Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 13 YEARS AND 2 MONTH.
ON 06/08/2024 MORE THAN 2.161.100
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
20-06-2021
Dark Journalist: Antarctica UFO Secrets and Alien Invasion Op!
Dark Journalist: Antarctica UFO Secrets and Alien Invasion Op!
Dark Journalist interview with Oxford Scholar Dr. Joseph Farrell on Antarctica UFO Secrets and Alien Invasion Op! Wernher von Braun Prediction - Exotic Technology and Admiral Byrd Operation Highjump!
UFOS AND GLOBAL CONTROL
Join Dark Journalist Daniel Liszt for this fascinating interview with Dr. Joseph Farrell on Antarctica UFO Secrets and the Alien Invasion Op! Dr. Farrell goes deep on the Nazi Rocket Scientist Wernher von Braun and his prescient Prediction of a False Alien Invasion Op that would be created by the National Security State as a pretext to weaponize space.
He also examines the Exotic Technology that Admiral Byrd encountered during Operation Highjump and the strange death of Byrd's son before he could expose the truth!
Daytime video – cigar UFO near Lake Michigan 19-Jun-2021
Daytime video – cigar UFO near Lake Michigan 19-Jun-2021
Daytime cigar-shaped object filmed near Lake Michigan on 19th June 2021.
Witness report:
Moved south southwest near Lake Michigan. Eating burgers at park near fishing bridge in Whitehall Michigan and saw an object in the sky off to the west moving south to southwest. Watched until it vanished. Saw it or another again and got out of car and took video of it.
Claim to have seen the things that these people did, and the world starts paying attention. For this list, we’ll be looking at people who famously claimed to have witnessed UFOs or had interactions with extraterrestrials. Our countdown includes David Bowie, Elvis Presley, The Reed Brothers, and more! Have YOU ever seen a UFO? Let us know in the comments!
It’s no secret that I don’t believe aliens crashed outside of Roswell, New Mexico in July 1947. I’ve written two books on why, in my mind, we should be looking for answers that take us beyond tales of aliens and dead extraterrestrials. They are 2005’s Body Snatchers in the Desert and 2017’s The Roswell UFO Conspiracy. For many of those who believe aliens did come down on the Foster Ranch, Lincoln County, they hang onto certain aspects of the Roswell story – aspects that seem to vindicate the tales of aliens. Today, though, I’m going to explain how and why some of the cornerstones of Roswell are actually nothing of the sort. I’ll begin with the yarn of Glenn Dennis and those “little coffins” in which the alien bodies were supposedly stored. At the time when everything went weird at Roswell in ’47, Dennis was an embalmer (not a mortician, as so many have incorrectly described him – including Dennis himself, no less) at the local Ballard Funeral Home. He signed a sworn affidavit confirming something sensational – namely, that a nursing friend at the base had quietly admitted to him that a preliminary autopsy of a number of strange bodies had been conducted at the base hospital at the Roswell Army Air Field. One of the most memorable parts of Dennis’ tale is the claim that in the immediate aftermath of the crash, he was contacted by someone at the base. It was someone who wanted to know to if he – Dennis – had any small coffins. And, that’s what I want to address today.
I have always thought that Dennis’ story of the small coffins was planted – by the man himself – as a piece of dramatic story-telling and the pinnacle of his claims. If bodies were taken to the base – and I believe they were, but they weren’t alien – having a military man bringing up the need for tiny coffins, and sharing the story with Dennis, makes no sense at all – and particularly so from the perspective of security. Maybe even of national security proportions. It only inflates the controversy even more. And, certainly, no-one on the base wanted that. The military would not have wanted to seed the story of small bodies in the mind of a local embalmer: who was a member of the public. Why would the military specifically ask Dennis for small coffins, when normal-sized would have done the job just as well? The answer is simple: they wouldn’t have done that. They would have operated in a very low-key fashion.Clearly, the tale of the “tiny coffins” is garbage and, for those who still hang onto the story, it’s time to walk away from it. Forever.
Now, there’s the saga of “the victims of the wreck.” One of the most intriguing pieces of Roswell-based documentation is that which has become known as the “Ramey Memo.” It is a single piece of paper and can be seen in a black-and-white photograph taken of Brigadier General Roger Ramey. In 1947, he was the head of the 8th Army Air Force, which operated out of Fort Worth, Texas. Ramey is a key part of the story, as he is holding the memo in question in his left hand; a memo which says something about Roswell. But, what? That’s the issue UFO researchers are unable to agree upon. A number of attempts have been made to decipher the memo. The first real attempt of any major significance was undertaken on behalf of the U.S. Air Force. In their massive 1994 report on the Roswell affair, the USAF stated that it sent the photo-collection to what was only referred to as a “national-level organization for digitizing and subsequent photo interpretation and analysis.” The results, however, were disappointing, as that same unnamed organization informed the Air Force, on July 20, 1994, that even after careful digitizing, “the photos were of insufficient quality to visualize either of the details sought for analysis.”
The crash site
(Nick Redfern)
There is very little doubt that the memo includes the words “in the ‘disc’ they will ship.” Far more controversially, David Rudiak concludes from his analysis that the words “operation at the ranch” and “the victims of the wreck” can also be seen. Roswell investigator Kevin Randle noted in 2015: “While ‘Victims of the wreck’ might not take us immediately to the extraterrestrial, it would certainly start us on the path.” I’m particularly intrigued by that word, “victims.” Let’s take a look at the definitions for “victim” that Merriam-Webster provides. They include: “one that is acted on and usually adversely affected by a force or agent;” “one that is injured, destroyed, or sacrificed under any of various conditions;” “one that is subjected to oppression, hardship, or mistreatment;” and “one that is tricked or duped” If the “human experiment” angle for Roswell is the correct one – as I believe it to be – then the terminology used by Merriam-Webster to define a “victim” is most apt. After all, there is no doubt that those used in the 1940s-era experiments were “adversely affected by a force or agent.” Few would deny they were “injured, destroyed, or sacrificed.”” And they were certainly ““subjected to oppression, hardship, or mistreatment.” Still on the matter of that controversial sentence in the Ramey Memo, there is the issue of the word “wreck.” It seems very strange that such a word would have been used to describe what the military was assuring the media was just a flimsy weather-balloon.
Now, we come to another aspect of Roswell that many ufologists claim proves that aliens crashed, but that, as you’ll see, doesn’t stand up at all. When, in the 1990s, the Government Accountability Office (previously known as the General Accounting Office) was investigating Roswell, they found that a huge amount of documentation from the base was missing. Proof that aliens did crash? Nope. You have to look at the story carefully. If UFO/Roswell researchers wish to maintain that the missing files from 1947 point to a specific cover-up of the Roswell event – and Roswell occurred out of the blue in July of that year – then they have to provide a viable reason as to why documentation dating back as far as March 1945 was pulled too, and why additional documentation remains missing from as late as 1950. Saying that “the outgoing Roswell messages from July 1947 are missing” is absolutely true, and it opens eyes and it catches the attention of ufologists and Roswell disciples everywhere. Noting that, in reality, the files actually cover 1945 to 1950, and also cover general administrative issues at the base, is far less attention-grabbing.
Ironically, the fact that the files which have vanished (files which still cannot be found) span 1945 to 1950, actually adds weight to the idea that Roswell was a military experiment. Just about everyone I spoke with while writing Body Snatchers in the Desert told me that the human experimentation began in 1945 and ended in the late 1940s – with a few additional tests having occurred in the early fifties. Pulling 1945-era files for a one-off event that didn’t occur until the summer of 1947 makes zero sense. Pulling certain 1945-era files that might have compromised the handful of pre-Roswell experiments – had they reached the public domain, of course – makes perfect sense. The same goes for the decision to make the 1948-1950 files vanish, too. The fact is that six years of files are missing, not just files from the time of the Roswell crash. This is indicative of a fairly lengthy series of ongoing tests that had to be hidden – not the out-of-the-blue crash of one solitary alien spacecraft midway through 1947.
It should also be recalled that President Clinton’s Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments revealed that “…a number of potentially important collections could not be located and were evidently lost or destroyed [italics mine]. Similarly, the Committee reveals, a number of those same document collections related to experiments undertaken in the fields of biomedicine, defense and space exploration; and in the great majority of these cases only fragmentary data remained. Where programs were legitimately kept secret for national security reasons, states the Committee, the government often did not create or maintain adequate records [italics mine], thereby preventing the public, and those most at risk, from learning the facts in a timely and complete fashion.” All of this is highly suggestive of an agenda to make Roswell go away – permanently. And to bury the extremely controversial “human experiment” angle of the incident.
The go-to explanation for giant iceballs from space that are too large to be hail and too non-blue and non-stinky to be waste dumped from airplane toilets is ‘megacryometeor’ – a rare frozen space ball whose cause researchers can’t seem to agree on and whose dangerous propensity to crash into homes the government doesn’t seem to be worried about protecting us from. Do we need a Pentagon investigation or should we hold a telethon? Either one might help a family in Elk Mound, Wisconsin, who is the latest victim of this insidious space invader.
“It grazed me. I would’ve probably been out, kicked the bucket [if it landed on me]. As soon as that came through, everything else was like dust of insulation. I couldn’t see.”
What next?
Ken Millermon of Elk Mound, a small village in western Wisconsin near Eau Claire, sounds happy to be alive after his bedroom was the target of a 12-pound ice ball on May 25, 2021. Millermon called his insurance agent since it looked like a lot of damage (see photos here) and they’re generally more responsive than the government. Then he called the local news media, which spread the photos around and tried to find an answer.
“While some people suggest megacryometeors really just come from airplanes. Some people say well it’s the head or the bathroom of the airplane, or maybe it’s coming out of the wheel well. That explanation doesn’t hold up if we have samples back in the 1700s.”
Well, that eliminates a plane poopsicle, according to Dr. James Boulter, a chemistry and biochemistry professor at the University of Wisconsin-Eau Claie (UWEC). Boulter also agrees with meteorologists who say it’s far too big to be a hailstone, along with the fact that the storm in the area that night wasn’t powerful enough to create hail. For the “I’m not saying it’s aliens, but …” crowd, Boulter has tests he runs on giant ice balls (a potential band name?) and eliminated the possibility of this one coming from outer space. However, it could still be a type of meteor.
“We think, it’s likely to be a megacryometeor. These have been observed around the world to a tune of maybe a dozen or so a year.”
Being a good professor, Boulter turned this mysterious ice ball into a learning experience for his students. While they know about the troposphere, the part of the atmosphere hugging the ground where we humans live, and the stratosphere, the next layer which is extremely stable and has no turbulence, few are aware of the thin layer in-between them known as the tropopause. Hovering somewhere between 5.6 and 11 miles up (it’s thicker over the equator), it’s the point where air no longer cools with height, instead becoming completely dry. While generally stable, Boulter says that certain unknown activities in the jet stream can create a fold in the tropopause, causing the stratosphere to mix with the troposphere, creating weird conditions that could cause ice crystals to form fast enough to accumulate into giant ice ball ‘megacryometeors’ before falling to the earth and into bedrooms.
Megacryometeor wannabes?
“The conditions to create something of this magnitude up there have to be pretty interesting, with a dozen or so of these things a year of just the ones that have been reported. Imagine all the ones that fall over oceans or forests; there’s probably a lot more of these than we actually know about.”
As Ken Millerman might say – ‘Who cares … what about our roofs?’ A study of megacryometeors sounds like the perfect subject for a PhD dissertation or a grant … or a project for certain billionaires to research as they send their private crafts to the edge of space and back.
That whooshing sound you hear is lawyers for airlines breathing a sigh of relief.
If UFOs are out there, feds want to know what they are and where they're from
More frequently reported sightings of unidentified flying objects by pilots have made government officials more serious about finding out what they are. (File Photo)
If UFOs are out there, feds want to know what they are and where they're from
WASHINGTON — It’s an idea that has tantalized civilization for ages: Is there intelligent life beyond Earth? For years, it has preoccupied the Pentagon and intelligence agencies, too.
What You Need To Know
House, Senate intelligence leaders briefed on report on UFOs
The report is expected to be released at end of June
Sightings not confirmed or ruled out as alien spacecraft in report
Nation must know whether they're a safety concern, Demings and Rubio say
NASA will investigate sightings scientifically, administrator says
The growing number of sightings of unidentified flying objects, or UFO's, by military and commercial pilots is now drawing the attention of the federal government. Members of the House and Senate Intelligence Committees on Capitol Hill have now been briefed on the much-anticipated UFO report that is expected to be released at the end of this month.
“We do have reason to be concerned until we are able to rule out any threat to the traveling public, to those military pilots, to our military facilities,” said Rep. Val Demings (D-Florida District 10), a member of the House Intelligence Committee.
Demings was briefed Wednesday by Naval and FBI officials on their findings, which did not confirm or rule out the sightings as alien spacecraft.
“It’s an ongoing investigation — I think they are competent and capable of identifying those unidentified objects,” Demings said in an interview with Spectrum News.
The Department of Defense has been keeping track of these kinds of reports for decades but only recently acknowledged their existence.
“There was a taboo on discussing technological civilizations beyond Earth for a while,” said Harvard University science professor Dr. Avi Loeb. “It was considered a little crazy, perhaps in the realm of science fiction, but I think we're getting to the time where it will be part of the mainstream discussion.”
For years, Sen. Marco Rubio (R-Fla.) has been urging the federal government to take UFOs seriously. He’s been demanding answers and added language into former President Donald Trump’s last spending bill that mandated the Pentagon to compile the UFO report.
“People can speculate about, well, it’s space aliens,” Rubio said. “My biggest concern frankly is that it’s another country. They’ve made some technological leap that will catch us by surprise by perhaps one of our adversaries. That would be deeply concerning.”
NASA Administrator Bill Nelson said the space agency is also launching an investigation of its own.
“Now that I’m here at NASA, I’ve turned to our scientists, and I’ve said, ‘Would you look at it from a scientific standpoint?’” Nelson said. “NASA is going to appropriately look at it through the lens of its scientists.”
The UFO report is expected to be released to the public by the end of the month. It’s unclear how much the government will reveal of its findings because of national security concerns.
New Dark Outpost: UFO Disclosure From FBI! Papers Released on Alien Bodies, Spacecrafts and Other Planets
New Dark Outpost:UFO Disclosure From FBI! Papers Released on Alien Bodies, Spacecrafts and Other Planets
The FBI has released a document detailing the existence of alien bodies, spacecrafts and other planets. John Carman weighs in. Plus…Someone once said that, after silence, music comes nearest to expressing the inexpressible. Singer/songwriter Billy Falcon’s music has a way of doing just that.
As an artist uses color, Falcon uses words and music to convey life’s beauty and fragility, the joy, and the heartache, the disappointment, and always, the hope. Falcon enters the Inner Circle. Leave the world you think you know behind and join us at the Dark Outpost! Watch the full show at https://watch.darkoutpost.tv!
A New Technique for “Seeing” Exoplanet Surfaces Based on the Content of their Atmospheres
A New Technique for “Seeing” Exoplanet Surfaces Based on the Content of their Atmospheres
In November of 2021, the James Webb Space Telescope(JMST) will make its long-awaited journey to space. This next-generation observatory will observe the cosmos using its advanced infrared suite and reveal many never-before-seen things. By 2024, it will be joined the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope (RST), the successor to the Hubble mission that will have 100 times Hubble’s field of view and faster observing time.
These instruments will make huge contributions to many fields of research, not the least of which is the discovery and characterization of extrasolar planets. But even with their advanced optics and capabilities, these missions will not be able to examine the surfaces of exoplanets in any detail. However, a team of the UC Santa Cruz (UCSC) and the Space Science Institute (SSI) have developed the next best thing: a tool for detecting an exoplanet surface without directly seeing it.
The paper that describes their research, titled “How to Identify Exoplanet Surfaces Using Atmospheric Trace Species in Hydrogen-dominated Atmospheres,” recently appeared in The Astrophysical Journal. As they indicated, the team sought to develop ways to study the surfaces of exoplanets based on their atmospheric composition. This is necessary since none of the upcoming space telescopes have the capacity to study surface features of an exoplanet indirectly.
However, these same telescopes will be excellent tools for determining the composition of exoplanet atmospheres. Beyond the James Webb and Roman Space Telescopes, a number of next-generation ground-based observatories will become operational in the coming years that will have similar capabilities. These include the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT), the Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT), and the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT).
With their combination of high-sensitivity, coronographs, and adaptive optics, these observatories will be able to conduct Direct Imaging studies of exoplanets, where light reflected directly from an exoplanet’s atmosphere will be studied to determine atmospheric composition. This will help astronomers and astrobiologists place tighter constraints on which exoplanets are “potentially habitable” and which are not.
However, the conditions we consider prerequisites for life also include geological processes like volcanic activity and plate tectonics, which are discernible from their associated surface features. While we may not be able to discern these in the near future, Xinting Yu (an Earth and Planetary Sciences Postdoctoral Fellow at UCSC) and her colleagues have proposed a novel way to determine surface features based on the abundances of atmospheric gases.
As Dr. Yu explained to Universe Today via email, the inspiration for this method came from two bodies in our Solar System – Jupiter and Titan (Saturn’s largest moon). Both bodies have dense gaseous atmospheres with two chemical species – ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4) – that play a major part in atmospheric processes. Said Yu:
“Titan has a cold and shallow surface with almost no (or not supposed to be any) ammonia and methane, while Jupiter’s atmosphere has lots of ammonia and methane. Why is this happening? In the upper atmosphere of both Jupiter and Titan, ammonia and methane are destroyed by UV photons constantly, forming nitrogen (for ammonia) and more complex hydrocarbons (for methane). On Titan, the photochemistry-formed nitrogen and complex hydrocarbons keep forming and piling up.”
Cassini image of Saturn’s largest moon Titan. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute
In short, methane and ammonia are destroyed in Titan’s atmosphere and then consumed to form nitrogen and hydrocarbons. This is what led to nitrogen becoming the dominant gas in Titan’s atmosphere (98% by volume) and the large deposition of hydrocarbons on its surface, leading to the formation of an organic-rich environment. Due to the extreme cold of Titan’s surface, this conversion process is irreversible.
Jupiter, on the other hand, also has ammonia and methane in its dense atmosphere but has no surface to speak of. As Yu explained, this results in a rather different process where the chemical species involved:
“Because there is no surface on Jupiter, the atmosphere just extends all the way to thousands of Earth surface pressures and thousands of kelvins. The photochemistry-formed nitrogen and complex hydrocarbons in the upper atmosphere can transport to this deep, hot part of the atmosphere. There, they could combine hydrogen to reform methane and ammonia. The reformed methane and ammonia are then “recycled” back into the upper atmosphere. This cycle continues to replenish the destroyed methane and ammonia.”
Another key point addressed by Yu and her team has to do with the current exoplanet census. To date, the majority of exoplanets discovered have been mini-Neptunes – i.e., planets that are less massive than Neptune but have a thick atmosphere dominated by hydrogen and helium. In fact, of the 4,401 confirmed exoplanets to date, 1,488 have been identified as “Neptune-like,” with masses ranging from 9 times that of Earth to slightly less than Jupiter.
Jupiter’s atmosphere, as imaged by the Juno mission (colorized by Kevin M. Gill). Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS/Kevin M. Gill
Because of their gaseous envelopes and the distances involved, it is impossible to determine if these planets have surfaced and where they are located. Because of their statistical significance, Yu and her team decided to use one in particular to test their novel approach. This was K2-18b, a mini-Neptune with about 8 times the mass of Earth that orbits within the habitable zone (HZ) of a red dwarf star (K2-18) located 124 light-years from Earth.
Originally detected by the Kepler Space Telescope in 2015, K2-18b is the first HZ exoplanet found to have significant amounts of water vapor in its atmosphere. Using a photochemical model, Yu and her team simulated how the presence of a surface on this exoplanet would affect the atmospheric evolution of K2-18b. They also accounted for different atmospheric pressure and temperature levels, factors that are linked to surface elevation.
“We are wondering if we can use the abundance of species like ammonia and methane to tell if an exoplanet has a surface or not,” said Yu. “A cold and shallow surface would cut all the “recycling” reactions that require high temperatures and pressures in deep planetary atmospheres to reform methane and ammonia. Thus, we expect to see little methane and ammonia on an exoplanet with a cold and shallow surface, and lots of methane and ammonia on an exoplanet with no surface or a deep and hot surface.”
What they found was that ammonia and methane, as predicted, were both sensitive to both the presence and elevation of a surface. This is consistent with what has been observed with exoplanets that have cold and shallow surfaces, where chemical species like water, hydrogen cyanide, and heavier hydrocarbons are broken down by UV exposure. Meanwhile, species like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide (which are less prone to UV destruction) are retained.
Artist’s impression of a Super-Earth planet orbiting a Sun-like star. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser
What was unexpected, however, was the way that different chemicals are sensitive in different ways to different levels of elevation. According to Yu, this is due to the fact that carbon and nitrogen species have a “sweet spot” where they can be fully recycled. Whereas ammonia and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) are sensitive to atmospheres with densities of 100 bar at the surface (100 times that of Earth, similar to Venus), methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide are sensitive to pressures below 10 bar at the surface (ten times that of Earth).
These findings present multiple implications for the study of exoplanets, foremost of which are the fact that planetary surfaces matter. Said Yu:
“Previously, scientists were predicting the atmospheric compositions of exoplanets using thermochemical equilibrium models. The atmospheric compositions are solely determined by the pressure and temperature of the atmosphere. But our study shows, even if pressure and temperature are the same, adding a surface can drastically change the atmospheric composition of an exoplanet!”
Another implication of this study is that it is possible for astronomers to learn about exoplanet surfaces based on their atmospheric composition. “For example, when the observers see depleted amounts of ammonia and HCN, we can tell this exoplanet has a surface of less than 100 bar,” added Yu. “Then if we also see depleted quantities of methane, hydrocarbons, and an increased amount of carbon monoxide, that indicates a surface less than 10 bar. That is pretty promising for identifying habitable exoplanets!”
Beyond the characterization of mini-Neptunes, this research also has implications for all other types of exoplanets – including rocky, “Earth-like” ones. In fact, as long as the planet in question has an atmosphere and is subject to UV radiation in its upper atmosphere, the size of the exoplanet is irrelevant. In all cases, astronomers will see the same differences in chemical abundances depending on whether or not there is a surface.
Artist’s impression of the Earth-sized, rocky exoplanet GJ 1132 b, located 41 light-years away around a red dwarf star. Credit: NASA, ESA, and R. Hurt (IPAC/Caltech)
According to Yu, it is the smaller colder exoplanets that are more promising testing targets for this method since they are more likely to have shallow and cold surfaces. However, smaller planets are also more likely to have interior or surface processes that will affect the abundance of certain chemicals in their atmospheres – such as volcanic activity and plate tectonics. The smaller they are, the more significant these processes could be.
These and other concerns are things that Yu and her team look forward to studying in greater detail in the future to determine the robustness of their results and how it might be affected by different perturbations from the surface/interior of the exoplanets. Their efforts, and those of astrobiologists in general, will benefit greatly from the launch of the JWST, which is currently scheduled to take place sometime in November of 2021. Said Yu:
“Our study points out an exciting science angle for JWST. It is fine to have solely atmospheric characterization data. Without direct surface observations, we can still tell if an exoplanet has a surface, and even roughly where the surface is located. Knowing whether an exoplanet has a surface is also undoubtedly important for astrobiology. A liquid or a solid surface is likely necessary for sustaining complex lifeforms. Thus, the existence of a surface would be an essential thing to look for when assessing an exoplanet’s habitability.”
The ability to study exoplanets directly, combined with the ability to constrain their surface conditions, will advance the study of astrobiology considerably. The field will also benefit from innovative methods that could allow scientists to search for life (aka. biosignatures) based on different levels of entropy in an environment or different levels of complexity with organic particles. Little by little, we are narrowing the focus and tightening the constraints!
If there is life out there to be found, we find it sooner or later!
UFO Sighted Over Mendoza, Argentina ( June 17, 2021 )
UFO Sighted Over Mendoza, Argentina on June 17, 2021
STATEMENT : q me dicen de este viedo ??? muy pocos me dieron una explicación ovni !!!!sucedio en mendoaza Argentina!!!!!!
TRANSLATE : What do they say about this video??? Very few gave me an explanation UFO!!!! it happened in Mendoza Argentina!!!!!!
credit : Alexis Martin Bruno
Ancient Alien Tech Discovered ( June 13, 2021 )
Amazing Ancient Alien Tech Discovered on June 13, 2021 by ght375 فارس بلاجوات
India
RELATED VIDEOS
UFO Sighted Over Peterhead, Scotland ( June 13, 2021 )
STATEMENT : Some strange UFO in the night I’m telling you all it’s not a drone my I live rural in the county side of Scotland with fields of sheep around me. I have 2 neighbours and one does have a drone for the young boy. He’s used it a couple times and it’s obviously a low flying object. Your able to judge it’s distance like a bird flying about. My other neighbour is a farmer I know him well he does not own a drone. This was very far away.
credit : Scott DuBois
UFO Sighted Over San Juan, Puerto Rico ( June 16, 2021 )
Impressive UFO sighting from an aircraft landing in San Juan, Puerto Rico's capital and largest city on : June 16, 2021
Closer and more evident every day
credit : Paolo Cafarelli
UFO Sighted Over Boa Vista, Brazil ( June 16, 2021 )
STATEMENT :registro no céu de Boa Vista Roraima. As 18:28 da noite. 16/06/21
TRANSLATE :record in Boa Vista Roraima sky. At 18:28 pm 16/06/21
Impressive sighting of UFOs coming out of Popocatepetl volcano Mexico. At 6: 06 minutes of the morning of the June 16, 2021 via Mexico's Web Cam Monitoring equipment, it was possible to obtain extraordinary evidence in which you can see how two unidentified flying objects emerge from the crater of the Popocatepetl volcano .... The equipment is located in the Tlamacas area, very close to the colossus of fire and we can see how these objects emerge directly from the crater of this active giant. We can even see them as they shine brightly when leaving the crater. Would Popocatepetl Volcano be an UFO base or a dimensional portal? One thing is already certain and unquestionable, they are already among us...
RELATED VIDEOS, seleted and posted by peter2011
UFO Sighted Over Pakistan ( June 15, 2021 )
Impressive UFO sighting in Pakistan, UFO was sighted on June 15, 2021 by All A.
They are already here more evidence every day
credit : All A
Large Pill Shaped Object REC Over Ebensburg Pennsylvania?
arge Pill shaped object recorded over Ebensburg Pennsylvania on June 9th 2021.
Colorado UFO investigator talks upcoming report to Congress
Colorado UFO investigator talks upcoming report to Congress
A UFO report is due to Congress by June 25. Jeremy Jojola talks with a Colorado UFO investigator about the upcoming report and how her group approaches sightings.
Watch | UFO Hovers Over Ocean, Disappears Into Water in Officially Confirmed US Navy Video
Watch | UFO Hovers Over Ocean, Disappears Into Water in Officially Confirmed US Navy Video
A leaked US Navy UFO sighting video shows a mysterious object disappearing into the water. The US defense departments have confirmed that military personnel recorded the video.
Documentary filmmaker and UFO enthusiasts Jeremy Corbell released the footage that shows an unidentified flying object (UFO) vanishing into the water off California in the US. ACCORDING TO CORBELL, the US Navy captured the footage off the coast of San Diego in July 2019.
The video shows a black spherical object captured in an infrared camera. The UFO is seen flying over the ocean and then disappearing into the water.
“It splashed,” a military person can be heard saying as the object vanishes. Corbell released the leaked footage on May 15.
The US Department of Defense has confirmed military personnel recorded the video.
Pentagon’s Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force, established in 2020 to look into the nature and origins of Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, will review and analyse the video.
Pentagon spokesperson Susan Gough confirmed that Navy personnel recorded the video and that the UAPTF included it in their ongoing examinations.
The leaked UFO video has garnered more than 9 lakh views on Twitter and has been widely shared on other social media.
Jeremy Corbell said that the UFO looked like a transmedium, capable of traveling through air and water.
Don’t forget to install our Android App for the latest UFO news & videos!
Jeremy Corbell mentioned that it is noted in intelligence reports that the UFO could not be found after it entered the water. A submarine was utilized in the search, but they recovered nothing.
According to Corbell, a member of the Navy aboard the USS Omaha recorded the footage on July 15, 2019.
In 2019, the Navy reported several Unidentified Aerial Phenomena sightings, the Pentagon’s term for UFO sightings. The USS Omaha was one of the vessels that observed the UFO close to the coast of California.
In 2020, the Pentagon officially released three UFO clips recorded by Navy pilots in 2004 and 2005.
Where is the best place in the U.S. to see UFOs? Roswell and Area 51 get a lot of votes, and the U.S. Navy might say off the Pacific coast off of California or the Atlantic coast off of Virginia beach. However, if you ask the U.S. Air Force, it’s the Gulf coast Florida. That’s where an engineer who is also interested in UFOs claims he was told a new facility the USAF is building which will be used to track unidentified aerial phenomena.
“Normally, I wouldn’t look at this particular project with too much zeal especially since MacDill Air Force Base is about 45 miles south at the southern tip of Tampa Bay. MacDill is Central Command for Middle Eastern operations. However, being that I am a life-long UFO enthusiast and given everything occurring recently, my radar went off, no pun intended.”
This story comes from the website 528hz.space and Jeff Blask, the Plans Examiner Supervisor for Pasco County’s Building Department who wrote about the project on his blog, The Jolt. That’s right – what might be the biggest revelation in how serious the federal government is about UFOs is revealed by a lowly local government building inspector called in early April 2021 to check out plans for a few unusual structures on a Gulf coast land parcel. those structures include:
100′ Tall Tower with Radar Dome 2, 50′ collapsible Auxiliary Towers An elevated Monitoring building with observation deck
Approved plans (Public Record)
What was being built here? Blask says he joked with the project engineer presenting that it looked like a UAP tracking station. To his surprise, the engineer responded:
“You got it! And as a matter of fact, if you are interested in that subject it may also interest you to know that this facility is not being manned and monitored by MacDill Air Force Base… it’s being monitored in its entirety by Eglin.”
Eglin Air Force Base is much farther from the site than nearby MacDill. Nervous that knowing this would end up in him receiving a visit from the Men in Black, the engineer assured Blask that the plans were not classified (Blask provides the public domain drawings on his site), but warned that “this facility will be under heavily armed guards and only people with Top Secret clearance will be allowed in” and – this is the big one – it’s just the first of a series of similar facilities planned for other coastal areas.
“This development is most likely connected to Aviator Ryan Graves’ assertion that there were sensitive air space intrusions practically daily on Florida’s East Coast for two years.”
Approved plans
(Public Record)
528hz.space links the UFO tracking facility to the revelations made last month on “60 Minutes” by former Navy Lt. Ryan Graves, who says he saw UFOs off the coast of Virginia in 2019 that are a “security threat” to the U.S. and, despite that, these UFOs continued to buzz the Atlantic coast for two years without a military response – at least none that he knew of.
That’s all there is so far. Is Blask correct in his revelation that the US Air Force is building a UAP tracking station on the Gulf Coast near Tampa? Will any details on this be covered in the upcoming Pentagon report on UAPs? Will anyone ask questions if it isn’t?
Located out in a small valley in the central part of Norway, in the municipality of Holtålen in Trøndelag county, is the scenic valley of Hessdalen. Surrounded by scenic mountains, it is an isolated, sparsely populated area, the largest settlement being the tiny village of the same name, which has a population of just 150 people. Not much typically goes on here, and the people live a quiet, peaceful life among the picturesque scenery away from the bustle of city life, but beginning in 1981 their serene lives would be interrupted by a spate of sightings of mysterious lights in the sky that have remained unexplained.
Hessdalen Valley
Although strange lights had been sporadically seen in the valley since the 1940s, the activity of the phenomenon now known as the Hessdalen lights really picked up and became known in 1981, when villagers in the valley were startled by a myriad of mysterious orbs of light in the sky that would regularly appear at various places throughout the valley both night and day. These lights could be anywhere from the size of a basketball to the size of a car, sometimes even much larger, and had a wide variety of characteristics and behaviors. They would usually be bright white, yellow or red, and depending on the report usually appearing below the horizon but sometimes above the mountains. They would alternately zip away at high speeds to vanish, slowly float about, hover in midair, speed up or slow down, away from side to side, or do aerial acrobatics. They would sometimes merely appear and disappear in a flash, while others were observed floating and zipping about for up to 2 hours, with larger orbs frequently seen to spew out smaller orbs. On occasion, the orbs were said to hover over water or approach or shy away from observers when approached, demonstrating what seemed to be intelligent control, and in some daytime sightings the objects were described as looking metallic. Whatever they were, they were sighted very frequently, in their peak being seen 15 to 20 times a week, frightening locals in the process. One article in the online science journal Frontiers in Earth Science has described the lights in detail:
In spite of their irregular occurrence—i.e., 15 to 20 times per week from 1981 to 1984 and 10 to 20 times per year nowadays— the Hessdalen lights (HL) have been consistently observed and possess a series of recurring features: (1) they have the appearance of a free-floating light ball with dimensions ranging from decimeters up to 30 m. (2) they are characterized by geometric structures that are often accompanied by small, short-duration pulsating “spikes” in the high frequency and very low frequency radio ranges, (3) they show an absolute luminosity that has been estimated to be 19 kW, and (4) they have a time duration ranging from seconds to hours. HL are also characterized by the formation of light ball clusters and the ejection of mini light balls. They may also show very high velocities. Furthermore, HL are thunderstorm-independent events, as opposed to other rare and poorly understood transient luminous phenomena occurring in the atmosphere (i.e., ball lightings, blue jets, red sprites and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes).
The Hessdalen lights quickly became big news, drawing in droves of all manner of curiosity seekers and UFO researchers, as well as mainstream scientists eager to get to the bottom of the mystery. In the summer of 1983, an ongoing scientific field investigation was launched to study the lights, and by the conclusion of their 1-year investigation there were 53 light observations made. More scientific investigations have been carried out as well, including one in 1985, and another from 1997–1998 which managed to capture footage of the lights in a bizarre pyramid shape that bounced up and down. In 1998, an automated station was installed in the valley, called the Hessdalen Automatic Measurement Station (Hessdalen AMS) to monitor the lights year round, collecting reams of photos of the lights, as well as various readings on scientific equipment, and there have been various peer reviewed papers on the lights published in scientific journals. Indeed, the Hessdalen lights constitute one of the most well researched mysterious phenomenon there is. However, despite all of this study, no one can quite figure out what they actually are.
The number of theories as to what the lights might be is vast. One idea is that some sort of combustion is occurring involving hydrogen, oxygen and sodium, helped along by large deposits of scandium in the area. Another is that they are caused by piezoelectricity, which is an electrical charge that accumulates in certain materials including certain kinds of rock such as quartz, crystals, certain ceramics, and even some biological materials like bone. Considering that the valley has large deposits of crystal rocks, it is speculated that these may build up a charge that is released to form these balls of light. Other theories include plasma balls, ball lightning, meteorites, mirages, igniting gases, and even the idea that the valley itself acts as a sort of battery that generates a current, as well as many other numerous hypotheses and speculations. However, no single explanation can really account for all of the different characteristics reported with the lights. Of course, the lights have been claimed to be ghosts and alien UFOs as well, and UFO researchers have long held keen interest in this place. Yet, as much as this lonely valley has been studied, the secrets of its strange lights have remained evasive, and we still have no idea what they are, keeping them in the realm of mystery and speculation.
Every May and October, a curious phenomenon occurs along a 160-mile-long stretch of the Mekong River in the Isaan region in northeast Thailand. For a few nights during these two months, one can see the eerie sight of numerous glowing balls that seem to erupt from the very river itself to fly high into the air and vanish. Descriptions for these luminous orbs vary, ranging from the size of tiny bubbles or sparklers to larger ones said to be around the size of a basketball, usually a reddish color, but sometimes a bluish or yellowish hue and sometimes white. These balls typically will launch themselves upwards several hundred meters into the air before suddenly blinking out of existence, never making a sound and emanating no smoke or plume. They will continue for a time before stopping just as suddenly as they appeared, and there can be tens to thousands of these lights seen throughout a given night, rain or shine, with the most intense activity occurring during the night of Wan Ok Phansa at the end of Buddhist Lent in late-October and the most lights seen in the vicinity of a small village called Phon Phisai. Formerly called simply the “ghost lights,” they are now officially called bung fai phaya nak, and more commonly referred to by outsiders as the “Naga fireballs,” and no one is quite sure just what they are.
According to local tradition, the Naga fireballs have their origins in a type of giant river serpent prevalent in Buddhist folklore, called a Naga, in this case specifically a Naga called the Phaya Nak, or “the king of nagas.” These are said to be enormous semi-divine serpents and servants of Buddha with supernatural powers that lurk within the Mekong river or its estuaries, and are not only responsible for strange wave formations and other phenomena, but also are known from time to time shoot blazing fireballs into the air. Far from merely myth and folklore, a great many people in the rural areas of Thailand sincerely believe the Phaya Nak exist. There have been numerous sightings of them, and there are even supposed bones, teeth, and the egg of a Naga kept at a temple in Phon Phisai, and so it therefore goes without saying that for the locals the fireballs are coming from these beasts, as a display of celebration for the end of Buddhist Lent. However, of course there are plenty of other theories from scientists skeptical that the fireballs are coming from magical giant river serpents.
One theory that has been thrown around is that it is merely people firing tracer rounds, flares, or even just fireworks, the sound deadened by the distance and the often very noisy crowds of people who pour into the region to see the lights every year. Indeed, the annual 4-day Phayanak Festival in October attracts tens of thousands of people, who come to see the lights and enjoy the many festivities and events, including food stalls, Naga legend information, fireball exhibitions, a night bazaar, light and sound shows, and long-boat races prior to the main event of the fireballs themselves. With all of this activity it would seem that many of the lights might just be a show put on to draw in visitors, as the festival brings in huge amounts of revenue for the tiny rural local economy. However, while some of the Naga fireballs might be this, it does not explain the fireballs that originally began the festival, why they seem to come directly out of the water, or why they will often pop out in various different areas along the river. There are also frequent Thai boat patrols through the area to deter people from doing dangerous things like firing into the air. There is also the fact that the fireballs have been seen at other times of the year, and are only really paid attention to at the end of Buddhist Lent. They are also frequently reported as coming from smaller tributaries of the Mekong and even ponds in other areas, as well as some claims that these things have been seen for centuries. One reporter Andrew Biggs has said of the hoax angle in an article in the Bangkok Post:
First of all, the lights have been around a long time. Fishermen have reported seeing what locals still call “ghost lights” in the darkness of the Mekong River way before local governments attached the myth of Phayanak to them. Also, these lights apparently don’t just appear on the end of Buddhist Lent. It’s just that we pay attention to them on that night, which isn’t the same as saying they only pop up once a year. The biggest quandary of all is that we are living in the era of digital record. Everything is filmed, photographed and uploaded onto Instagram. People photograph their morning coffee, for god’s sake — what happens when it’s an event like weird coloured balls in the river? And yet despite all this, nobody has captured any hoax perpetrators.
It is also the scale of the operation. Just say I wanted to play a prank on Northeast believers and shoot a couple of coloured lights off the Mekong River. Who knows the specifics of the operation, but let’s say I do indeed do that. Last Sunday night, starting at 6.28pm, the first fireballs were spotted by those 300,000 visitors camped along the banks of the river at Ban Tha Muang, Rattanawapee district. Then, another one was spotted in a different district. And another. And another. All in all, a total of seventy fireballs shot up throughout the night, and that was in Rattanawapee alone. There were more in the districts of Sangkhom and Pone-pisai. By the end of the night, there were more than 300 fireballs. That’s a really big, expensive hoax!
For these reasons, it seems that surely not all of them could be caused by hoaxes or partiers, so what else could they be? Another possibility put forward is that the fireballs are caused by plasma orbs formed by the release of surface electricity, or even the old standby for UFO sightings called swamp gas. This is basically methane gas produced by the decomposition of organic material igniting when exposed to oxygen, and it has been used by skeptics to explain away a variety of ghost light and UFO phenomena, but this would not explain why it only happens most prominently at specific times of the year like clockwork, and it has also been called out as an unsuitable explanation for this phenomenon in other ways. Skeptic Brian Dunning has given a thorough and amusing skeptical debunking of the typical skeptical argument of swamp gas causing the Naga fireballs, saying:
There are two fatal flaws with this hypothesis. First, methane can only burn in an oxygen environment within a specific range of concentrations. It can only spontaneously ignite within an even narrower range, and requires the presence of phosphine combined with phosphorous tetrahydride. The needed proportions of these gases are unlikely to be found in nature. Second, in laboratory experiments designed to replicate the conditions needed for spontaneous ignition, the combination of oxygen, methane, and phosphorus compounds burns bright bluish-green with a sudden pop, producing black smoke. Under no conditions does it burn slowly, or red, or rise up in the air as a fireball. So even if the improbable conditions did exist in the Mekong river, the resulting display would not look like the Naga Fireballs.
Whatever is shooting up into the air, you’ve got to figure that it has some solid mass. When you watch the videos you can see that the red-orange lights go up very fast, consistent with fireworks, small rockets, or even tracer rounds (very much like a 12-gauge shotgun tracer round, which is comparatively slow). How is it possible for any flaming object to move that quickly through the air without blowing out? That’s not a problem for something like a firework or a tracer round, things designed for exactly such a purpose. But it’s a major problem for a burning ball of gas, which has an insufficient mass to drag ratio to move that quickly through the air. Even a pyrotechnic explosion that billows into the sky rises at a slow rate consistent with hot air rising through cold air; it does not and cannot streak like a bullet at hundreds of feet per second. For the Naga Fireballs to move as they do, they must enclose an object significantly more massive than the air they’re moving through. This necessarily means they’re heavier than air. And since they’re rocketing skyward, this means they must have been physically propelled.
So, from what we can observe, it’s actually more plausible that a river dragon is spitting flaming balls of dragon-mucus skyward, than it is for the Naga Fireballs to be naturally produced burning gas bubbles.
The Naga Fireballs have as of yet remained unidentified. What are we looking at here? Is this some rational, explainable phenomenon? Is it gases, atmospheric phenomena, or merely fireworks and people firing tracers into the air? Or is it perhaps something else altogether? The festival at the river still goes on every year, and if you talk to any local they will say it is the doing of the mysterious Naga, with perhaps even some spite thrown your way if you should say otherwise. Whatever the explanation may be, the Naga fireballs continue on, and have evaded understanding to this day.
Scientists have long thought that meteorites, pieces of asteroids that hit the Earth's ground, have emanated from different space rocks in the asteroid belt.
A new study suggests they may have a common, unknown origin, however.
The research looked at more than 500 million years worth of marine sedimentary rock containing meteorites, examining 15 different windows of time and found that all originate in the asteroid belt, but it's unclear where in the asteroid belt they're coming from.
'We argue that meteorites and small asteroids delivered to Earth in deep time are not primarily linked to the sequence of asteroid family-forming events,' researchers Fredrik Terfelt and Birger Schmitz wrote in the study's abstract.
'Another, as yet unknown, delivery process appears to be associated with a very restricted region in the asteroid belt.'
Meteorites may have a common, unknown origin, a new study has found
'Another, as yet unknown, delivery process appears to be associated with a very restricted region in the asteroid belt,' researchers said
Experts looked at more than 500 million years worth of marine sedimentary rock containing meteorites, examining 15 different windows of time and found that all originate in the asteroid belt, but it's unclear where in the asteroid belt they're coming from
What the researchers were able to glean from their researcher is that meteorites generally come from a very small area in the asteroid belt.
Additionally, the process that shoots them out 'remarkably stable over the past 500 million years.'
In an interview with Inverse, Schmitz, a professor at Lund University, said he had traveled all over the world -- California, Sweden, China and Russia -- to get a diverse sample of sedimentary rock to examine.
After looking at the different rock, he was left with more questions than answers about the origins of meteorites.
'That's a problem with our study, and it's a problem in science today, a big problem,' Schmitz told the news outlet. 'We don't know where the meteorites that dominate the flux come from in the asteroid belt.'
After collecting the rock samples from each site, they were placed in hydrochloric acid, with the leftovers revealing the residue and the chrome-spinel grains, a common mineral found in meteorites.
'We looked for tiny, tiny needles in the big haystack,' Schmitz explained. 'So we basically burn the haystack.'
Most asteroids live in the main asteroid belt, an area in space between Mars and Jupiter.
Most asteroids live in the main asteroid belt, an area in space between Mars and Jupiter. According to NASA , more than 1 million asteroids are known to exist, but many more have yet to be identified
According to NASA, more than 1 million asteroids are known to exist, but many more have yet to be identified.
A piece of an asteroid or comet is also known as a meteoroid. Upon entering Earth's atmosphere, it turns into a meteor, fireball or shooting star. The pieces that reach the ground are known as meteorites.
It's widely believed that 'the variations in the flux of micrometeorites and meteorites to Earth is today generally described by the collisional cascading model,' the researchers wrote in their study, but after looking at more than 20,000 pounds (10,000kg) of rock, Schmitz and Terfelt were unable to find a known collision event.
'It's a big conundrum, a big enigma,' Schmitz told Inverse.
Understanding meteorites origins can not only help us better understand how the Solar System formed, but which space rocks might endanger humanity in the future, Schmitz said.
Based on recent research conducted by geologist Birger Schmitz from Lund University, the majority of meteorites that have fallen to Earth came from a mysterious and unknown location in our Solar System’s asteroid belt. The asteroid belt contains millions of pieces of space rocks that orbit between Mars and Jupiter. While the majority of these space rocks are somewhat small (between the size of a boulder to a few thousand feet), some are a lot bigger.
Meteorites are smaller pieces that have broken off from much larger objects. The initial hypothesis was that these meteorites came from a major event that involved massive asteroids breaking apart in space. The problem with that theory is that according to Professor Schmitz, the meteorites that have fallen to Earth over the past 500 million years don’t coincide with any known collision event.
Asteroid belt
Schmitz has traveled the world looking for meteorites that date back millions and even billions of years. So far, he has gathered 10,000 kilograms of space rocks that have fallen to Earth in the last 500 million years. The samples were then put in hydrochloric acid so that the only thing left was a small amount of residue so that the extraterrestrial chrome-spinel grains could be analyzed.
While the purpose of his project was to find out the origins of these meteorites, the research has resulted with more questions than answers. It has been long believed that different meteorites originated from different parent bodies in the asteroid belt; however, Schmitz’s research seems to point to them all coming from one specific body that has been sending them our way for a steady 500 million years. There are still so many questions left unanswered though, such as what and where the parent body is, and how the meteorites ended up falling to Earth.
The research will hopefully help experts in regards to finding and studying asteroids that may one day threaten Earth. In an interview with Inverse, Schmitz said, “Meteorites tell us something about what type of objects threaten us in the future,” adding, “What type of objects do we have to be particularly aware of.”
Additionally, the data may help researchers learn more about the origins of our Solar System in addition to how our planets formed and evolved. Nicholas Castle from the Planetary Science Institute (but was not involved with the study), told Inverse, “Most meteorites date back towards the very early days of the Solar System,” adding, “So that’s sort of our first clues for how did we go from big gas clouds to solid material.”
China lanceert voor het eerst bemanning naar eigen ruimtestation
China heeft donderdag de eerste drie bewoners naar zijn eerste echte ruimtestation gebracht. Ze zijn om 09.54 uur Belgische tijd met de capsule Shenzhou-12 aangekomen. Die was afgelopen nacht van op de basis Jiuquan in het noordwesten van China met een Lange Mars-2F draagraket gelanceerd en koppelde op automatische piloot aan de Tianhe-basismodule van het ruimtestation Tiangong (‘Hemels Paleis’), aldus het officiële persbureau Xinhua.
Het eerste onderdeel van het ruimtestation Tiangong werd al in april gelanceerd. Het gaat om een buis van bijna 17 meter lang en iets meer dan vier meter breed. Daar moeten de drie leven, eten, slapen, sporten, werken en onderzoek doen. De bemanning gaat twee keer naar buiten voor een ruimtewandeling. De komende jaren moeten er nog twee andere onderdelen aan de eerste module worden gekoppeld.
De vlucht wordt geleid door Nie Haisheng (56), die aan zijn derde ruimtevlucht begint. Hij krijgt gezelschap van Liu Boming (54) en Tang Hongbo (45), twee andere ruimtevaarders dan eerst gepland.
Nog nooit zo lang aan een stuk in de ruimte
De zogenoemde taikonauten blijven drie maanden in het ruimtestation. Nog nooit zijn Chinezen zo lang aan een stuk in de ruimte geweest. "Deze missie duurt langer en we moeten niet alleen de kern, ons huis in de ruimte, installeren maar we moeten ook een paar belangrijke technische tests doen. Deze missie is moeilijker en de uitdagingen zijn groter", zei Nie bij de laatste persconferentie voor vertrek. Liu sprak van een "extreem complexe en zware missie", ook vanwege de ruimtewandelingen.
Het ambitieuze China werkt in de ruimtevaart niet of nauwelijks samen met andere landen. Als het ruimtestation rond 2023 klaar is, kan daar wel wat verandering in komen. "In de nabije toekomst zullen we zowel Chinese als buitenlandse astronauten samen in het Chinese ruimtestation zien", liet een bestuurder van het Chinese ruimtevaartprogramma weten.
In de Koude Oorlog bood de Sovjet-Unie bondgenoten ruimtevluchten aan. Daardoor konden mensen uit bijvoorbeeld Oost-Duitsland, Bulgarije, Vietnam, Cuba, Afghanistan, Mongolië en Syrië de ruimte in.
0
1
2
3
4
5
- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:HLN.be - Het Laatste Nieuws ( NL)
12 Amazing Discoveries in Egypt That Baffled Scientists
12 Amazing Discoveries in Egypt That Baffled Scientists
The ancient Egyptians are such a mysterious group of people that due to their antiquity it’s hard to solve the many mysterious surrounding their time and world. All that’s left now is to work with the countless artifacts that has been discovered in recent history which brings up a lot more questions than answers. Some discoveries are so reality-shattering that it questions the very foundation of how civilizations evolved over the millennia. Ancient Egyptians have time and again defied our expectations of what is possible in ancient times. Here are 12 amazing discoveries found in Egypt which Scared scientists. Let’s begin.
The Lunar Lantern Could be a Beacon for Humanity on the Moon
The Lunar Lantern Could be a Beacon for Humanity on the Moon
In October of 2024, NASA’s Artemis Program will return astronauts to the surface of the Moon for the first time since the Apollo Era. In the years and decades that follow, multiple space agencies and commercial partners plan to build the infrastructure that will allow for a long-term human presence on the Moon. An important part of these efforts involves building habitats that can ensure the astronauts’ health, safety, and comfort in the extreme lunar environment.
This challenge has inspired architects and designers from all over the world to create innovative and novel ideas for lunar living. One of these is the Lunar Lantern, a base concept developed by ICON (an advanced construction company based in Austin, Texas) as part of a NASA-supported project to build a sustainable outpost on the Moon. This proposal is currently being showcased as part of the 17th International Architecture Exhibition at the La Biennale di Venezia museum in Venice, Italy.
The Lunar Lantern emerged from Project Olympus, a research and development program made possible thanks to a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) contract and funding from NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Consistent with ICON’s commitment to developing advanced construction technologies, the purpose of Olympus was to create a space-based construction system that will support NASA and other future exploration efforts on the Moon.
To realize this vision, ICON partnered with two architectural firms: the Bjarke Ingels Group (BIG), and Space Exploration Architecture (SEArch+). Whereas BIG is renowned for its iconic architecture and its work on multiple Lunar and Martian concepts in the past several years, SEArch+ is recognized for its “human-centered” designs for space exploration and its long-standing relationship with NASA’s Johnson Space Center (JSC) and Langley Research Center (LRC).
The result of their collaboration is the Lunar Lantern, a comprehensive lunar outpost that can be constructed on the Moon using automated robotic 3D printers. Consistent with the philosophy of these companies and NASA’s Artemis Program, the construction of this outpost leverages a number of burgeoning technologies as well as In-Situ-Resource Utilization (ISRU) to minimize dependence on Earth.
For the sake of their presentation at the Architectural Exhibition, SEArch+ prepared an updated video of their base concept (shown below) that illustrates how the Lunar Lantern concept will enable a sustained human presence on the Moon. To address the various hazards of the lunar environment, the main habitat employs three structural components: a Base Isolator, Tension Cables, and a Whipple Shield.
Base isolators are essentially seismic dampeners, which are deployed at the foundation to absorb the shocks and stresses caused by regular “moonquakes” – which are either “shallow” or “deep.” Shallow quakes occurr at depths of 50-220 km (31-137 mi and are attributed to changes in surface temperature and meteorite impacts. Deep quakes are more rare and powerful, originating at depths of ~700 km (435 mi), and are caused by tidal interactions with Earth.
Then there are the externally mounted tension cables, which apply compressive stress to the habitats 3D printed walls. The outermost component, the Whipple Shield, is a double shell made up of an interior lattice and external shield panels. This provides protection against ballistic impact from micrometeorites and ejecta (caused by impacts nearby) while also shielding the interior structure from the extreme heat caused by direct exposure to the Sun.
In addition to protecting against the extremes in temperature, radiation, and seismic activity, one of the chief concerns is the hazard posed by all the jagged and statically charged lunar regolith (aka. “moon dust”). As they illustrate, the Lunar Lander base is equipped to contain (and benefit from) this problem:
“The Lunar Lantern outpost consists of habitats, sheds, landing pads, blast walls, and roadways. Landing pads, thought to be one of the first lunar structures, will need to contain and control the supersonic and subsonic dust ejecta created during launch and landing. SEArch+’s design offers multiple strategies for dust mitigation and dust collection in printability, form, and function.”
Artist’s impression of the interior of the Lunar Lantern habitat.
Credit: ICON/BIG
As the animation demonstrates, the configuration of the landing pads allows for the dust to be collected, preventing it from dispersing across the surface and interfering with operations. The collected dust can then be used as feedstock for the construction robots, which rely on regolith to fashion 3D printed structures. This way, the design not only prevents ejecta from becoming a serious hazard but also provides a steady supply of material that can be used to effect repairs to the structure.
As for the name, this was inspired by another important design feature, one which ensures human comfort. In short, the Lantern admits light from the lunar surface and then turns it into interior lighting that is adjusted (based on the section of the habitat) and turned off entirely to simulate nighttime. Or as they explain in the video:
“In order to replicate the Earth’s daily circadian rhythms and seasonal cycles, the Lunar Lantern utilizes a fiber optic system which captures the nearly perpetual light at the Moon’s south pole and modulates it in both brightness and color temperature. The interior of the habitat is organized vertically, with three designated levels – for work and exercise, dining and social, sleeping and private spaces.”
There are also a few “Easter Eggs” in the video, which commercial space and space exploration aficionados will not fail to notice! In both videos posted above (particularly the one produced by SEArch+), some familiar vehicles can be seen on the landing pads. This includes the SpaceX Starship, which Musk has promised will be ready to transport cargo and crews to the Moon in a few years, and Blue Origin’s Blue Moon lander – possibly the Human Landing System (HLS) variant specifically designed for NASA’s Artemis Program.
Artist’s impressions of the Lunar Lantern’s interior. Credit: ICON/SEArch+
There is no shortage of ideas for how humans could live on the Moon and Mars someday. While the design elements differ from one concept to the next, they all share the same commitment to leveraging 3D printing, sustainability, and the ability to provide for water, power, and food using local resources. Each also emphasizes how planning to live sustainably in a hostile environment can shape how we live on Earth.
The Lunar Lantern is not the only space architecture exhibition featured at the 17th International Architecture Exhibition (which will run until Nov. 21st). The European Space Agency (ESA) – in partnership with the international architecture firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) – are also showcasing their proposal for a fully operational semi-inflatable lunar habitat, known as the “Lunar Village.”
These two proposals beautifully illustrate how proposals for living beyond Earth are becoming a part of mainstream architecture. As this decade comes to a close, this trend is likely to continue, eventually becoming an entirely new form of architectural, industrial, and interior design. If and when humans begin to settle on the Moon and Mars, we can expect the real estate industry will follow suite!
The Largest Rotating Objects in the Universe: Galactic Filaments Hundreds of Millions of Light-Years Long
The Largest Rotating Objects in the Universe: Galactic Filaments Hundreds of Millions of Light-Years Long
We’ve known for a while about the large-scale structure of the Universe. Galaxies reside in filaments hundreds of millions of light-years long, on a backbone of dark matter. And, where those filaments meet, there are galaxy clusters. Between them are massive voids, where galaxies are sparse. Now a team of astronomers in Germany and their colleagues in China and Estonia have made an intriguing discovery.
These massive filaments are rotating, and this kind of rotation on such a massive scale has never been seen before.
Obviously, there’s no way to take an actual picture of the Universe’s large-scale structure. But there are some almost-famous images that come from the Millennium Simulation Program. The Millennium Simulation was a super-computer simulation of a cubic portion of the Universe over 2 billion light-years on each side. The image contains about 20 million individual galaxies organized in filaments and clumps, and it was our first real glimpse of the Universe’s LSS.
It’s remarkable to look at that image now and imagine those filaments rotating.
Image of the large-scale structure of the Universe, showing filaments and voids within the cosmic structure. Credit: Millennium Simulation Project
The team of astronomers behind this discovery worked with data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS.) The SDSS created a very detailed 3D map of the Universe, so SDSS data was critical to the team’s discovery.
“By mapping the motion of galaxies in these huge cosmic superhighways using the Sloan Digital Sky survey – a survey of hundreds of thousands of galaxies – we found a remarkable property of these filaments: they spin.” says Peng Wang, first author of the now published study and astronomer at the AIP (Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam).
Each of the galaxies in the filaments amounts to no more than a speck of dust on the grand scale, and they’re not only rotating but moving along the tendrils as if they’re pipelines.
“They move on helixes or corkscrew like orbits, circling around the middle of the filament while travelling along it.”
Noam Libeskind, Study Co-Author, AIP.
“Despite being thin cylinders – similar in dimension to pencils – hundreds of millions of light years long, but just a few million light years in diameter, these fantastic tendrils of matter rotate,” added Noam Libeskind, initiator of the project at the AIP. “On these scales the galaxies within them are themselves just specs of dust. They move on helixes or corkscrew like orbits, circling around the middle of the filament while travelling along it. Such a spin has never been seen before on such enormous scales, and the implication is that there must be an as yet unknown physical mechanism responsible for torquing these objects.”
The fact that these filaments spin is difficult to visualize, and fascinating once you succeed. But the discovery is about more than our own fascination. These are the largest objects we’ve ever seen spinning, and that means that angular momentum can take place on a massive scale. One of the mysteries in cosmology is how that angular momentum is generated on such a massive scale since there was no primordial rotation in the early Universe.
The discovery rests on observations of individual galaxies in the filaments and their Doppler shift. In this study, red-shift is a proxy for rotation, Red-shifted galaxies are receding, and blue-shifted galaxies are approaching.
This figure from the paper shows the filament rotation speed as a function of the distance between galaxies and the filament spine. The distance of galaxies from the filament spine in the receding region is displayed in red and ascribed positive values, while the distance of galaxies in the approaching region is marked in blue and ascribed negative values. Error bars represent the standard deviation about the mean. Image Credit: Wang et al 2021.
In the current working model of the Universe’s structural formation, overdensities grow via gravitational instability. Material from underdense regions flows into regions of overdensity. But that flow of material has no rotation or curl to it. That’s why cosmologists say that there was no rotation in the early Universe. And here’s where this discovery gets more interesting.
The rotation evident in these filaments of galaxies must be generated as the structures form. And these filaments and the rest of the cosmic web are connected to the formation and evolution of galaxies themselves. They also have a powerful effect on the spin of individual galaxies and can regulate how a galaxy and its dark matter halo rotate. There’s an unknown piece in all of this: scientists don’t yet know how our current understanding can predict that the filaments themselves spin.
“Such a spin has never been seen before on such enormous scales, and the implication is that there must be an as yet unknown physical mechanism responsible for torquing these objects.”
Noam Libeskind, Study Co-Author, AIP.
Before this study, other scientists have theorized that these filaments spin. For example, Dr. Mark Neyrinck, a Fellow at the Department of Theoretical Physics at the University of the Basque Country, Spain, is known for theorizing on this. He’s also known for developing the “origami” description of cosmic structure formation. In a 2016 article in The Paper he said, “…if galaxies rotate (and they do), so must filaments sticking out of them. Furthermore, galaxies joined by a filament should rotate mostly together, like objects attached to the ends of a rod. In fact, this is consistent with astronomical observations; nearby galaxies tend to be spinning in the same direction.”
Dr. Neyrinck’s work was an important starting point for the team behind this paper.
“Motivated by the suggestion from the theorist Dr. Mark Neyrinck that filaments may spin, we examined the observed galaxy distribution, looking for filament rotation,” says co-author Noam Libeskind. “It’s fantastic to see this confirmation that intergalactic filaments rotate in the real Universe, as well as in computer simulation.”
The team used a sophisticated mapping method that divided the observed galaxy distribution into segments. Then each of the filaments was approximated by a cylinder. The galaxies in the filament were then divided into two regions on either side of the filament’s spine. Then they carefully measured the mean redshift difference between the two regions. “The mean redshift difference is a proxy for the velocity difference (the Doppler shift) between galaxies on the receding and approaching side of the filament tube,” the authors write. That’s how they measured the filaments’ rotation.
In their paper, the team writes that what they found cannot be random. “What is measured and presented here is the redshift difference between two regions on either side of a hypothesized spin axis that is coincident with the filament spine. The full distribution of this quantity is inconsistent with random regardless of the viewing angle formed with the line of sight…”
However, the researchers caution, their results don’t imply that every filament in the Universe is rotating. That would be an over-reach. “This work does not predict that every single filament in the Universe is rotating,” they write, “rather that there are subsamples—intimately connected to the viewing angle end point mass—that show a clear signal consistent with rotation. This is the main finding of this work.”
“Taken together,” the team writes in their conclusion, “the current study and demonstrate that angular momentum can be generated on unprecedented scales, opening the door to a new understanding of cosmic spin.”
Lead author of this work is Peng Wang, an astronomer at the Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP). The title of the paper is “Possible observational evidence for cosmic filament spin.” It’s published in Nature Astronomy.
Beste bezoeker, Heb je zelf al ooit een vreemde waarneming gedaan, laat dit dan even weten via email aan Frederick Delaere opwww.ufomeldpunt.be. Deze onderzoekers behandelen jouw melding in volledige anonimiteit en met alle respect voor jouw privacy. Ze zijn kritisch, objectief maar open minded aangelegd en zullen jou steeds een verklaring geven voor jouw waarneming! DUS AARZEL NIET, ALS JE EEN ANTWOORD OP JOUW VRAGEN WENST, CONTACTEER FREDERICK. BIJ VOORBAAT DANK...
Druk op onderstaande knop om je bestand , jouw artikel naar mij te verzenden. INDIEN HET DE MOEITE WAARD IS, PLAATS IK HET OP DE BLOG ONDER DIVERSEN MET JOUW NAAM...
Druk op onderstaande knop om een berichtje achter te laten in mijn gastenboek
Alvast bedankt voor al jouw bezoekjes en jouw reacties. Nog een prettige dag verder!!!
Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.