27, 2020. The comet reached its perihelion, or closest approach to the sun, on October 25. Now the comet is heading for its closest approach to Earth, which will be on Saturday, November 14, 2020.
Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas) will pass at a very safe 33,313,846 million miles (53,613,439 km) distance, or between the orbits of Mars and Earth.
The first tweet below – from Michael Jaegar (@Komet123Jager on Twitter) on November 7 – provides an exquisite view of Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas), at right. From our earthly perspective, the comet is passing this week not far from the great Orion Nebula (M42), seen in Jaegar’s first image below at lower left. The Running Man Nebula is also visible on top of the Great Orion Nebula on this long exposure image.
Currently at a visual magnitude between 7.8 and 8.0, Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas) is visible with binoculars from dark skies. Please note that the views of this comet are in no way as good as those offered by Comet C/2020 F3 (NEOWISE), which provided a grand spectacle this past summer.
Still, it’s a thrill to see the comet! And remember that – every time we have the opportunity to see a new comet – you might take into account that each of these events may be a once-in-a-lifetime experience. That is the case with Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas). After its closest approach on November 14, this comet will not return to Earth’s vicinity until year 2159.
Lucky for us, Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas) is easy to locate, as it glides through the well-known constellation of Orion the Hunter.
Using a small telescope or good binoculars (steadily held), the celestial visitor will appear as a fuzzy, small, diffuse object. It does not look like a star. When you view it, it will appear motionless. But note the stars around it, wait 15 minutes, and then return to view … and you might detect it has changed its position, barely, with respect to background stars. All objects in space are moving. But we don’t see the stars move; they are “fixed” because they’re so far away. This comet, on the other hand, is relatively nearby and moving at 32,019 miles per hour (51,529 km/h). Its motion can most easily be detected from one night to the next.
We hope the chart below will enable you to find and enjoy Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas) at its closest!
This chart faces east around 10 p.m. local time on November 14, 2020, the night of the comet’s closest approach to Earth. That night, Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas) should be even easier to locate than earlier in the week, as it will be very close to where we see the bright star Bellatrix in Orion. The comet should be visible through binoculars or a small telescope, or using long-exposure photography.
Illustration by Eddie Irizarry using Stellarium.
Around its closest approach to Earth on November, comet M3 Atlas should appear to cross a sky distance similar to a full moon diameter in about 6 hours.
Sky enthusiasts can try to capture long-exposure images and review the results. You will be searching for a very small, greenish object. Although it will appear as a tailless and diffuse small sphere, it’s amazing how big a comet’s coma, or extended atmosphere, really gets. The nucleus – or core – of a comet is usually about a mile wide (1 to 2 km), but – as it travels closest to the sun that binds it in orbit – the sun’s heat causes the comet’s gases to puff up, creating a huge sphere of gas around the comet. This is the coma or cometary atmosphere.
Australian Michael Mattiazzo, an experienced comet discoverer and observer, estimates Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas) has developed a coma about 211,000 miles (340,000 km) in diameter. That’s almost the distance from Earth to the moon, which is about 239,000 miles away!
During closest approach this Saturday, November 14, 2020, Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas) will be located between the orbits of Mars and Earth, as seen in this illustration.
Another perspective of the trajectory of Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas), passing between the orbits of Mars and Earth during closest approach on Saturday, November 14, 2020.
Bottom line: Comet C/2020 M3 (Atlas) is headed for its closest approach to Earth on Saturday, November 14, 2020. It can’t be seen with the eye, but telescope users are beginning to capture glorious images. Charts for finding the comet here.
Like many worlds in our solar system, Mars has prominent impact craters. A particularly unusual example is shown in this new image from ESA’s Mars Express: an ancient triplet composed of 3 overlapping craters.
ESA’s Mars Express spacecraft acquired this image of a triple crater on Mars on August 6, 2020. The largest measures about 28 miles (45 km) across, and the smallest about 17 miles (28 km).
The European Space Agency (ESA) released the image above late last month (October 29, 2020), showing a triple crater in an especially old part of Mars’ southern hemisphere. This region on Mars – known as Noachis Terra – was heavily bombarded early in the history of our solar system, about 4 billion years ago, when debris left over from the birth of the planets was flying loose. See the rounded edges on these craters? It’s a sign they are old and time-worn. How would such a crater triplet form? There are different possibilities.
One possible explanation, ESA said – and thought to be the most likely explanation – is that the incoming debris (what we today might call an asteroid or a comet) broke into three pieces before hitting the ground, forming the crater trio upon impact. But, ESA added:
Not all ‘multiple impactors’ leave such clear and neat features in their wake, with many instead showing elongated troughs, non-circular hollows lying closely side-by-side, or only partially overlapping basins.
Another explanation could be coincidence: at different points in time, three separate impactors could have hit Mars’ surface in this location, creating a neat superposition of craters completely by chance.
Interestingly, if the impactor did indeed fragment and break apart, this may imply that the atmosphere of [Mars in its Noachian era, 3.7 to 4.1 billion years ago] was far denser – and harder to penetrate – than it is now.
This points towards an early Mars that was far warmer and wetter than the cold, arid world we see today. Observations from numerous missions are supporting this view and returning evidence that water once flowed across the red planet in large amounts, revealing features such as old river valley networks and large lake basins thought to have formed in the Noachian period.
Like many of the ancient and eroded craters in Mars’ southern highlands, these three craters have flattened rims, shallow floors, and have been filled with sediment in the 4 billion years since their formation. There is also evidence of ice here – the smallest crater has marks that are typically created as ice and debris creep across a surface, similar to how mixed rock-and-ice glaciers or debris-covered ice glaciers move in alpine regions of Earth.
ESA also said that – in the image above – you can see signs of other craters, as indicated by the round patches of sunken surface to the top right and bottom left. In fact, ESA said:
… Despite the cratered nature of Noachis Terra, the environment around this triplet is surprisingly smooth for such ancient terrain. Only a handful of small surrounding craters appear to have clear, sharply defined rims and bowls, indicating that they are relatively young and have not yet begun to erode in earnest. Overall, it seems that older craters in this area have ‘melted down’ into the surface – a phenomenon that is, again, due to ice.
As ice just under the surface of Mars flows and melts over many millions of years, the soil becomes softer. This soft, ice-rich soil subsides more quickly and fills up indentations and depressions more readily, contributing to the smooth appearance of this part of Noachis Terra. This suggests that there must have been a large amount of water present on Mars, at least during the Noachian period, capable of producing a glacier-like flow of abundant ice.
Understanding the history of Mars, and mapping the features covering the planet’s surface in detail, is a key objective of Mars Express.
Triple crater in context in the ancient Martian highlands, specifically in the region of Noachis Terra. The area outlined by the bold white box indicates the area imaged by the Mars Express High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on August 6, 2020, during orbit 20982.
Bottom line: Late last month, the European Space Agency released an interesting image from Mars Express, showing an aged triple crater. Scientists are studying this image to learn more about Mars’ history.
The "EmDrive" claims to make the impossible possible: a method of pushing spacecraft around without the need for — well, pushing. No propulsion. No exhaust. Just plug it in, fire it up and you can cruise to the destination of your dreams.
But the EmDrive doesn't just violate our fundamental understanding of the universe; the experiments that claim to measure an effect haven't been replicated. When it comes to the EmDrive, keep dreaming.
It goes by various names — the EmDrive, the Q-Drive, the RF Resonant Cavity, the Impossible Drive — but all the incarnations of the device claim to do the same thing: bounce some radiation around inside a closed chamber, and presto-chango you can get propulsion.
This is a big deal, because all forms of rocketry (and indeed, all forms of motion across the entire universe) require conservation of momentum. In order to set yourself in motion, you have to push off of something. Your feet push off of the ground, airplanes push themselves off of the air, and rockets push parts of themselves (e.g., an exhaust gas) out the back end to make them go forward.
But the EmDrive doesn't. It's just a box with microwaves inside it, bouncing around. And supposedly it is able to move itself.
Explanations for how the EmDrive could possibly work go past the boundaries of known physics. Perhaps it's somehow interacting with the quantum vacuum energy of space-time (even though the quantum vacuum energy of space-time doesn't allow anything to push off of it). Perhaps our understanding of momentum is broken (even though there are no other examples in our entire history of experiment). Perhaps it's some brand-new physics, heralded by the EmDrive experiments.
Don't play with momentum
Let's talk about the momentum part. Conservation of momentum is pretty straightforward: in a closed system, you can add up the momenta of all the objects in that system. Then they interact. Then you add up the momenta of all the objects again. The total momentum at the beginning must equal the total momentum at the end: momentum is conserved.
The idea of the conservation of momentum has been with us for centuries (it's even implied by Newton's famous second law), but in the early 1900s it gained a new status. The brilliant mathematician Emmy Noether proved that conservation of momentum (along with other conservation laws, like conservation of energy) are a reflection of the fact that our universe has certain symmetries.
For example, you can choose a suitable location to perform a physics experiment. You can then pick up your physics experiment, transport it to anywhere in the universe and repeat it. As long as you account for environmental differences (say, different air pressures or gravitational fields), your results will be identical.
This is a symmetry of nature: physics doesn't care about where experiments take place. Noether realized that this symmetry of space directly leads to conservation of momentum. You can't have one without the other.
So, if the EmDrive demonstrates a violation of momentum conservation (which it claims to do), then this fundamental symmetry of nature must be broken.
But almost every single physical theory, from Newton's laws to quantum field theory, expresses space symmetry (and momentum conservation) in their base equations. Indeed, most modern theories of physics are simply complicated restatements of momentum conservation. To find a breaking in this symmetry wouldn't just be an extension of known physics — it would completely upend centuries of understanding of how the universe works.
That's certainly not impossible (scientific revolutions have happened before), but it's going to take a lot of convincing to make that happen.
And the experiments so far have not been all that satisfying.
Ever since the introduction of the EmDrive concept in 2001, every few years a group claims to have measured a net force coming from its device. But these researchers are measuring an incredibly tiny effect: a force so small it couldn't even budge a piece of paper. This leads to significant statistical uncertainty and measurement error.
Indeed, of all the published results, none have produced a measurement beyond "barely qualifying for publication," let alone anything significant.
Still, other groups have developed their own EmDrives, attempting to replicate the results, like good scientists should. Those replication attempts either fail to measure anything at all, or found some confounding variable that can easily explain the measured meager results, like the interaction of the cabling in the device with the Earth's magnetic field.
So that's what we have, nearly 20 years after the initial EmDrive proposal: a bunch of experiments that haven't really delivered, and no explanation (besides "let's just go ahead and break all of physics, violating every other experiment of the past 100 years") of how they could work.
Groundbreaking, physics-defying revolution in space travel or a pipe dream? It's pretty clear which side Nature is on.
Boeing's Orbital Flight Test 2 will launch in the first quarter of 2021.
The Boeing Starliner space capsule for the Orbital Flight Test 2 test flight gets its heat shield in this still from a Boeing video released on Oct. 14, 2020.
Boeing's next test flight of its CST-100 Starliner commercial crew capsule for NASA won't launch until early 2021 due to ongoing software checks, a NASA official said Tuesday (Nov. 10).
The uncrewed mission,called Orbital Flight Test 2, was targeted to launch by the end of this year after Boeing's initial test flight failed to reach the International Space Station in December 2019. But the critical test won't lift off until sometime in the first quarter of 2021, according to Steve Stich, NASA's Commercial Crew Program manager at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
"The pacing item really is getting the software ready to go," Stitch told reporters in a briefing Tuesday focused on the next NASA astronaut launch by Boeing rival SpaceX. (That upcoming mission, called Crew-1, is set to launch Nov. 14 and will be SpaceX's first operational commercial flight for NASA.)
Boeing's first Starliner mission, Orbital Test Flight 1, launched into space on an Atlas V rocket last year but failed to reach its intended orbit due to software errors and a communications dropout during the flight. Starliner landed just two days later without reaching the station. An independent review team identified 80 corrective actions for Boeing to implement before its next attempt.
Stich said NASA has been working "hand-in-hand" with Boeing on the upcoming mission, but work still remains to refine Starliner's flight control software.
"The earliest we would go fly that flight would be the first quarter of next calendar year," Stich said of Boeing's next Starliner test. "And then, as they continue to make progress on the flight software and the testing of that software, we'll be able to refine, refine that date a little bit."
Boeing and SpaceXboth hold multibillion-dollar contracts with NASA to fly astronauts to and from the International Space Station. Boeing's is worth $4.2 billion while SpaceX's is for $2.6 billion.
SpaceX launched its first crewed mission for NASA, called Demo-2, in May following a successful uncrewed test flight to the station in March 2019. Boeing had hoped to launch its first crewed mission, called Crewed Flight Test 1, by mid-2020, but it's been delayed due to the need for a second uncrewed test flight.
Three NASA astronauts are training to launch on Boeing's first crewed Starliner test flight. The crew includes Mike Fincke, Nicole Mann and Barry "Butch" Wilmore. Wilmore was assigned to the flight in October after Boeing's commander for the mission, former NASA astronaut Chris Ferguson, stepped down for personal reasons.
Email Tariq Malik at tmalik@space.com or follow him @tariqjmalik. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Instagram.
On Japan’s northernmost island of Hokkaido, one town has installed a robot “monster wolf” to protect residents from encroaching bears. The scarecrow wolf is equipped with a motion sensor that, when tripped, spurs the metallic beast into a red LED-eyed, howling sequence, according to Japankyo.
The cyber wolf was created as a joint project between Hokkaido-based machinery firm Ohta Seiki, Hokkaido University, and the Tokyo University of Agriculture, Mainichi reports. Bots were first placed on Hokkaido farmland in 2016 to fend off wolves and other predators from livestock. Now there are more than 62 monster wolves across all of Japan. However, Takikawa’s recent installation is the first meant to protect humans.
"We want to let the bears know, 'Human settlements aren't where you live,' and help with the coexistence of bears and people," said Yuji Ota, head of Ohta Seiki in an interview with Mainichi.
This Princess Mononoke-gone-metal ideal of beast, man, and machine living harmoniously has worked in wildlife management before, according to Dave Thau, Global Data and Technology Lead Scientist of Global Science at the World Wildlife Fund. Although a new science, Thau says robots are enhancing global conservation efforts — from swimming the depths picking up trash to gathering insights on the backs of flying beetles.
“Many of these applications are very new and not yet widely deployed, making it exciting times for any conservation minded roboticists,” Thau said in an email to Motherboard. “We’re using technology to monitor biodiversity and environmental health as well as helping reduce illegal exploitation of wildlife and reduce human/wildlife conflict.”
For the town of just more than 36,500 residents, bear sightings were extremely rare, according to Mainichi. There’s typically one sighting every few years, but this year since the end of May, there have been 10 in the town alone. While there is no conclusive reason for the Takikawa uptick, the Japan Times reported a similar surge in the Hokkaido town of Shimamaki.
Takikawa officials have placed the 4-footlong, 3-foot high scarecrow in a neighborhood just outside of the city center. It will remain there until hibernation season begins at the end of November. The robots have proven themselves useful in fending off boars and deer in crop fields, but the trial is still out for how they will fare with bears. While rare, Hokkaido is known for its higuma, or brown bear, which are similar to the American grizzly.
“Hiking in Hokkaido, especially places where bear sightings are prevalent, requires bringing a bear bell and it isn’t for amateur hikers,” said Yumi Anngraini, a former resident of the Hokkaido town Sapporo and an avid hiker, in an Instagram DM to Motherboard. “I think I would feel safer with this robot making sure the surrounding area is safe before I get there.”
In addition to its practical use, Anngraini said she also believes the wolf installation is a fun spectacle and a good way to bring tourists into the area.
Thau also says there are some concerns about pollution when it comes to wildlife management via robotics. The manufacturing and implementation of these sorts of technologies inherently come with environmental side effects.
“At some point sensors will become small and cheap enough that they could be deployed very widely. The risk here is that we pollute the environment while trying to preserve it,” said Thau. “At the same time, humans are impacting most of the planet, so wildlife is seriously impacted by our actions. WWF is working to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, and we use technology to do that.”
Still, Thau is confident environmentally-based tech is heading in the right direction and will do more good than harm.
Scientists have discovered a large ancient lake bed that’s situated over a mile underneath ice in the northwestern part of Greenland. This is a huge news as it is the first ever discovery of its kind. While liquid water underneath ice has been previously found in Greenland and Antarctica, this is the first time that a fossilized lake bed with no current liquid water has been found that was formed when there wasn’t any ice in the area.
While the exact date of the lake bed is uncertain, it could be hundreds of thousands or even millions of years old. Fossils and chemical traces that should still remain in the lake bed would be exceptionally important in understanding the climate from ancient times in addition to experts predicting what may happen to the ice in the future.
Iceberg in Greenland.
But without being able to study the lake bed, it’s hard to know those exact details. “If we could get at those sediments, they could tell us when the ice was present or absent,” said Guy Paxman who is a postdoctoral researcher at Columbia University’s Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the lead author of the study.
Researchers were able to find the lake bed by studying data collected from airborne geophysical equipment that was able to get images of what was underneath the thick ice. This mission was part of a project called NASA’s Operation IceBridge which is the biggest ever airborne survey of the polar ice regions. It is able to capture three-dimensional views of the Antarctic and Arctic ice sheets, sea ice, and ice shelves. The flight surveys of Antarctica normally occur in October and November, while Greenland is usually surveyed between March and May. (Pictures can be seen here.)
The largely featureless surface of the Greenland ice sheet, as seen from the window of a P3 aircraft carrying geophysical instruments aimed at detecting geologic features underneath.
(Kirsty Tinto/Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory)
Using geophysical instruments, scientists have mapped a huge ancient lake basin (outlined here in red) below the Greenland ice, covering about 2,700 square miles). Redder colors signify higher elevations, green ones lower. A stream system incised into the bedrock that once fed the lake is shown in blue.
(Adapted from Paxman et al., EPSL, 2020)
A newly forming lake at the edge of the Greenland ice sheet, exposing sediments released by the ice. Such lake beds are becoming common as the ice recedes.
(Kevin Krajick/Earth Institute)
As for the ancient lake bed underneath Greenland’s ice, the lake would have been approximately 2,740 square miles with a depth of between 50 and 250 meters (164 to 820 feet). The basin’s sediments are about three quarters of a mile in thickness, while there are a minimum of 18 stream beds that were carved into an adjoining bedrock.
Greenland
The lake may have been formed along a dormant fault line or perhaps a glacier carved out the spot and water slowly filled in as it melted. As for what types of sediments may be in the lake bed, it is currently unknown although previous discoveries of pollen along the edge of the ice sheet does indicate that plants (or possibly even forests) were once in that area and remains of those could be found hidden in the sediments.
The researchers wrote in part that the basin “may therefore be an important site for future sub-ice drilling and the recovery of sediment records that may yield valuable insights into the glacial, climatological and environmental history” although they would have to drill over a mile deep.
According to new research, Jupiter’s moon Europa may glow in the dark. The glow would be caused by Jupiter’s high-energy radiation hitting Europa’s ice-filled surface.
This illustration of Jupiter's moon Europa shows how the icy surface may glow on its nightside, the side facing away from the Sun.
Photo: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Scientists at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in California conducted new research in order to find out how the glow would appear as well as the composition of the moon’s ice-filled surface. NASA has already confirmed salt compounds on Europa and with those combined with the water ice they would all react uniquely to the radiation as they release their own glows. Based on which compounds were reacting to the radiation, they could glow green, blue, or even white.
The research team recreated conditions similar to the surface of Europa and they created a piece of equipment called Ice Chamber for Europa’s High-Energy Electron and Radiation Environment Testing (or ICE-HEART) to see how the organic materials underneath the moon’s ice would react to radiation.
Europa
Murthy Gudipati from JPL and who is the lead author of the study explained their research further, “We were able to predict that this nightside ice glow could provide additional information on Europa’s surface composition. How that composition varies could give us clues about whether Europa harbors conditions suitable for life,” adding, “If Europa weren’t under this radiation, it would look the way our moon looks to us – dark on the shadowed side.” “But because it’s bombarded by the radiation from Jupiter, it glows in the dark.”
JPL’s Bryana Henderson who co-authored the study, weighed in by stating, “But we never imagined that we would see what we ended up seeing.” “When we tried new ice compositions, the glow looked different. And we all just stared at it for a while and then said, ‘This is new, right? This is definitely a different glow?’ So we pointed a spectrometer at it, and each type of ice had a different spectrum.”
The predicted glow will hopefully be seen and recorded when the Europa Clipper spacecraft flies by the moon while studying Jupiter. While it orbits Jupiter, the spacecraft will pass by Europa approximately 45 times with each flyby taking a different route so that almost the entire moon can be scanned and studied.
A closer image of Europa’s surface.
“It’s not often that you’re in a lab and say, ‘We might find this when we get there,’” Gudipati stated. “Usually it’s the other way around – you go there and find something and try to explain it in the lab. But our prediction goes back to a simple observation, and that’s what science is about.”
The spacecraft is scheduled to be launched sometime in the 2020s so we’ll have to wait a little while longer to hopefully see the glow. Until then, an illustration of what Europa’s nightside may look like while glowing can be seen here.
As for their study, it was published in Nature Astronomy where it can be read in full.
Cigar shaped UFO spotted near Asheville, Chimney Rock, NC
Cigar shaped UFO spotted near Asheville, Chimney Rock, NC
Witness: On November 9, 2020, I was driving from Asheville back to Charlotte. We must have been a bit outside of Asheville in the mountains near Chimney rock on the highway.
While driving a highly reflective object in the sky glinted in my eyes several times and I looked up to see a very large capsule/cigar shaped crafter floating just below the cloud line. At first thinking it was a plane (although a large one), we continued to observe it was we drove.
The longer we watched the stranger it seemed. It had no wings distinguishable, nor a tail Rutter. The specular reflection bouncing off the top was extremely bright and sharp, which further accentuated that it had no features (wings, tail, etc).
The specular reflection made it clear that it was the capsule/cigar shape.
My girlfriend was able to observe more, and was completely taken aback at how round and sleek it was. it was hard to tell if it was a disk shape given our angle and distance.
It was rather hard to capture in video with the same clarity which we saw it. Shortly after my girlfriend started taking the video it almost "wipe-faded" to the same color as the dark bottom of the cloud, or moved into the cloud. It was hard to distinguish a sense of movement from the object before that. It seemed to be fixed in the sky, and the only movement was from us winding around on the highway as we drove.
*MUST SEE* UFO accelerates straight up in the sky – Cornwall, UK 21-Aug-2020
*MUST SEE* UFO accelerates straight up in the sky – Cornwall, UK 21-Aug-2020
This really amazing footage was filmed with a webcam located in Cornwall, UK on 21st August 2020. This bright UFO is flying over the sea and then accelerates straight up in the sky at very high speed.
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VIDEO: Cigar-shaped UFO over North Carolina 9-Nov-2020
VIDEO: Cigar-shaped UFO over North Carolina 9-Nov-2020
This daytime UFO video of a cigar-shaped object was filmed over Asheville/Chimney Rock, North Carolina on 9th November 2020.
Witness report:
While driving through the mountains near Asheville I witnessed a large, sleek, and highly reflective stationary craft for several minutes. I was driving from Asheville back to Charlotte. We must have been a bit outside of Asheville in the mountains near Chimney rock on the highway. There was several other cars on the road. It was mid-day and extremely bright and beautiful out. While driving a highly reflective object in the sky glinted in my eyes several times and I looked up to see a very large capsule/cigar shaped crafter floating just below the cloud line. At first thinking it was a plane (although a large one), we continued to observe it was we drove. The longer we watched the stranger it seemed. It had no wings distinguishable, nor a tail Rutter. The specular reflection bouncing off the top was extremely bright and sharp, which further accentuated that it had no features (wings, tail, etc). The specular reflection made it clear that it was the capsule/cigar shape. My girlfriend was able to observe more, and was completely taken aback at how round and sleek it was. it was hard to tell if it was a disk shape given our angle and distance. It was rather hard to capture in video with the same clarity which we saw it. Shortly after my girlfriend started taking the video it almost “wipe-faded” to the same color as the dark bottom of the cloud, or moved into the cloud. It was hard to distinguish a sense of movement from the object before that. It seemed to be fixed in the sky, and the only movement was from us winding around on the highway as we drove.
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Mistakes from the past demonstrate the reliability of science
Astronomers viewing supernova 1987A, pictured here, thought they saw a signal from a rapidly spinning neutron star too bizarre to comprehend. But the signal turned out to come from a quirk in the electronics of a camera used to aim the telescope.
NASA
To err is human, which is really not a very good excuse.
And to err as a scientist is worse, of course, because depending on science is supposed to be the best way for people to make sure they’re right. But since scientists are human (most of them, anyway), even science is never free from error. In fact, mistakes are fairly common in science, and most scientists tell you they wouldn’t have it any other way. That’s because making mistakes is often the best path to progress. An erroneous experiment may inspire further experiments that not only correct the original error, but also identify new previously unsuspected truths.
Still, sometimes science’s errors can be rather embarrassing. Recently much hype accompanied a scientific report about the possibility of life on Venus. But instant replay review has now raised some serious concerns about that report’s conclusion. Evidence for the gas phosphine, a chemical that supposedly could be created only by life (either microbes or well-trained human chemists), has started to look a little shaky. (See the story by well-trained Science News reporter Lisa Grossman.)
While the final verdict on phosphine remains to be rendered, it’s a good time to recall some of science’s other famous errors. We’re not talking about fraud here, or just bad ideas that were worth floating but flopped instead, or initial false positives due to statistical randomness. Rather, let’s just list the Top 10 erroneous scientific conclusions that got a lot of attention before ultimately getting refuted. (With one exception, there will be no names, for the purpose here is not to shame.)
10. A weird form of life
A report in 2010 claimed that a weird form of life incorporates arsenic in place of phosphorus in biological molecules. This one sounded rather suspicious, but the evidence, at first glance, looked pretty good. Not so good at second glance, though. And arsenic-based life never made it into the textbooks.
9. A weird form of water
In the 1960s, Soviet scientists contended that they had produced a new form of water. Ordinary water flushed through narrow tubes became denser and thicker, boiled at higher than normal temperatures and froze at much lower temperatures than usual. It seemed that the water molecules must have been coagulating in some way to produce “polywater.” By the end of the 1960s chemists around the world had begun vigorously pursuing polywater experiments. Soon those experiments showed that polywater’s properties came about from the presence of impurities in ordinary water.
8. Neutrinos, faster than light
Neutrinos are weird little flyweight subatomic particles that zip through space faster than Usain Bolt on PEDs. But not as fast as scientists claimed in 2011, when they timed how long it took neutrinos to fly from the CERN atom smasher near Geneva to a detector in Italy. Initial reports found that the neutrinos arrived 60 nanoseconds sooner than a beam of light would. Faster-than-light neutrinos grabbed some headlines, evoked disbelief from most physicists and induced Einstein to turn over in his grave. But sanity was restored in 2012, when the research team realized that a loose electrical cable knocked the experiment’s clocks out of sync, explaining the error.
7. Gravitational waves from the early universe
All space is pervaded by microwave radiation, the leftover glow from the Big Bang that kicked the universe into action 13.8 billion years ago. A popular theory explaining details of the early universe — called inflation — predicts the presence of blips in the microwave radiation caused by primordial gravitational waves from the earliest epochs of the universe.
In 2014, scientists reported finding precisely the signal expected, simultaneously verifying the existence of gravitational waves predicted by Einstein’s general theory of relativity and providing strong evidence favoring inflation. Suspiciously, though, the reported signal was much stronger than expected for most versions of inflation theory. Sure enough, the team’s analysis had not properly accounted for dust in space that skewed the data. Primordial gravitational waves remain undiscovered, though their more recent cousins, produced in cataclysmic events like black hole collisions, have been repeatedly detected in recent years.
6. A one-galaxy universe
In the early 20th century, astronomers vigorously disagreed on the distance from Earth of fuzzy cloudlike blobs shaped something like whirlpools (called spiral nebulae). Most astronomers believed the spiral nebulae resided within the Milky Way galaxy, at the time believed to comprise the entire universe. But a few experts insisted that the spirals were much more distant, themselves entire galaxies like the Milky Way, or “island universes.” Supposed evidence against the island universe idea came from measurements of internal motion in the spirals. It would be impossible to detect such motion if the spirals were actually way far away. But by 1924, Edwin Hubble established with certainty that at least sone of the spiral nebulae were in fact island universes, at vast distances from the Milky Way. Those measurements of internal motion were difficult to make — and they just turned out to be wrong.
5. A supernova’s superfast pulsar
Astronomers rejoiced in 1987 when a supernova appeared in the Large Magellanic Cloud, the closest such stellar explosion to Earth in centuries. Subsequent observations sought a signal from a pulsar, a spinning neutron star that should reside in the middle of the debris from some types of supernova explosions. But the possible pulsar remained hidden until January 1989, when a rapidly repeating radio signal indicated the presence of a superspinner left over from the supernova. It emitted radio beeps nearly 2,000 times a second — much faster than anybody expected (or could explain). But after one night of steady pulsing, the pulsar disappeared. Theorists raced to devise clever theories to explain the bizarre pulsar and what happened to it. Then in early 1990, telescope operators rotated a TV camera (used for guiding the telescope) back into service, and the signal showed up again — around a different supernova remnant. So the supposed signal was actually a quirk in the guide camera’s electronics — not a message from space.
4. A planet orbiting a pulsar
In 1991, astronomers reported the best case yet for the existence of a planet around a star other than the sun. In this case, the “star” was a pulsar, a spinning neutron star about 10,000 light-years from Earth. Variations in the timing of the pulsar’s radio pulses suggested the presence of a companion planet, orbiting its parent pulsar every six months. Soon, though, the astronomers realized that they had used an imprecise value for the pulsar’s position in the sky in such a way that the signal anomaly resulted not from a planet, but from the Earth’s motion around the sun.
3. Age of Earth
In the 1700s, French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffonestimated an Earth age of about 75,000 years, while acknowledging it might be much older. And geologists of the 19th century believe it to be older still — hundreds of millions of years or more — in order to account for the observation of layer after layer of Earth’s buried history. After 1860, Charles Darwin’s new theory of evolution also implied a very old Earth, to provide time for the diversity of species to evolve. But a supposedly definite ruling against such an old Earth came from a physicist who calculated how long it would take an originally molten planet to cool. He applied an age limit of about 100 million years, and later suggested that the actual age might even be much less than that. His calculations were in error, however — not because he was bad at math, but because he didn’t know about radioactivity.
Radioactive decay of elements in the Earth added a lot of heat into the mix, prolonging the cooling time. Eventually estimates of the Earth’s age based on rates of radioactive decay (especially in meteorites that formed around the same time as the Earth) provided the correct current age estimate of 4.5 billion years or so.
2. Age of the universe
When astronomers first discovered that the universe was expanding, at the end of the 1920s, it was natural to ask how long it had been expanding. By measuring the current expansion rate and extrapolating backward, they found that the universe must be less than 2 billion years old. Yet radioactivity measurements had already established the Earth to be much older, and it was very doubtful (as in impossibly ridiculous) that the universe could be younger than the Earth. Those early calculations of the universe’s expansion, however, had been based on distance measurements relying on Cepheid variable stars.
Astronomers calculated the Cepheids’ distances based on how rapidly their brightness fluctuated, which in turn depended on their intrinsic brightness. Comparing intrinsic brightness to apparent brightness provided a Cepheid’s distance, just as you can gauge the distance of a lightbulb if you know its wattage (oh yes, and what kind of lightbulb it is). It turned out, though, that just like lightbulbs, there is more than one kind of Cepheid variable, contaminating the expansion rate calculations. Nowadays converging methods give an age of the universe of 13.8 billion years, making the Earth a relative newcomer to the cosmos.
1. Earth in the middle
OK, we’re going to name and blame Aristotle for this one. He wasn’t the first to say that the Earth occupies the center of the universe, but he was the most dogmatic about it, and believed he had established it to be incontrovertibly true — by using logic. He insisted that the Earth must be in the middle because earth (the element) always sought to move toward its “natural place,” the center of the cosmos. Even though Aristotle invented formal logic, he apparently did not notice a certain amount of circularity in his argument. It took a while, but in 1543 Copernicus made a strong case for Aristotle being mistaken. And then in 1610 Galileo’s observation that Venus went through a full set of phases sealed the case for a sun-centered solar system.
Now, it would be nice if there were a lesson in this list of errors that might help scientists do better in the future. But the whole history of science shows that such errors are actually unavoidable. There is a lesson, though, based on what the mistakes on this list have in common: They’re all on a list of errors now known to be errors. Science, unlike certain political philosophies and personality cults, corrects its mistakes. That’s the lesson, and that’s why respecting science is so important to avoiding errors in other realms of life.
The saga of the Flying Saucer began with the pilot Kenneth Arnold, whose 24 June 1947 encounter at the Cascade Mountains, Washington State, kicked off the modern era of UFO sightings. At approximately 3:00 p.m. on the afternoon in question, Arnold was searching for an aircraft that had reportedly crashed on the southwest side of Mt. Rainier. At the time of its occurrence, Arnold’s encounter attracted the keen interest of not just the public and the media, but also that of the all-powerful Federal Bureau of Investigation. The following is a verbatim statement made by Arnold himself and taken from previously Secret FBI records of 1947 that confirm the Bureau’s deep interest in his strange encounter: “I hadn’t flown more than two or three minutes on my course when a bright flash reflected on my airplane. It startled me as I thought I was too close to some other aircraft. I looked every place in the sky and couldn’t find where the reflection had come from until I looked to the left and the north of Mt. Rainier, where I observed a chain of nine peculiar looking aircraft flying from north to south at approximately 9,500 feet elevation and going, seemingly, in a definite direction of about 170 degrees.”
Arnold stressed that the objects were approaching Mt. Rainier very rapidly and he was puzzled by their physical appearance: “I thought it was very peculiar that I couldn’t find their tails but assumed they were some type of jet plane. The more I observed these objects, the more upset I became, as I am accustomed and familiar with most all objects flying whether I am close to the ground or at higher altitudes. The chain of these saucer-like objects [was] at least five miles long. I felt confident after I would land there would be some explanation of what I saw [sic].” No conclusive explanation for Arnold’s sighting ever surfaced, and the mystery regarding what he did or did not see has raged for more than half a century. Even the FBI – that was monitoring UFO activity in the summer of 1947 on a somewhat ad hoc basis – came away impressed by the report: “It is difficult to believe that a man of [Arnold’s] character and apparent integrity would state that he saw objects and write up a report to the extent that he did if he did not see them.”
As UFO sightings reached epidemic proportions across the USA in the summer of 1947, the military swung into action, and various studies and operations were formulated that ultimately unified into an official, investigative operation known as Project Sign. That project would, in 1948, make way for Project Grudge; and, finally, Project Blue Book. The latter continued until 1969. Collectively, the three projects concluded that no UFO sighting investigated officially had ever had a bearing on national security, and there was no evidence to indicate that any UFO sightings represented alien visitations. Of course, numerous claims, counter-claims, arguments and counter-arguments have been put forth by a variety of authors and commentators on whether or not some UFOs are indeed alien spacecraft, and whether or not elements of the US Government, military and intelligence community have systematically hidden evidence in support of that theory from the public and the media alike.
Two weeks after the encounter of Kenneth Arnold, Brigadier General George F. Schulgen, Chief of the Requirements Intelligence Branch of Army Air Corps Intelligence, met with Special Agent S.W. Reynolds of the FBI with a view to determining if the Army Air Force could solicit the assistance of the Bureau on a regular basis in its investigation of the UFO mystery. General Schulgen advised SA Reynolds that, “every effort must be undertaken in order to run down and ascertain whether or not the flying discs are a fact and, if so, to learn all about them.” An examination of the relevant files of the FBI demonstrates that, in the weeks following Arnold’s encounter of 24 June 1947, the foremost thought on General Schulgen’s mind was that the Saucers were…Russian in origin. He went further and confided in Special Agent Reynolds that, “the first reported sightings might have been by individuals of Communist sympathies with the view to causing hysteria and fear of a secret weapon [italics mine].” It was for this reason that the Army Air Force sought the FBI’s assistance.
General Schulgen guaranteed the FBI “all the facilities of [my] office as to results obtained,” and outlined a plan that would involve the FBI in both locating and questioning witnesses to UFO sightings to ascertain whether they were sincere in their statements that they had seen flying saucers, or whether their statements were prompted by “personal desire for publicity or political reasons [italics mine].” Similarly, in 1953, the Robertson Panel – a select group of consultants brought together by the CIA to look at the national security implications of the UFO controversy – recommended that a number of the public UFO investigative groups that existed in the United States at the time, such as the Civilian Flying Saucer Investigators (CFSI) and the Aerial Phenomena Research Organization (APRO), should be “watched” carefully due to “…the apparent irresponsibility and the possible use of such groups for subversive purposes [italics mine].” Indeed, the fear and concern expressed by the military, the CIA, and the FBI that implicated those in the Flying Saucer mystery had “Communist sympathies” or were following a covert, political agenda – the intention of which was “causing hysteria” and subversion – led to intense surveillance of practically anyone and everyone that delved into the subject, and particularly those that criticized the Government’s handling of the situation.
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In March of 1978, a fisherman was out by a river in in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, when his concentration was broken by screams from the nearby jungle. Alarmed, the fisherman stopped what he was doing and ventured into the thick, murky underbrush towards the desperate cries, until he came to a teenaged boy lying there upon the ground. The boy seemed to be unable to move, and even when asked who he was he could only respond with gurgled cries of pain. Whoever the boy was, he seemed to be in a sort of spaced-out daze, and considering there was blood coming from his mouth the fisherman assumed that he had been attacked by someone. When authorities arrived, the boy was taken to the hospital, and it was found that he had four missing teeth, with other teeth jagged and broken, patches of hair that appeared to have been singed off, some kind of red marks like sunburn around his ears, and by the time doctors looked at him he was in some sort of unresponsive, catatonic state. He was moved to a more modern medical facility, and only after a few days did he begin to come out of his mysterious stupor. When he did, he had quite a bizarre tale to tell, and so would begin one of the weirdest alien abduction accounts Brazil has ever seen.
It started as a normal day for 16-year old Luis Carlos Serra, who in March of 1978 was out in the wilds near his home in village of Penalva, collecting guava fruit for his family. The area was covered in thick jungle, but he had been out here many times before, and for Luis it was all rather mundane, that is until the day began to take a turn for the strange, starting with a loud noise like a siren that boomed out to reverberate among the trees. This was not a normal sound of the jungle, obviously not natural, and at first Luis thought it might be from an aircraft overhead, but when he looked up it would prove to be no normal airplane.
When Luis peered up through the canopy of trees stretching above, he felt nearly blinded by an intensely bright light. What was causing the light he could not see, but it was so brilliant it lit up the jungle floor, and as he stood there, frightened and wondering what could possible produce such a light, he suddenly found that he could not move his body. Luis would claim that something had paralyzed him, and he fell to the ground unable to move or even cry out. As he lay there helpless, the light began to sort of congeal around him, until he was enveloped by it, and that was when he felt his body lift off the forest floor into the air, as it something were pulling him upwards.
The now terrified boy continued his ascent, right up through the branches of the canopy and above the sea of jungle green, and that’s when he finally saw the source of the light. According to Luis, hovering over the jungle was a large round object with a domed top and lined by windows along its side, and it was towards this inscrutable craft that he found himself floating. He would claim that he was pulled towards the mysterious sphere, and right through one of the windows, until he was inside of it. He was then allegedly gently lowered to the floor, from which Luis looked up to see three humanoid beings in metallic suits and visors standing around him speaking in some unknown language. As he tried to comprehend what was going on, the craft began to move, and things would get even stranger still. Although his memory of the even would remain somewhat murky, he says the craft went to a place that was dark and devoid of mountains, sky, stars, and trees; just a vast expanse of some sort of strange tall grass. He was levitated back out of the craft and set down upon a clearing, and he would say of what happened:
I was taken to a strange land with no trees and only with tall grass. I do not know how long it took to get there. I went out the window just as I came in, with nothing supporting my back. I was still paralyzed. It was a strange place I did not know. It seemed like a field, but no birds or sides. The grass was very high, about one meter. I did not see any house or building. I could not see the sky, there were no trees or stars. It was very dark. I was still paralyzed. So those people approached me and put a tube in my nose. It did not hurt. Then they put a transparent ball in my mouth, and a liquid down my throat too fast. I fell asleep and did not know what happened later, I woke up in the bush.
It would not be until three days later that he would be found there by that fisherman, but it would turn out that there had been an intensive search effort to locate the boy carried out by the villagers. The incident would capture the attention of UFO researcher and journalist Bob Pratt, who would go to the region to interview Luis and other locals about what had happened, also finding out that there had been several other sightings of UFOs in the area at the time. Pratt would also interview medical personnel who had examined the boy, including a neurologist and two psychiatrists, and he even spoke with the town’s mayor, none of which had any rational explanation for his condition when found. Rather curiously, according to researcher Albert Rosales, in August of 1978 there was a sighting of three glowing humanoids in silver coveralls and round, translucent helmets in a field near Penalva, although what connection this had to Luis’ case remains unknown.
It is hard to know what to make of this bizarre case. Investigators who have looked into it deem Luis to be a perfectly rational and calm witness who has never deviated from his core story. There is nothing about him that suggests he would simply fabricate such an otherworldly tale, and no reason to suspect he ever gained anything from it. There are also the corroborating reports of other strangeness in the area, so what are we to think of all of this? Is this just tall tales mixed with local superstition and maybe a dose of minor hysteria, or is there something more to it all? For now, the strange case of Luis Carlos Serra remains an intriguing mystery that sees no concrete conclusion in sight, and it is left to the realm of speculation.
A very bizarre-looking, shrimp-like, five-eyed creature that lived in the ocean more than 500 million years ago may be the “missing link” in the evolution of arthropods. Six very well preserved fossils were unearthed in the Yu’anshan Formation in the southern part of China and the newly discovered creature has been named Kylinxia zhangia.
Arthropods began thriving during the Cambrian period (between 543 million and 490 million years ago) and there are still plenty of them today. They are defined as being invertebrates with an exoskeleton, segmented body, and appendages with joints. Insects (bees, dragonflies, ants), arachnids (scorpions, spiders), myriapods (centipedes, millipedes), and crustaceans (shrimp, crabs, lobsters) are all examples of arthropods.
The Kylinxia zhangia lived in the water more than 500 million years ago.
The Kylinxia zhangia had five compound eyes (two that were twice as large as the rest), a jointed upper portion to its body; big “arms” that curved upwards; and 15 jointed limbs that had spines at the end. It measured approximately 3 inches long. While some of its features coincide with other arthropods from ancient times, it also had very bizarre features that were present in other species.
The remains were so well preserved that several tissues and digestive glands were still present. In a statement, Fangchen Zhao, who is a professor with the Nanjing Institute of Palaeontology and Geology (NIPG) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Nanjing, China, as well as a co-author of the study, said, “The Kylinxia fossils exhibit exquisite anatomical structures,” adding, “For example, nervous tissue, eyes and digestive system – these are soft body parts we usually cannot see in conventional fossils.”
There are still missing pieces to the evolutionary history of arthropods which is why the discovery of the Kylinxia zhangia is so important. Since several of its features were known to be present in other species, it is believed that the Kylinxia zhangia is the “missing link” that scientists have been searching for.
The Kylinxia zhangia has been described as shrimp-like.
Researchers compared the features of the Kylinxia zhangia to around 300 features of other arthropods in over 80 taxonomic groups. An ancient ancestor of arthropods called Opabinia also had five eyes, and a three-foot-long Cambrian marine arthropod named Anomalocaris had appendages that looked like those of the Kylinxia zhangia.
Han Zeng, who is a NIPG assistant professor and the lead author of the study, explained this further, “Kylinxia represents a crucial transitional fossil predicted by Darwin’s evolutionary theory.” “It bridges the evolutionary gap from Anomalocaris to true arthropods and forms a key ‘missing link’ in the origin of arthropods, contributing strong fossil evidence for the evolutionary theory of life.” The study was published in the journal Naturewhere it can be read in full.
Images of what the Kylinxia zhangia would have looked like more than 500 million years ago can be seen here.
They Kept This Secret From The American Public... Giants Were In Your Back Yard
They Kept This Secret From The American Public... Giants Were In Your Back Yard
Around the turn of the 19th century, there were hundreds of reports from reputable sources of giant skeletons unearthed from ancient burial mounds across America. Researcher and author Jim Vieira has made it his mission to explore the mystery behind these mounds and others where there is documentation of unearthed skeletons, often of gigantic proportions.
He found that the construction, and particularly the stonework, of these mounds, was impressive, considering the level of technology at the time and many had the remains of giants buried beneath them which ranged from 7 to 10 feet tall.
The Fossil Record Cannot Be Wrong... Strange Giants Once Lived On Earth
The Fossil Record Cannot Be Wrong... Strange Giants Once Lived On Earth
The Fossil Record Cannot Be Wrong… Strange Giants Once Lived On Earth
There has been an on going secret for many years. Scientific establishments have been rushing away the evidence as quickly as possible. But now, researchers from all around the world are revealling their findings and the secret can not be kept hidden any further. Our world was once inhabited by various giants that had some incredible attributes. What happened to them and where did they go?
I found something in a Mars photo that really is a bit odd. I believe it to be a white/yellow fungus. It appears to have created a donut shape circle in the shade on a rocks edge.
Also I found the same fungus in a doorway of a rocky structure. The doorway is about 6-7 inches tall, but a white substance is coating its edges...almost as if its slowly creating a white fungus door to black the opening. Again...thats very odd, why a doorway and why a fungus white substance growing within it? Look how close the Mars rover is to these two fungus locations...just one or two meters away. You cannot tell me NASA didn't see the fungus. They would have be total idiots not to see such obvious details near the rover. So it looks like...again NASA had no intentions to really announce any true discoveries they made on Mars, but to instead drip feed the public boring scientific facts that the world already knows. NASA employs 17,000 people...and yet, I am just a single person working alone...and I have just proven life exists on the surface of Mars.
A long black UFO shot out of earths sun on the 3rd of November and got caught on the NASA/SOHO sun satellite images. The object is big, at least 10X the size of earth. The sun...is the white circle area at the center. I have seen this UFO before. Many years ago I reported the exact same UFO but it was more clear back then. This is it...again. Its front is wide but its neck is thin and its back area is very wide.
Also, thanks to YouTuber Паша Буданов for both finding this UFO and telling me about it. Click here to visit his channel.
100% Proof That Aliens Are Using The Interior OF Our Sun, making a hollow space for space station and small planets to exist. Hollow Moon Theory, by SCW.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.