Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 13 YEARS AND 2 MONTH.
ON 06/08/2024 MORE THAN 2.161.100
VISITORS FROM 135 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
11-06-2022
Public UFO hearings and the Wilson memo
Public UFO hearings and the Wilson memo
On May 17, congressman Mike Gallagher inquired about the Wilson documents to Pentagon representatives. The Wilson memo (or documents) mention a top secret UFO back-engineering program discussed by Astrophysicist Dr Eric W. Davis, a Pentagon consultant who worked on many black projects.
This simple inquiry could force the hand of the DOD to reveal the presence of such a program.
Other people of note inside this video: Luis Elizondo from AATIP, investigative journalist Ross Coulthart and astronaut Edgar Mitchell.
Man Claims He Was Hypnotised And Almost Adducted By Aliens!
Man Claims He Was Hypnotised And Almost Adducted By Aliens!
John describes his encounter years back when he witnessed an alien ship! He then claims he was hypnotised and almost adducted! Anna also explains the time she experienced an alien sighting when she was young.
The military’s UFO database currently has information from over 400 documented events
The military’s UFO database currently has information from over 400 documented events
A Navy intelligence official told senators at a congressional hearing that a database of UFO reports now includes nearly 400 encounters, up from 143 analyzed in a study issued about a year ago.
According to the military’s 2021 report, no proof of aliens was discovered. Even while there are events that cannot be explained, Scott W. Bray, the deputy director of Naval Intelligence, told legislators that they have not discovered anything “non-terrestrial in origin.”
He said that none of the reported objects attempted to speak with US aviators and that no attempt was made to connect with them since they all looked to be unmanned.
According to Bray, reports of unidentified flying objects, also known as unexplained aerial phenomena or UAPs by the military, have been growing. He attributed the increase to better sensors, an increase in drones and other non-military unmanned aerial systems, and “aerial clutter” such as Mylar balloons.
According to Bray, incidents in the 2021 report extend back to 2004 and were based on both sensor data and views by military aviators.
MAccording to Ray many of the more recent submissions lack sensor data because they were from people coming forward with older stories that they opted not to disclose at the time. He also added that that shows that the military’s efforts to de-stigmatize such reports are bearing fruit.
Bray also said that navy and air force crews now have step-by-step protocols on their kneeboard, in the cockpit, for reporting UAPs.
Rep. Andre Carson, D-Ind. Said that the endeavor was vital, he observed that suspicion about UFOs certainly drove pilots to avoid reporting them or to be mocked if they did.
Transparency vs. confidentiality
The Pentagon’s senior intelligence official, Ronald S. Moultrie, testified at Tuesday’s session, which was the first public hearing on UFOs in more than 50 years. In the hearing, he underlined the opposing requirements for transparency and secrecy.
Moultrie mentioned that he enjoys science fiction and that they want to know what’s out there just like every other person wants to know what’s out there. However, he said that his main priority was to keep US military people and sites secure.
In his introductory notes, Moultrie commented that they are also cognizant of their commitment to preserving sensitive sources and procedures. Their objective is to achieve that delicate balance – one that allows them to keep the public’s trust while preserving those capabilities critical to the support of the military men.
They don’t want prospective enemies to know exactly what we see or comprehend, Moultrie added later in the interview, which was followed by a secret closed-door session.
Moultrie told legislators that as the initiative proceeds forward, a significant focus would be on strengthening coordination with the Federal Aviation Administration and other government agencies.
Bray agreed with Rep. Brad Wenstrup, R-Ohio, that streamlining the civilian reporting procedure would be beneficial. While some civilian reports have been included in the military’s database, the great majority have originated from within the military.
It was the first congressional hearing on the issue since then-Rep. Gerald Ford’s campaign resulted in an Air Force study and hearing in 1969.
Open C3 Subcommittee Hearing on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena
This new Unidentified Aerial Phenomena video was released 27 May. It was recorded from an Apache helicopter training mission in southern Arizona in April 2019. In the video the student says, “is that 3 very fast moving jets?” and the instructor says “probably A-10s or F-16s.” I flew in this area during my own F16 training and give my initial analysis of the speeds of the objects if they are 1 or 2 miles away.
The inside story on how 62 students witnessed the same UFO experience at school
The inside story on how 62 students witnessed the same UFO experience at school
The origins of 62 children’s claims of seeing a UFO landing outside their school remain unknown.
The children said they saw a disc-shaped aircraft drop from the sky and land in the fields outside their Zimbabwean school three decades ago.
The story has grabbed the curiosity of UFO enthusiasts because of the large number of people who claim to have seen the same thing.
The majority of UFO sightings happen in the West, and this one in Africa helped bring more attention to it when it occurred.
Even now, 28 years later, several of the children insist that they saw a UFO on September 16, 1994.
Ariel Phenomenon, a new documentary film, has given the witnesses the opportunity to share their version of events.
Many people, however, deny that the children saw an alien spacecraft and believe that the accusations are just an instance of mass paranoia unfolding.
In the documentary, the now-adult children testify about what they witnessed.
They also express their struggle to be heard and believed while being doubted along the road.
Randall Nickerson, the film’s director, told The Sun that the eyewitnesses must be given an opportunity to be heard and their experiences must not be ignored.
Nickerson has added that they have to be able to be honest about other people’s experiences because maybe they don’t understand what is going on.
It is vital at this moment, as we are witnessing more and more as our technology advances. It’s something we’ll have to communicate about and look into, and Ariel is a big part of it.
When the tragedy occurred, the students at the rural Ariel School were on their morning break.
At 10 a.m., faculty members were holding a meeting inside and were not present to witness the tragedy.
Former students said the landing lasted around 15 minutes and that they observed an object fall from the skies onto a field beyond the school’s playground.
Some of the children fled as soon as they saw the spacecraft land.
Others claimed to have seen alien humanoids leave the craft, which eyewitnesses reported as being shaped like a silver disc.
Following the purported sighting, reports of the incident spread, and BBC War Correspondent Tim Leach documented it.
When the youngsters offered their versions of what transpired that day, they were between the ages of six and twelve.
Dr. John Mack of Harvard University, a psychiatry expert, learned about the incident and wanted to examine the witnesses.
Dr. Mack concluded that the children’s accounts were credible after conversing with them.
The children claimed to have seen at least one UFO and alien figure, and they even drew what they witnessed.
UAP Encounters and Videos Revealed by Homeland Security Agent
UAP Encounters and Videos Revealed by Homeland Security Agent
Robert “Bob” Thompson, a former top CBP agent, describes in detail his attempts to construct a reporting system for contacts with unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP). This happened while he was serving as a federal agent with US Customs and Border Patrol’s Tucson Sector Special Operations Group in an exclusive article published on May 27th by the defense and technology news site.
The authors of The Debrief’s bombshell article, Tim McMillan, Christopher Plain, and Micah Hanks share Thompson’s story and reveal for the first time the video which was captured by a U.S. Army AH-64 “Apache” attack helicopter revealing 3 fast-moving objects execution maneuvers that seemingly defy all explanations.
The video (available to watch below!) is also reported as revealing “inexplicable movements by the objects, implying that the video likely constitutes the first publicly accessible footage obtained by advanced military sensor systems that show UAP plainly displaying very unorthodox flying characteristics.”
Thompson served in the Arizona Air Coordination Center, which functioned as the principal center of Air Operations within the Tucson Sector, from 2020 to 2021, according to an official news release from The Debrief. Along with his professional responsibilities, he spent time investigating UAP sightings he heard about within the agency, including gathering films and photographs acquired by sophisticated government systems. His boss requested him to write a report explaining why state security agencies wanted to take UAP seriously. After informing the DHS aviation community of his interest in UAP encounters, numerous DHS and National Guard pilots started sharing their UAP contacts, including incidences captured with advanced imaging systems on various aircraft.
One of these films, shot by an AH-64 Apache attack helicopter in November 2018, contains 3 fast-moving objects flying in a loose triangle configuration that abruptly begin to spin into each other as if revolving around an unknown axis while maintaining a constant eastward track. The event and footage are being made public for the first time.
Chris Lehto, a former US Air Force F-16 pilot with a Master’s Degree in Aeronautical Science, was also interviewed for the Debrief. He decided after reviewing the film that the things seen are definitely out of the ordinary. The objects complete a 360-degree turn in less than three seconds, exhibiting a turn rate that is an order of magnitude quicker than one of the world’s fastest turning airplanes.
Chris Lehto, a former US Air Force F-16 pilot
Thompson sent the video, along with many others, to UFO researcher Andy Marcial, who maintains the NY UAP Discussions Instagram account. Marcial later revealed in The Debrief piece that he was amazed when Thompson contacted him with the clip. However, it was something that people needed to see.
On Saturday, May 28th, the footage will be studied and presented at the UFO Disclosure Symposium. The event will include a live internet and in-person media press conference with analysts, footage holders, and industry professionals discussing and answering questions about the findings. Paul Hynek, Dr. Travis Taylor (astrophysicist), and Dr. Avi Loeb (Harvard physicist and professor) will be among the analysts.
Members of the United States House Intelligence Subcommittee on Counterterrorism, Counterintelligence, and Counterproliferation convened legislative hearings with top military officials on May 17, 2022, to explore military reports of inexplicable aerial phenomena. Several movies were exhibited that were captured by US military cameras and monitored by very advanced sensors. This latest release by Thompson and Marcial demonstrates that the United States is ready to engage in serious debates about UAP and the potential concerns they may represent to national and homeland security. Perhaps in the near future, we will see these tapes and the people involved testifying in another senate session. As we proceed towards the uncertain yet fascinating future of the UAP enigma, only time will tell.
Reflective UFOs appeared in a tight cluster over Lansing, Michigan 25-May-2022
Reflective UFOs appeared in a tight cluster over Lansing, Michigan 25-May-2022
Check out this UFO footage filmed over Lansing, Michigan on 25th May 2022.
Witness report:
Reflective objects appeared in a tight cluster, roughly 1 – 2 miles north of my position on top of Granger Landfill. These objects quickly gained altitude, moving approximately 2 – 3 miles in 5 seconds. When I first witnessed the objects gaining altitude, I reach for my phone and accessed my camera, within the time frame, they had moved from the treeline to where the video begins. These were flying at various altitudes, hovering at times.
Boomerang shaped UFO hovered and moved slowly – Montgomery, Indiana
Boomerang shaped UFO hovered and moved slowly – Montgomery, Indiana
This bright boomerang shaped object was filmed over Montgomery in Indiana. This happened back in 15th June 2018 but it was just recently published online.
Witness report:
A boomerang shaped object that appeared to be dull silver / geay was moving slowly across the sky. It seemed to hover for a short period, then started moving again in the same direction that it came from. It was a very sunny afternoon with no cloud cover. We were in the middle of a soybean farm at a small racetrack. I have about 4 minutes of video that I took with my phone. The object was bery far away, but I was able to zoom in and capture it. I had to keep moving my phone to try to get it centered on the screen. It was hard to see it on the screen because the sun was high in the sky, and it was hard for me to see my phone screen.
Here’s one interesting footage of a bright lights making maneuvers in the sky above Daytona Beach in Florida on 28th May 2022.
Witness report:
My wife and I had just stepped out of our condo when we observed lights hovering in the sky, in a V shape formation. The lights were glowing and would turn off and on, reappearing elsewhere in the sky. I managed to obtain video and a still shot of the objects using my cell phone. Attached is a video of what we observed along with a still shot. According to social media, news outlets were reporting that these objects were being seen all over Florida for the past 1-2 hours, prior to my wife and I seeing them. I am a retired 30 year Police Officer and have served in 2 branches of the military. I know what I saw…..and have never seen anything like this before.
UAP footage shot by a US Army helicopter has just been made public
UAP footage shot by a US Army helicopter has just been made public
During a training exercise in Arizona in 2018, UAP obtained a video from an Army Apache Attack Helicopter.
In the year 2018, on November 6th, the pilots of a US Army AH-64 Apache attack helicopter were participating in a military drill in Arizona when they saw three unidentified aircraft phenomena, or UAPs, doing abnormal maneuvers in the air not that far away and not very up in the sky.
At least, that’s the tale that accompanied the newest piece of what used to be known as a UFO video released to YouTube on Friday in the AMs by the science, defense, and technology website The Debrief, in conjunction with the commencement of a UFO Disclosure Symposium that weekend in Vernal, Utah.
The video was shot from an airfield on the desert floor, looking up, where 3 UFOs can be seen traveling throughout the sky at what appears to be a quick rate.
One of the pilots questioned if those were three incredibly fast jets up there, to which another pilot replied that they were most likely A-10s or F-16s.
The 3 beams of light appeared to dance around each other as they move, defying known physics for a mechanical aircraft.
Former US Air Force F-16 fighter pilot Chris Lehto told The DeBrief that the circle-dance maneuver is just not conceivable. They do a full 360-degree turn in under 3 seconds.
Astronomers discover colossal wave-shaped gaseous structure that is 9,000 light years long and 400 light years wide - the largest ever seen in our Milky Way galaxy
Astronomers discover colossal wave-shaped gaseous structure that is 9,000 light years long and 400 light years wide - the largest ever seen in our Milky Way galaxy
Giant wave changes our 150-long knowledge of interconnected stellar nurseries
Stellar nurseries are star-forming regions of contracting cloud and dust
The 'Radcliffe wave' reaches trillions of miles above and below our galactic disk
The US astronomers used data from European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft
Astronomers have discovered the largest gaseous structure ever observed in our galaxy, transforming human knowledge of the shape of matter in the Milky Way.
The wave-shaped structure is about 9,000 light years long and 400 light years wide, stretching 500 light years above and below the mid-plane of our galaxy's disc.
The long and relatively thin thread-like structure is undulating, like 'a ripple in the pond', and contains a huge network of stellar nurseries – star forming regions.
The team from Harvard used new data from the European Space Agency's Gaia spacecraft to construct a 3D map of interstellar matter in the galaxy.
This image, taken from the World Wide Telescope, represents the study data overlaid on an artist's illustration of the Milky Way and our sun.
'We don't know what causes this shape but it could be like a ripple in a pond, as if something extraordinarily massive landed in our galaxy,' said João Alves, professor of stellar astrophysics at the University of Vienna and co-author of the study.
'What we do know is that our sun interacts with this structure.
WHAT IS A STELLAR NURSERY?
Stellar nurseries are an area of outer space with a dense nebula – an interstellar cloud – in which gas and dust are contracting.
Dense regions within these clouds eventually contract and collapse to form stars.
They are called nurseries because they are star-forming regions filled with young stars.
This new discovery is one giant undulating wave gaseous clouds and dust – the largest seen in our galaxy.
'It passed by a festival of supernovae as it crossed Orion 13 million years ago, and in another 13 million years it will cross the structure again, sort of like we are "surfing the wave".'
The structure is made up of interconnected stellar nurseries, areas of outer space with dense clouds of gas and dust.
It transforms a 150-year-old vision of the galaxy, which researchers previously believed was made up of nearby stellar nurseries that formed an expanding ring oriented around the sun, known as the Gould Belt.
The Gould's Belt was first described by Benjamin Gould in 1879 as a collection of bright and massive stars that formed a ring in a projection on the sky.
Scientists have dubbed the new wave-like discovery the 'Radcliffe wave' – after the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, where the discovery was made.
'No astronomer expected that we live next to a giant, wave-like collection of gas – or that it forms the Local Arm of the Milky Way,' said Professor Alyssa Goodman, co-director of the Science Program at the institute.
'The wave's very existence is forcing us to rethink our understanding of the Milky Way's 3D structure.'
Illustration of colourful filaments of dust that form part of the Gould Belt, a collection of bright and massive stars that formed a ring in a projection on the sky, first observed in 1879
The study was made possible by new data from Gaia – the European Space Agency's spacecraft, which was launched in 2013 with the mission of precisely measuring the position, distance and motion of the stars.
The new structure comprises the majority of nearby star-forming regions and contains about three million solar masses of gas – one solar mass is equal to the mass of our sun.
The wave includes many of the stellar nurseries that were previously thought to form part of Gould's Belt.
For a long time, astronomers have been trying to figure out if bright stars forming an arc in the sky actually form a ring in 3D.
'Instead, what we've observed is the largest coherent gas structure we know of in the galaxy, organised not in a ring but in a massive, undulating filament,' said professor Alves.
'The sun lies only 500 light years from the wave at its closest point. It's been right in front of our eyes all the time, but we couldn't see it until now.'
The new, 3D map shows our galactic neighbourhood in a new light, providing a revised view of the Milky Way and potentially opening the door to other major discoveries.
The new discovery is detailed in Nature and viewable as a 3D map on the WorldWide Telescope tour website.
It has been based on two research papers previously published by a team led by Harvard graduate student Catherine Zucker.
These two papers detail distances among stellar nurseries using advanced statistical techniques that map the 3D distribution of dust, using vast surveys of the stars' colours.
Since its launch in 2013, Gaia has enabled measurements of the distances to one billion stars in the Milky Way galaxy.
WHAT IS THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY'S GAIA PROBE AND WHAT IS DESIGNED TO DO?
Gaia is an ambitious mission to chart a three-dimensional map of our galaxy, the Milky Way, and in the process reveal its composition, formation and evolution.
Gaia has been circling the sun nearly a million miles beyond Earth's orbit since its launch by the European Space Agency (ESA) in December 2013.
On its journey, the probe has been discreetly snapping pictures of the Milky Way, identifying stars from smaller galaxies long ago swallowed up by our own.
Tens of thousands of previously undetected objects are expected to be discovered by Gaia, including asteroids that may one day threaten Earth, planets circling nearby stars, and exploding supernovas.
Artist's impression of Gaia mapping the stars of the Milky Way. Gaia maps the position of the Milky Way's stars in a couple of ways. It pinpoints the location of the stars but the probe can also plot their movement, by scanning each star about 70 times
Astrophysicists also hope to learn more about the distribution of dark matter, the invisible substance thought to hold the observable universe together.
They also plan to test Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity by watching how light is deflected by the sun and its planets.
The satellite's billion-pixel camera, the largest ever in space, is so powerful it would be able to gauge the diameter of a human hair at a distance of 621 miles (1,000 km).
This means nearby stars have been located with unprecedented accuracy.
Gaia maps the position of the Milky Way's stars in a couple of ways.
Gaia’s all-sky view of our Milky Way Galaxy and neighbouring galaxies, based on measurements of nearly 1.7 billion stars. The map shows the total brightness and colour of stars observed by the ESA satellite in each portion of the sky between July 2014 and May 2016. Brighter regions indicate denser concentrations of especially bright stars, while darker regions correspond to patches of the sky where fewer bright stars are observed. The colour representation is obtained by combining the total amount of light with the amount of blue and red light recorded by Gaia in each patch of the sky.
It pinpoints the location of the stars but the probe can also plot their movement, by scanning each star about 70 times.
This is what allows scientists to calculate the distance between Earth and each star, which is a crucial measure.
In September 2016, ESA released the first batch of data collected by Gaia, which included information on the brightness and position of over a billion stars.
In April 2018, this was expanded to high-precision measurements of almost 1.7 billion stars.
A lot of things viewed as unusual by the people from the present day used to take place in ancient Egypt. While some of these aspects are fascinating, others can be simply regarded as odd. Going beyond this, ancient Egypt has proven to be a fantastic civilization which continues to inspire individuals even today. Out of the countless lesser-known aspects regarding ancient Egypt, some interesting ones are revealed here.
1. World's First Known Female Pharaoh
Ancient Egypt gave the world the first female pharaoh who is still known in the present day. Her name was Merneith. She lived around 5000 years ago, belonging to the First Dynasty. She died around 2950 BC, after ascending to the throne once her husband, Pharaoh Djet, died. The son of the couple, Den, should have become pharaoh, but he was too young. So, around 2990 BC, his mother's reign began. Merneith (who had royal blood, being a descendant of Pharaoh Narmer who had unified Egypt and started the First Dynasty in the past) took care of state matters. Even though not much is really known about her, one thing remains certain: during her administration the ancient Egyptian economy thrived and, later on, thanks to his mother's guidance, Den came to be regarded as the greatest pharaoh of the First Dynasty.
The tomb of the female pharaoh was discovered at Abydos. It was very unusual for the tomb of a woman, being identical to other tombs that had been constructed for great male pharaohs. It included 40 sacrificed servants, many sacrificed animals, and a boat on which the soul of the female pharaoh could sail in the afterlife to meet the Sun god, Ra. In this way, Merneith set the ground for other great female pharaohs who are probably a little more well-known such as Hatshepsut and Cleopatra. However, the reality of female pharaohs is not the only fascinating and lesser-known fact about ancient Egypt. So, let the adventure into the old world of gods and mummies begin!
2. Tutankhamun’s Beard
In ancient Egypt, having hair on one's body was seen as dirty and a sign one was lacking in personal hygiene. Because of this, both men and women shaved off all the hair from their bodies. This included shaving their heads. After doing this, women would wear beautifully adorned wigs with complex designs according to the fashion of the times. In the case of the pharaoh, the beard was a symbol of masculinity and power. But, obviously, the pharaoh could not grow a beard because hair on the body implied uncleanliness. So, an artificial beard would be attached to the pharaoh's face using strings to keep it in place. The funerary gold mask of Pharaoh Tutankhamun presents an example of such a beard.
In the case of the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb, Carter and his team had not been the best archaeologists. Instead, they were much closer to the image of treasure hunters. As a result, while handling the solid gold funerary mask they managed to break off the beard. Unable to use the same method applied by the ancient Egyptians who had crafted the mask, around the year 1944 the beard was fixed back onto the mask using a piece of wood. That was how the relic was displayed until August 2014 when the beard was accidentally broken off again by some Egyptian employees from the museum. Obviously, these museographers realized the gravity of the situation, so they decided to hide their mistake by gluing the beard back on using adhesive. To make it look even better, they removed the visible remains of the adhesive substance by using some metal tools to scrape them off. Ultimately, the mask ended up looking really bad.
To fix the relic, a restoration commission from Germany showed up. They worked for nine weeks just to remove the adhesive substance. They masked the scratches and reattached the beard using beeswax, the exact substance that had originally been used in this regard by the ancient Egyptians. The eight museographers, including the museum's director, were sent to trial and they will have to pay a large fine.
The famous burial mask of King Tutankhamun on display at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, Egypt
On the 24th of November 1922, Howard Carter discovered the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun. This was thought to have been sealed and untouched, the only tomb of an ancient Egyptian pharaoh that had escaped the action of tomb raiders. Wrong!
Carter understood that others had entered the place before him. Officially, he promised that the tomb would only be unsealed and opened in the presence of Egyptian officials. So, of course, he illegally entered the tomb the night before the grand event. This was no big deal, because others had been there before him, twice actually. The proof of this was a large crack in the exterior door. This had been sealed back up. Also, the pharaoh's belongings from the antechamber were found in disorder, as the tomb raiders had robbed the place in haste. This had happened shortly after the pharaoh's burial. These thieves had been interested in jewelry and precious metal items. Also, they had come for the things which had to be stolen immediately. This refers to perfumes, precious oils, and clothing items. These could not last for years inside the tomb, so if the thieves wanted to sell them for profit, they had to remove them quickly.
Other cracks on the doors of the tomb clearly suggested the second tomb raiding event. The first grave robbers had only broken into the antechamber. The second ones had a larger team and they had been better organized. Their purpose was to access all of the funerary chambers. There was a written inventory detailing everything that had been placed inside the tomb. Carter discovered it. After consulting it, he understood that, in 1922, less than half off all the jewelry and precious metal items originally deposited inside the tomb had remained. This suggests that the tomb raiders had to get out of there quickly, only taking what they could carry.
Not even the seal on the tomb had been the original one. Instead, this had been replaced by the one of Horemheb. This pharaoh had received the throne from Ay (the vizier who had succeeded Pharaoh Tutankhamun). To hide all of this, repairs were made, and the cracks were covered. However, everything had to be done in great haste due to the lack of time, just as the tomb raiders had previously operated. After the second grave robbing event, the tombs of Ramesses II and Ramesses IV were built close to the tomb of Tutankhamun. Tutankhamun was thought to lack importance as a pharaoh, so his tomb no longer attracted interest. Also, the entry to the tomb was covered by sand and, in time, the place was forgotten. The grave robbers switched their attention towards the tombs of other more important pharaohs which had more to offer.
A lot has been discussed about the process of mummification and its stages. However, fewer people have knowledge regarding the costs of this process. It is obvious that nobody got mummified for free in ancient Egypt. Also, it must be mentioned that ancient Egyptians did not use money. The first coins from the area were introduced around 360 BC, but, despite this, ancient Egyptian priests were highly aware of the value of luxury goods and precious metals. These priests were actually the inventors of the mummification business. Their purpose was to obtain profit, as every person had to be mummified after death if he or she wanted to even have an afterlife.
According to Herodotus, Egyptian priests had come up with three main types of mummification. The first was meant for the rich who had to pay what would be equal to about 20,000 euros today for a premium mummification process. The brain was taken out through the nose, the corpse was eviscerated, bathed in expensive wines, spices and oils, kept with salt for around 70 days, the eyes were replaced with two onions and the organs were nicely placed in specialized canopic jars. After the corpse dried up, it would be wrapped in expensive cloth along with specific amulets and sealed with wax and resin. The mummy was given to the family who also had to pay for a sarcophagus, a pyramid or a tomb, some slaves to kill for the mummy to have servants in the afterlife and a few mummified animals. With a relatively decent sarcophagus costing around five goats or a slave, this entire luxury mummification package proved to be really costly.
The type of mummification meant for the middle-class cost around half the price of the luxury package. In this case, the body was not eviscerated. It was just injected with a certain cedar oil which had the effect of dissolving the internal organs. Because this could get messy, a stopper was introduced in the anus of the corpse until the liquefaction was complete. After that, the stopper was removed and all the liquid allowed to flow out of the corpse which was afterwards kept with salt for 70 days. The mummy was then given to the living family members who took it to a common cemetery. The last type of mummification was reserved for the poor and it was paid by the state. The guts were removed, the corpse was washed and kept with salt for 70 days. After this, it was taken out to the desert and buried there without any amulets on it.
Criminals in ancient Egypt were always burned at the stake to prevent them from having an afterlife. As for nobles who had committed crimes during life, they were allowed to kill themselves and their corpses underwent a simple mummification procedure. The major blasphemers were mummified in goat skin, so that the gods from the world beyond could know of their actions. As for pets, animal mummification cost between 1000 and 5000 euros in today’s money. Those who wanted to impress others would mummify larger animals such as crocodiles or bulls.
Corruption has always existed, and even ancient Egypt had to confront this reality. Horemheb ruled Egypt as a pharaoh between the years 1319/1306 and 1292 BC. He was the first ancient Egyptian ruler who led a serious fight against corruption. During the reign of Akhenaten and that of his son, Tutankhamun, corruption had increased and gotten out of control. Starting as a commoner, Horemheb managed to become a general and, later on, he sat on the throne as pharaoh.
Tutankhamun had died at the age of 18 in suspicious circumstances. He was succeeded by the vizier Ay who was murdered. Horemheb did not want to share their fate. As a pharaoh, he issued drastic laws and worked hard to eradicate corruption. To be sure he was in control, he personally replaced all judges and state officials. He also made bribery punishable by death. This had never been applied before in this regard, the harshest punishment for bribery until the time of Horemheb was a threat that the god Anubis would be very upset with the individual in the afterlife. As he thought Anubis had more important issues to attend to, Horemheb radically changed the system and dealt with punishments personally.
Death was the sentence given to thieves. Mutilation was inflicted upon those who committed fraud and those who set taxes too high for the population. The mutilation referred to here consisted of cutting off the nose and the ears of the trespasser. The person would then be exiled to Tharu, a region ancient Greeks began to refer to as Rhinocolura, because a lot of people who lived there had no noses.
Detail of a statue of Horemheb, at the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna
To a certain extent, the fight against corruption undergone by Pharaoh Horemheb proved successful for a time. The ancient Egyptian ruler actually died a natural death, but, afterwards, his example was no longer followed.
Top image: Ancient columns at the Temple of Horus at Edfu, Egypt.
WETENSCHAPPERS METEN BIJ TOEVAL DE HERSENACTIVITEIT VAN EEN STERVENDE MAN EN ZIEN IETS HEEL BIJZONDERS GEBEUREN
WETENSCHAPPERS METEN BIJ TOEVAL DE HERSENACTIVITEIT VAN EEN STERVENDE MAN EN ZIEN IETS HEEL BIJZONDERS GEBEUREN
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Zo werden er ook nadat zijn hart gestopt was nog hersengolven gemeten en zou het zomaar kunnen dat stervende mensen de hoogtepunten uit hun leven echt aan zich voorbij zien schieten.
Wanneer neurochirurg Ajmal Zemmar de elektroden op het hoofd van zijn 87-jarige patiënt met epilepsie laat plaatsen, kan hij onmogelijk weten dat deze patiënt postuum een hoofdrol zal gaan spelen in zijn volgende onderzoeksartikel dat zal handelen over de hersenactiviteit in een stervend brein. De hoogbejaarde epilepsiepatiënt in kwestie is na een val in het ziekenhuis opgenomen en Zemmar en zijn team stellen alles in het werk om hem te helpen. Met behulp van de elektroden wordt zijn hersenactiviteit continu gemeten en kunnen epileptische aanvallen gedetecteerd en behandeld worden. Maar ondanks de goede zorgen van de artsen gaat de man zienderogen achteruit om vervolgens – toch nog onverwacht en met de elektroden nog op de schedel – aan een hartaanval te overlijden.
Uniek Het is een tragische gebeurtenis, onder unieke omstandigheden. Want terwijl deze man sterft, wordt zijn hersenactiviteit continu gemeten. En daarmee stelt de onverwachte tragedie de artsen in staat om te bestuderen wat er in een stervend brein gebeurt. Hun bevindingen zijn deze week in het blad Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience verschenen en in meerdere opzichten opmerkelijk.
Het onderzoek In de studie focussen de artsen en onderzoekers zich op de hersenactiviteit die in de laatste 30 seconden voor het stilvallen van het hart en de 30 seconden daarna is gemeten. “Net voor het hart stopte met werken zagen we veranderingen optreden in hersengolven met een specifieke frequentie, de zogenoemde gammagolven,” zo legt hoofdauteur Zemmar aan Scientias.nl uit. “Dit zijn hersengolven met een hoge frequentie die in het dagelijks leven in verband worden gebracht met de hogere cognitieve functies, zoals het ophalen van herinneringen, mediteren en concentreren. Wanneer we met dat soort dingen bezig zijn, zien we de gammagolven toenemen.” En opmerkelijk genoeg zagen de onderzoekers een vergelijkbare toename in gammagolven kort voor het hart van de 87-jarige patiënt stopte met kloppen. “En niet alleen van gammagolven,” benadrukt Zemmar. “Ook van hersengolven met een andere frequentie, zoals delta-, theta-, alpha- en betagolven. Maar de toename van gammagolven sprong wel het meest in het oog.”
Hoewel enige terughoudendheid in de interpretatie van de veranderingen in hersenactiviteit op zijn plaats is, durven Zemmar en collega’s wel enigszins te speculeren over waar het brein zo kort voor het intreden van de dood mee bezig was. “Wat we zien, is dat de gammagolven kort voor- en nadat het hart gestopt is, hetzelfde patroon volgen als in gezonde mensen die herinneringen ophalen of dromen. En hoewel we niet met zekerheid kunnen zeggen wat het brein van de stervende patiënt aan het doen was, lijkt het – als we alle data naast elkaar leggen – zeker niet ondenkbaar dat de hersenen de belangrijke en fijne herinneringen nog eens afspeelden en de patiënt zijn leven dus aan zich voorbij zag schieten.”
Toename hersenactiviteit na de dood Wat minstens zo interessant is, is dat de elektroden ook nadat het hart van de patiënt stil was gevallen nog hersengolven detecteerden. “Dat is heel verrassend,” stelt Zemmar. “Want je zou denken dat wanneer het hart stopt met het rondpompen van bloed, ook het brein dood is. Het feit dat er na het stilvallen van het hart nog hersengolven werden gedetecteerd, suggereert voorzichtig dat de hersenactiviteit nadat het hart stopt met kloppen mogelijk nog doorgaat,” aldus Zemmar. Maar het is nog veel te vroeg om op basis van deze observaties conclusies te trekken over waar het brein na het stilvallen van het hart nog toe in staat is. “De data zijn slechts afkomstig van één casus en het is op dit moment niet mogelijk om met zekerheid te zeggen dat de waargenomen hersenactiviteit ook echt bewijst dat het brein nog functioneel actief is, in die zin dat de patiënt nog steeds droomt of flashbacks heeft,” onderstreept Zemmar.
Eén casus Hoewel de observaties bijzonder fascinerend zijn, wil Zemmar graag benadrukken dat de interpretaties ervan vooralsnog echt speculatief zijn. “Daarbij is het belangrijk om nogmaals te vermelden dat het allemaal gebaseerd is op slechts één casus: het brein van één patiënt. En die patiënt had hersenbeschadigingen: bloedingen en zwelling. Die kunnen de hersenactiviteit beïnvloed hebben en dat maakt het interpreteren ervan misschien nog wel lastiger.”
Eerdere dierproeven Met deze ene, bijzondere casus zijn de data als het om de activiteit in stervende menselijke hersenen gaat, dus dun gezaaid. Maar dat er rond het sterven weleens iets bijzonders kan gebeuren in het brein, is eerder ook al gesuggereerd op basis van dierproeven. “In 2013 is er in de VS een experiment uitgevoerd waarbij wetenschappers ervoor zorgden dat gezonde ratten – terwijl de hersenactiviteit van de dieren gemonitord werd – een hartaanval kregen en overleden,” vertelt Zemmar. En opvallend genoeg zagen de wetenschappers in de hersenen van die ratten kort voor het stoppen van het hart dezelfde veranderingen in gammagolven optreden als nu in het brein van de 87-jarige man zijn waargenomen. “Dat is toch wel verrassend,” vindt Zemmar. “Want ratten en mensen staan evolutionair gezien nogal ver van elkaar vandaan.” Het interpreteren van deze opmerkelijke overeenkomst tussen stervende ratten en mensen is opnieuw lastig. “Maar misschien hebben we hier wel te maken met een oude, biologische respons die door de evolutie van soorten heen geconserveerd is.” In dat scenario zou je denken dat de hersenactiviteit op het moment van sterven een belangrijke functie heeft. Maar ook daar kunnen we enkel naar gissen. “Misschien is de biologische respons er wel op gericht om ons – middels het ophalen van fijne herinneringen – te kalmeren voor we sterven,” speculeert Zemmar. “En misschien is het wel gewoon een mechanisme dat in gang wordt gebracht als we gaan sterven en waarvan we de consequenties op dit moment niet begrijpen.”
Vervolgonderzoek Voor nu lijkt de ene casus meer vragen op te roepen dan te beantwoorden. Toch voelden Zemmar en collega’s sterk de behoefte om hun observaties met de wereld te delen. “Allereerst omdat de observaties vragen oproepen die niet alleen interessant zijn vanuit wetenschappelijk oogpunt, maar ook van belang zijn voor de samenleving,” vertelt Zemmar. Hij denkt dan bijvoorbeeld aan de observatie dat de hersenactiviteit enige tijd nadat het hart al is gestopt met kloppen, nog doorgang vindt. “Dat zet je als arts aan het denken: want wat is nu het moment waarop je iemand dood kunt verklaren en bijvoorbeeld orgaandonatie in gang kunt zetten?” Daarnaast hoopt Zemmar dat de publicatie ertoe leidt dat meer van deze (toevallig verzamelde) EEG-scans komen bovendrijven. “Wij presenteren de allereerste observaties van een stervend mensenbrein. Pas als we meer van dit soort observaties hebben, kunnen we bepalen of wat wij hebben zien gebeuren een universeel fenomeen is.”
Dat ook die laatste momenten van het leven het verdienen om nader onderzocht te worden, staat voor Zemmar vast. Dergelijke studies kunnen namelijk belangrijke implicaties hebben voor de omgang met en zorg voor stervende mensen én hun geliefden. “Als neurochirurg heb ik regelmatig met overlijdens te maken. En ik weet hoe moeilijk het is voor familieleden om te zien dat hun familielid, waarmee ze soms niet meer kunnen communiceren, stervende is. Als dokter sta je er dan bij en wens je vurig dat je meer zou kunnen doen. Wat zou het fijn zijn als we de familieleden op zo’n moment meer inzicht kunnen geven in wat er in het brein van hun geliefde gebeurt en hen – op basis van nader wetenschappelijk onderzoek – kunnen vertellen dat hun geliefde op dat moment kalm is, omdat zijn of haar brein de mooiste herinneringen die hij of zij bij leven heeft opgedaan nog eens afspeelt.”
WETENSCHAPPERS METEN BIJ TOEVAL DE HERSENACTIVITEIT VAN EEN STERVENDE MAN EN ZIEN IETS HEEL BIJZONDERS GEBEUREN
WETENSCHAPPERS METEN BIJ TOEVAL DE HERSENACTIVITEIT VAN EEN STERVENDE MAN EN ZIEN IETS HEEL BIJZONDERS GEBEUREN
Caroline Kraaijvanger
Zo werden er ook nadat zijn hart gestopt was nog hersengolven gemeten en zou het zomaar kunnen dat stervende mensen de hoogtepunten uit hun leven echt aan zich voorbij zien schieten.
Wanneer neurochirurg Ajmal Zemmar de elektroden op het hoofd van zijn 87-jarige patiënt met epilepsie laat plaatsen, kan hij onmogelijk weten dat deze patiënt postuum een hoofdrol zal gaan spelen in zijn volgende onderzoeksartikel dat zal handelen over de hersenactiviteit in een stervend brein. De hoogbejaarde epilepsiepatiënt in kwestie is na een val in het ziekenhuis opgenomen en Zemmar en zijn team stellen alles in het werk om hem te helpen. Met behulp van de elektroden wordt zijn hersenactiviteit continu gemeten en kunnen epileptische aanvallen gedetecteerd en behandeld worden. Maar ondanks de goede zorgen van de artsen gaat de man zienderogen achteruit om vervolgens – toch nog onverwacht en met de elektroden nog op de schedel – aan een hartaanval te overlijden.
Uniek Het is een tragische gebeurtenis, onder unieke omstandigheden. Want terwijl deze man sterft, wordt zijn hersenactiviteit continu gemeten. En daarmee stelt de onverwachte tragedie de artsen in staat om te bestuderen wat er in een stervend brein gebeurt. Hun bevindingen zijn deze week in het blad Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience verschenen en in meerdere opzichten opmerkelijk.
Het onderzoek In de studie focussen de artsen en onderzoekers zich op de hersenactiviteit die in de laatste 30 seconden voor het stilvallen van het hart en de 30 seconden daarna is gemeten. “Net voor het hart stopte met werken zagen we veranderingen optreden in hersengolven met een specifieke frequentie, de zogenoemde gammagolven,” zo legt hoofdauteur Zemmar aan Scientias.nl uit. “Dit zijn hersengolven met een hoge frequentie die in het dagelijks leven in verband worden gebracht met de hogere cognitieve functies, zoals het ophalen van herinneringen, mediteren en concentreren. Wanneer we met dat soort dingen bezig zijn, zien we de gammagolven toenemen.” En opmerkelijk genoeg zagen de onderzoekers een vergelijkbare toename in gammagolven kort voor het hart van de 87-jarige patiënt stopte met kloppen. “En niet alleen van gammagolven,” benadrukt Zemmar. “Ook van hersengolven met een andere frequentie, zoals delta-, theta-, alpha- en betagolven. Maar de toename van gammagolven sprong wel het meest in het oog.”
Hoewel enige terughoudendheid in de interpretatie van de veranderingen in hersenactiviteit op zijn plaats is, durven Zemmar en collega’s wel enigszins te speculeren over waar het brein zo kort voor het intreden van de dood mee bezig was. “Wat we zien, is dat de gammagolven kort voor- en nadat het hart gestopt is, hetzelfde patroon volgen als in gezonde mensen die herinneringen ophalen of dromen. En hoewel we niet met zekerheid kunnen zeggen wat het brein van de stervende patiënt aan het doen was, lijkt het – als we alle data naast elkaar leggen – zeker niet ondenkbaar dat de hersenen de belangrijke en fijne herinneringen nog eens afspeelden en de patiënt zijn leven dus aan zich voorbij zag schieten.”
Toename hersenactiviteit na de dood Wat minstens zo interessant is, is dat de elektroden ook nadat het hart van de patiënt stil was gevallen nog hersengolven detecteerden. “Dat is heel verrassend,” stelt Zemmar. “Want je zou denken dat wanneer het hart stopt met het rondpompen van bloed, ook het brein dood is. Het feit dat er na het stilvallen van het hart nog hersengolven werden gedetecteerd, suggereert voorzichtig dat de hersenactiviteit nadat het hart stopt met kloppen mogelijk nog doorgaat,” aldus Zemmar. Maar het is nog veel te vroeg om op basis van deze observaties conclusies te trekken over waar het brein na het stilvallen van het hart nog toe in staat is. “De data zijn slechts afkomstig van één casus en het is op dit moment niet mogelijk om met zekerheid te zeggen dat de waargenomen hersenactiviteit ook echt bewijst dat het brein nog functioneel actief is, in die zin dat de patiënt nog steeds droomt of flashbacks heeft,” onderstreept Zemmar.
Eén casus Hoewel de observaties bijzonder fascinerend zijn, wil Zemmar graag benadrukken dat de interpretaties ervan vooralsnog echt speculatief zijn. “Daarbij is het belangrijk om nogmaals te vermelden dat het allemaal gebaseerd is op slechts één casus: het brein van één patiënt. En die patiënt had hersenbeschadigingen: bloedingen en zwelling. Die kunnen de hersenactiviteit beïnvloed hebben en dat maakt het interpreteren ervan misschien nog wel lastiger.”
Eerdere dierproeven Met deze ene, bijzondere casus zijn de data als het om de activiteit in stervende menselijke hersenen gaat, dus dun gezaaid. Maar dat er rond het sterven weleens iets bijzonders kan gebeuren in het brein, is eerder ook al gesuggereerd op basis van dierproeven. “In 2013 is er in de VS een experiment uitgevoerd waarbij wetenschappers ervoor zorgden dat gezonde ratten – terwijl de hersenactiviteit van de dieren gemonitord werd – een hartaanval kregen en overleden,” vertelt Zemmar. En opvallend genoeg zagen de wetenschappers in de hersenen van die ratten kort voor het stoppen van het hart dezelfde veranderingen in gammagolven optreden als nu in het brein van de 87-jarige man zijn waargenomen. “Dat is toch wel verrassend,” vindt Zemmar. “Want ratten en mensen staan evolutionair gezien nogal ver van elkaar vandaan.” Het interpreteren van deze opmerkelijke overeenkomst tussen stervende ratten en mensen is opnieuw lastig. “Maar misschien hebben we hier wel te maken met een oude, biologische respons die door de evolutie van soorten heen geconserveerd is.” In dat scenario zou je denken dat de hersenactiviteit op het moment van sterven een belangrijke functie heeft. Maar ook daar kunnen we enkel naar gissen. “Misschien is de biologische respons er wel op gericht om ons – middels het ophalen van fijne herinneringen – te kalmeren voor we sterven,” speculeert Zemmar. “En misschien is het wel gewoon een mechanisme dat in gang wordt gebracht als we gaan sterven en waarvan we de consequenties op dit moment niet begrijpen.”
Vervolgonderzoek Voor nu lijkt de ene casus meer vragen op te roepen dan te beantwoorden. Toch voelden Zemmar en collega’s sterk de behoefte om hun observaties met de wereld te delen. “Allereerst omdat de observaties vragen oproepen die niet alleen interessant zijn vanuit wetenschappelijk oogpunt, maar ook van belang zijn voor de samenleving,” vertelt Zemmar. Hij denkt dan bijvoorbeeld aan de observatie dat de hersenactiviteit enige tijd nadat het hart al is gestopt met kloppen, nog doorgang vindt. “Dat zet je als arts aan het denken: want wat is nu het moment waarop je iemand dood kunt verklaren en bijvoorbeeld orgaandonatie in gang kunt zetten?” Daarnaast hoopt Zemmar dat de publicatie ertoe leidt dat meer van deze (toevallig verzamelde) EEG-scans komen bovendrijven. “Wij presenteren de allereerste observaties van een stervend mensenbrein. Pas als we meer van dit soort observaties hebben, kunnen we bepalen of wat wij hebben zien gebeuren een universeel fenomeen is.”
Dat ook die laatste momenten van het leven het verdienen om nader onderzocht te worden, staat voor Zemmar vast. Dergelijke studies kunnen namelijk belangrijke implicaties hebben voor de omgang met en zorg voor stervende mensen én hun geliefden. “Als neurochirurg heb ik regelmatig met overlijdens te maken. En ik weet hoe moeilijk het is voor familieleden om te zien dat hun familielid, waarmee ze soms niet meer kunnen communiceren, stervende is. Als dokter sta je er dan bij en wens je vurig dat je meer zou kunnen doen. Wat zou het fijn zijn als we de familieleden op zo’n moment meer inzicht kunnen geven in wat er in het brein van hun geliefde gebeurt en hen – op basis van nader wetenschappelijk onderzoek – kunnen vertellen dat hun geliefde op dat moment kalm is, omdat zijn of haar brein de mooiste herinneringen die hij of zij bij leven heeft opgedaan nog eens afspeelt.”
The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures – Part I
The Origins of the Faeries: Encoded in our Cultures – Part I
The faeries appear in folklore from all over the world as metaphysical beings, who, given the right conditions, are able to interact with the physical world. They’re known by many names but there is a conformity to what they represent, and perhaps also to their origins. From the Huldufólk in Iceland to the Tuatha Dé Danannin Ireland, and the Manitou of Native Americans, these are apparently intelligent entities that live unseen beside us, until their occasional manifestations in this world become encoded into our cultures through folktales, anecdotes, and testimonies.
In his 1691 treatise on the faeries of Aberfoyle, Scotland, the Reverend Robert Kirk suggested they represented a Secret Commonwealth , living in a parallel reality to ours, with a civilization and morals of their own, only visible to seers and clairvoyants. His assessment fits well with both folktale motifs, and some modern theories about their ancient origins and how they have permeated the collective human consciousness. So who are the faeries, where do they come from…and what do they want?
Faerie-tales
“Myth is a story that implies a certain way of interpreting consensus reality so to derive meaning and effective charge from its images and interactions. As such, it can take many forms: fables, religion and folklore, but also formal philosophical systems and scientific theories.”
Bernardo Kastrup, More Than Allegory: On religious myth, truth and belief (2016).
Faerie-tales are a type of mythology; explanations of human and environmental phenomena, usually set at an indeterminate time in the past. Most faerie-tales are never one-offs, but seem to cluster as a single form from many sources, which are dispersed geographically and chronologically. In Europe and America, they were mostly collected by folklorists in the 19th and early-20th centuries, from both oral and written sources, and then disseminated from there. Many were incorporated into the folklorists’ bible, the Aarne-Thompson catalogues of folktale types and motifs, which were first put together in 1910 by the Finnish folklorist Antti Aarne, and completed by Stith Thompson in 1958. They consist of several doorstop volumes, which index every conceivable story type and motif from around the world.
It’s been suggested that the catalogues actually codify every human experience, distilled into story; an index of our collective memory as a species, realized through the medium of mythology. Amidst the catalogues are the story types classed as faerie-tales, each containing hundreds of separate motifs; they are the descriptors of a vast array of myth. These are not simple tales told to pass the long winter nights (although that was always one use for them), but rather, they are sophisticated tools that can be used to interpret human experience and to help understand the reality we find ourselves in.
One common faerie-tale motif, for instance, is the suspension of time when a mortal visits faerieland. A nice example is the Irish story of Oisín, a poet of the Feinn. After falling asleep under an ash tree he awakes to find Niamh, the shape-shifting Queen of Tir na n’Og, the land of perpetual youth, summoning him to join her in her realm as her husband. He agrees and finds himself living in a paradise of perpetual summer, where all good things abound, and where time and death hold no sway.
But soon he breaks a taboo of standing on a broad flat stone, from where he is able to view the Ireland he left behind. It has changed for the worse, and he begs Niamh to give him leave to return. She reluctantly agrees, but asks that he return after only one day with the mortals. She supplies him with a black horse, which he is not to dismount, and ‘gifted him with wisdom and knowledge far surpassing that of men.’
Once back in Ireland he realizes that decades have passed and that he is no longer recognized or known of. Inevitably, he dismounts his horse and immediately his youth is gone and he becomes an enfeebled old man with nothing but his immortal wisdom. There is no returning to the faerieland of the Tir na n’Og. In other variations of the story, the hero turns to dust as soon as his feet touch the ground of consensus reality.
The faeries as elementals.
(Courtesy author)
This important and widespread folktale motif seems to suggest that faerieland is the world of the dead, immune from the passage of time, and that return to the world of the living is not possible as the mortal body has aged and decayed in line with the physical laws of this world. In the Japanese tale of Urashima Taro , the hero, when returning home, is even given a casket by his faerie bride, in which his years are locked. When he opens it, his time is up.
These stories articulate a belief in an otherworld that is never heaven, but is apparently ruled over by a race of immortals who can exert control over the consciousness of an individual, who may believe themselves to still be in human form, but are actually already dead and existing in non-material form. It is ultimately the place where the faeries come from; a place untouched by the passage of time and physical death. It could even represent the collective consciousness of humanity made into an understandable form in the stories, immortal in nature and containing all wisdom and knowledge, as suggested in the Oisín tale.
19th-century woodcut demonstrating the dangers of entering the faerie ring.
This might be explained by seeing folktales of this type as representing a surviving pagan belief system of the afterlife. This afterlife did not follow the strictures of Christianity or other world religions, and provided an alternative view of what happens to consciousness after death. It is a view that was (in the West) superseded by Christian theology, but that may be surfacing in these folktales as remnants of the previous system of belief (a belief system that remained partially intact but operated underground for fear of religious persecution).
The presence of faeries in this otherworld, and their ability to materialize in standard reality, suggests that they were an essential element in pagan ideas about consciousness and that they had a role to play when it came to death. In this theory the characters in the story play the part of messengers, telling us about the true nature of a timeless reality that is distinct and separate from consensus reality, and showing us that human consciousness disassociates from the physical body to exist in a parallel reality such as Tir na n’Og, where the faeries are in charge. This message is encoded in the stories.
However, it’s not possible to reduce the origin of the faeries only to abstract mythological themes. Their appearance in folklore often takes the form of witness testimonies or anecdotes, continuing to the present day. They take a myriad of different forms— leprechauns, sylphs, brownies, pixies, even aliens in a technologically updated version of their form— but they are portrayed as real entities, making appearances in this world from their own.
17th-century English woodcut showing faeries dancing in a ring, with hollow hill, amanita muscaria mushroom and 'spirit face' in the tree.
They lure people into their magical dancing rings, abduct children and adults, play tricks on the unwary, process in faerie funeral corteges, and generally disport themselves with a sense of mischievous, and sometimes malevolent, immorality. There are countless descriptions of their metaphysical presence in our world, throughout time, playing a part in human culture, always liminal, but constantly present as far back as folklore stretches.
Neil Rushton is an archaeologist and freelance writer who has published on a wide variety of topics from castle fortifications to folklore. His first book is Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun .
The Origins of the Faeries: Changes in Conscious Perception – Part II
The Origins of the Faeries: Changes in Conscious Perception – Part II
The faeries appear in folklore from all over the world as metaphysical beings, who, given the right conditions, are able to interact with the physical world. They’re known by many names but there is a conformity to what they represent, and perhaps also to their origins.
In his 2005 book Supernatural, Graham Hancock puts forward the hypothesis that the shamanistic cultures of the Stone Age were also interacting with these beings. Around 40,000 years ago there was an explosion of symbolism in human cultures throughout the world, primarily represented by cave art. This cave art is usually located in hard to access underground spaces that must have had significant meaning for the artists and those who would have been experiencing these strange images by firelight. And strange they are. Much of the cave art represents therianthropic beings, that is half human, half animal shape-shifters.
Cave painting from Altamira, Spain, c.15,000 BCE.
(Public Domain)
There are also many beings that seem to be distorted humans, often similar to the faeries of folklore. And this gets to the core of the subject. Hancock makes the convincing argument that these cave paintings were produced to represent reality as perceived in an altered state of consciousness. Twenty years ago this idea was anathema to anthropologists, but since the work of the anthropologists David Lewis-Williams, Thomas Dowson and many others, the theory has tipped over to become an accepted orthodoxy. There are motifs by the hundred in the cave paintings that correlate with the visionary states of people in an altered state of consciousness, brought about most especially by the ingestion of a psychotropic substance.
The basic premise is that the shamans of these stone age cultures transported themselves into altered states of consciousness and then painted the results of their experiences — experiences that frequently included the therianthropic beings they encountered. These works of art are manifest throughout the world over a vast prehistoric time period and demonstrate a universality of experience, from the entoptic images (dots, spirals and geometric patterns) frequently caused by psychotropic drugs, through to the imagery of time-lapse perception, often called tracers. It is convincing evidence that our prehistoric ancestors were dabbling with psychotropic plants and mushrooms in order to gain a state of consciousness that was fundamentally important to them. The cave paintings could be seen as the earliest folklore, told in pictures.
Cave paintings at the Laas Geel complex in northern Somalia.
Further investigation into the cultures of modern indigenous tribes confirms the importance of induced changes in conscious perception, to what are still shamanistic peoples. The best example is the extensive use of the substance Ayahausca by Amazonian tribes. This is a brew that reveals a reality that includes many non-human intelligences (usually called simply ‘spirits’ by the shamans), that can be interacted with directly. There is usually a highly-charged feminine element to the Ayahausca experience, but reports will also consistently describe therianthropic beings, reptiles, the ability to fly, and humanoid entities. This brings us back to the source of all these experiences. If shaman spirits and faeries are part of the same phenomenon, what is that phenomenon? The evidence from modern and archaic shamanistic cultures confirms that an altered state of consciousness was/is required to access the places where the ‘spirits’ resided. It’s more difficult to prove that faerie-tales were generated from information gathered in an altered state, but there is a predominance of mushroom imagery historically associated with the faeries, most especially the highly psychedelic red and white Amanita Muscaria (fly agaric) mushroom, and the psilocybin mushroom, both prevalent in Europe and Asia.
These may have been responsible for purposeful or accidental psychedelic trips, but there are a range of other triggers for altering states of consciousness (such as sleep deprivation, trauma, illness etc.) that may also have contributed to people travelling to faerieland and bringing back the experiences as faerie-tales. Many faerie-tales contain dream-like situations, where the laws of physics are suspended and the experienced reality is different than the usual five-sense reality. It’s no accident that the tales are often described as trippy. They can be seen as basically describing events from a participatory altered state of consciousness, that have then gestated and formed into oral faerie-tales, before being fossilized into literature by folklorists at various times in the 19th and 20th centuries.
The Diversity of Faerie Origins
The origins of the faeries in folklore and worldwide culture are diverse and complex. Although mythological storytelling and shamanistic altered states of consciousness may account for the phenomenon on many levels, the faeries cannot be pigeonholed quite this simply. There is, for example, a cohesive hypothesis that the faeries are nature spirits ; an invisible life-force responsible for the propagation of vegetation and even the earth’s biosphere itself.
The Austrian spiritual philosopher Rudolf Steiner (d.1924) proposed this inter-penetrating of the physical world with the spiritual world, and points towards a deeper, cosmic understanding of the nuts and bolts of how the world really works. He terms consensus reality as the sense world , and the spiritual realm as the supersensible world. For Steiner, the supersensible world exists as a field of energy devoid of matter, but which constantly interacts with the physical sense world. What exists in the supersensible world is in effect a fifth dimension of reality upon which our own four dimensions rely, and which is essential to the well-being of all life, but can only be perceived by clairvoyance. It is this special faculty that allows people to recognize how the worlds of matter and spirit intertwine, and to recognize the faeries in action.
It is a theory that has been updated recently by the biochemist Rupert Sheldrake, who proposes that morphogenetic fields are the formative causation allowing life on earth. Sheldrake’s description of this organizing principle behind the natural world is issued in the language of biochemistry, but in effect, what he postulates is the same as Steiner’s vision of nature spirits in action. There are invisible forces that are essential in ordering life on earth, something that conventional science accepts in the case of gravitational waves or magnetism, but has a hard time with when it comes to life itself. Steiner’s thesis is that the nature spirits are anthropogenic representations of these morphogenetic fields, imposed upon them through the thought forms of the observer, who perceives them clairvoyantly. The faeries are, essentially, the memory of nature.
Architectural fragment figure, likely a yakshi or female nature spirit, c. 2nd century (Kushan).
Whatever the origins of the faeries are, they have been ever-present in worldwide folklore, and have loomed large in our cultural mythology, which attempts to explain the cosmic order. They reside in the collective human consciousness, and seem to have been there for thousands of years. Perhaps the biggest question is how they seem to be able to transcend non-material consciousness, and to make appearances within our material reality. Their metaphysical nature is a secret, and is perhaps meant to remain so.
Neil Rushton is an archaeologist and freelance writer who has published on a wide variety of topics from castle fortifications to folklore. His first book is Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun .
5 Must See Megaliths of the Mysterious Nuragic People
5 Must See Megaliths of the Mysterious Nuragic People
All over the Mediterranean island of Sardinia exist megalithic marvels that date from almost 4000 years ago. These mostly limestone structures are believed to have belonged to a civilization now known as the Nuragic people. Called ‘nuraghe’, they are a wonder to visit and immerse oneself in the ancient civilization that, for some reason - be it perhaps internal struggles, external invasion or some other reason entirely - had reason to construct thousands of these highly defensive edifices. Here we explore several of the best-preserved sites.
Mysterious Civilization Enduring Through the Ages
Before Sardinia was occupied by the more modern civilizations of the Spaniards, Byzantines, Romans and Carthaginians, a mysterious civilization flourished on the island from the 18th century to the 3rd century BC.
Very little is known about this ancient civilization as they left very little written evidence and very few items providing evidence of how they lived. Even their name, Nuragic, is a term used based on the description of the fortress-like structures that they once built, called Nuraghe. These towering, sturdy architectural feats were constructed during the Bronze Age and are dispersed throughout Sardinia, with there being around 7000 known to exist, but far more thought to have been built.
Here we explore several of the best-preserved sites.
1. Su Nuraxi of Barumini
The Su Nuraxi site is found in the central region of the island, at Barumini, with the clue to its importance being in its very name. ‘Su Nuraxi’ means not a nuraghe, but the nuraghe. It is the most famous nuraghe in Sardinia and is the only designated UNESCO site on the island. The extensive site is one of the best preserved of the 30 Barumesi sites of the area and certainly the best complex as a whole. It was the first site to be explored by archaeologist Giovanni Lilliu and which led to his definition and ‘discovery’ of the Nuragic civilization.
17th century Nuraghe Su Nuraxi, in the south central Barumini region of Sardinia
It includes a complex nuraghe as well a substantial village of huts. It seems this was an important center of power and commerce in prehistoric times.
The structures are made from volcanic basalt stone sourced nearby and was active over 2000 years from 16th century BC to the 7th century AD. The complex includes the tower (or keep) with a bastion at each of its four corners. A village of 50 huts sprawls out surrounding this central structure.
This tower was once 18.5 meters (60 ft) tall and was erected in the Middle Bronze Age (16-14th century BC). It contained 3 rooms over 3 levels, and was topped with a tholos or false dome, a wooden roof which also was used for the other buildings in the village.
2. The Nuraghe Palmavera
The Nuraghe Palmavera is similar to all the nuraghe structures and is one of the largest and most important examples, after the Barumini complex. It is located on the Palmera headland, overlooking a bay the Romans romantically called the ‘Harbor of the Nymphs’ near the modern beachfront resort town of Alghero.
It is believed that Nuraghe Palmavera was built in phases starting in the 15th century BC with a main tower that stands almost 8 meters (26 feet) high and 10 meters (33 feet) in diameter, including the beehive shaped roofs. It is estimated that a village of up to 150-200 huts surrounded the tower, with only 50 existing today. A new phase of development was completed in the 9th century BC with the addition of an exterior wall and additional huts. Although built using limestone blocks and sand, the Nuraghe Palmavera was destroyed by fire in the 8th century AD, but parts of the structure remain intact.
Today, this Nuraghe complex is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Sardinia, along with the Nuragic complex of Barumini, which UNESCO declared a World Heritage Site in 1997.
3. Nuraghe of Santu Antine
This naraghe is a giant amongst giants, with the central tower now reported as being 16.5 meters (54.13 ft.) but once standing at a dizzying 23 to 24 meters (75-78 ft). It is currently the tallest naraghe of all, but it is thought that even higher towers existed in the past.
Santu Antine is located in the northwestern Sardinian province of Sassari, close to the town of Torralba, and is known by local people as Sa Domu de su Re or The House of the King in English. The building is made of basalt and The central tower is composed of three smaller towers that were stacked one on top of the other. Only two of these towers have survived till today. The rooms of these two towers may be reached by climbing up a helicoidal staircase that was incorporated into the structure’s thick walls.
It is surrounded by a small collection of 14 huts that have been identified, which were part of what would have been a much larger settlement. These dwellings have been dated to the 13 th century BC, and articfacts dating to the Roman period have been found in them, showing they were used after long after the Nuralgic civilization had ended. Some huts contained features, such as seats, hearths, and niches that aid in our understanding of their function. One near the entrance had a seat and a hearth, and archaeologists have proposed it would have been used for gatherings or meetings.
The site Nuraghe La Prisgiona is extensive at around 5 hectares and includes 90 Bronze Age buildings that have been excavated so far and those around the main building are very well preserved. It is a real chance to get a feeling of the past as you weave around the enclosures, with the size of the preserved settlement making it one of the most complex sites of its type. The main building is the classic three tower nuraghe but it also features an enclosed courtyard which includes a stone well that reaches a depth of 7 meters (23 feet). The well has yielded several well crafted jugs from the Nuralgic era.
One of the huts includes a long cresent shaped stone seat, long enough to accomodate over a dozen people, and an ornate jug was found here, perhaps for religious use.
The site is located in Arzachena, near Costa Smeralda (Emerald Coast) in the northeast of Sardinia.
5. Nuraghe Losa
Nuraghe Losa is a distinctive and well-preserved nuraghe that is located near the village of Abbasanta, in the central-western region of Sardinia. It is named ‘nuraghe of the tombs’ which refers to the Roman cinerary urns carved into the rocks nearby, as during the Roman era it was used for funerary purposes.
The giant and imposing structure is reminiscent of a ship’s bow.
It is most remarkable for the shape which is triangular and can be compared to the bow of a ship and it is obvious that the masonry techniques were reaching some refinement by this point, the 14th-15th century BC.
There is a main entrance raised above ground level through which a corridor leads to three of the internal towers. A fourth tower is accessed through a separate entrance. These towers are not obvious from the outside as the whole edifice appears as a solid mass of rock. Just why such a fortification was thought required remains a mystery, but this would surely have been virtually impenetrable.
As well as the three rooms, the main keep tower has a small spiral ramp leading to an upper chamber. There are also 3 wells for storage and a cistern in the western tower.
Arial view of Nuraghe Losa showing it’s triangular shape with 4 towers.
Only a small part of the surrounding settlement has been excavated but includes buildings from the late Punic, Roman Republican and Imperial, Late Roman and Byzantine periods.
There is also a Giant’s tomb, another interesting megalithic feature of the island.
A Nuragic Civilization Legacy
While the Nuragic civilization may be extinct and stories of their history now the stuff that legends, the magnificent stone structures that they left behind provide testament to a mighty society with a penchant for extreme defense. This is just a small taste of some of the best of the many sites it is possible to visit from this fascinating if enigmatic era.
Top image: A view of a reconstructed hut at the Nuraghe Antine site at night.
Unknown Space Object Bombarded Earth With Strong Radio Wave
Unknown Space Object Bombarded Earth With Strong Radio Wave
Astronomers were both puzzled and delighted to discover a mysterious deep space object that had been sending out powerful radio waves that were detectable on Earth. Designated with the catchy title of GLEAM-X J162759.5-523504.3, this spinning radio source suddenly appeared in the Southern Hemisphere sky in January 2018, before disappearing just as mysteriously two months later.
The pulsing activity of this unusual, one-of-a-kind object was picked up by the Murchison Widefield Array radio telescope in the remote western Outback of Australia. Data analysis only revealed its existence in 2020, after which astronomers launched a comprehensive investigation to identify all of its unique and interesting properties.
That study was led by Curtin University (Australia) astrophysicist Dr. Natasha Hurley-Walker, working under the auspices of the university’s International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research ( ICRAR).
“We find that the source pulses every 18.18 min, an unusual periodicity that has, to our knowledge, not been observed previously,” Dr. Hurley-Walker and her team wrote, in a new article introducing their discovery in the journal Nature. “The emission is highly linearly polarized, bright, persists for 30–60 seconds on each occurrence, and is visible across a broad frequency range.”
Located just 4,000 light-years away from Earth (a stone’s throw in galactic terms), GLEAM-X was one of the brightest radio wave sources in our sky at the time it was active. This type of object is referred to by astronomers as a transient, signifying something that pops into existence out of nowhere, before disappearing in the same way.
This image shows a new view of the Milky Way from the Murchison Widefield Array, with the lowest frequencies in red, middle frequencies in green, and the highest frequencies in blue. The star icon shows the position of the mysterious repeating transient.
Credit: Dr Natasha Hurley-Walker (ICRAR/Curtin) and the GLEAM Team. ( ICRAR)
Even during its brief trip through Earth’s deep-space sightline, GLEAM-X seemed to blip in and out of existence randomly, adding another element to its mysterious aura.
“This object was appearing and disappearing over a few hours during our observations,” Dr. Hurley-Walker told the Independent . “That was completely unexpected. It was kind of spooky for an astronomer because there’s nothing known in the sky that does that.”
Has the Ultra-Long Period Magnetar Finally Been Found?
The astronomers involved in the new study have tentatively identified the radio wave emitter as a long-sought-after transient object known as an ultra-long period magnetar.
A magnetar is “a type of slowly spinning neutron star that has been predicted to exist theoretically,” Dr. Hurley-Walker explained. “But nobody expected to directly detect one like this because we didn’t expect them to be so bright. Somehow it’s converting magnetic energy to radio waves much more effectively than anything we’ve seen before.”
The object is incredibly dense and highly magnetic, which are common characteristics of neutron stars of all types. The magnetar gets its name from the fact that its magnetic field is much stronger than that generated by the typical neutron star, and if GLEAM-X is a magnetar that would explain why its radio pulses are so bright and why those pulses are highly polarized (meaning its electromagnetic waves vibrate in rigid and heavily magnetized patterns).
An artist’s impression of what the object might look like if it’s a magnetar. Magnetars are incredibly magnetic neutron stars, some of which sometimes produce radio emission. Known magnetars rotate every few seconds, but theoretically, “ultra-long period magnetars” could rotate much more slowly.
GLEAM-X displayed a curious middle-ground periodicity (the length of time between radio wave pulses). In contrast to GLEAM-X, a fast-moving transient known as a pulsar can blink on and off in milliseconds, while a huge object like a supernova can produce radio wave pulses that last for days. This transient object fell between this range, with a periodicity of 18 minutes. This would be consistent with a neutron star spinning at a much slower rate than normal, as a magnetar theoretically would.
Even though some of its values were different than the existing model, the overall profile of GLEAM-X J162759.5-523504.3 strongly suggests it is the first ultra-long period magnetar observed by human astronomers anywhere in the universe.
The Life and Death of Stars: Secrets Revealed
As an object of scientific study, astronomical bodies like this one offer fascinating details about the life-and-death cycles of stars.
“When studying transients, you're watching the death of a massive star or the activity of the remnants it leaves behind,” said ICRAR-Curtin astrophysicist and study co-author Dr. Gemma Anderson.
Neutron stars of all types are the left-over cores of stars that have completely burned out. Once a star begins to run out of fuel its core will collapse in on itself, crunched to an incredible density by the runaway force of gravity. A rapidly-spinning neutron star giving off little light but still reaching temperatures as high as one million degrees will then be left behind, emitting radio waves as its immense magnetic field is spun violently through space.
A typical neutron star contains approximately 500,000 times the mass of the Earth, but condensed down into a space that is only 12 miles (20 kilometers) across. The exact parameters of GLEAM-X are not known, but it has enough unusual characteristics to prove it varies from the typical neutron star in important ways.
As of now, the astronomers who’ve studied this enigmatic transient object aren’t sure if it will reappear, or if it is gone for good. The movements of transient objects are inherently unpredictable, and there is no guarantee GLEAM-X will ever be seen again.
Nevertheless, they are busy scanning the Southern Hemisphere skies, hoping to detect its telltale radio wave emissions one more time. They are also pouring through archived data at the Murchison Widefield Array, looking for any signs of past magnetars that might have been missed.
“More detections will tell astronomers whether this was a rare one-off event, or a vast new population we'd never noticed before,” Dr. Hurley-Walker said.
Either way, this anomalous object is truly a remarkable discovery.
Top image: Tile 107, or “the Outlier” as it is known, is one of 256 tiles of the Murchison Widefield Array observatory located 1.5km from the core of the telescope that detected the radio wave.
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
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