The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
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Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
21-02-2022
Asteroids, Hubble rival, and Moon base: China sets out space agenda
Asteroids, Hubble rival, and Moon base: China sets out space agenda
In the next five years, the nation hopes to launch a robotic craft to an asteroid and two lunar missions.
China has had a bumper few years in space exploration, and its ambitions are about to get bolder. The China National Space Administration has released an overview of its plans for the next five years, which include launching a robotic craft to an asteroid, building a space telescope to rival the Hubble and laying the foundations for a space-based gravitational-wave detector.
The missions were highlighted in a white paper, ‘China’s Space Program: A 2021 Perspective’, released last month. The plans continue the country’s trend in emphasizing missions with science at their heart, rather than technology development and applications, says Shuang-Nan Zhang, an astronomer at the Institute of High Energy Physics in Beijing. “This is a very good sign,” he says. “It’s a continuous increase in investment in exploration of the Universe.”
Nature looks at five of the most ambitious projects.
Visit an asteroid
China aims to launch asteroid probes to sample near-Earth asteroids and study icy comets that have asteroid-like orbits. The mission, which will probably be named ZhengHe after a Ming-dynasty Chinese explorer, would be the country’s first to visit an asteroid, and could launch as soon as 2024. It will follow in the wake of Japan’s successful Hayabusa asteroid missions and NASA’s OSIRIS-Rex, which is due to return space rocks to Earth next year.
ZhengHe will fly for ten years, first landing on an ancient asteroid known as HO3 or Kamo‘oalewa, which loops around Earth as a quasi-satellite (see Earth’s Pet Rock). Scientists hope that studying it will give them an insight into conditions in the early Solar System. ZhengHe will anchor itself on the asteroid before scooping up its sample, according to a correspondence1 published in Nature Astronomy last year. ZhengHe will return to Earth’s orbit in 2026 to drop off its spoils, which will parachute to the ground. The craft will then sling-shot around Earth and Mars and travel to comet 311P/PANSTARRS in deep space.
Towards a lunar base
Not content with returning the first lunar samples to Earth since the 1970s, China approved three more lunar missions in December, all focusing on the Moon’s south pole, where the country is considering building a lunar base.
Chang’e-7, set to launch in 2024, will carry out a detailed survey of the Moon’s south pole, including mapping the distribution of ice in its shadowy craters. Chang’e-6 will follow, aiming to bring back polar soil samples. The ice is a treasure trove for scientists, who can use it to study the Moon’s history, and for prospectors, who hope to use it as rocket fuel and to supply lunar bases.
Work will also begin on Chang’e-8, which is not scheduled to fly until 2030; this will test “core technologies” for a crewed international lunar research station — the focus of China’s lunar programme beyond 2025. Russia and China will sign an intergovernmental agreement on building a research base together “as soon as possible this year”, said Wu Yanhua, vice-administrator of the China National Space Administration (CNSA), at the press conference to launch the white paper. He stressed, however, that the venture was open to all nations.
Wu added that China wants to broaden and deepen international collaboration, including on lunar exploration; on China’s space station, Tiangong, which is under construction; and on planetary exploration.
Mars and beyond
China made its first leap into interplanetary space with the Tianwen-1 orbiter, which dropped a lander containing the Zhurong rover on Mars in May. According to the white paper, China will complete research for sending a craft to Mars to sample rocks and return them to Earth. This mission could launch in 2028. (NASA’s Perseverance rover collected the first Mars rocks in 2021. The agency hopes to bring them back to Earth as part of a joint mission with the European Space Agency (ESA), launching in 2026.)
The white paper also lays out China’s plans to eventually probe further into the solar system. The next five years will see the completion of key research for a mission to explore Jupiter and its ocean-filled moon system. Press reports suggest that this mission could launch as early as 2029 — meaning that it would join ESA’s JUICE and NASA’s Europa Clipper mission, scheduled to fly in 2023 and 2024. “Deep space is certainly another area China sees there are a lot of opportunities for scientific breakthroughs,” says Zhang.
The country has also set its sights on exploring the boundary of the Solar System. China’s funding agencies have yet to confirm this, or the Jupiter mission, but “a mention in the plan is certainly helpful”, says Zhan Hu, an astronomer at the National Astronomical Observatories in Beijing.
A new Hubble: the Xuntian space telescope
China also plans to launch a space telescope called Xuntian, whose name means ‘survey the heavens’. This will image in the same wavelengths — ultraviolet, visible and infrared — as those used by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.
Slightly smaller than Hubble, Xuntian will not quite match its predecessor’s resolution; but, at any one time, Xuntian will capture a patch of sky 300 times larger. That will allow it to probe a much greater volume of the Universe than Hubble, says Zhan, who works on Xuntian.
Most of Xuntian’s first 10 years will be devoted to understanding the history and evolution of the Universe through a wide survey of the sky. The telescope will periodically dock with China’s space station, Tiangong, for refuelling and maintenance. Zhan says that the team plans to deliver the telescope by the end of 2023, ready for launch in 2024. “The schedule is very tight,” he says.
Detecting gravitational waves in space
China wants to further develop plans to launch a space-based gravitational-wave detector, called Taiji, in the early 2030s. If launched then, it would be the first of its kind. Such a mission would observe lower-frequency waves than those seen by ground-based detectors such as Advanced LIGO, allowing it to detect higher-mass black holes, including those in the early Universe.
But the experiment would be complex: spotting ripples in space-time will mean detecting shifts of just a few trillionths of a metre in the distances between three spacecraft, positioned 3 million kilometres apart from each other in the shape of a triangle.
An initial pilot satellite, called Taiji-1, completed its mission successfully in 2019, and researchers now hope to fly a two-satellite mission in 2024–25 to test the necessary precision technologies. This will “remove all the technical obstacles” for the ultimate Taiji mission, says Yue-Liang Wu, a physicist at the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.
ESA has long planned its own gravitational-wave observatory, LISA, and has already flown a successful pathfinder. But LISA is not scheduled to launch until 2037. Together, the two networks could be used to measure the Hubble constant, which describes the expansion of the Universe, with much greater accuracy than ground-based detectors can, say researchers behind the mission.
A new process for turning atmospheric carbon dioxide desorbed from an absorbent into dry ice reduces the energy input needed for carbon capture.
A new technology for capturing carbon dioxide from air, Cryo-DAC can use existing infrastructure at ports for ships that transport liquefied natural gas and infrastructure used to prepare city gas.
Carbon capture is playing an increasingly prominent role in plans to combat climate change. A new process for direct air capture, which involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, promises to greatly enhance the efficiency of the technology.
“Direct air capture has great potential for removing CO2 from the atmosphere on massive scales,” says Soichiro Masuda at the R&D/Digital Division of the Japanese energy-provider Toho Gas. “And it has evolved rapidly in the past several years.”
Direct air capture complements other technologies that capture carbon from industrial emissions, but the lower levels of CO2 in atmospheric air make it considerably more challenging. “Efficiency has continued to be a challenge for direct air capture, as the steps that isolate CO2 from atmospheric air require the input of energy,” says Masuda. “Burning fossil fuel to provide the energy input ends up creating more carbon emission for the sake of capturing carbon.”
“Direct air capture technology is a key part of our corporate strategy to reach carbon neutrality by 2050,” says Masuda. Now, Toho Gas and Nagoya University, have started research and development into realizing carbon neutrality and have devised a way to largely overcome the problem of capturing carbon with an improved direct air capture technology called Cryo-DAC.
Diagram depicting the carbon cycle (left) of Cryo-DAC (right), the direct air capture technology developed by researchers at Toho Gas and Nagoya University.
A key advantage of recycling carbon by Cryo-DAC is that it can use existing infrastructure such as ports for ships that transport liquefied natural gas, along with the associated infrastructure used to prepare city gas for industrial and household use. Natural gas is imported in liquefied form at about −162 degrees Celsius. Japan is one of the world’s major importers of liquefied natural gas, accounting for nearly 20% of global imports.
“Ever since Japan first imported natural gas in 1969, we’ve been exploring ways to exploit the cold energy of liquid natural gas,” explains Masuda. “We think we’ve finally found a solution.” Liquefied natural gas is vaporized by exchanging heat with seawater; the cold energy generated in this exchange is used for industrial purposes such as liquefying industrial gases. Large amounts of the cold energy, however, was wasted.
Cryo-DAC uses cold energy, thereby minimizing the thermal energy needed for the process. Of the various types of direct air capture being developed worldwide, Cryo-DAC employs a method that captures and isolates CO2 with chemical absorbents. “The scalability of the chemical absorption method is well suited for collecting massive amounts of CO2,” says Masuda. “This involves collecting atmospheric air, absorbing CO2 in a solvent, and then isolating the CO2 from the solvent. This last step, however, requires large amounts of heat, creating carbon emission.”
Using dry ice to create a vacuum
The research team designed a new process that has a chamber in which CO2is sublimated into dry ice by using the cold energy of liquid natural gas. The new chamber is connected to another in which CO2 is absorbed in solvent; the phase change from CO2 to dry ice lowers the pressure inside, which causes the solvent and CO2 to evaporate. “As a result, CO2 can be recovered from the solvent at near room temperature, minimizing the thermal energy needed,” explains Yoshito Umeda, a professor at Nagoya University.
Schematic diagram of the cryopump used in Cryo-DAC.
The output of Cryo-DAC is high-pressure CO2 gas. Toho Gas plans to use the captured CO2 as a raw material for city gases that the company provides to its customers. “High-pressure CO2 is needed to produce methane, the main component of city gas, that can be obtained by reacting CO2 and hydrogen. While CO2 for methanation is typically prepared with compressors, Cryo-DAC has the potential to separate CO2 from air and generate high-pressure CO2 at low cost. Although city gas leaves a carbon footprint when burned, direct air capture with Cryo-DAC could offset these emissions,” says Masuda. “The International Energy Agency predicts that the demand for natural gas will continue to increase until 2050, unlike other major fossil fuels like oil or coal. We thus see Cryo-DAC as a key part of future gas infrastructure with net-zero carbon emission.”
The research is now a part of Japan’s Moonshot Research and Development Program, the Cabinet Office’s initiative to fund high-risk, high-impact research projects. The team includes collaborators at Tokyo University of Science, Chukyo University and the University of Tokyo, who are enhancing the materials and processes used in Cryo-DAC. The group is currently developing a solvent with higher absorption capabilities, as well as trying to achieve a continuous flow from CO2 sublimation to the output of high-pressure CO2. The aim is to establish the core technology by 2022 so that the system can operate continuously with a capacity of 1 tonne of CO2 per year in 2024. The group also aspires to design equipment for commercial use, and create detailed plans for implementing the system in a real-world setting by 2029.
“By using existing infrastructure for gas-consuming appliances and pipelines, we expect to transition smoothly to carbon neutrality without imposing a significant burden on our customers or the wider society,” says Masuda.
A few days ago I got into a debate about the theories of the late Mac Tonnies, well known for his books, After the Martian Apocalypse and The Cryptoterrestrials. It’s the latter book (and the relevant data and theories) that I’m focusing on today. I have to say that Tonnies’ The Cryptoterrestrials makes a very good, solid case with regard to his ideas and concepts. If you don’t know them, it basically like this: that the UFO phenomenon has nothing to do with extraterrestrials, but everything to do with an ancient, advanced, human society that has lived here in stealth for possibly tens of thousands of years. Maybe, even longer. And, as Mac saw it, the Cryptoterrestrials present themselves as aliens from other worlds (or even from other solar-systems) so we don’t discover their true origins. Mac was a great writer and he presented his overall story in a fashion that definitely makes food for thought. And, as I see it, many of his theories stand up. For example, he suggested the reason why the 1950s-era “Space Brothers”were so concerned about our nuclear weapons was because they were really from Earth, and not from another world, at all. In other words, if we destroyed ourselves, then the Space Brothers – really home-grown, ancient humanoids and not ETs – would be destroyed in the radioactive inferno, too.
(Nick Redfern)
“Giant Rock,” California and Mac Tonnies “Space Brothers”
Tonnies also focused on the matter of the black-eyed Greys of today and how the Cryptoterrestrials might be using our DNA, cells, eggs, sperm, and so on, to try and save their waning civilization – a civilization that really has its origins on Earth. In addition, he looked at the matter of the Cryptoterrestrials – carefully, stealthily and even in a creepy and sinister fashion – infiltrating our society and our cities. Let’s see a few of Mac’s own words that he made to me before his death. In terms of his theorizing, Tonnies said: “After devouring countless books on the UFO controversy and the paranormal, I began to acknowledge that the extraterrestrial hypothesis suffered some tantalizing flaws. In short, the ‘aliens’ seemed more like surreal caricatures of ourselves than beings possessing the god-like technology one might plausibly expect from interstellar visitors. Like [UFO researcher] Jacques Vallee, I came to the realization that the extraterrestrial hypothesis isn’t strange enough to encompass the entirety of occupant cases. But if we’re dealing with humanoid beings that evolved here on earth, some of the problems vanish.”
Mac had more to think on: “I envision the Cryptoterrestrials engaged in a process of subterfuge, bending our belief systems to their own ends. And I suggest that this has been occurring, in form or another, for an extraordinarily long time. I think there’s a good deal of folkloric and mythological evidence pointing in this direction, and I find it most interesting that so many descriptions of ostensible ‘aliens’ seem to reflect staged events designed to misdirect witnesses and muddle their perceptions. I regard the alleged ‘hybridization program’ with skepticism. How sure are we that these interlopers are extraterrestrial? It seems more sensible to assume that the so-called aliens are human, at least in some respects. Indeed, descriptions of intercourse with aliens fly in the face of exobiological thought. If the cryptoterrestrial population is genetically impoverished, as I assume it is, then it might rely on a harvest of human genes to augment its dwindling gene-pool. It would be more advantageous to have us believe we’re dealing with omnipotent extraterrestrials, rather than a fallible sister species. The ET-UFO mythos may be due, in part, to a long-running and most successful disinformation campaign.”
(Nick Redfern)
Only a model, but it captures the atmosphere!
As I see it, Mac worked out his theory pretty good (and granted, yes, it was just a theory). There is one part of the story, however, that I can’t buy into – or, at least, not to a 100 percent degree. Here’s why: one of the things Mac suggested was that the Cryptotererstrials were only seen now and then (and that went for their craft, too) because for most of the time they lived underground. This is where my doubts come in. Of course, for centuries tales of strange entities among us can be placed in that category – and living below the surface of our world – abound. Fairies, “the little people,” Richard Shaver, the “Dulce Base” controversy, and more. Is it feasible that an entire ancient civilization would be able to hide underground? And, even more importantly, what about not being seen coming in and out of huge entry and exit places – and maybe on every continent? That’s where I feel Mac stretched things to a degree – maybe a significant degree. I can see aliens stealthily entering our solar-system – and our atmosphere, too – and not being seen. But, ship after ship soaring out of large tunnels that clearly no-one has ever found? If someone showed me some kind of proof of massive, high-tech, underground worldwide caverns, caves and underground bases I wouldn’t just be impressed. I would be beyond impressed.
In short: if the Cryptoterrestrials (and their craft) are from the Earth’s underground, then they surely would be seen like a missile exiting a military missile silo – here, there and everywhere and 24/7, too. But, that’s not what we’re seeing. Yes, we see UFOs all the time. Do we see them coming out of the ground over and over again? Nope. And that’s a key issue. I like Mac’s theory of an ancient humanoid race – one that looks somewhat like us and that is infiltrating us. But, the underground aspect? No.
A couple of days ago I wrote an article here at Mysterious Universe on the matter of the late authorMac Tonnies and his theories on what he termed the Cryptoterrestrials. As I said in the previous article about the mysterious beings: “If you don’t know them, it basically like this: that the UFO phenomenon has nothing to do with extraterrestrials, but everything to do with an ancient, advanced, human society that has lived here in stealth for possibly tens of thousands of years. Maybe, even longer. And, as Mac saw it, the Cryptoterrestrials present themselves as aliens from other worlds (or even from other solar-systems) so we don’t discover their true origins. If you don’t know them, it basically like this: that the UFO phenomenon has nothing to do with extraterrestrials, but everything to do with an ancient, advanced, human society that has lived here in stealth for possibly tens of thousands of years. Maybe, even longer. And, as Mac saw it, the Cryptoterrestrials present themselves as aliens from other worlds (or even from other solar-systems) so we don’t discover their true origins.” As I also said in the article, the main issue I had with Mac’s theory was the idea of worldwide caves , caverns, and underground bases – and all dotted around the planet, but not seen taking off regularly from their presumably huge, underground silo-style facilities. Now, we come to someone else who has looked deeply into this issue of the Cryptoterrestrials. His name? Walter Bosley (he writes, however, under E.A. Guest). First, though, let’s take a quick look at the legendary crash itself.
(Nick Redfern)
One of the U.S. Air Force’s reports on the Roswell enigma
When it comes to the issue of what really happened on what was once known as the Foster Ranch, Lincoln County, New Mexico in early July 1947, there are things we know, things we suspect, and things we will probably never know. But, that something happened – something which caused the U.S. Air Force to offer multiple explanations for the event – is not a matter of any doubt at all. It was an incident that clearly concerned elements of not just the military, but the government, too, and to a highly significant degree. Eye-witnesses – both military and civilian – were warned not to talk about what they had seen and / or heard. More than a few of those warnings crossed the line and can only accurately be described as death threats. People were plunged into states of fear. Lives were changed forever. And multiple theories for what happened were put forward. They include: a weather-balloon, a Mogul balloon, a Japanese balloon, a Russian craft and more.
(Nick Redfern)
Welcome to Roswell!
Back in the 1950s, Bosley’s father worked on certain, classified programs that benefited the pre-NASA U.S. space program, much of it in relation to flight medicine training. On one memorable occasion, Bosley Sr. was ordered to make a flight to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, located in Dayton, Ohio. It was a day that Walter Bosley’s father would never forget: he was briefed on what really happened near Roswell, New Mexico in early July 1947; the most famous UFO case of all. Bosley’s father was told that nothing of an extraterrestrial nature came down in the wilds of New Mexico. Walter Bosley said that “…The civilization…exists in a vast, underground system of caverns and tunnels beneath the southwest and is human…They are human in appearance, so much so that they can move among us with ease [and] with just a little effort. If you get a close look, you’d notice something odd, but not if the person just passed you on the street.” Now, finally…
Mac Tonnies contemplated on this particularly fascinating and alternative theory for what happened back in 1947: “The device that crashed near Roswell in the summer of 1947, whatever it was, featured properties at least superficially like the high-altitude balloon trains ultimately cited as an explanation by the Air Force. Debunkers have, of course, seized on the lack of revealingly ‘high-tech’ components found among the debris to dismiss the possibility that the crash was anything but a case of mis-identification; not even Major Jesse Marcel, the intelligence officer who advocated an ET origin for the unusual foil and structural beams, mentioned anything remotely resembling an engine or power-plant. The cryptoterrestrial hypothesis offers a speculative alternative: maybe the Roswell device wasn’t high-tech. It could indeed have been a balloon-borne surveillance device brought down in a storm, but it doesn’t logically follow that is was one of our own. Upon happening across such a troubling find, the Air Force’s excessive secrecy begins to make sense.”
Meet the ancient bird with a 'movable CHIN': Bizarre avian with a bony appendage at the tip of its lower jaw that helped it root for food roamed China 120 million years ago, fossil analysis reveals
Meet the ancient bird with a 'movable CHIN': Bizarre avian with a bony appendage at the tip of its lower jaw that helped it root for food roamed China 120 million years ago, fossil analysis reveals
Fossil analysis has revealed bizarre bird that roamed China 120 million years ago
Ancient avian had bony appendage at tip of lower jaw that helped it root for food
'Movable chin' is a dental feature that has never been seen in any other dinosaurs
Small group of dinosaurs evolved into birds that co-existed with other dinosaurs
A bizarre-looking ancient bird that had a 'movable chin' to help it root for food 120 million years ago has been identified.
Scientists analysed fossils unearthed near the Great Wall of China to reveal that the creature had a bony appendage at the tip of its lower jaw which it was not only able to move but also feel through.
This bony pincer was just in front of the teeth, in the spot where a chin would be if birds had chins.
Experts said this so-called 'movable chin' was a dental feature that has never been seen in any other dinosaurs.
Named Brevidentavis zhangi, meaning 'short-toothed bird', it was one of two new species identified by researchers led by Chicago's Field Museum.
A bizarre-looking ancient bird that had a 'movable chin' to help it root for food 120 million years ago has been identified. Brevidentavis zhangi (shown in an artist's impression with its mouth open) is one of two new species identified, along with the toothless Meemannavis ductrix (left)
WHAT IS GANSUS YUMENENSIS?
Gansus yumenensis is the first Mesozoic bird found in China.
It was identified following the discovery of a fossil near Changma, Gansu Province, northwestern China in 1984.
Changma is an important place for researchers studying bird evolution.
Later on, five more well-preserved specimens were found in mudstone at the site of an ancient lake at Changma, Gansu.
Gansus yumenensis was about the size of a pigeon and similar in appearance to loons and diving ducks.
It had many features common among modern birds, and also retained some primitive traits such as its clawed wings.
Changma is the second-richest Mesozoic fossil bird site in the world, but more than half of the fossils found there belong to the same species, Gansus yumenensis.
The other was a toothless bird named Meemannavis ductrix.
Both Meemannavis and Brevidentavis are ornithuromorph birds — the group that contains modern birds.
Like today's birds, Meemannavis was toothless, while Brevidentavis had small, peg-like teeth packed close together in its mouth.
Along with those teeth came its strange 'movable chin' feature.
'It was a long, painstaking process teasing out what these things were,' said Jingmai O'Connor, the study's lead author and the associate curator of vertebrate paleontology at Chicago's Field Museum.
'Brevidentavis is an ornithuromorph bird with teeth, and in ornithuromorphs with teeth, there's a little bone at the front of the jaw called the predentary, where its chin would be if birds had chins.'
In a previous study on the predentary in another fossil bird, the researchers discovered that the predentary bone underwent stress and also found a kind of cartilage that only forms when there's movement.
'In this earlier study, we were able to tell that the predentary was capable of being moved, and that it would have been innervated — Brevidentavis wouldn't just have been able to move its predentary, it would have been able to feel through it,' said O'Connor.
'It could have helped them detect prey. We can hypothesise that these toothed birds had little beaks with some kind of movable pincer at the tip of their jaws in front of the teeth.'
Over the last two decades, teams of researchers have unearthed more than 100 specimens of fossil birds close to China's Great Wall.
The birds would have lived approximately 120 million years ago, during the time of the dinosaurs.
Study co-author Jerry Harris, of Utah Tech University, said: 'These fossils come from a site in China that has produced fossils of birds that are pretty darned close to modern birds, but all the bird fossils described thus far haven't had skulls preserved with the bodies.
'These new skull specimens help fill in that gap in our knowledge of the birds from this site and of bird evolution as a whole.'
All birds are dinosaurs, but not all dinosaurs are birds; a small group of dinosaurs evolved into birds that co-existed with other dinosaurs for 90 million years.
Modern birds are the descendants of the group of birds that survived the extinction that killed the rest of the dinosaurs, but many prehistoric birds went extinct then too.
O'Connor's work focuses on studying different groups of early birds to understand why some survived while others went extinct.
The fossil site in northwestern China, called Changma, is an important place for researchers like her to study bird evolution.
It is the second-richest Mesozoic fossil bird site in the world, but more than half of the fossils found there belong to the same species, Gansus yumenensis.
Determining which fossils are Gansus and which ones aren't is tricky; the six specimens that O'Connor and her colleagues examined in this study are primarily just skulls and necks, parts not preserved in known specimens of Gansus.
The fossils were also somewhat crushed by their time deep in the Earth, which made analysing them difficult.
Analysis: Jingmai O'Connor, the study's lead author, is pictured carrying out fieldwork at the site where the fossil birds were found
The fossil site in northwestern China, called Changma, is an important place for researchers to study bird evolution
Through painstaking work, the researchers were able to identify key features in the birds' jaws that showed that two of the six specimens were unknown to science.
They named these Meemannavis ductrix and Brevidentavis zhangi.
Brevidentavis isn't the first fossil bird discovered with a predentary that might have been used in this way, but its existence, along with Meemannavis, helps round out scientists' understanding of the diversity of prehistoric birds, especially in the Changma region.
The study also helps shed light on the most common bird from the site, Gansus, as at least four of the other specimens examined probably belong to this species.
O'Connor said: 'These new specimens include two new species that increase our knowledge of Cretaceous bird faunas, and we found combinations of dental features that we've never seen in any other dinosaurs.
'These discoveries strengthen the hypothesis that the Changma locality is unusual in that it is dominated by ornithuromorph birds, which is uncommon in the Cretaceous.'
She added: 'Learning about these relatives of modern birds can ultimately help us understand why today's birds made it when the others didn't.'
The Great Wall of China is perhaps the most studied structure in the world and its impact on the areas it runs through was unprecedented. However, there was life in that area before the Great Wall and a recent discovery by archeologists digging near the wall’s west end shows how little we really know about it. Paleontologists examining fossils at Changma, 80 miles from the wall’s western end are now calling it a ‘lost world’ of birds that lived 120 million years ago … and they’ve identified a number of new and unusual species.
“These fossils come from a site in China that has produced fossils of birds that are pretty darned close to modern birds, but all the bird fossils described thus far haven’t had skulls preserved with the bodies. These new skull specimens help fill in that gap in our knowledge of the birds from this site and of bird evolution as a whole.”
Some modern birds like this ground hornbill still look like dinosaurs.
In a new study published in the Journal of Systematics and Evolution, co-author Jerald Harris from Utah Tech University unveils the first unique aspect of this ‘lost world’ – skulls. Birds are the most fragile of prehistoric remains and skulls are extremely rare, which makes determining what they ate, how they ate it, brain size and other key characteristics impossible. In addition, while much is know about the small group of dinosaurs which evolved into the birds that became modern birds, little is known about the birds that didn’t survive the dino-killing extinction. Jingmai O’Connor, lead author and the associate curator of vertebrate paleontology at Chicago’s Field Museum, points out in the press release that the ‘lost world’ helped find some.
“It was a long, painstaking process teasing out what these things were. But these new specimens include two new species that increase our knowledge of Cretaceous bird faunas, and we found combinations of dental features that we’ve never seen in any other dinosaurs.”
Illustration by Cindy Joli, Julio Francisco Garza Lorenzo, and René Dávila Rodríguez.
O'Connor conducting fieldwork at the site where the fossil birds were found. Credit: You Hailu
Ornithuromorph birds with teeth had what looks like a chin bone that didn’t move, but this unusualBrevidentavis zhangihad cartilage attached to the bone, which showed evidence of stress. That means it moved and was able to feel what it touched.
“It could have helped them detect prey. We can hypothesize that these toothed birds had little beaks with some kind of movable pincer at the tip of their jaws in front of the teeth.”
O’Connor thinks this made Brevidentavis zhangi a predator – possibly of some of the other species in the ‘lost world’ like the Gansus, the first known true Mesozoic bird in the world. The site contained at least four Gansus skulls. Tom Stidham, another co-author from the IVPP (Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology) in Beijing, eloquently describes the significance of this discovery.
Now THAT’S a predator!
“At a time when giant dinosaurs still roamed the land, these birds were the products of evolution experimenting with different lifestyles in the water, in the air, and on land, and with different diets as we can see in some species having or lacking teeth. Very few fossils of this geological age provide the level of anatomical detail that we can see in these ancient bird skulls.”
The Great Wall is great because of its size and contribution to Chinese history. The Changma fossil site just made a great contribution to Chinese prehistory. Is it time to start calling it the Great Lost World of China?
Imaging the Galaxy’s Centre in Unprecedented Detail Reveals More Mysterious Filaments
Imaging the Galaxy’s Centre in Unprecedented Detail Reveals More Mysterious Filaments
The inner 600 light years of our galaxy is a maelstrom of cosmic radiation, turbulent swirling gas clouds, intense star formation, supernovae, huge bubbles of radio energy, and of course a giant supermassive black hole. This bustling downtown of the Milky Way is a potential treasure trove of discovery but has been difficult to study as the galaxy’s central regions are obscured by dust and glaring radiation. But a new image of this region with unprecedented detail reveals more than we’ve ever seen before. We find some familiar objects like supernovae but also some mysterious structures – gaseous filaments dozens of light years long channeling electrons at near light speed.
Behold, the galaxy’s centre as never seen before:
The new MeerKAT image of the Galactic centre region is shown with the Galactic plane running horizontally across the image. Many new and previously-known radio features are evident, including supernova remnants, compact star-forming regions, and the large population of mysterious radio filaments. Colours indicate bright radio emission, while fainter emission is shown in greyscale. Credit: I. Heywood, SARAO. Image description: SARAO
Creating this incredible image required the power of theMeerKAT observatory. MeerKAT is located in South Africa which has a vantage point of the galaxy’s centre 25,000 light years away toward the constellation Sagittarius. MeerKAT sees the Universe in radio waves which penetrate interstellar dust normally obscuring this region of space. The image above is the result of 144 hours of telescope observation and 70 terabytes of raw data. Created from 20 separate pointings, the image is a mosaic representing 6 square degrees of sky – the equivalent of30 full Moons spanning 4 full Moons wide – not just a speck in the night. If your eyes were sensitive enough to radio waves, this is what the the galaxy would look like above you.
The Milky Way is a flat-ish disk of hundreds of billions of stars with a bulging central core. Within the core exists a region called the “Central Molecular Zone” or CMZ with gas densities and turbulence 10-1000 times what you find in outer disk of the Milky Way (where we are located thankfully) and cosmic radiation levels equally higher than the rest of the galaxy. Clusters of young massive stars are being created from fresh gas drawn toward the CMZ. Some of these massive stars have already exploded in these clusters as supernovae.
Another version of the MeerKAT image of the Galactic centre Credit: I. Heywood, SARAO
Reaching Outward
Much of what we’re observing in the heart of the galaxy are familiar objects – stars exploding and gas flowing – but there are mysterious structures unique to this region we don’t fully understand. Reaching out from the Milky Way’s core are giant magnetic tendrils – like strands or filaments – up to 150 light years in length. They appear in pairs or clusters like “strings on a harp” separated from each other by about 1 AU (the Earth’s distance from the Sun), and act like wires conducting electrons accelerated to near the speed of light.
Numerous filaments spanning the Galactic plane. The filaments are identified in the lower panel “Spectral Index” Credit Heywood et al Figure 9
We’ve seen these filaments before MeerKAT. They were first discovered by Farhad Yusef-Zadeh of Northwestern University in the 1980’s. But MeerKAT’s new image has uncovered 1000 more filaments – 10 times more than previously known. The filaments are difficult to see as they blend into the rest of the other structures and shapes of turbulent gas and star forming regions at the centre of the galaxy.
Because the filaments are magnetic, the flow of electrons along their length creates a unique signature of radiation that can be detected by MeerKAT – Synchrotron radiation. Synchrotron radiation is generated by the motion of high speed electrons through a magnetic field. This unique radiation allows the filaments to be teased out in images from other structures. Software image processing also highlights the edges of the filaments further drawing them out from the background galaxy.
So what are these filaments, what is accelerating electrons along their length, and why are they unique to the centre of the galaxy?
Black Heart
Lurking at the centre of the Milky Way is a supermassive black hole. Black holes come in a few varieties. Supermassives weigh in at millions or even billions of times the mass of our Sun and are typically found in the centres of galaxies. Extending outward from the central region of the Milky Way are two large bubbles of gas emitting radio waves. They are symmetrical, forming an hourglass rising above and below the galactic plane.
This cirrus cloud-like emission from the Galactic centre super bubble dominates this image. This is traversed by a complex of many parallel filaments. The radio bubble nestles against the diffuse Sagittarius A region in the lower centre of the image. The bright dot near the centre of this region is Sagittarius A*, a 4 million solar mass black hole. This image captures the chaotic complexity of the very heart of our Galaxy. Credit: I. Heywood, SARAO Image Description SARAO
MeerKAT found these radio bubbles in 2018 which extend a thousand light years outward from the central region and are thought to be created by a massive outburst from our black hole about 100,000 to a million years ago – powerful enough to send two send the bubbles surging outward from the galaxy’s disk. While large black holes feed, huge amounts of energy are released that could create bubbles like these. (Black holes are messy eaters.)
The “hour glass” radio bubbles discovered by MeerKAT extend vertically above and below the plane of the galaxy. Many magnetised filaments can be seen running parallel to the bubbles. (Adapted from results published in Heywood et al. 2019.).
There have also been outbursts of energy from the supernovae explosions and star formation in this region. It’s possible the filaments are created by the interaction of both the radio bubbles and star formation as the magnetic fields of energized gases expanding from the black hole become entangled with outbursts from stellar formation and explosions. The black hole’s outbursts also accelerate electrons along the length of the filaments themselves.
Will Our Black Hole Eat the Milky Way? – Video by Fraser Cain
If an interaction between the black hole outbursts and supernova explosions creates the filaments, that interaction would explain why the filaments are unique to this part of the galaxy. They also seem to appear only within the radio bubbles themselves. The filaments have also captured cosmic rays – high energy particles created by stars – in their magnetic fields. The particles can be dated essentially leaving a time stamp on the filaments. The cosmic ray time stamp matches the period of outburst from the black hole further leading researchers to believe the filaments are related to the black hole outburst. The MeerKAT images make it possible to catalogue each of the filament clusters to learn more about them and therefore the story of the centre of our galaxy.
Catalogue of newly discovered filaments from MeerKAT. Credit Heywood et al Fig 8
Spiraling Down
MeerKAT spotted some other incredible things within our galaxy’s busy downtown. The image below shows the spherical supernova explosion (rare for supernovae images which are usually more asymmetrical) and features an unknown object resembling a comet (though not a comet) toward the right which might be streaking past leaving behind a wake.
A rare, almost-perfect spherical supernova remnant that has been discovered at the edge of the MeerKAT mosaic. Numerous compact radio sources are also visible, many of which signpost supermassive black holes at the centres of galaxies far beyond our own. There is also an intriguing tailed radio source visible on the right of the image, which could be an object in our galaxy moving at high speed, leaving a trailing wake. Credit: I. Heywood, SARAO. Image Description by SARAO
But the other image that made me gasp – a “mini spiral.” This mini-spiral below is a structure extending out from the Milky Way’s central black hole thought possibly to be gas spiraling toward the black hole itself!
The upper panel’s glowing area shows a synchrotron radiation halo surrounding the supermassive black hole at the centre of the galaxy. The radiation highlights the flows of gas funneling toward the black hole. As the gas approaches the black hole, it is heated beginning to ionize where electrons are stripped from the gas. The ionized gas appears as a “mini-spiral” in the lower panel within about five light years of the central black hole. The scale on the top panel shows 5pc (parsecs or about 16 light years). In other words, this cloud of ionized gases and synchrotron radiation swirling about our black hole is light years across. Credit Heywood et al Figure 14
The Model-T(elescope)
In the early 1930’s astronomer Karl Jansky first detected radio emission from the galactic centre. That observation – considered the birth of radio astronomy – was the earliest version of what MeerKAT is observing now. It’s possible some of those radio emissions Jansky detected were the first observation of the black hole at the centre of our galaxy.
Karl Jansky’s radio telescope build to rotate on Ford Model-T wheels. This is the first radio telescope ever created. Image courtesy of NRAO CC by 3.0
We’ve come a ways since Jansky’s radio telescope built literally on Ford Model-T wheels. None of these new views of our galaxy would possible without the MeerKAT facility and the work of lead author Dr. Ian Heywood and research team that created the mosaic image.
Inaugurated in 2018 with 64 antennae spread over 8km of the Northern Cape of South Africa, MeerKAT is the most sensitive radio telescope of its kind. Between facilities like this, and the newly launched JWST, we are in for a front row seat to the unveiling of the Universe as never before.
MeerKAT observatory Credit SARAO
Feature Image:
Milky Way centre by the MeerKAT array of 65 radio dishes in South Africa. The image spans 4 times the Moon’s size in the sky. Ian Heywood (Oxford U.), SARAO; Here is a full sized version of the picture that was posted in Astronomy Picture of the Day. Colour processing on the image was done by Juan Carlos Munoz-Mateos (ESO) whose Instagram channel you should definitely check out. Has some of the coolest astro images I’ve seen.
New Photos Show a Black Hole Blasting out Powerful Winds
New Photos Show a Black Hole Blasting out Powerful Winds
Pictures of galaxies never cease to amaze, and astronomers are consistently coming up with new ones that provide a different viewpoint on the universe and maybe some exciting science along with it. A recent picture of the galaxy NGC 7582, taken with the Very Large Telescope (VLT), shows an active supermassive black hole at the galaxy’s core. However, something appears to be redirecting its “wind” away from the rest of the spiral galaxy.
Black holes are notorious for gobbling up matter and, as a byproduct, producing massive streams of energy that can obliterate their surroundings. A study from Stéphanie Juneau of NOIRLab showed that in NGC 7582 at least, those energy streams are being redirected away from the rest of the galaxy by a “wind.”
Video showing data on the wind from NGC 7582’s black hole. Credit – Juneau et al.
That isn’t a “wind” in a traditional sense, but one that can be seen in a particular wavelength of light. Utilizing the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) of VLT, Dr. Juneau and her colleagues looked at the ionized particles that were present in the galaxy. The color-corrected image shows oxygen (blue), nitrogen (green), and hydrogen (red), respectively. The ionized heavier elements can be seen in a cone shape around the supermassive black hole at NGC 7582’s center, depicting the expected energy flow nicely. By contrast, the red coloration of the image shows where the star-forming regions of the galaxy are. Conveniently, the wind seems isolated from those delicate regions, allowing stars to form unmolested.
No matter what might be protecting those star-forming systems, the image that shows it is astounding. And it happens to have some novel science behind it too.
An image of NGC 7582, on the left showing it in traditional light, while on the right is a detailed view of the massive wind coming of the galaxy’s central black hole. Credit – ESO / Juneau et al.
Twin Brown Dwarfs Discovered, Orbiting One Another at Three Times the Distance From the Sun to Pluto
Twin Brown Dwarfs Discovered, Orbiting One Another at Three Times the Distance From the Sun to Pluto
Gravity is a funny force. The gravity of every given object technically impacts every other given object, though, in practice, large distance and small masses make those forces negligible for such interactions. But in some cases, especially when large groups are floating in empty space, gravity can still hold sway over considerable distances. Such is the case with a new pair of brown dwarfs found by astronomers at the Keck Observatory.
Those brown dwarves are paired to each other, but the distance between them is 12 billion miles – 3 times the distance of Pluto to the Sun. The system, called CWISE J014611.20-050850.0AB, was discovered using observations made by UC San Diego’s Cool Star Lab. Observations were completed with the Near-Infrared Echellete Spectrometer (NIRES) instruments.
UT contributor Paul Sutter explains why brown dwarfs are so unique. Credit – Paul Sutter YouTube Channel
Infrared surveys are particularly good at detecting brown dwarves, as they emit heat rather than light. In the case of CWISE J014611.20-050850.0AB it was even more critical than usual. “Keck’s exceptional sensitivity in the infrared with this instrument was critical to our measurements. The secondary brown dwarf of this system is exceptionally faint…” said study co-author and UCSD Physics professor Adam Burgasser, but they were able to differentiate it with Keck.
To know where to look, they first utilized another tool – the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), which has already discovered many brown dwarfs. An associated citizen science project called Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 typically searches WISE databases for hints of brown dwarfs. The researchers took a look at 3,000 separate brown dwarfs discovered by Backyard Worlds and cross-referenced them with data from the Dark Energy Survey, another tool that had observed that part of the sky.
Want to help with these efforts? Contribute to Backyard Worlds today! Credit – NASA Goddard YouTube Channel
Keck’s observations solidified the finding, even so far away as it is. The researchers stress the importance of finding unique binary systems to help inform models of how exactly brown dwarf binaries are formed and estimate how many of them might be out there. There are sure to be plenty more where CWISE J014611.20-050850.0AB came from.
Is EMF Radiation to Blame for the Bird Deaths Exploding Across the World?
Is EMF Radiation to Blame for the Bird Deaths Exploding Across the World?
200 ducks in Denmark, hundreds of herons in Turkey, thousands of swallows and swifts in Greece, 1000 starlings in Rome…
Birds literally fall dead from the sky, and nobody knows why.
Hundreds of dead birds block a road in Rome, Italy. Picture: Bufale
Thousands of dead swallows and swifts in Greece
Scientists believe high winds over the last three days have killed or gravely injured thousands of swallows and swifts, migrating from Africa to Europe.
The carcasses have been found in the streets of Athens, on apartment balconies in the capital, on Aegean islands and around a lake close to the seaport of Nauplia in the Peloponnese. Here a video of the living birds:
The situation has been described as a major disaster.
The dead birds were found near the village of Köprışık.
Residents and officials are scared as nobody really knows what’s behind the massive die-off.
Pesticides? Poisoning? Bird flu? Samples are being analysed right now. [ajanimo]
200 dead ducks in Denmark
About 200 dead ducks have been found along the beaches on Læsø, Denmark and everybody is wondering if they died of bird flu. This is completely unheard of on the island.
Four of the dead ducks have been tested for avian influenza, but all tested negative.
So what’s behind this new mass die-off in Denmark? [TV2 Nord]
1000 dead birds in the streets of Rome
On February 5, 2020, hundreds of dead birds covered parts of Viale del Policlinico.
Again, according to officials, the birds died when a tree collapsed due to strong winds across the capital city. [Bufale]
Here some other mass die-offs in the last weeks or months:
So there is a clear increase in birds mysteriously dying and falling from the sky. But nobody really can’t tell the cause of these massive mass die-offs.
Are these bird deaths linked to poisoning? Diseases? New technologies? A bit of all? What’s your opinion and hypothesis? More animal mass die-off news on Strange Sounds and Steve Quayle.
RECENT RELATED VIDEOS, selected and postyed by peter2011
An eyewitness in Jerusalem, Israel, spots a strange bright ball of light hovering over a very important landmark, in this clip from Season 2, “DOME OF THE ROCK INCIDENT / SOLWAY SPACEMAN.”
Demonic Evil Meets Human Evil: When Evil Was Released into the World
Demonic Evil Meets Human Evil: When Evil Was Released into the World
“There is no good, and there is no evil. There is only the flesh and the patterns to which we submit it.” At least that was one of the things which the character Pinhead was supposed to say according to a proposed script for one of the Hellraiser movies based on the writings of Clive Barker. Even though the line was not used in the film, to a certain extent, there is some truth to that. The dual perspective based on the good-evil distinction was mostly introduced by religions such as Christianity which refer to two main entities, two antagonists, one representing good (like God) and the other representing demonic evil (like the Devil).
In real life, such distinctions become blurred. A person can have both good and evil inside the soul. What matters most is what a person chooses to act upon. Unfortunately, many humans choose to act on evil. With entities like demons which are regarded as actual manifestations of demonic evil, humans acting on evil imply their choice and many sources argue that the patterns of human evil can, in reality, be much worse than those of demonic evil. This essay looks into the origins of these ideas of good and evil through the ages.
The curiosity of Pandora led her to open a box and release all the evils into the world.
In Christianity, Eve introduced sin (and evil) into the world by eating from the tree of knowledge. Some researchers claim that her sin had not been limited only to this, but that she had also mated with the snake. However, the concept of introducing evil into the world is much older.
In the Greek tradition, Pandora was the first woman, having been created by the gods out of earth and water. To her a box was offered which she was not to open, but curiosity pushed her to do exactly the contrary. When Pandora opened the box received as a gift from the gods, all the evils were released into the world. When the woman closed the box, it was already too late. The evils had escaped. Inside the box, on the bottom, only the spirit of hope named Elpis had remained.
In the Bible, evils appear under the form of the four horsemen of the Apocalypse who are released in turn, as the lamb of God opens one by one the four seals of the parchment from the right hand of God sealed, in total, with seven seals. Thus, the horsemen symbolize the Apocalypse announcing the coming of the moment of final judgment.
Conquest is the first horseman who is described in the text as follows:
“Then I saw when the Lamb broke one of the seven seals, and I heard one of the four living creatures saying as with a voice of thunder, “Come.” I looked, and behold, a white horse, and he who sat on it had a bow; and a crown was given to him, and he went out conquering and to conquer.”
Interpretations of this horseman associated with military conquests sometimes consider him to be the Antichrist or a representation of false prophets. Within the Bible, the second horseman is War, representing mass slaughter. He has a sword symbolizing the blood which will flow and he is described in the following manner:
“When He broke the second seal, I heard the second living creature saying, “Come.” And another, a red horse, went out; and to him who sat on it, it was granted to take peace from Earth, and that men would slay one another; and a great sword was given to him.”
Famine follows:
“When He broke the third seal, I heard the third living creature saying, “Come.” I looked, and behold, a black horse; and he who sat on it had a pair of scales in his hand. And I heard something like a voice in the center of the four living creatures saying, “A quart of wheat for a denarius, and three quarts of barley for a denarius; but do not damage the oil and the wine.”.
The last horseman is Death or the Grim Reaper about whom the Bible says:
“When the Lamb broke the fourth seal, I heard the voice of the fourth living creature saying, “Come.” I looked, and behold, a pale horse; and he who sat on it had the name Death; and Hades was following with him.”.
Out of all the horsemen of the Apocalypse, only Death is named in an explicit manner, and about all of them, as a group, the Biblical text affirms that:
“Authority was given to them over a fourth of the earth, to kill with sword and with famine and with pestilence and by the wild beasts of the earth.”
1796 painting "Death on a Pale Horse" artist depiction of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.
In the Middle Ages humans wanted to blame someone for all the evil of the world, and so there began to appear thick volumes which described the appearance, powers and ranks of demons from the infernal hierarchy. Priests told people to permanently guard themselves against the malefic influence of demons and to be vigilant in what regarded such aspects.
In the 13th century, an abbot established the number of demons at 1,758,176. He explained: “Every human being is pursued by several demons. Just like a human who dives into the sea is surrounded by water, above as well as below, that is how demons surround humans from all sides."
Then, after approximately 300 years, the Church increased the number of demons to 7,405,926. As it is said that demons have abilities, domains of action and specific positions within the infernal hierarchy, in the world there is a large number of demonological catalogues which record the names of demons and describe them. Wizards used such catalogues to choose the demons they were about to invoke to ask for their help. In exchange, they offered their souls to the demons.
Nevertheless, evil does not come solely from demons. There have existed a lot of cases in which human evil surpassed demonic evil in terms of ingenuity and cruelty. From here, also come the legends about humans turned demons or about demons who look for humans as cruel and perverse as possible in order to manifest themselves and to be able to accomplish their diabolical plans.
Roman Polanski’s 1999 film entitled The Ninth Gate follows a character specialized in finding, authenticating, and selling old books. He must find the original variants of nine engravings. Placed in the correct order these were said to open the nine gates of the entrance to Hell. The idea presented in this modern-day Hollywood production comes from a much older legend.
It is said that, in Hell, the Devil was looking around when his attention was attracted by the evils performed by human demons. This had to do with those demons who had been created from a perverted human soul. The evils done by them greatly surpassed those performed by the demons who had actually been born in demonic form ever since the beginning.
Amazed and surprised beyond measure, the Devil could not understand this aspect. How could human demons surpass in cruelty and ingenuity actual demons? Desiring an answer, the Devil decided to incarnate himself as a human. In this way, he could live a number of successive lifetimes as a human being and he could discover what made human demons more atrocious and crueler than pure-blood demons.
Taking into account that he would be absent from Hell for quite some time, in case of emergency, the Devil included in his plan a safety system. Should his presence be greatly needed in Hell, a ritual would remind him his true identity, a thing that would help him to take on again his true demonic form and return to his business. The idea was that in the case of an emergency, a certain demon would come to him before the end of the pre-established number of human lives and help him execute a ritual allowing him to become himself once again. The demonic ritual of initiation appears in the film mentioned previously in an adapted cinematic version.
According to the legend, the Devil did not pass through all of the pre-established lives, his urgent presence in Hell being highly needed. For this reason, the Devil himself has remained eternally fascinated by the cruelty of the evil with human origin.
People have throughout history attempted to explain the origins of demonicevil.
Psychopathologist Adrian Raine from the University of Southern California has conducted scientific research which has shown that a large portion of criminals have a lack of neurons in the pre-frontal cortex. The neurological studies have demonstrated that, ever since childhood, conscience, the feeling of guilt and altruism appear and develop as a result of a correct functioning of the pre-frontal cortex.
Many psychopaths and criminals have suffered from APD (Antisocial Personality Disorder) which determines the lack of any feeling of affection, antisocial behavior, perfidy and irresponsibility. In addition, many of these psychopaths lacked the nervous cells mentioned previously.
Thus, Professor Adrian Raine ended up asking himself whether criminals can be considered responsible for the crimes they commit, taking into consideration the fact that they are missing part of their brain. He also considers that, for these reasons, it is late for someone to deal with the teenagers and the minors from correction schools and with convicts. The right time to prevent and treat antisocial behavior is during childhood.
The accuracy of this study is situated somewhere at 75%, so there are psychopaths who have no neuron lacking from their pre-frontal cortex. Aside from this, there are also humans who indeed have the respective neurons lacking, but who do not present any antisocial behavior .
A psychiatrist at St. Bartholomew Hospital of London, Doctor Martin Deahl, claims that there are indeed abnormalities in the brains of psychopaths, but these are not standard abnormalities on the basis of which an exact diagnostic can be attributed. So, in a latent state, a psychopath can exist inside any individual. Everything depends only on specific conditions and on triggering factors.
The brazen bull was a Roman torture device where people would be locked inside a metal bull and a fire would be lit below it.
Another legend claims that Saint Anthony had sent a letter to the Devil asking him to explain himself and to stop all evils on Earth. Apparently the Devil responded, claiming that he had a lot of business to attend to in Hell and no time at all to intervene in the affairs of humans.
In his reply, he also added that Saint Anthony would discover the source of evils from Earth if he asked the Church. This was a time when the Inquisition had unjustly killed and tortured unthinkable numbers of people. In this way, a religion of mercy, as Christianity is regarded to be, had led to the death of a larger number of people than the two world wars put together.
Ever since Antiquity, as well as during the Middle Ages, a large number of methods and instruments of torture has been created and used, some more inventive than others. Depicted in engravings and described in real manuals of torture, these taught and helped executioners in their job.
The brazen bull of the Romans was a large metallic bull whose belly opened to allow for one or more humans to be locked inside it. The fire then lit below the bull's belly made it hot and it slowly fried the man inside.
Meanwhile, the cradle of Judas implied sitting the condemned on a pyramid-shaped chair with a sharp top. The bindings made for every movement, no matter how small, to move the entire body to increase pain. The pain was unbearable because the sharp edge was stuck inside the anus or inside the vagina and, as the chair was not really washed, even in the case of an acquittal, the individual could die shortly after because of the infections resulted after applying the torture method.
Other convicts were locked inside cabinets in the form of a sarcophagus which had spikes on the interior. This was the iron maiden which, in the moment when it was locked, it would pierce the body of the convict with its spikes, killing him.
Other methods of torture included the wheel, which ensured a very slow death, the old method of flaying and impaling invented by the Turks. Witches and wizards were executed by placing a board on top of their horizontally bound bodies. On the board, very heavy boulders were placed, the condemned being able to hear their bones crushing before death. In the cases in which confessions were wanted, the chair with spikes was the most often used.
The use of the lethal injection is the ultimate expression of human evil.
In the world there are no new things, only new people. There are still countries where the death penalty continues to be applied through various methods such as the lethal injection, hanging, shooting or the electric chair.
In the case of the first method, three substances (sodium thiopental, a barbituric which sedates the convict; pancuronium bromide which paralyzes the muscles and the lungs and blocks the breathing system and potassium chloride which causes cardiac arrest) are introduced, in turn, inside the body of the condemned in doses established in such a way that only a single one can cause death.
Studies performed in this regard have shown that, in the cases without a proper anesthesia, even though pancuronium bromide paralyzes the lungs and the muscles, it leaves the convict in a perfect state of lucidity. In this state, the convict goes through a state of suffocation intensified by injecting the potassium chloride. This latter substance irritates the walls of blood vessels and the individual passes through the sensation of burning alive.
Because of these terrible pains which it produces, pancuronium bromide has been forbidden when it comes to animal euthanasia. In the case of humans, it is still used because, with the individual being sedated, from the exterior perspective of those who are witnesses to the event, all that is observed is an individual who seems unconscious, who does not move and whose calm expression leaves the sensation of a slow descent into an eternal sleep.
Why is such an awful and painful method of execution still used in the case of humans? On one side, because it induces fear, the fear of breaking the law and committing crimes legally punishable by death. From this perspective, it is a method of control and of making sure the laws are respected.
From an external perspective, the mental comfort of those who witness such an execution is taken into account. Many have no idea about the pain the convict experiences. They just see him tied up and sedated, having the impression of a calm death. Only a few are aware of the reality of the actual excruciating pain felt by the convict.
In fact, a painless method of execution implies quickly destroying the nerves that send the pain signals to the brain. This could be achieved by attaching explosives to a convict's head and detonating them. But for lawbreakers this would mean a fast painless death and for the witnesses to the execution it would imply a disturbing sight. So, no fear for potential lawbreakers to deter them and no moral comfort for those who witness the execution.
When it comes to myths and legends as relates to demons, these merely symbolize the latent evil that exists inside every human. As long as evil continues to exist in the world, these legends will attempt to offer up explanations, to help us understand the inexplicable potential for cruelty that exists in human nature.
Top image: Personification of demonic evil. Source: likozor / Adobe Stock
Darwin’s Natural Selection Theory May Not Be True, Gene Study Says
Darwin’s Natural Selection Theory May Not Be True, Gene Study Says
Researchers from Ghana and the University of Haifa, Israel, have published a breakthrough study that questions randomness in Darwin’s natural selection theory, in the Genome Research journal which may revolutionize human evolutionary history. According to the researchers, mutations have been misattributed to randomness, and this has been the backbone of the theory of evolution, until now. Instead, the researchers have been able to provide evidence of non-random mutations by showing “a long-term direct mutational response to environmental pressure.”
For over 160 years, the scientific community has followed Darwin’s natural selection theory, which basically says nature selects for new mutations in a totally random way. But a new study shows that it may not be randomness at all but environmental pressures that cause mutations.
Non-Randomness Versus Accidental Natural Selection Theory
This is in direct contradiction to Darwin’s longstanding theory of natural selection, which argues that all genetic mutations are random and accidental, and attributes beneficial traits being passed on through generations of breeding. For long, this has been a key tenet of neo-Darwinism, but we can now safely postulate that one helpful genetic mutation was not random at all – the human haemoglobin S (Hbs) mutation that protects against malaria.
Lead researcher Professor Adi Livnat, from the University of Haifa, Israel said:
“For over a century, the leading theory of evolution has been based on random mutations. The results show that the HbS mutation is not generated at random but instead originates preferentially in the gene and in the population where it is of adaptive significance. We hypothesize that evolution is influenced by two sources of information: external information that is natural selection, and internal information that is accumulated in the genome through the generations and impacts the origination of mutations.”
Professor Livnat is referring to the unique approach adopted by his team, wherein, the HbS mutation was isolated to distinguish between random mutations, and natural selection. In the mix, non-random mutations were added to detect “de novo” mutations, which literally mean “out of the blue” mutations that are present in an offspring but not inherited from either parent, reported The Daily Mail .
Interestingly, the HbS mutation was found to occur more frequently in populations where malaria is endemic, i.e., Africa, suggesting that certain mutations arise more frequently where they are of adaptive significance. The scientists behind the latest study hypothesize that evolution is influenced both by external information (natural selection), and internal information (generational genetic pools).
For over 160 years, based on Darwin’s natural selection theory, we have been taught that evolution through mutation is random and accidental, but the latest study shows that this isn’t true for malaria.
Lamarckism, Environmental Pressures and De Novo Mutations
This new thinking about natural selection has actually been around for a long time but the recent study proves it for the human hemoglobin malaria mutation.
Many scientists have written that complex and impressive adaptations in the eyes, brain, or hands, cannot be just attributed to randomness. Neither can the entire natural selection process be explained by Lamarckism, which posits that all beneficial adaptations come from direct environmental pressure. When the out-of-the-blue mutation hypothesis is applied to HbS, it is seen to provide protection against malaria for people with one copy, but causes sickle cell anemia in those with two copies, reported Salon.
"This shows empirically for the first time a directional response of mutation to a specific long-term environmental pressure . This sort of result cannot be explained by Neo-Darwinism, which is limited to explaining minor, gross-level effects on average mutation rates, not responses of specific mutations to specific environmental pressures. Therefore, the implications are that here there is an empirical finding that Neo-Darwinism really cannot explain, which challenges the notion of random mutation on a fundamental level,” added Dr Livnat.
Dr Livnat, and his lab manager, Dr Daniel Melamed, applied the de novo emergence of the HbS mutation to its origins, showing that the malaria-protective mutation actually originates de novo more frequently in sub-Saharan Africans , a population subgroup that has been exposed to centuries of malarial selection pressure, compared to that of the Europeans. Clearly, a random mutation would have equally random chances of appearing in both populations, as per Darwinian postulation, but that is not what actually happened.
“Mutations defy traditional thinking. The results suggest that complex information that is accumulated in the genome through the generations impacts mutation, and therefore mutation-specific origination rates can respond in the long-term to specific environmental pressures. Mutations may be generated nonrandomly in evolution after all, but not in the way previously conceived. We must study the internal information and how it affects mutation, as it opens the door to evolution being a far bigger process than previously conceived,” Livnat concluded.
Previous studies using Lamarckism as a theoretical base looked for immediate mutational adaptations to environmental stressors. Other studies, which found Lamarckism too limited in its scope, used only Darwinian natural selection and looked for random internal genetic mutations.
The current study gives scientists motive to reconsider current practices “of measuring mutation rates as averages across a multitude of positions on the genome.” This also opens up the field to study mutations other than HbS to see if the story of human evolution is actually random or smart by design!
Top image:This arc of five hominin skulls has been used for over 100 years to prove that natural selection theory is totally random and accidental, but a new study shows this to be false for a malaria mutation. Source: Smithsonian
ZIJN WE ALLEEN IN HET HEELAL? HET LIJKT STATISTISCH ONMOGELIJK!
ZIJN WE ALLEEN IN HET HEELAL? HET LIJKT STATISTISCH ONMOGELIJK!
Tim Kraaijvanger
Er is nog geen leven buiten onze planeet gevonden, maar de kans is groot dat astronomen ooit een tweede aarde tegenkomen.
Als we ‘s nachts naar de nachthemel staren, dan zien we een eindeloze zee van sterren. Toch spotten we maar een fractie van alle sterren in de Melkweg. Zo is de meeste nabije ster – Proxima Centauri – niet met het blote oog te zien. In 2013 berekenden wetenschappers dat er alleen al in ons sterrenstelsel minimaal honderd miljard planeten zijn. Dit is een ondergrens, dus het daadwerkelijke aantal ligt mogelijk veel hoger. Astrofysicus Ethan Siegel denkt dat dit aantal dichter bij de tien biljoen ligt. “Dan tel ik geen solitaire planeten mee,” zegt Siegel. Dit zijn planeten die uit een planetair systeem zijn geworpen en niet om een ster draaien. “Dan gaat dat aantal mogelijk met een factor 100 of 1.000.000 omhoog. Dan zijn er dus wellicht triljoenen planeten, alleen in ons sterrenstelsel.”
Nu hebben we het alleen over ons eigen sterrenstelsel. In het heelal zijn minimaal 200 miljard sterrenstelsels. Gaan we uit van één triljoen planeten per sterrenstelsel, dan zijn er vele triljarden of zelfs quadriljoenen planeten.
Is er een tweede aarde? Deze aantallen zijn indrukwekkend. Maar op hoeveel van deze planeten is leven mogelijk? We weten inmiddels dat er veel verschillende planeten in het heelal zijn en dat veel van deze planeten afvallen als kandidaten. Het is er te warm, het is er te koud, het is een gasplaneet of de moederster is niet stabiel. Aan de andere kant komen wetenschappers levensvormen als mosdiertjes en kokerwormen tegen op extreme plaatsen op aarde, zoals onder Antarctische ijsplaten, dus leven kan tegen een stootje. In 2020 berekenden astronomen dat er mogelijk zes miljard aardachtige planeten in de Melkweg zijn. Zij baseerden zich op data van de Kepler-telescoop.
Maar is er ook intelligent leven op één van deze zes miljard planeten? Een lastig te beantwoorden vraag. Op aarde duurde het 4,5 miljard jaar voor er een intelligente levensvorm ontstond, maar dit hoeft geen standaard regel te zijn. Misschien is de moderne mens heel uniek. Of misschien niet. Wetenschappers weten het simpelweg niet. Daarnaast kunnen intelligente beschavingen weer verdwijnen en gaan ze ten onder door hun eigen gedrag (bijv. klimaatverandering, oorlog) of externe gebeurtenissen (meteorietinslag). Wetenschappers van de Universiteit van Nottingham beweren dat er momenteel minimaal 36 intelligente beschavingen in onze Melkweg zijn die in staat zijn om met ons te communiceren, maar deze conclusie moet met een flinke korrel zout genomen worden. Er worden veel aannames gedaan en er zijn (natuurlijk) geen harde bewijzen dat deze cijfers daadwerkelijk kloppen. Een interessant statistisch onderzoek, maar daar blijft het dan ook bij.
Zonnestelsel in de maak Als wetenschappers denken dat er minimaal 36 intelligente beschavingen zijn in onze Melkweg, dan kan het toch niet zo zijn dat we alleen zijn in dit universum? Dat lijkt statistisch onmogelijk. Overal om ons heen vinden we planeten en worden nieuwe werelden geboren, zoals te zien is op de ruimtefoto van deze week. De Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array – een interferometer van 66 radioschotels – maakte deze foto van de geboorte van een zonnestelsel. We zien hier de jonge ster HL Tauri met daaromheen de protoplanetaire schijf. De ster is slechts één miljoen jaar oud, maar we zien al donkere banen in de stofschijf. Dit zijn banen die door jonge protoplaneten zijn schoongeveegd. Hier draaien dus planeten om de jonge ster. “Het is verrassend dat we dit zien op deze foto, aangezien we niet wisten dat zulke jonge sterren al grote planeten hebben die hun banen kunnen schoonvegen,” vertelde directeur Stuartt Corder van het ALMA-project in 2014.
Deze zomer opent de James Webb-ruimtetelescoop zijn ogen en gaan we hopelijk ontdekken meer aardachtige planeten vinden. James Webb is in staat om op zoek te gaan naar biosignaturen in de atmosferen van andere planeten. Zo’n biosignatuur is de aanwezigheid van zuurstof. Door te ‘ruiken’ aan de atmosfeer van een exoplaneet kunnen wetenschappers achterhalen of er mogelijk leven aanwezig is. Hopelijk krijgen astronomen dan voor eens en altijd een duidelijk antwoord op één van de grootste levensvragen: zijn we alleen?
De afgelopen decennia hebben ruimtetelescopen en satellieten prachtige foto’s gemaakt van nevels, sterrenstelsels, stellaire kraamkamers en planeten. Ieder weekend halen we één of meerdere indrukwekkende ruimtefoto uit het archief. Genieten van alle foto’s? Bekijk ze op deze pagina.
Bronmateriaal:
Afbeelding bovenaan dit artikel: ALMA
GERELATEERDE VIDEO'S, uitgekozen en gepost door peter2011
Talk of UFOs ignited by mysterious ‘red trails’ seen in darkness off the Outer Banks
Talk of UFOs ignited by mysterious ‘red trails’ seen in darkness off the Outer Banks
BY MARK PRICE
A man taking time lapse images of the Milky Way also captured a series of odd light swirls in the sky, and the resulting footage has ignited talk of UFO activity off North Carolina’s Outer Banks.
Artist Wes Snyder is well known in the Southeast for his coastal photography — particularly images taken at night — but even he is at a loss for what the rotating red trails might be.
The lights are seen multiple times in his video — always along the horizon — and they appear to be circling something.
Snyder says the movement defies easy explanation, when taking into account the time lapse process: Each photo is taken with a 10-second exposure, with one second in between.
Wes Snyder recording time lapse photos off the Outer Banks and found mysterious "red trails" that some say are UFOs. Others believe it is military craft.
VIDEO SCREENSHOT
“I’ve caught thousands of plane trails and never have any of them looked like this, so I’m certain they are not your typical aircraft,” Snyder told McClatchy news.
“I’ve caught these trails before in several other time lapses, but I have yet to figure out what kind of plane possibly has these capabilities. ... Whatever they are, they have some incredible maneuverability.”
The photos were taken between 8 and 10 p.m. on Sept. 27, with cameras facing west, toward the mainland. Snyder says the trails were “visible for 10-20 minutes.”The video was only recently posted online, because of the time it takes to edit images taken simultaneously by three cameras, he said.
“We (the Outer Banks) are not too far away from a bombing range and eastern North Carolina is known for lots of military aircraft,” Snyder said. “My bet is that it’s military aircraft training over the Pamlico Sound.
“All I want to know is, how can I get a ride in whatever it was,” he added.
The Pentagon released three videos of UFOs taken by Navy pilots to "clear up misconceptions."
BY US DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE VIA STORYFUL
The video was shared Jan. 21 on Facebook, where it has been viewed 13,000 times and gotten hundreds of reactions as of Jan. 31. (He posted it Jan. 27 on YouTube.) A recently removed shipwreck known as the Ocean Pursuit is included in the foreground of the video.
Many commenters on the Facebook post seem to agree the lights were likely military craft or drones, while others weren’t afraid to call it a UFO. That’s technically correct, since the lights are tough-to-identify flying objects.
“I believe they exist ... and have been visiting us for a long time,” one woman wrote.
“Whatever they are, I hope they’re on our team!” another commenter posted.
US Army High-ranked Confirms 57 Alien Species Similar To Humans That Walk Among Us
US Army High-ranked Confirms 57 Alien Species Similar To Humans That Walk Among Us
Back in 2001, on May 9th, a conference was held at the National Press Club in Washington DC, where delegates spoke about everything there is to talk about, beginning with UFOs and going all the way to the idea of alien life forms living among us.
What is crucial to note in this situation is that, according to elected officials, there has been ample evidence to support these allegations to date.
Sargent Clifford Stone also sent us a number claiming that there are 57 alien life forms that look just like us living among us. He said he doesn’t know their goals or what they’re doing on our planet, to begin with, so it’s certainly a hard idea to swallow.
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- Gemiddelde waardering: 0/5 - (0 Stemmen) Categorie:ALIEN LIFE, UFO- CRASHES, ABDUCTIONS, MEN IN BLACK, ed ( FR. , NL; E )
20-02-2022
NASA Officials Reportedly Horrified That SpaceX’s Starship May Succeed
NASA Officials Reportedly Horrified That SpaceX’s Starship May Succeed
"They are sh**ting the bed."
Image by SpaceX
If Elon Musk is right, SpaceX is poised to become the most successful spaceflight organization ever, public or private — and its competitors, including NASA, are scared shitless.
As Politico reports, the key proposed value of SpaceX’s Starship — that it can be reused over and over without spending as much time or money as previous spacecraft have required — a dynamic that may be posed to permanently alter the status quo, and which Politico characterized as inspiring a “mix of awe and horror” at NASA and its more traditional aerospace contractors.
Starship is slated to be the first all-purpose reusable spacecraft that can take people and cargo to and from the Moon and even Mars an indefinite number of times. NASA’s Space Launch System, meanwhile, has cost billions more than it was supposed to and is years behind schedule. As Politico notes, the $2 billion-per-launch price tag that accompanies SLS’ three slated Artemis moon landing missions make it much less attractive in comparison to Starship, which Musk recently bragged could cost as little as $1 million per launch.
Although NASA contracts with more established companies like Aerojet Rocketdyne, Northrup Grumman, and Boeing, SpaceX’s success in becoming the first consumer spaceflight company to take astronauts to the International Space Station has irrevocably altered the playing field, according to Politico‘s analysis — and the imminent launch of Starship may stack the deck further in its favor.
“Once [Starship’s] reliability is demonstrated with a large number of flights, which could happen in a matter of months, it will obsolesce all existing launch systems,” aerospace engineer and consultant Rand Simberg told Politico. “If SLS is not going to fly more than once every couple of years, it’s just not going to be a significant player in the future in space, particularly when Starship is flown.”
In a paper titled “Walmart, But for Space,” Simberg wrote that SpaceX will “revolutionize spaceflight” if it can demonstrate that it’s genuinely, in Musk’s optimistic prediction, “rapidly reusable.” This “radical cost reduction” that’s built upon low-Earth orbit refueling tankers could, the engineer told Politico, dramatically bring down the cost of space travel.
While SpaceX being as reusable as Musk says it is remains a pretty big if, the possibility alone has been enough to have some NASA officials and the aerospace contractors that work for them hearing brown notes.
One high-profile space lobbyist who spoke to Politico on condition of anonymity to avoid angering his Congressional allies perhaps put it best.
CHINA’S NEW ROCKET CONCEPT LOOKS SUSPICIOUSLY LIKE SPACEX’S STARSHIP
CHINA’S NEW ROCKET CONCEPT LOOKS SUSPICIOUSLY LIKE SPACEX’S STARSHIP
WAIT... THAT LOOKS AWFULLY FAMILIAR.
SPACEX
Chinese Starship
If imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, SpaceX must be very pleased with the Chinese space program.
Wang Xiaojun, president of the nation’s Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT), gave a presentation earlier this month showing off a concept for a two-stage methane-liquid launch system that looked suspiciously familiar, as SpaceNews pointed out.
To wit, the images used in the slides bear a striking resemblance to SpaceX’s Starship spacecraft. In all fairness, though, there are differences as well. CALT’s launch system is designed to carry around 20 tons to low-Earth orbit, while SpaceX’s mammoth spacecraft aims at carrying a whopping 100 tons. There also appear to be differences in how the engines generate thrust, as SpaceNews points out.
Mars Express
In short, there’s a very good chance CALT took some convenient shortcuts to show off a very early rendition of its planned methane-LOX launch system. And it’s just as likely its design language will change over time.
Case in point: postgraduate students from CALT also showed off a “Mars Express” heavy launch vehicle capable of reaching the Martian surface. A rather rudimentary animation shows a spacecraft that doesn’t look anything like SpaceX’s Starship, at least beyond being vaguely long and pointy.
The academy’s plans also represent a renewed focus on reusability and affordability, a goal that more space programs are starting to embrace beyond SpaceX and NASA.
SpaceX has been a pioneer when it comes to recovering and reusing rocket stages, particularly when it comes to its workhorse Falcon 9 rocket.
Russia’s space corporation Roscosmos also showed off designs for a reusable rocket dubbed Amur in July 2020 that looked like a much clearer copy-paste job, this time of SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket.
“It’s a step in the right direction, but they should really aim for full reusability by 2026,” Musk tweeted at the time.
NASA’s new chief Bill Nelson has recently begun to study UFOs after the US government showed a serious interest in them. He personally does not believe that the UFOs are extraterrestrial and if that was the case then he would know.
Eventually, he stated that people cannot rule out the other possibility as well. NASA has been exploring space for a long time and there are chances that they have found a sign of aliens but hiding it from the public. There are someNASA legendssuch as Gordon Cooper, Edgar Mitchell and Story Musgrave, who are firm believers of UFOs.
Donna Hare
NASA conspirators have a full assurance that the US space agency has been covering the evidence of UFOs since the first Apollo mission. Donna Hare claimed to have worked for NASA contactor Philco Ford in the early 1970s. She had a high-security clearance to walk in NASA’s photo lab and other departments.
During the Disclosure Project press conference, Hare revealed that NASA covered up and eliminated space anomalies such as UFOs from the satellite photos. Hare has got several awards in the space programs. She dedicated most of her time as a technical illustrator in space programs. She created lunar maps, landing slides and had been working 15 years as a sub-contractor for NASA.
With a half-earth in the background, the lunar module “Eagle,” carrying Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin, approached the Apollo command module manned by Michael Collins after Messrs. Armstrong and Aldrin walked on the moon. Image credit: NASA
She claimed to have access to a place known as “Building Eight,” from where she made contacts with high-ranking officials. Once, she walked into a restricted area which was NASA’s photo lab. She noticed the lab had photographs (mosaic) of the Moon taken from satellites. She was with a friend who pointed at one of the photographs and surprisingly, she saw a round white dot.
“I said to him what is that. Is that a dot on the emulsion? Then he’s grinning and he says dots on the emulsion don’t leave shadows on the ground. There was a round shadow at the correct angle.
I looked at him and I was pretty startled because I’d worked out there several years and never seen anything like this never heard of anything like this and I said is this a UFO and he’s smiling at me and he says I can’t tell you,” Hara said. She knew what he meant but could not tell. He said that their work was to airbrush them before putting into the public domain.
According to her, NASA had a protocol to alter the satellite images, and workers who were assigned to this program were put in quarantine. She was told by one of the sources that during one of the moon landings, three UFOs had landed. Subsequently, there was a codeword “Santa Claus” for these crafts.
No one was allowed to talk about these in public, otherwise they would face serious consequences after retirement. She remembered that one person from that secret program told her that every astronaut had seen those crafts during their space missions. She had never seen that man again but got his name which was given to Ufologist Dr. Steven Greer in a hope that he would find him.
Sergeant Karl Wolfe
Former US Air Force Sergeant Karl Wolfe, who died in a bike accident in 2018, was another person who shared a similar story. He also had top-secret clearance and worked at Langley Air Force base in Virginia, the USA.
Karl worked as a precision electronics photograph repairer for Nasa’s Lunar Orbiter Project. One day, he was taken into a lab by another worker who showed him a photo of artificial buildings at the lunar base. His death remains a mystery as many believe that he was killed for exposing top-secret documents.
Major Robert Orel Dean
Karl was not the only whistleblower whose death seems mysterious. Former U.S. Army Command Sgt. Major Robert Orel Dean claimed that when he worked for NATO in France, he read a document titled “The Assessment” in the 1960s. According to him, the document consisted the information about “photos of dead aliens, crashed UFOs and reports by military pilots and scientists.” Coincidently, he also died a week before Karl’s death in 2018.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 74 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
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