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20-04-2022 om 23:04 geschreven door peter  

Jupiter's ice-filled moon Europa could have water near its surface, scientists believe, meaning it could be home to extraterrestrial life

• Researchers compared ridges on the moon Europa to ridges found in Greenland

• These ridges on Greenland are formed from the refreezing of subsurface water 

• If ridges on Europa formed the same way, it would lead to surface liquid water

• These pockets of liquid water near the surface could allow for life to form 

By RYAN MORRISON FOR DAILYMAIL.COM 

The uncanny resemblance between features on Europa's frozen surface and a landform in Greenland suggest the icy-moon may be capable of harboring life.  

Europa is the fourth largest moon of Jupiter and is thought to have a substantial liquid water ocean under its 15 mile thick crust of ice. 

A team from Stanford University explored similarities between double ridges on the surface of Europa, and smaller versions of the features found under Greenland's ice.

Ice-penetrating radar data revealed that refreezing of liquid subsurface water drove the formation of Greenland's double ridge, and if Europa's formed the same way, it could signal the presence of large amounts of liquid water near the surface.

If Europa's features form the same way, this could signal the presence of copious amounts of liquid water - a key ingredient for life - near the surface of the thick outer ice shell of Jupiter's fourth largest moon.

The uncanny resemblance between features on Europa's frozen surface and a landform in Greenland suggest the icy-moon may be capable of harboring life

The study explored similarities between the elongated landforms, called double ridges, that are linear, with two peaks and a central trough between them, and slicing through one looks like a capital letter 'M'. 

'If you sliced through one and looked at the cross section, it would look a bit like the capital letter M,' said Stanford University geophysicist Riley Culberg, lead author of the study published in the journal Nature Communications.

In the search for extraterrestrial life, Europa has attracted attention as one of the locales in our solar system that may be habitable, perhaps by microbes, owing to a global saltwater ocean detected deep beneath its ice shell. 

Innumerable water pockets closer to the surface would represent a second potential habitat for organisms.

Europa is the fourth largest moon of Jupiter and is thought to have a substantial liquid water ocean under its 15 mile thick crust of ice

Ice-penetrating radar data revealed that refreezing of liquid subsurface water drove the formation of Greenland's double ridge, and if Europa's formed the same way, it could signal the presence of large amounts of liquid water near the surface

'The presence of liquid water in the ice shell would suggest that exchange between the ocean and ice shell is common, which could be important for chemical cycling that would help support life,' Culberg said. 

'Shallow water in particular also means there might be easier targets for future space missions to image or sample that could at least preserve evidence of life without having to fully access the deep ocean.'

NASA's robotic Europa Clipper spacecraft is scheduled for a 2024 launch to further investigate whether this moon possesses conditions suitable for life.

The shallow depth of Europa's potential water pockets - perhaps within six-tenths of a mile of the surface - also would place them near chemicals vital for the formation of life that may exist on its surface.

With a diameter of 1,940 miles, Europa is the fourth-largest of Jupiter's 79 known moons, a bit smaller than Earth's moon but bigger than the dwarf planet Pluto.

Europa's ocean may contain double the water of those on Earth. Life first emerged on Earth as marine microbes.

Europa's double ridges, sometimes extending hundreds miles (km), generally are around 490-650 feet tall, with the peaks about three- to six-tenths of a mile apart.

Scientists have debated how they formed. Culberg was struck by their resemblance to a landform he knew from northwestern Greenland, with peaks about 6.5 feet tall, separated by about 160 feet and extending about a half mile.

'The Greenland double ridge feature formed from the successive refreezing, pressurization and fracture of a near-surface water pocket,' Culberg said.

We see two ridges, rather than one, because the shallow water pocket was also split in two by a fracture filled with refrozen water.'

The water pocket in Greenland was about 50 feet below the surface, likely less than 33 feet thick and about a mile (1.6 km) wide.

If the same process spawned Europa's many double ridges, each associated water pocket could boast a volume similar to Lake Erie, one of North America's Great Lakes.

'Between having two potential habitats and the fact that double ridges - and the near-surface water bodies they may imply - are among the most common features on Europa's surface, it makes this moon a very exciting candidate for habitability indeed,' study co-author Dustin Schroeder added.

The study explored similarities between the elongated landforms, called double ridges, that are linear, with two peaks and a central trough between them, and slicing through one looks like a capital letter 'M'

On Earth, researchers analyze polar regions using airborne geophysical instruments to understand how the growth and retreat of ice sheets might impact sea-level rise. 

Much of that study area occurs on land, where the flow of ice sheets is subject to complex hydrology – such as dynamic subglacial lakes, surface melt ponds and seasonal drainage conduits – that contributes to uncertainty in sea-level predictions.

Because a land-based subsurface is so different from Europa's subsurface ocean of liquid water, the study co-authors were surprised when they noticed that formations that streak the icy moon looked extremely similar to a minor feature on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet – an ice sheet that the group has studied in detail.

'We were working on something totally different related to climate change and its impact on the surface of Greenland when we saw these tiny double ridges – and we were able to see the ridges go from 'not formed' to 'formed,' ' Schroeder said. 

If Europa's features form the same way, this could signal the presence of copious amounts of liquid water - a key ingredient for life - near the surface of the thick outer ice shell of Jupiter's fourth largest moon

The co-authors said their explanation for how the double ridges form is so complex, they couldn't have conceived it without the analog on Earth.

'The mechanism we put forward in this paper would have been almost too audacious and complicated to propose without seeing it happen in Greenland,' Schroeder said.

The findings equip researchers with a radar signature for quickly detecting this process of double ridge formation using ice-penetrating radar, which is among the instruments currently planned for exploring Europa from space.

'We are another hypothesis on top of many – we just have the advantage that our hypothesis has some observations from the formation of a similar feature on Earth to back it up,' Culberg said. 

'It's opening up all these new possibilities for a very exciting discovery.'

The findings have been published in the journal Nature Communications. 

Read more:

• Double ridge formation over shallow water sills on Jupiter’s moon Europa | Nature Communications
• www.jpl.nasa.gov...

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20-04-2022 om 22:18 geschreven door peter  

Breaking News in Search for Extraterrestrial Life: Evidence of Water Near Europa’s Surface

By STANFORD UNIVERSITY

Explanation for the formation of abundant features on Europa bodes well for the search for extraterrestrial life.

Jupiter’s moon Europa is a prime candidate for life in our solar system, and scientists have been fascinated by its deep saltwater ocean for decades. However, it is encased in an icy shell that could be miles to tens of miles thick, making sampling it a difficult task. Increasing evidence suggests that the ice shell is more of a dynamic system than a barrier – and an astrobiology site with potential habitability in its own right.

Ice-penetrating radar observations that captured the formation of a “double ridge” feature in Greenland suggest that the ice shell of Europa may have an abundance of water pockets beneath similar features that are common on the surface. The findings, which will be published in the journal Nature Communications today (April 19, 2022), may be compelling for detecting potentially habitable environments within the exterior of the Jovian moon.

“Because it’s closer to the surface, where you get interesting chemicals from space, other moons, and the volcanoes of Io, there’s a possibility that life has a shot if there are pockets of water in the shell,” said study senior author Dustin Schroeder, an associate professor of geophysics at Stanford University’s School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences (Stanford Earth). “If the mechanism we see in Greenland is how these things happen on Europa, it suggests there’s water everywhere.”

Ice-penetrating radar data from Greenland suggests that shallow water pockets may be common within Europa’s ice shell, increasing the potential for detecting signs of habitability near the surface of Jupiter’s moon.

A terrestrial analog

On Earth, researchers analyze polar regions using airborne geophysical instruments to understand how the growth and retreat of ice sheets might impact sea-level rise. Much of that study area occurs on land, where the flow of ice sheets is subject to complex hydrology – such as dynamic subglacial lakes, surface melt ponds, and seasonal drainage conduits – that contributes to uncertainty in sea-level predictions.

Because a land-based subsurface is so different from Europa’s subsurface ocean of liquid water, the study co-authors were surprised when, during a lab group presentation about Europa, they noticed that formations that streak the icy moon looked extremely similar to a minor feature on the surface of the Greenland ice sheet – an ice sheet that the group has studied in detail.

“We were working on something totally different related to climate change and its impact on the surface of Greenland when we saw these tiny double ridges – and we were able to see the ridges go from ‘not formed’ to ‘formed,’ ” Schroeder said.

Upon further examination, they found that the “M”-shaped crest in Greenland known as a double ridge could be a miniature version of the most prominent feature on Europa.

A view of Europa created from images taken by NASA’s Galileo spacecraft in the late 1990s.

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SETI Institute

Prominent and prevalent

Double ridges on Europa appear as dramatic gashes across the moon’s icy surface, with crests reaching nearly 1000 feet, separated by valleys about a half-mile wide. Scientists have known about the features since the moon’s surface was photographed by the Galileo spacecraft in the 1990s but have not been able to conceive a definitive explanation of how they were formed.

Through analyses of surface elevation data and ice-penetrating radar collected from 2015 to 2017 by NASA’s Operation IceBridge, the researchers revealed how the double ridge on northwest Greenland was produced when the ice fractured around a pocket of pressurized liquid water that was refreezing inside of the ice sheet, causing two peaks to rise into the distinct shape.

“In Greenland, this double ridge formed in a place where water from surface lakes and streams frequently drains into the near-surface and refreezes,” said lead study author Riley Culberg, a PhD student in electrical engineering at Stanford. “One way that similar shallow water pockets could form on Europa might be through water from the subsurface ocean being forced up into the ice shell through fractures – and that would suggest there could be a reasonable amount of exchange happening inside of the ice shell.”

Snowballing complexity

Rather than behaving like a block of inert ice, the shell of Europa seems to undergo a variety of geological and hydrological processes – an idea supported by this study and others, including evidence of water plumes that erupt to the surface. A dynamic ice shell supports habitability since it facilitates the exchange between the subsurface ocean and nutrients from neighboring celestial bodies accumulated on the surface.

“People have been studying these double ridges for over 20 years now, but this is the first time we were actually able to watch something similar on Earth and see nature work out its magic,” said study co-author Gregor Steinbrügge, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) who started working on the project as a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford. “We are making a much bigger step into the direction of understanding what processes actually dominate the physics and the dynamics of Europa’s ice shell.”

The co-authors said their explanation for how the double ridges form is so complex, they couldn’t have conceived it without the analog on Earth.

“The mechanism we put forward in this paper would have been almost too audacious and complicated to propose without seeing it happen in Greenland,” Schroeder said.

The findings equip researchers with a radar signature for quickly detecting this process of double ridge formation using ice-penetrating radar, which is among the instruments currently planned for exploring Europa from space.

“We are another hypothesis on top of many – we just have the advantage that our hypothesis has some observations from the formation of a similar feature on Earth to back it up,” Culberg said. “It’s opening up all these new possibilities for a very exciting discovery.”

Reference:

• “Double ridge formation over shallow water sills on Jupiter’s moon Europa” 19 April 2022, Nature Communications.
  DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29458-3
• Schroeder is also a faculty affiliate with the Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence (HAI), an associate professor, by courtesy, of electrical engineering and a center fellow, by courtesy, at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment. 
• This research was supported by a National Defense Science and Engineering Graduate Fellowship and, in part, by NASA Grant NNX16AJ95G and NSF Grant 1745137.

{ https://scitechdaily.com/ }

20-04-2022 om 22:06 geschreven door peter  

Official history tells us that 17 missions were launched between 1961 and 1975, of which 11 were manned (Apollo 7 through Apollo 17). During this time, 6 successful landings on the lunar surface were made. The Apollo 18, 19, and 20 flights were canceled due to the lack of new scientific value at the huge expense of the state budget and taxpayers. However, in 2007, Italian freelance journalist Luca Scantamburlo took a written interview with William Rutledge, who claims to be a member of the secret Apollo 20 mission.

According to him, he was an employee of Bell Laboratories and served in the US Air Force. Rutledge attracted public attention by starting to distribute photographs and videos of the Apollo 20 mission online in 2007 which captured the same spaceship and its pilots.

What is the essence of the information from Rutledge? He claimed that during the Apollo 15 mission to the moon, an unidentified man-made object was discovered and photographed on its surface.

Read also:

• Project Stargate: CIA Top Secret Program To Track UFOs & Explore Mars
• Former CIA Director Believes In UFOs & His Friend’s Aircraft Stopped At 40,000 Feet In The Air
• Aliens From Andromeda Told US Army Personnel That Humans Are Composite of 22 different E.T. races
• Bizarre UFO Encounter Of US Farmer: Three Aliens Gave Him Pancakes

During missions 16 and 17, several more photographs were taken and reconnaissance of the terrain from orbit was carried out. The task of missions 18 and 19 (which was no longer officially) is not really clear: Rutledge only says that during these missions, a number of problems occurred, as a result of which research data was lost. It was originally planned to land next to an alien ship and study it using rovers.

In 1976, the Apollo 20 mission was launched, which included: William Rutledge, Aleksei Leonov, and Leona Snyder. They managed to land by the ship, get inside, inspect the interior of the ship, and the bodies of the pilots. One of the sources said that they not only examined the bodies but also took the head of one of the bodies with them.

The dimensions of the ship were 3370 x 510 meters; the age is estimated at 1.5 billion years; inside, there are many signs of biological life: remnants of vegetation in the engine compartment of the ship, stones of a triangular shape that exude a yellow liquid that has some medical properties, the remains of small bodies (about 10 cm) that lived in a network of “glass” pipes piercing the whole ship.

They found a humanoid, female, 1.65 meters. She had genitals, hair, six fingers (we assume the math is based on a dozen). She was a pilot, there was an aerobatics device connected to her fingers and eyes, the body had no clothes, and they had to cut two cables connected to the nose without nostrils. Leonov detached the device from the eyes. Blood clots or bio-fluids burst and froze in the mouth, nose, eyes, and parts of the body. Some parts of the body were in unusually good condition, hair and skin were protected by a thin transparent layer of protection. The condition seemed neither dead nor alive. The booth was full of inscriptions and formed from long, hollow hexagonal tubes.

On the other hand, one can only guess that this was the ship of the Anunnaki, about which Sitchin or some other guys wrote.

Doubts are caused by the number of fingers, these humanoids have 12 of them (6 on each hand), and we know that the Anunnaki used the hexadecimal numbering system and on all the frescoes, they have 5-fingered palms.

We also know that the Anunnaki had a parallel mission in low-Earth orbit: one part of them worked on Earth, the other part remained on the mother ship. It may well be that they used the moon and one of the ships remained there. Another interesting fact is that the team of engineers who actually implemented the Apollo project was headed by Wernher von Braun, who during Nazi Germany worked for the benefit of the Third Reich, creating for them the famous V-2 rockets.

Braun came to America along with many other German scientists removed from Germany as part of Operation Paperclip in 1945. And the colossal technological breakthrough of the engineers of the Third Reich happened due to cooperation with the occult societies of Ahnenerbe and Vril, who obtained information from the ancient egregors of the Gods related to our civilization.

Braun had an interesting chain of events: German occult societies -> moving to the USA -> working on a space program -> detecting an alien spacecraft, possibly the very same Gods who advised the Nazis. He survived until 1977 and saw the launch of Apollo 20 and, moreover, according to Rutledge, was personally present at the launch.

References:

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20-04-2022 om 21:50 geschreven door peter  

Jack Hickish, Digital Instrumentation Lead for COSMIC SETI, explained in a SETI Institute press release:

“Having all the VLA digital signals available to the COSMIC system is a major milestone, involving close collaboration with the NRAO VLA engineering team to ensure that the addition of the COSMIC hardware doesn’t in any way adversely affect existing VLA infrastructure.

“It is fantastic to have overcome the challenges of prototyping, testing, procurement, and installation – all conducted during both a global pandemic and semiconductor shortage – and we are excited to be able to move on to the next task of processing the many Tb/s of data to which we now have access.”

As part of this collaborative effort, the VLA will conduct observations while SETI Institute scientists will analyze that data to look for evidence of technological activity (aka. “technosignatures”). The VLA offers many important capabilities for SETI, not the least of which are its size. Each of its 27 antennas measures 25 m (82 ft) in diameter, yielding a collecting area equivalent to a single-dish antenna measuring 130 m (426 ft) in diameter.

This surface area and large amounts of metal mesh allow for almost unparalleled sensitivity levels, which is always a plus for SETI surveys (where signals are likely to be weak). In addition, each VLA antenna has eight cryogenically cooled receivers that continuously monitor the sky at frequencies ranging from 1 to 50 GHz in the radio spectrum. Some receivers can operate between 1 GHz and 54 MHz, corresponding with frequencies used for television broadcasts.

To exploit these capabilities, engineers at the VLA have installed a “splitter” that feeds a copy of the data stream provided by the VLA’s 27 antennas to locally-installed SETI equipment. This equipment consists of software and hardware that computes 64 different beams, which sorts cosmic static into hundreds of millions of narrow-band frequency channels. Said Cherry Ng, a SETI Institute COSMIC Project Scientist:

“I am excited by the ability of COSMIC to conduct the most comprehensive technosignature search ever in the Northern Hemisphere. We will be able to monitor millions of stars with a sensitivity high enough to detect an Arecibo-like transmitter out to a distance of 25 parsecs (81 light-years), covering an observing frequency range from 230 MHz to 50 GHz, which includes many parts of the spectrum that have not yet been explored for ETI signals.”

The COSMIC SETI program, which is expected to be operational by early 2023, will observe around 40 star systems in our galaxy over two years. It will be the most comprehensive SETI survey undertaken in the Northern Hemisphere, a record previously held by Breakthrough Listen. Its first major observational campaign will be conducted in parallel with the ongoing VLA Sky Survey (VLASS), which relies on the VLA to survey 82% of the sky in the 2-4GHz S-bands.

“We look forward to partnering with the SETI Institute on this exciting initiative and are pleased to see this important milestone in the technical work that will make this new science possible,” said NRAO Director Tony Beasley.

• Further Reading: SETI Institute

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

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20-04-2022 om 21:04 geschreven door peter  

Astronomy Jargon 101: Galaxy Clusters

In this series we are exploring the weird and wonderful world of astronomy jargon! You’ll be the biggest thing in town after today’s topic: galaxy clusters!

Galaxy clusters are the single largest gravitationally bound structures in the Universe. The “gravitationally bound” part means that the gravity of the individual components of a galaxy cluster is strong enough to hold it together. While larger structures, known as superclusters, exist, they are not gravitationally bound and will eventually disperse.

Galaxy clusters can host a thousand galaxies or more and are typically at least 3-4 million light-years in diameter. The smallest galaxy clusters weigh 10¹⁴ solar masses, while the largest are ten to a hundred times more massive.

By far the dominant component of every galaxy cluster is dark matter, the mysterious form of matter that is invisible to light and does not interact with normal matter. Dark matter makes up around 90% of the mass of every cluster.

Of the remainder, 90% is in the form of an extremely hot but incredibly thin plasma called the intracluster medium. This medium is so hot that it emits brightly in the X-ray part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Even though the intracluster medium is so hot, it would register as a vacuum in Earth-based laboratory experiments.

Only 1% of the mass of every galaxy cluster is in the form of galaxies themselves. Those galaxies typically move through the cluster like bees in a beehive with speeds of up to a thousand kilometers per second. Those speeds can be used to weigh the cluster – more massive clusters will support faster galaxy movements without the cluster breaking apart.

The nearest cluster to Earth is the Virgo Cluster, which contains 1,000-2,000 galaxies and sits about 50 million light-years away.

Another famous cluster is the Coma Cluster, about 321 million light-years away. The main galaxies of the cluster are visible in amateur telescopes. In 1933 the astronomer Fritz Zwicky used observations of galaxy motion within the Coma Cluster to discover the existence of dark matter.

The post Astronomy Jargon 101: Galaxy Clusters appeared first on Universe Today.

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20-04-2022 om 20:47 geschreven door peter  

Astronomy Jargon 101: Big Bang Theory

In this series we are exploring the weird and wonderful world of astronomy jargon! You’ll be off to a good start with today’s topic: the big bang theory!

The Big Bang theory is the current best understanding of the history of the Universe. The theory is a physical model, based on many lines of evidence, that says that our Universe was once smaller, hotter, and denser than it is today. In fact, according to our best measurements, about 13.77 billion years ago our entire observable Universe – including every star and galaxy that we could ever see – was once crammed into a tiny volume only a few centimeters across with a temperature of over a quadrillion degrees.

The Big Bang theory originated in the early 20^th century. The first hints of the theory began with Einstein’s general theory of relativity. When he applied his equations to the study of the whole Universe, he found that a static, unchanging cosmos was highly unusual. Instead, the Universe should be either expanding or contracting. The Belgian astronomer and Catholic priest Georges Lemaître came to a similar conclusion, calling his idea of the origins of the Universe the “primeval atom.”

Scientists, including Einstein, rejected this idea. But in the 1920’s astronomer Edwin Hubble conclusively demonstrated that all galaxies are, on average, racing away from each other. The simplest explanation of this observation is that we live in an expanding Universe.

Since then, multiple lines of evidence have led scientists to conclude that the Big Bang theory is accurate. For example, models of the very early Universe successfully predict the abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. Early cosmologists also predicted the existence of an afterglow light pattern generated when the young Universe transitioned from a plasma to neutral state. This pattern, called the cosmic microwave background, was discovered on accident in the 1960’s.

In the Big Bang model, the primordial Universe expanded and cooled, eventually giving rise to the formation of stars and galaxies.

Today, no other theory of cosmology can successfully explain the wealth of evidence.

The post Astronomy Jargon 101: Big Bang Theory appeared first on Universe Today.

Source:

•  https://www.universetoday.com/155264/astronomy-jargon-101-big-bang-theory/

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20-04-2022 om 20:31 geschreven door peter  

UFO Seen Over Las Vegas, Nevada 4-18-2022, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: April 18, 2022

Location of sighting: Las Vegas, Nevada, USA

 

Watch this amazing catch in Las Vegas, Nevada a few days ago. An eyewitness heard something loud that sounds like a jet and opened his phone to record, just in time to catch a strange object passing overhead. The object sounds like a jet, but looks alien made. I believe this craft could be one of USAF top secret evolutions of the TR3B, which started out as a triangle, but may have evolved into a new generation of spheres. Nellis AFB is in Las Vegas outskirts, and is a known testing ground for alien tech. Watch the video and its slow motion close up I made at the end. I have never seen a man made craft that looks like this before, and I worked on the flight line on B-1 bombers at Ellsworth AFB long ago. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

20-04-2022 om 18:33 geschreven door peter  

UFO Near Space Station During Space Walk, April 18, 2022, HD Video, UFO Sighting News.

Date of sighting: April 18, 2022

Location of sighitng: Space Station
Source: NASA Live Cams

 

Now this is really confusing at what this could be. I know its not the SpaceX capsule because it would not be docking or leaving while there is a space walk going on, because it would jeopardize the safety of the astronauts. I also know that this is not the moon, since I have watched this cam for over 15 years and have seen the moon many times, it much bigger than this. This object has the shape and color of an alien craft. Notice how it hangs back, watching the astronauts do a space walk from a distance. Perhaps they are there not only to observe, but to lend a hand in case of emergencies. If the spacewalk goes bad, an astronaut could die before he or she gets back into the space station. These aliens are clearly not trying to hide, and yet, not trying to frighten the astronauts. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

20-04-2022 om 18:24 geschreven door peter  

Tunnel Cloud, A UFO Freeway Within, Babylon, New York, April 14, 2022, UFO Sighting News. 

Date of sighting: April 14, 2022

Location of sighting: Babylon, New York, USA

 

Wow! This was seen not just in Babylon, New York but clear across New York along the waters edge, past Long Island. I have seen similar tunnels before. The tunnels are used by aliens as a transportation highway. The cloud is being contained by a forcefield that holds it together in a beam from one end to the other by maintenance UFOs. Then later larger orb UFOs often the size of city buses will transport through one after another with about a 2-3 minute space in between. This way, they move from one place on the planet to another unseen. There are many alien bases on Earth, not just one. There are said to be over ten thousand bases here. So UFOs are necessary to carry supplies, people, dignitaries and items back and forth. I'm sure many will doubt me on this, but I stake not only my reputation on this being true, but a similar sighting I personally had in the USAF at Rapid City, South Dakota back in 1990 is why I am reporting UFOs today. And yes, I saw four such tunnels starting above our parking lot, on a clear blue sky day. Each tunnel side by side. Not a cloud in the sky, but the tunnels. Then a grumbling noise and a huge 747 ball lit up at the end right above me. Then it slowly moved down the tunnel, increasing speed faster and faster until it disappeared over the horizon within the tunnel. Then another would appear in a tunnel next to it, and it all started again and again over 25X but I had to got to work at Ellsworth AFB so I'm sure I missed some. True story, like it or not. Its 100% real. 

Scott C. Waring - Taiwan 

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

20-04-2022 om 18:21 geschreven door peter  

Scientists find evidence for biggest earthquake in human history

• Related: Strange earthquakes in South Carolina traced to man-made lake

"It had been thought that there could not be an event of that size in the north of the country simply because you could not get a long enough rupture," study co-author James Goff, a geologist at the University of Southampton in England, said in a statement. 

Like the Valdivia earthquake, the ancient quake was a megathrust earthquake, the most powerful type of earthquake in the world. These earthquakes occur when one of Earth's tectonic plates gets forced, or subducted, underneath another. The two plates eventually get locked into place by friction, but the forces that caused the plates to collide continue to build. Eventually, so much strain gathers that the point of contact between the plates rips apart, creating a gigantic rupture and releasing energy in the form of devastating seismic waves. 

Evidence for the giant quake was found in marine and coastal items — such as littoral deposits (boulders, pebbles and sand native to coastal regions) and marine rocks, shells and sea life — that the researchers discovered displaced far inland in Chile's Atacama Desert. 

"We found evidence of marine sediments and a lot of beasties that would have been living quietly in the sea before being thrown inland," Goff said in the statement. "And we found all these very high up and a long way inland, so it could not have been a storm that put them there."

To get a better sense of what brought these deposits so far from the sea, the researchers used radiocarbon dating. This method involves measuring the quantities of carbon 14, a radioactive carbon isotope, found inside a material to determine its age. As carbon 14 is everywhere on Earth, deposits easily absorb it while they form. The half-life of carbon 14, or the time it takes for half of it to radioactively decay, is 5,730 years, making it ideal for scientists who want to peer back into the last 50,000 years of history by checking how much undecayed carbon 14 a material has.

After dating 17 deposits across seven separate dig sites over 370 miles (600 km) of Chile's northern coast, the researchers found that the ages of the out-of-place coastal material suggested that it had been washed inland some 3,800 years ago. 

Further evidence also came in the form of ancient stone structures that the archaeologists excavated. These stone walls, built by humans, were found lying beneath the tsunami's deposits, and some were lying backward, pointing toward the sea, suggesting that they had been toppled by the strong currents of the tsunami's backwash.

"The local population there were left with nothing," Goff said. "Our archaeological work found that a huge social upheaval followed as communities moved inland beyond the reach of tsunamis. It was over 1,000 years before people returned to live at the coast again, which is an amazing length of time given that they relied on the sea for food.

As this is the oldest known discovery in the Southern Hemisphere of an earthquake and tsunami devastating human lives, the researchers are excited to probe the region further. They think their research could better inform us of the potential dangers of future megathrust quakes.

"While this had a major impact on people in Chile, the South Pacific islands were uninhabited when they took a pummeling from the tsunami 3,800 years ago," Goff said. "But they are all well-populated now, and many are popular tourist destinations. So when such an event occurs next time, the consequences could be catastrophic unless we learn from these findings."

• Originally published on Live Science.

{ https://www.livescience.com/ }

20-04-2022 om 17:56 geschreven door peter  

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20-04-2022 om 17:41 geschreven door peter  

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20-04-2022 om 17:31 geschreven door peter  

On April 15, 2022 the black cube UFO arrives next to the sun and reappears on April 17, 2022 but this time above the surface of the sun. 

According to NASA, the black cubes are, in fact, missing data in the pictures but since flares of the sun partially cover the left side of the cube, we assume that the object appears to be real. 

Curiously, a similar event occurred nine years earlier in the same month, just a coincidence?

  

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20-04-2022 om 17:13 geschreven door peter  

“We Went Out And Tried To Disinform People Who Have Had A UFO Sighting” | UFO Witness

A former Air Force Special Agent reveals the tricks the US Government uses to make cases of UFO sightings disappear

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{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

20-04-2022 om 16:32 geschreven door peter  

20-04-2022 om 01:56 geschreven door peter  

The link between CIA and UFO mystery is dated back to 1947. Since then, many CIA officials and the ex-US military personally propelled UFOlogy by giving shocking statements. Former CIA & US military officials such as R. James Woolsey, Derrel Sims, Lue Elizondo, David Fravor, etc. described how the existence of reality all around us that we are unable to perceive could be a major aspect of the UFO phenomenon.

Recently, two veteran CIA officers Jim Semivan & John Ramirez, who have expressed personal interest in UFO/UAP issues and cases, joined the George Knapp show to discuss the CIA’s role in the study of UFOs and their own experiences.

Jim Semivan spent 25 years with the CIA and then joined other former government insiders as part of Tom Delonge’s To the Stars Academy. He detailed how he was inducted into the CIA and learned spycraft, which takes years to master. The CIA works on a “need-to-know” principle, so when it came to UFOs, Semivan was not made specifically aware of research on this topic, though CIA analyst Kit Green was known for pursuing the paranormal.

On Coast to Coast AM Semivan described his own alien-type encounters that occurred to him and his wife starting in 1990, in which beings showed up in their bedroom. The incident was authentic, and not a hypnagogic or dream state, he stipulated. The couple subsequently observed on-and-off poltergeist activity in their home, and more recently, he said he saw a hooded figure that resembled the Death Eater character from Harry Potter, who perhaps materialized to herald the death of a close friend. Semivan said he concurs with a remark made by Skinwalker Ranch researcher Colm Kelleher that the UFO phenomenon is a lot more than nuts & bolts and machines, as there are also psychic and biological elements that ratchet up the high strangeness. To the Stars’ investigation of “metamaterials” with odd isotopic ratios (possibly associated with UFOs) was ongoing, he added.

In the first half of the interview Semivan said:

“I think they mention that the phenomenon is a natural part of our universe, and we’re living in it but we don’t recognize it. The same way that insects and animals don’t recognize the human universe. A cat and a dog could be running through a library, but they don’t have the faintest idea what the books are all about and what libraries are all about. We might be walking through our existence and there’s a whole other reality that surrounds us that we just simply don’t have the ability to see or interact with.”

“It seems to be peeking inside our little consensus reality. As I explained to somebody once, it comes close, it teases us, it cajoles us, it lies to us, but you can never take it home to meet the parents. It won’t allow you to do that. There’s no formal introduction. Add on top that there’s no ontology, which is just a fancy word, it basically means there’s no structure to even discuss this. We don’t have a common lexicon. Somebody said we have dots but no connections. I don’t even think we have dots.”

Read also:

• Are There Crashed UFOs & Dead Alien Bodies In So-Called ‘Hangar 18’ Of Ohio Military Base?
• Russian Scientists Stated In 1970 That Moon Is Artificial Space Object
• Ex-Pentagon UFO Official Luis Elizondo Embraces ‘Zoo Hypothesis,’ Earth As Alien Prison
• Does This FBI Document Suggest That Nikola Tesla Was An Alien From Venus?

John Ramirez, a 25-year CIA veteran who specialized in ballistic missile defense systems, was featured in the latter half of the interview. He recalled his long-standing interest in spycraft, and how he shifted from being a Navy officer to the CIA in 1984. He compared intel gathering to being a journalist for a news service, though his sources for reports were typically clandestine.

Like Semivan, he also experienced what might be considered alien abduction-type experiences, including being placed on an examination table in a circular craft. Interestingly, a number of his counterparts in the CIA and NSA also had UFO experiences, he revealed. In his job related to missile defense, he became aware of times when Russian radar would detect unusual craft, and in one instance, he said they tried to lure a UAP into landing.

Ramirez noted that CIA historian Gerald Haines wrote about the agency’s study of UFOs from 1947 through the 1990s, for a division that was initially called the Office of Scientific Intelligence. What was particularly intriguing to Ramirez was that the division had life sciences and medical people on staff, indicating possible interest in alien bodies.

He also described how an Air Force pilot on the plane that flew near Kamchatka to monitor Russian tests observed a massive “milky white wall” of light flying toward him at 6,200 mph, though the Air Force assumed it was some kind of countermeasure by the Russians. Regarding the military sightings of ‘trans-medium’ UAP like the Tic Tacs, Ramirez said he does not believe that Russia or any other foreign country has the capabilities to produce this kind of antigravity technology.

Lue made these points in several interviews, but in this one, he was asked to elaborate on his comments about how our senses are reductive and limit our reality, and how this might be relevant to the phenomenon. He replied:

“This is something we’ve been dealing with for a long time. Imagine the first person to get on a boat and sail over the horizon. There’s stories of sea monsters and Krakens that will devour you and destroy your boat. Yet, we did it anyways. We did sail, and we explored the world. It turns out, 500 years later, there really are sea monsters. We call them the Great Squid of the Pacific, and great white sharks and whales.

Now they’re just part of nature and have a scientific name, but those sea monsters still exist. They’re there, we just learned to understand them. Maybe this is the same thing. Maybe this is just another expedition over the horizon where we’re going to realize what we thought were monsters are really just neighbors.”

Interestingly, Garry Nolan, Lue Elizondo, Tom DeLonge, and Jacques Vallee say very similar things when it comes to the reality of the phenomenon.

{ https://www.howandwhys.com/ }

20-04-2022 om 01:43 geschreven door peter  

What has New Horizons spotted on Pluto? Mysterious new image shows strange 'snail' object sliding across dwarf planet's heart

• It shows a mysterious object appearing to 'slide' over the surface of the dwarf planet

• Experts believe the object may be a 'dirty block of water ice' which is floating in denser solid nitrogen

By MARK PRIGG FOR DAILYMAIL.COM 

New Horizons has sent back one of its most intriguing images of the surface of Pluto. 

It shows a mysterious object appearing to 'slide' through the surface.

Nasa experts believe the object may be a  'dirty block of water ice'.

Scroll down for video

Nasa experts believe the object may be a 'dirty block of water ice' which is floating in denser solid nitrogen. Also visible are thousands of pits in the surface, which scientists believe may form by sublimation.

They say it is 'floating' in denser solid nitrogen, and which has been dragged to the edge of a convection cell. 

Also visible are thousands of pits in the surface, which scientists believe may form by sublimation.

Transmitted to Earth on Dec. 24, this image from the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) extends New Horizons' highest-resolution views of Pluto to the very center of Sputnik Planum, the informally named icy plain that forms the left side of Pluto's 'heart' feature.

Sputnik Planum is at a lower elevation than most of the surrounding area by a couple of miles, but is not completely flat. 

Its surface is separated into cells or polygons 10 to 25 miles (16 to 40 kilometers) wide, and when viewed at low sun angles (with visible shadows), the cells are seen to have slightly raised centers and ridged margins, with about 100 yards (100 meters) of overall height variation.

Mission scientists believe the pattern of the cells stems from the slow thermal convection of the nitrogen-dominated ices that fill Sputnik Planum. 

A reservoir that's likely several miles or kilometers deep in some places, the solid nitrogen is warmed at depth by Pluto's modest internal heat, becomes buoyant and rises up in great blobs, and then cools off and sinks again to renew the cycle.

'This part of Pluto is acting like a lava lamp,' said William McKinnon, deputy lead of the New Horizons Geology, Geophysics and Imaging team, from Washington University in St. Louis, 'if you can imagine a lava lamp as wide as, and even deeper than, the Hudson Bay.'

Computer models by the New Horizons team show that these blobs of overturning solid nitrogen can slowly evolve and merge over millions of years. The ridged margins, which mark where cooled nitrogen ice sinks back down, can be pinched off and abandoned. 

Scientists from NASA’s New Horizons mission have also combined data from two instruments to create this composite image of Pluto’s informally named Viking Terra area.

Nasa also revealed new images of Pluto’s informally named Viking Terra area.

The combined data includes pictures taken by the spacecraft’s Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) on July 14, 2015, from a range of about 31,000 miles (49,000 kilometers), showing features as small as 1,600 feet (480 meters) across. 

Draped over the LORRI mosaic is enhanced color data from the Ralph/Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC), gathered about 20 minutes after the LORRI snapshots were taken, from a range of 21,000 miles (34,000 kilometers) and at a resolution of about 2,100 feet (650 meters) per pixel. 

The entire scene is 160 miles (250 kilometers) across.

Among the features scientists find particularly interesting are the bright methane ices that condensed on many crater rims; the collection of dark red tholins (small soot-like particles generated from reactions involving methane and nitrogen in the atmosphere) in low areas, like the bottoms of craters; and the layering on the faces of steep cliffs and on crater walls.

In areas where the reddish material is thickest and the surface appears smooth, the material seems to have flowed into some channels and craters. Scientists say tholin deposits of that thickness aren’t usually mobile on large scales, suggesting that they might be riding along with ice flowing underneath, or being blown around by Pluto’s winds.

The images are the latest to show mysterious 'pits' on the 'heart' of Pluto have been revealed in unprecedented detail, along with colour images of the dwarf planet's 'badlands'.

Mission scientists believe these mysterious indentations may form through a combination of ice fracturing and evaporation. 

The scarcity of overlying impact craters in this area also leads scientists to conclude that these pits – typically hundreds of yards across and tens of yards deep – formed relatively recently. 

Their alignment provides clues about the ice flow and the exchange of nitrogen and other volatile materials between the surface and the atmosphere.

On July 14 the telescopic camera on NASA's New Horizons spacecraft took the highest resolution images ever obtained of the intricate pattern of 'pits' across a section of Pluto's prominent heart-shaped region, informally named Tombaugh Regio. The image is part of a sequence taken by New Horizons' Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) as the spacecraft passed within 9,550 miles (15,400 kilometers) of Pluto's surface, just 13 minutes before the time of closest approach.

The image is part of a sequence taken by New Horizons' Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) as the spacecraft passed within 9,550 miles (15,400 kilometers) of Pluto's surface, just 13 minutes before the time of closest approach.

The magnified view is 50-by-50 miles (80-by-80 kilometers) across. 

The large ring-like structure near the bottom right of the magnified view - and the smaller one near the bottom left - may be remnant craters. 

The upper-left quadrant of the image shows the border between the relatively smooth Sputnik Planum ice sheet and the pitted area, with a series of hills forming slightly inside this unusual 'shoreline.'

Pictured here is the mountainous shoreline of Sputnik Planum. In this highest-resolution image from New Horizons, great blocks of Pluto's water-ice crust appear jammed together in the informally named al-Idrisi mountains. 'The mountains bordering Sputnik Planum are absolutely stunning at this resolution,' said New Horizons science team member John Spencer of the Southwest Research Institute

Nasa also revealed a new colourised version of the surface.

This enhanced color mosaic combines some of the sharpest views of Pluto that NASA's New Horizons spacecraft obtained during its July 14 flyby. 

The pictures are part of a sequence taken near New Horizons' closest approach to Pluto, with resolutions of about 250-280 feet (77-85 meters) per pixel – revealing features smaller than half a city block on Pluto's surface. 

Lower resolution color data (at about 2,066 feet, or 630 meters, per pixel) were added to create this new image.

The images form a strip 50 miles (80 kilometers) wide, trending (top to bottom) from the edge of 'badlands' northwest of the informally named Sputnik Planum, across the al-Idrisi mountains, onto the shoreline of Pluto's 'heart' feature, and just into its icy plains. 

They combine pictures from the telescopic Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) taken approximately 15 minutes before New Horizons' closest approach to Pluto, with – from a range of only 10,000 miles (17,000 kilometers) – with color data (in near-infrared, red and blue) gathered by the Ralph/Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera (MVIC) 25 minutes before the LORRI pictures.

This image reveals new details of Pluto's rugged, icy cratered plains, including layering in the interior walls of many craters. 'Impact craters are nature's drill rigs, and the new, highest-resolution pictures of the bigger craters seem to show that Pluto's icy crust, at least in places, is distinctly layered,' said William McKinnon, deputy lead of the New Horizons Geology, Geophysics and Imaging team

'The wide variety of cratered, mountainous and glacial terrains seen here gives scientists and the public alike a breathtaking, super-high-resolution color window into Pluto's geology,' Nasa said.

From its rugged 'badlands' to its mountainous shorelines, the latest pictures are part of a sequence taken 15 minutes before New Horizons' closest approach on July 14.

The resolution is stunning. At around 80 metres per pixel, incredible details can be picked out, such as huge ice blocks, dramatic craters and crumpled ridges - all less than half the size of a city block on Pluto's diverse surface.

'These close-up images, showing the diversity of terrain on Pluto, demonstrate the power of our robotic planetary explorers to return intriguing data to scientists back here on planet Earth,' said John Grunsfeld, former astronaut and associate administrator for Nasa's Science Mission Directorate.

'New Horizons thrilled us during the July flyby with the first close images of Pluto, and as the spacecraft transmits the treasure trove of images in its onboard memory back to us, we continue to be amazed by what we see.'

These latest images form a strip 50 miles (80 km) wide on a world three billion miles away. 

The pictures trend from Pluto's jagged horizon about 500 miles (800 km) northwest of the informally named Sputnik Planum, across the al-Idrisi mountains, over the shoreline of Sputnik, and across its icy plains. 

'These new images give us a breathtaking, super-high resolution window into Pluto's geology,' said New Horizons Principal Investigator Alan Stern, of the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) in Boulder, Colorado.

'Nothing of this quality was available for Venus or Mars until decades after their first flybys; yet at Pluto we're there already – down among the craters, mountains and ice fields – less than five months after flyby. The science we can do with these images is simply unbelievable.'

The images were captured with the telescopic Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) aboard New Horizons, about 15 minutes before New Horizons' closest approach to Pluto – from a range of just 10,000 miles (17,000 km).

They were obtained with an unusual observing mode; instead of working in the usual 'point and shoot,' LORRI snapped pictures every three seconds while the Ralph/Multispectral Visual Imaging Camera (MVIC) aboard New Horizons was scanning the surface. 

This mode requires unusually short exposures to avoid blurring the images.

These new images are six times better than the resolution of the global Pluto map New Horizons obtained, and five times better than the best images of Pluto's cousin Triton, Neptune's large moon, obtained by Voyager 2 in 1989.

Mission scientists expect more imagery from this set over the next several days, showing even more terrain at this highest resolution.

It follows an image released by Nasa last month showing 10 close-ups of the frosty, faraway world today, representing one Pluto day, which is equivalent to 6.4 Earth days.

Pictured are Pluto's 'Badlands'. This highest-resolution image from Nasa's New Horizons spacecraft shows how erosion and faulting have sculpted this portion of Pluto's icy crust into rugged badlands topography

{ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/ }

19-04-2022 om 23:59 geschreven door peter  

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19-04-2022 om 23:37 geschreven door peter  

16 Psyche: The asteroid that could make every person on Earth a billionaire

Could 16 Psyche make every person on Earth a billionaire? The space mining race is heating up.

Would you like to be a billionaire? All you have to do is figure out how to go into space and mine 16 Psyche, an asteroid made of gold and other metals like iron and nickel. Flying somewhere between Mars and Jupiter, this amazing space rock is estimated to be worth as much as $700 quintillion, thanks to all the metals it contains.

Quintillion, if you are wondering, is 1 with 18 zeroes. It’s such a large amount of money that if you divide it up between everyone alive on Earth currently, each person would get about $93 billion.

Of course, don’t pack your bags for your new palace just yet – the prospect of actually getting such a giant chunk of precious metals back to Earth is difficult and hasn’t been accomplished yet even on much smaller scales. And 16 Psyche is a truly massive space rock at over 200 km (120 mi) in diameter. It is one of the largest asteroids flying in the asteroid belt.

Experts, like Professor Zarnecki of the Royal Astronomical Society, conjecture we may be up to 50 years away from being able to carry out commercial mining operations of that size. To start things off, NASA is planning to send a Discovery Mission to the asteroid in 2022, which will arrive there by 2026.

Some skeptics also don’t believe the asteroid is as full of expensive things as we think, with Peter Schiff of Euro Pacific Capital tweeting that 16 Psyche may just be “made almost entirely of an iron-nickel alloy, with small amounts of other metals, likely to include gold.” He thinks the news about the asteroid are just out there to help bitcoin, which would benefit from the price of gold going down.

There are also other questions to consider – if it really is so full of gold and other riches, the asteroid could actually crash Earth’s economy, which at $75.5 trillion is a pittance against the amount of money one could get from the asteroid.

Artist’s conceptual drawing of the Psyche spacecraft, which will be used to directly explore 16 Psyche.

Maxar/ASU/P. Rubin/NASA/JPL-Caltech

Veteran miner Scott Moore, CEO of the mining company EuroSun Mining, explained to Oil Price that: “The ‘Titans of Gold’ now control hundreds of the best-producing properties around the world, but the 4-5 million ounces of gold they bring to the market every year pales in comparison to the conquests available in space.”

Of course, the thinking that a space gold rush that discovers a vast amount of heavy metals could bring down Earth’s affairs is based on the current state of economy and the needs of the present day. Decades from now our requirements for metal might be entirely different.

16 Psyche was actually discovered back in 1852 by the Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis, and named after the Greek mythological character Psyche.

Besides this giant rock in the asteroid belt, there are other mining opportunities much closer to Earth. Moore points out that while Psyche “may be the Holy Grail of space exploration for gold,” near-Earth asteroids are much better first targets for mining. Even our moon might be a better place to start such operations. It also has gold as well as platinum and other rare earth metals.

In other nearer goals, Deep Space Industries and Planetary Resources each plan to mine the 2011 UW158 asteroid, worth up to $5.7 trillion.

Lest you think this is all science fiction, Morgan Stanley projects the global space economy to be already worth $350 billion, which it thinks will grow to trillions by 2040. The race is on between the U.S., China, Japan and even small Luxembourg, which has 10 space-mining companies registered.

WHY IS NASA SENDING A SPACECRAFT TO A METAL WORLD? – LINDA T. ELKINS-TANTON

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19-04-2022 om 22:00 geschreven door peter