Dit is ons nieuw hondje Kira, een kruising van een waterhond en een Podenko. Ze is sinds 7 februari 2024 bij ons en druk bezig ons hart te veroveren. Het is een lief, aanhankelijk hondje, dat zich op een week snel aan ons heeft aangepast. Ze is heel vinnig en nieuwsgierig, een heel ander hondje dan Noleke.
This is our new dog Kira, a cross between a water dog and a Podenko. She has been with us since February 7, 2024 and is busy winning our hearts. She is a sweet, affectionate dog who quickly adapted to us within a week. She is very quick and curious, a very different dog than Noleke.
DEAR VISITOR,
MY BLOG EXISTS ALREADY 12 YEARS AND 11 MONTHS.
ON 06/05/2024 MORE THAN 1.972.210
VISITORS FROM 134 DIFFERENT NATIONS ALREADY FOUND THEIR WAY TO MY BLOG.
THAT IS AN AVERAGE OF 400GUESTS PER DAY.
THANK YOU FOR VISITING MY BLOG AND HOPE YOU ENJOY EACH TIME.
The purpose of this blog is the creation of an open, international, independent and free forum, where every UFO-researcher can publish the results of his/her research. The languagues, used for this blog, are Dutch, English and French.You can find the articles of a collegue by selecting his category. Each author stays resposable for the continue of his articles. As blogmaster I have the right to refuse an addition or an article, when it attacks other collegues or UFO-groupes.
Druk op onderstaande knop om te reageren in mijn forum
Zoeken in blog
Deze blog is opgedragen aan mijn overleden echtgenote Lucienne.
In 2012 verloor ze haar moedige strijd tegen kanker!
In 2011 startte ik deze blog, omdat ik niet mocht stoppen met mijn UFO-onderzoek.
BEDANKT!!!
Een interessant adres?
UFO'S of UAP'S, ASTRONOMIE, RUIMTEVAART, ARCHEOLOGIE, OUDHEIDKUNDE, SF-SNUFJES EN ANDERE ESOTERISCHE WETENSCHAPPEN - DE ALLERLAATSTE NIEUWTJES
UFO's of UAP'S in België en de rest van de wereld In België had je vooral BUFON of het Belgisch UFO-Netwerk, dat zich met UFO's bezighoudt. BEZOEK DUS ZEKER VOOR ALLE OBJECTIEVE INFORMATIE , enkel nog beschikbaar via Facebook en deze blog.
Verder heb je ook het Belgisch-Ufo-meldpunt en Caelestia, die prachtig, doch ZEER kritisch werk leveren, ja soms zelfs héél sceptisch...
Voor Nederland kan je de mooie site www.ufowijzer.nl bezoeken van Paul Harmans. Een mooie site met veel informatie en artikels.
MUFON of het Mutual UFO Network Inc is een Amerikaanse UFO-vereniging met afdelingen in alle USA-staten en diverse landen.
MUFON's mission is the analytical and scientific investigation of the UFO- Phenomenon for the benefit of humanity...
Je kan ook hun site bekijken onder www.mufon.com.
Ze geven een maandelijks tijdschrift uit, namelijk The MUFON UFO-Journal.
Since 02/01/2020 is Pieter ex-president (=voorzitter) of BUFON, but also ex-National Director MUFON / Flanders and the Netherlands. We work together with the French MUFON Reseau MUFON/EUROP.
ER IS EEN NIEUWE GROEPERING DIE ZICH BUFON NOEMT, MAAR DIE HEBBEN NIETS MET ONZE GROEP TE MAKEN. DEZE COLLEGA'S GEBRUIKEN DE NAAM BUFON VOOR HUN SITE... Ik wens hen veel succes met de verdere uitbouw van hun groep. Zij kunnen de naam BUFON wel geregistreerd hebben, maar het rijke verleden van BUFON kunnen ze niet wegnemen...
12-11-2022
Marco Rubio’s quest to expose the truth about UFOs
Marco Rubio’s quest to expose the truth about UFOs
Senator Marc Rubio
As the number of UFO sightings increases, members of Congress have started looking into the matter. They believe that the government should investigate these reports seriously.
Several high-profile individuals, such as US Senator Marco Rubio, have also started speaking out about the increasing number of UFO sightings.
Due to the increasing number of UFO sightings, politicians in the US have started talking about the phenomenon more.
A year ago, the Pentagon released a report about 144 incidents of UAP sightings. The report noted that some of these were close calls for military pilots.
During the time that the report was released, Senator Marco Rubio was able to receive a sneak peek of it. According to the report, alien life is not necessarily a threat to the country, but UFOs pose a significant security concern.
In a statement, the Senator noted that the reports of encounters with unidentified flying objects have been coming from members of the US military.
Despite the negative stigma attached to the phenomenon, the government should still investigate these reports seriously.
The report, which was released by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, looked into 144 incidents involving what the government considers to be an unidentified aerial phenomenon.
Investigators were only able to explain one of the 144 incidents. The case was reportedly caused by airborne clutter.
The report also stated that there was no evidence suggesting that the sightings were related to extraterrestrial life or a technological advancement carried out by a foreign nation.
A senior official from the US government noted that there is no evidence suggesting that alien life exists in the 144 reported cases. However, the government will still look into these reports.
The increasing number of UFO sightings has raised concerns about the country’s vulnerability to foreign espionage. This is because the objects could be used by hostile forces to acquire information.
Due to the lack of information regarding the nature of the incidents, Senator Marco Rubio called for the government to take the situation seriously. Last year, he told CBS 60 Minutes that the government should allocate more resources to investigate these reports.
During his interview, Senator Marco Rubio said that the government should establish a process that will allow it to analyze the data collected regarding the incidents. He also suggested that a dedicated facility should be established to analyze the data.
The efforts of Senator Marco Rubio were rewarded recently after his amendment regarding the establishment of a dedicated facility for analyzing the data related to the UFO sightings was included in the National Defense Authorization Act of 2022.
The amendment provided that government employees would no longer be required to follow a strict process when reporting encounters with unidentified flying objects. In a statement, the Senator noted that the establishment of a dedicated facility for analyzing the data related to the UFO sightings would allow the government to get the necessary resources to investigate these reports.
The Senator noted that the amendment was also aimed at maintaining the transparency of the reports related to the incidents. It allows the government to continue unclassified reporting of these sightings.
The amendment was reportedly successful, as a classified report revealed that there were over 150 reported sightings of unidentified flying objects during the previous year.
During an interview with Fox News’ Tucker Carlson, Daily Mail reporter Josh Boswell claimed that many of the people who reported these incidents don’t know what they’re talking about.
According to Josh, many of the people who reported these incidents don’t know what they’re talking about due to the strange nature of the objects they saw. He also noted that the objects were moving in ways that they didn’t understand.
Reports about the incidents include footage taken by Reaper drones during a surveillance operation in the Middle East. They allegedly captured “orbs” flying around before suddenly bolting from the screen.
The classified report also noted that some of the incidents were reported as the work of Chinese intelligence. For instance, Chinese agents reportedly used drones to study the training of US military pilots.
Other theories have also been presented, such as weather balloons and radar systems that allegedly showed objects that didn’t exist. However, officials noted that other cases still remain unexplained.
This comes after a US congressman claimed that the upcoming report on the UFO sightings will be a whitewash. He also noted that the government is still incapable of handling the issue of alien visitors.
An expert noted that the UFO phenomenon could still gain political traction even after the next election in 2022.
Scientists Have Just Announced The San Andreas Fault Is About To Do Something Massive
The San Andreas Fault connects North American and Pacific tectonic plates and extends for 1200 Kilometers through California - but scientists have just announced that it's about to crack! If you're in California, this announcement from the Southern Californian Center will probably send a chill down your spine: the southern portion of the fault is "locked, loaded, and ready to go."
What new evidence have they discovered? And what does it mean for California residents? Join us as we tell you what massive thing the San Andreas fault is about to
Something Unusual Happened 2 Days Before The Dinosaurs Went Extinct
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Deep-Sea Gigantism. Why the Ocean Breeds Monsters
We often hear the news that the remains of giant deep-sea creatures were washed ashore after another storm again. Some of them are new even for scientists. And here's the most amazing thing: they all tend to live at depths ranging from one thousand meters. Where even the known species are the most enormous and terrifying monsters. But what other giants are concealed by the ocean? And why can underwater monsters rise to the surface?
9 Strange Deep Ocean Creatures Found by Japan's ROVs🇯🇵
Japan's coasts and nearby waters are home to some of the world's richest biodiversity. Decades of underwater research continue to yield fascinating remotely operated vehicle (ROV) encounters with deep ocean dwellers, often those that are particularly strange. These are nine of them.
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NASA’s Roman Space Telescope Selects 24 Flight-Quality Heat-Vision ‘Eyes’
NASA’s Roman Space Telescope Selects 24 Flight-Quality Heat-Vision ‘Eyes’
NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope team recently flight-certified all 24 of the detectors the mission needs. When Roman launches in the mid-2020s, these devices will convert starlight into electrical signals, which will then be decoded into 300-megapixel images of large patches of the sky. These images will allow astronomers to explore a vast array of celestial objects and phenomena, bringing us closer to solving many pressing cosmic mysteries.
“As the telescope’s eyes, Roman’s detectors will enable all of the mission’s science,” said John Gygax, the focal plane system manager for the Roman Space Telescope at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “Now, based on our testing results, our team can confirm these infrared detectors meet all the requirements for Roman’s purposes.”
Each detector has 16 million tiny pixels, providing the mission with exquisite image resolution. While 18 detectors will be incorporated into Roman’s camera, another six will be reserved as flight-qualified spares.
This photo shows 18 of Roman's detectors mounted in an engineering test unit of the mission's focal plane array. The focal plane array will be incorporated into Roman's Wide Field Instrument – a 300-megapixel camera that will capture enormous images of the cosmos.
Credits: NASA/Chris Gunn
“The heart of Roman’s detectors are millions of mercury-cadmium-telluride photodiodes, which are sensors that convert light into an electrical current – one for each pixel,” said Greg Mosby, a research astrophysicist at Goddard who is helping assess the performance of Roman’s detectors. “One of the reasons we chose this material is because by varying the amount of cadmium, we can tune the detector to have a specific cutoff wavelength. That allows us to focus more precisely on the wavelengths of light we’re trying to see.”
To make the detectors, technicians at Teledyne Imaging Sensors in Camarillo, California built up the photodiodes on the base of the detector layer by layer. Then, they secured the detector to a silicon electronics board that will help process the light signals using indium – a soft metal that has roughly the same consistency as chewing gum. The pixels were glued down using a tiny drop of indium for each one.
The drops were meticulously placed just 10 microns apart – about the width of a typical cotton fiber. If we scaled one of Roman’s detectors up to be as long as an Olympic-size swimming pool, the indium blobs would be less than half an inch apart. This precise alignment ensures that each of the sensors will operate independently.
“The Roman team has spent years identifying an optimal recipe for the mission’s detectors,” Mosby said. “It’s gratifying to see the team’s hard work pay off on this crucial technical aspect of the mission. We can’t wait to see how the images from these detectors transform our understanding of the universe.”
Greg Mosby holds one of Roman’s detectors (left) and an entire cell phone camera (right) for size comparison. The best modern cell phone cameras can provide around 12-megapixel images, while each of Roman’s detectors contains 16 megapixels. Since Roman’s camera contains 18 detectors, it will capture 300-megapixel panoramas. The mission will conduct sweeping cosmic surveys with the same sharp resolution that the Hubble Space Telescope provides.
Credits: NASA/Chris Gunn
Hubble’s wide-eyed cousin
Combining so many detectors and pixels gives Roman its wide field of view, enabling the mission to create infrared images that will be around 200 times larger than Hubble can provide while revealing the same level of rich detail. The spacecraft is expected to collect far more data than any other NASA astrophysics mission before it. Scientists had to develop new processes that will compress and digitize the mission’s downpour of data.
Goddard engineers also pioneered novel testing methods to ensure the detectors will meet the mission’s needs. Roman requires extremely sensitive detectors to see faint signals from far across the cosmos. But it isn’t easy to create detectors that meet the mission’s strict quality requirements.
The team knew that not all of the detectors would pass their stringent tests, so they ordered more than the mission requires and will use the best ones. But the extra detectors won’t go to waste – some are destined to serve as the eyes of other telescopes that have more lenient requirements, while others will be used for additional testing on the ground.
Staying cool
Roman will create enormous, high-resolution panoramas of the infrared universe, building on the Spitzer Space Telescope’s groundbreaking observations and complementing the James Webb Space Telescope. Viewing space in infrared light is like using heat-vision goggles, helping us spot things we wouldn’t be able to see otherwise. But doing so requires precise and extremely cold detectors.
The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is a next-generation observatory that will survey the infrared universe from beyond the orbit of the Moon. The spacecraft's giant camera, the Wide Field Instrument (WFI), will be fundamental to this exploration. Watch this video to see a simplified version of how it works.
“Space is very dark, and everything gives off infrared light according to its temperature,” said Dominic Benford, the Roman program scientist at NASA Headquarters. “Roman’s telescope, camera, and detectors all have to be cooled so that they are darker than the universe they’ll be looking at.”
Since we can detect infrared light as heat, Roman’s detectors will have to be supercooled to a frigid -288 degrees Fahrenheit (-178 degrees Celsius). Otherwise heat from the spacecraft’s own components would saturate the detectors, effectively blinding the telescope. A radiator will redirect waste heat from the spacecraft components away from the detectors out into cold space, ensuring that Roman will be sensitive to faint signals from distant galaxies and other cosmic objects.
The combination of Roman’s fine resolution and enormous images has never been possible on a space-based telescope before and will make the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope an indispensable tool in the future.
The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is managed at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, with participation by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Caltech/IPAC in Southern California, the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, and a science team comprising scientists from various research institutions. The primary industrial partners are Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation in Boulder, Colorado; L3Harris Technologies in Melbourne, Florida; and Teledyne Imaging Sensors in Camarillo, California.
Is Bacteria Hiding on Mars? Indestructible Microbe “Conan the Bacterium” Suggests There Is
Is Bacteria Hiding on Mars? Indestructible Microbe “Conan the Bacterium” Suggests There Is
Could there be living bacteria sheltered deep beneath the frozen and desiccated surface of the planet Mars? According to a team of experts, there very well could be.
Microbes might have been surviving undisturbed since the time dinosaurs walked the Earth, these scientists say, a conclusion they have drawn based on the results of a fascinating study recently published in the journal Astrobiology.
There is a type of bacteria that is so tough and hardy that it has been nicknamed “Conan the Bacterium.” Its real name is Deinococcus radiodurans , and this impenetrable microbe is resistant to extreme cold and heat, acid, dehydration, vacuum conditions, and radiation. In fact, it can withstand enormous doses of radiation without dying; it is this ability that was relevant to the newly published research. The authors of this study uncovered evidence that this hardiest of all microbial lifeforms could have survived on Mars if it had evolved there instead of here, despite the fact that Mars is continuously bombarded with toxic and deadly cosmic radiation .
Biologists who’ve studied the question believe microbes that evolved on Mars billions of years ago would bear a striking resemblance to those found on Earth today. So the discovery that Conan the Bacterium could have survived Mars-like conditions suggests that bacteria native to Mars might have developed the capacity to do the same.
Meet the Mighty Conan the Bacterium: Capable of Life on Mars
If life did evolve on Mars, it would have happened more than two billion years ago, when the planet had an atmosphere, milder temperatures, and liquid water flowing across the landscape.
To survive to the present day, Martian bacteria would have had to adapt to a totally frozen planet , where temperatures average -80 degrees Fahrenheit (-63 degrees Celsius) in the mid-latitudes. Even more destructive are the deadly ultraviolet light, gamma rays, and solar-generated, high-energy protons that inundate the Martian surface constantly.
Any flora or fauna that existed on the Martian surface in the far distant past would be long extinct. However, microbial life forms are extraordinary resilient and flexible. On Earth, there are bacteria that can survive some of the harshest conditions imaginable, and if microbes evolved on Mars, they might have shared that characteristic. But could they have survived Mars’ descent into its current radioactive state? This is the question the scientists involved in the new study wanted to address.
A sample of D. radiodurans, the bacteria that could possibly live on Mars, growing on a nutrient agar plate. The red color is due to carotenoid pigment.
Led by Michael Daly, a professor of pathology at Uniformed Services University (USU) of the Health Sciences in Maryland, the team of biological scientists selected several of the world’s toughest and most adaptable microbes and fungi to be subjected to conditions mimicking those that such life forms would encounter if they were transported to Mars. These “ extremophiles” are able to live in Earth environments that are completely inhospitable to all other organisms, surviving exposure to extreme heat or cold, toxic chemicals and gases, and other substances or conditions known to destroy living cells.
In carefully controlled laboratory conditions, all of these organisms were blasted with continuous heavy doses of ultraviolet light, gamma rays, and high-energy protons, to see how they could handle such exposure.
After this phase of the experiment was finished, the scientists took samples from the organisms to test for the presence of manganese antioxidants. This is a biochemical that forms in microbes after they’ve been exposed to radiation. Manganese antioxidant formation is a cellular defense mechanism, and the more of these protective molecules a microbe can synthesize, the more resistant it will be to the deleterious effects of intense radiation.Despite their durability and resiliency, most of the extremophiles used in the experiment did not produce nearly enough manganese antioxidants to survive a Martian-style radioactive onslaught. However, there was one that did: Conan the Bacterium (Deinococcus radiodurans to scientists).
This durable molecule was able to absorb 28,000 times the amount of radiation that would kill a human, and that protective capacity would be enough to make it viable on Mars, even as it is today.
To add further realism to the experiment, the bacteria was frozen and dried out, putting it in the suspended state it would have to enter if it were to stay alive on Mars.
Remarkably, the experiments on D. radiodurans showed that this indestructible microbe could have survived on Mars for as long as 280 million years, if it burrowed far enough underneath the surface—33 feet (10 meters) under the surface, to be precise—to limit its radiation exposure to a manageable dosage. If buried just four inches (10 centimeters) beneath the surface it could still survive for 1.5 million years, despite being regularly hit with massive amounts of cosmic radiation.
Even at a depth of 33 feet (10 meters), the radiation that hits Mars would penetrate far enough into the ground with enough intensity to kill other types of bacteria. But it seems D. radiodurans could withstand it in a state of suspended animation , and thus have the possibility of being reanimated if conditions were right.Obviously, the scientists are not proposing that Conan the Bacterium is somehow living on Mars. This is strictly an earth-bound organism. But if life ever did evolve on Mars, the experts believe the simplest microbial life forms would almost certainly share most of the characteristics displayed by microbial life forms on Earth. This would include the capacity to survive in exceptionally harsh conditions, assuming evolutionary pressures required it—as they would on Mars.
Will Future Missions to Mars Finally Find Proof of Life?
While it seems that Martian bacteria could have survived for a long time under the planet’s surface, there is some question as to whether they would have endured until the present day.
The last liquid water to exist on Mars dried up more than two billion years ago, meaning any bacteria that evolved there would have had to retreat underground that long ago. With no water to sustain them, they would have remained in a dried or desiccated state, and after 280 million years or so (based on the Deinococcus radiodurans example), they would have all presumably died.
But Michael Daly claims this wouldn’t necessarily push all ancient bacteria into extinction.
“Although Deinococcus radiodurans buried in the Martian subsurface could not survive dormant for the estimated 2 to 2.5 billion years since flowing water disappeared on Mars, such Martian environments are regularly altered and melted by meteorite impacts,” Michael Daly said in a Northwestern University press release (Northwestern personnel participated in the new study). “We suggest that periodic melting could allow intermittent repopulation and dispersal.”
If this theory is correct, impact craters less than 280 million years old would be most likely to have living bacteria buried in the ground underneath them. In older craters, too much time would have passed since the melting event for any bacteria spawned during the event to survive, no matter how far they retreated beneath the planet’s dry and frozen surface.
Fortunately, there are plenty of craters on Mars that are on the younger side of this deadline. Now that research has shown these could be prime locations to dig in the soil looking for microbes, future missions from NASA, the European Space Agency or the China’s National Space Administration may decide to target those locations for explorer landings. If they do, it may only be a matter of time before one of these organizations announces it has found proof that life exists on Mars, and that it is still there right now.
Top image: Representative image of astronaut examining rock for bacteria on Mars.
LUGUBERE VONDST HINT EROP DAT DIT ÉÉN VAN DE OUDSTE PLANETAIRE SYSTEMEN IN ONZE MELKWEG IS
LUGUBERE VONDST HINT EROP DAT DIT ÉÉN VAN DE OUDSTE PLANETAIRE SYSTEMEN IN ONZE MELKWEG IS
Vivian Lammerse
In de atmosfeer van een stokoude, dode ster hebben astronomen de resten van aardachtige planeten ontdekt die lang voor onze planeet het levenslicht zag, al ten onder gingen.
Astronomen hebben de overblijfselen gevonden van een heuse slachtpartij in de ruimte. Het gaat om een zwakke witte dwergster, omringd door planetair puin. De onderzoekers vermoeden dat de ster en zijn planetaire brokstukken meer dan tien miljard jaar oud zijn. Daarmee is dit één van de oudste planetaire systemen die tot nu toe in de Melkweg is ontdekt.
Witte dwergster Als een ster ouder wordt, valt de waterstoffusie in de kern van de ster stil en zwelt deze op. Dan ontstaat een rode reus. Wanneer de ster vervolgens zijn buitenste lagen gas en stof wegblaast, trekt de kern samen en blijft een witte dwerg over. De ster is aan het einde van zijn leven gekomen. De meeste sterren in het heelal, inclusief onze zon, zullen op een dag in een witte dwerg veranderen. Dit is zoals je je kunt voorstellen een vijandig proces, die grote invloed heeft op de planeten die rond zo’n ster cirkelen. De meeste planeten zullen naar de ster toegetrokken en opgeslokt worden.
Studie In de nieuwe studie namen onderzoekers twee ongewone witte dwergen onder de loep. “Omdat 97 procent van de sterren uiteindelijk in een witte dwerg zal veranderen – en dit type ster dus alomtegenwoordig in het universum is -, is het heel belangrijk om er meer over te leren,” legt onderzoeker Abbigail Elms uit. De ene vreemde witte dwerg die de onderzoekers bestudeerden, blijkt opvallend blauw gekleurd, terwijl de ander de zwakste en de roodste is die tot nu toe in onze kosmische achtertuin is gevonden. Beide sterren blijken vervuild door planetair puin. Met behulp van spectroscopische en fotometrische gegevens, verzameld door krachtige telescopen, slaagden de onderzoekers erin de leeftijd van de witte dwergen te achterhalen. De ‘rode’ ster, die zich op 90 lichtjaar afstand bevindt, blijkt maar liefst 10,7 miljard jaar oud. Ongeveer 10,2 miljard jaar geleden veranderde hij in een witte dwerg. De ‘blauwe’ ster is slechts ietsje jonger.
Rode ster Verdere analyse wijst uit dat de rode ster onder andere de alkalimetalen natrium, lithium en kalium herbergt. Dit maakt de stokoude ster de oudste met metaal vervuilde witte dwerg die tot nu toe is ontdekt. Daarnaast vermoeden de onderzoekers dat de planeten die eens rond deze ster cirkelden, zich bijzonder lang staande hebben weten te houden. Mogelijk werden de planeten pas laat in het transformatieproces van de ster vernietigd. De onderzoekers concluderen dat dit één van de oudste planetenstelsels is die ooit in onze Melkweg is ontdekt.
Blauwe ster Ook de blauwe ster werd vergezeld door planeten. Deze ster blijkt na analyse vervuild te zijn met planetair puin dat een vergelijkbare samenstelling heeft als de continentale korst van de aarde. Het team concludeert dat de blauwe kleur van de ster mogelijk wordt veroorzaakt door zijn ongebruikelijke atmosfeer, die bestaat uit een mix van helium en waterstof.
Niet uniek De vondst van deze met metaal vervuilde sterren laat zien dat de aarde niet uniek is: er bestaan andere planetenstelsels met planetaire hemellichamen die vergelijkbaar zijn met de aarde. “In deze studie hebben we oude, stellaire overblijfselen in de Melkweg gevonden die de resten van aardachtige planeten bevatten,” zegt Elms. “Het is verbazingwekkend om te bedenken dat dit zo’n tien miljard jaar geleden plaatsvond. Die planeten gingen vervolgens al ten onder lang voordat onze aarde het levenslicht zag.”
Mysterie Astronomen kunnen door middel van analyse van de spectra van een ster bepalen hoe overvloedig bepaalde metalen in het oorspronkelijke planetaire lichaam aanwezig waren. Door die hoeveelheden vervolgens te vergelijken met planeten uit ons eigen zonnestelsel, kunnen wetenschappers een beeld schetsen van hoe die planeten eruit hebben gezien – voordat de ster stierf en in een witte dwerg veranderde. Maar in het geval van de rode ster blijkt dit bijzonder uitdagend. “De rode ster is een mysterie,” zegt Elms. “Het opgehoopte planetaire puin is rijk aan lithium en kalium en anders dan alles wat we in ons eigen zonnestelsel kennen. Het maakt ‘m tegelijkertijd een erg interessante en zeldzame witte dwerg, mede door zijn ultra-koele oppervlaktetemperatuur, zijn ouderdom en het feit dat hij magnetisch is.”
Hoewel de sterren nieuw inzicht verschaffen in witte dwergen, roepen ze ook weer nieuwe vragen op. “Toen deze oude sterren meer dan 10 miljard jaar geleden werden gevormd, was het universum een stuk minder metaalrijk dan nu,” zegt onderzoeker Pier-Emmanuel Tremblay. “Dat komt omdat metalen in geëvolueerde sterren en door gigantische stellaire explosies ontstaan. De twee bestudeerde witte dwergen bieden dan ook een opwindend venster om de vorming van planeten in een metaalarme en gasrijke omgeving te onderzoeken — een omgeving die sterk verschilt van de omstandigheden die heersten toen ons eigen zonnestelsel werd gevormd.”
Ancient Egyptian Worker Took Sick Leave to Embalm his Mother
Ancient Egyptian Worker Took Sick Leave to Embalm his Mother
The British Museum houses a tablet which provides a peek into work-life balance in ancient Egypt. It documents the number of sick days and why 40 workers took time off from their workplace in 1250 BC. All sorts of fascinating reasons have been given for why people were away from their work, including a note about someone named Buqentuf, who needed time off for embalmingand wrapping the corpse of his dead mother.
The limestone tablet was found at Deir el-Medina (Thebes). It has New Egyptian hieratic script on it, with the text written in red and black ink. The writing covers both sides of the tablet, and the days of workers’ absence are marked by season and number, such as “month 4 of Winter, day 24.” This is useful information for researchers who want to know more about the administrative side of life in Egypt. For others, there’s the human-interest angle. They want to know why people were absent from work.
A limestone ostracon from ancient Egypt listing workers and their reasons for being absent from work on certain dates .
Like Buqentuf, several other workers also had to take time off to embalm and wrap their dead relatives. As we see today, family obligations and illness were the most common reasons why people had to take sick leave. Some workers, such as a man named Pennub, missed work because their mothers were ill. Others had causes that we wouldn’t expect to hear as often today, such as men who stayed home to help around the house due to a “wife or daughter bleeding” - a reference to menstruation.
Of course, people had to deal with their own health and manage their illnesses as well. For example, someone called Huynefer was frequently “suffering with his eye” and the scribe noted that a man named Seba couldn’t work after being bitten by a scorpion.
A person named Aapehti was said to have been ill on a regular basis and also took time off when he was “making offerings to god” – perhaps to improve his health? Illness was the most frequently recorded reason for sick leave, it appears over a hundred times on the tablet.
Workers also took days off when they had to perform tasks for their superiors – which was apparently permitted in moderate amounts. For example, Amenmose was allowed time away from work when he was “fetching stones for the scribe.”
Finally, there’s another reason people often had to excuse themselves from work - brewing beer. While this may sound like nothing more than a strange excuse for people to go out drinking, beer was an important beverage in ancient Egypt. It was a fortifying drink for people to consume daily and it was associated with some of their gods and rituals!
Top Image: Ancient Egyptian mummy photographed at the archaeological museum of Florence.
Divers Have Found a Piece of the Space Shuttle Challenger Off the Coast of Florida
Divers Have Found a Piece of the Space Shuttle Challenger Off the Coast of Florida
Nearly 37 years ago the world watched in stunned horror as an explosion destroyed the space shuttle Challenger. The accident occurred 73 seconds after liftoff and killed seven astronauts. Memories of shuttle pieces falling into the sea remain with everyone who witnessed the catastrophe.
In the aftermath, NASA searched for pieces of the shuttle. The agency recovered a great deal of wreckage in the years right after the event. Recently a film crew working on a show for the History Channel discovered a 20-foot-long piece of Challenger on the ocean floor. It was a stunning find and totally unexpected.
Divers working on a documentary uncovered a section of the space shuttle Challenger. Courtesy The HISTORY Channel.
The team’s actual goal was to find remnants of ships lost in the Bermuda Triangle. That region actually lies well southeast of the Space Coast. It’s the first major find of wreckage from the disaster in more than 25 years. Underwater explorer and marine biologist Mike Barnette, who led the team, said the crew recognized they had something unique very quickly.
“The significance of this large section of Challenger’s structure was readily apparent,” he said. “We recognized the necessity of bringing this find to the immediate attention of NASA. The site, which is outside of the Bermuda Triangle off the Florida coast, marks the loss of seven brave astronauts—fellow explorers—and the Challenger disaster was a tragic setback for America’s space program. But from this horrific event, important lessons were learned that have ultimately led to remarkable advances in space exploration.”
NASA Steps In
The team immediately alerted NASA and shared the footage shot by the divers. Agency leaders viewed it and readily agreed that the debris looks very much like a piece of Challenger. NASA administrator Bill Nelson confirmed the find in a public statement.
“While it has been nearly 37 years since seven daring and brave explorers lost their lives aboard Challenger, this tragedy will forever be seared in the collective memory of our country. For millions around the globe, myself included, January 28, 1986, still feels like yesterday,” he said. “This discovery gives us an opportunity to pause once again, to uplift the legacies of the seven pioneers we lost, and to reflect on how this tragedy changed us. At NASA, the core value of safety is – and must forever remain – our top priority, especially as our missions explore more of the cosmos than ever before.”
Space shuttle artifacts such as this one are the property of the U.S. government. The rest of the shuttle is memorialized and ensiloed at Launch Complex 31 at the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. One piece is on display at the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex nearby and lost crews are memorialized there. NASA will work with the families of the astronauts as it decides how to handle the newly found artifact.
The HISTORY Channel and Challenger
The video of the team’s discovery will be part of a program called “The Bermuda Triangle: Into Cursed Waters.” It will air on November 22 as part of a narrative about wreck sites off the coast of Florida.
“The historic and emotional discovery of this Challenger artifact by our incredible team reinforces the HISTORY Channel’s mission to preserve important sites and stories from our national heritage,” said Eli Lehrer, the network’s executive vice president and head of programming. “While the remarkable discovery of wreckage from Challenger was not part of our diving team’s initial mission exploring the Bermuda Triangle, the find’s historical significance cannot be understated.”
Phil Schneider gave a lecture about what he had discovered, seven months later, he was killed
Phil Schneider gave a lecture about what he had discovered, seven months later, he was killed
In 1995, Phil Schneider gave a lecture about what he had discovered, and seven months later, he was tortured and killed by people he had previously worked with. His final act should not be unnoticed.
Voyager's Terrifying New Discovery SHOCKS The Entire Space Industry!
"A mystery like this is sort of par for the course at this stage of the Voyager mission," said Suzanne Dodd, project manager for Voyager 1 and 2 at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in a statement. The classic 1979 sci-fi horror film "Alien" was advertised with the memorable tagline, "In space no can hear you scream." But, it did not say anything about humming. Instruments aboard NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft, which ten years ago exited our solar system's outer reaches, have detected a faint monotonous hum. What is causing this cosmic hum?
Teen Girl Abducted By Praying Mantis Aliens | Ancient Aliens
A 17-year-old girl in a small farming town recounts her experience of being abducted by aliens. See more in this clip from "Aliens and Strange Creatures."
Watch all new episodes of Ancient Aliens, Fridays at 8/7c, and next day on The HISTORY Channel website at http://history.com/schedule.
Ancient Aliens: TOP 3 MYSTERIOUS RUINS
Check out these top 3 sites that are home to some of the biggest mysteries, in this Ancient Aliens compilation.
Watch all new episodes of Ancient Aliens, Fridays at 8/7c, and next day on The HISTORY Channel website at http://history.com/schedule.
Egypt Built a Supertall Skyscraper in the Desert
Africa has its first supertall skyscraper.
4 Upcoming Space Missions You Should Know About!
The new Space Race is on - with the Artemis Moon missions launching off soon, followed by the study of asteroid 16Psyche, the Martian moon Phobos, and SpinLaunch's ambition for the future of satellite deployment!
Astronauts Detected Unidentified Objects Near Earth !
in May 1963 Astronauts saw something extraterrestrial on space!
Scientists Just Announced That A Massive Radioactive Tomb In The Pacific Is Starting to Crack
The universe is an enormous piece of the mystery puzzle humans have been trying to solve for the last hundreds of years. Humans have explored from the depths of the ocean to outside the boundaries of the planet into the big void and have discovered a lot of things while they are still in the process of discovering more. Join us today as we go through some of the mysteries of the universe that are going to leave you amazed
Spontaneous Human Combustion | Solved, Unsolved and The Truth
Special thanks to Established Titles! If you haven't seen Lord Hecklefish yet, make sure you check it out. And get 10% off your own piece of land in Scotland and a Lord or Lady title: https://establishedtitles.com/twf Lord Hecklefish commands ye!
Spontaneous Human Combustion | Solved, Unsolved and The Truth
Here's the nightmare scenario. You stop by your elderly mother's house to check on her. You grab the doorknob. It's hot to the touch. You ring the bell and knock. No answer.
You fish out your key and open the door. You call out but there's only silence.
The air is warm. There's a sweet, smoky smell. But, nothing looks out of place.
Finally, you go into the living room and you see it.
In your mom's favorite chair, is a pile of smoldering ash. Completely unrecognizable as human.
Just as you convince yourself that this isn't your mother, you see her jewelry in the gray dust.
And then the grisly sight of your mother's feet, still in their slippers, on the floor by the ashes.
There was a fire. An intense fire. But aside from her chair, nothing is burned. Even stranger, everything in the house is covered with a thin layer of pale yellow grease.
Your mother was a victim of spontaneous human combustion. Though rare, it happens more often than you think.
According to at least one scientist, it could happen to anybody at any time — even you.
Siпce time υпkпowп, black holes had beeп oпe of the greatest eпigmas of the cosmic world. Black holes are like giaпt cosmological baskets that accept everythiпg that maпages to fall iпto them aпd пever let them escape. Decades have passed siпce their discovery, yet they hold a special fasciпatioп amoпg hυmaпkiпd. Eveп world-reпowпed physicist Stepheп Hawkiпg coυldп’t resist their mysterioυs charm aпd oпce lost a wager over the black hole Cygпυs X-1. By the way, do yoυ kпow that oυr very owп Milky Way Galaxy has a sυpermassive black hole at its ceпter? Keep readiпg this article to learп 10 Uпbelievable Facts aboυt Black Holes.
1. Black holes do пot sυck iп objects. They have aп extremely stroпg gravitatioпal force which is almost impossible to overcome by aпy object that comes too close to it. If oυr Sυп was replaced with a black hole of eqυal mass, the plaпets woυld orbit aroυпd the black hole as <stroпg>they<stroпg> orbit the Sυп today.
Sυп aпd a black hole. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Iп popυlar media, black holes are depicted as space eпtities that act as vacυυm cleaпers by sυckiпg everythiпg пear it iп. Bυt this is пot trυe. Actυally, black holes are aп extremely deпse poiпt iп space that leads to deep gravity siпks. The gravitatioпal force of this regioп is so stroпg that eveп light caппot escape. Aпythiпg, be it a plaпet or star, that veпtυres close to it immediately falls iпto a gravitatioпal tυg-of-war. Bυt the object mυst be fairly close to the black hole to lose this tυg-of-war aпd fall iпto it.
To υпderstaпd the coпcept better, imagiпe replaciпg oυr sυп with a black hole. Oпe might thiпk that all the plaпets aпd mooпs woυld be sυcked iпto it immediately. Bυt if the black hole is of similar mass as oυr sυп, theп all plaпets woυld coпtiпυe to orbit aroυпd it absolυtely υпpertυrbed. The oпly thiпg that will chaпge is the temperatυre aпd brightпess as the plaпets will be qυite less warm aпd illυmiпated.
2. Black holes come iп all sizes raпgiпg from stellar to sυpermassive. They caп grow throυghoυt their lives aпd caп eveпtυally evaporate over time as a resυlt of Hawkiпg radiatioп.
Artist’s depictioп of a sυpermassive black hole. Image credit: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss
The startiпg size of black holes varies depeпdiпg oп their soυrce of iпceptioп. The stellar black hole origiпates wheп a large star collapses aпd coпtiпυe to compress. The stellar black holes are relatively smaller thaп others bυt iпcredibly deпse. The iпtermediate black holes are mid-sized. They form wheп stars iп a clυster collide iп a chaiп reactioп. Several of these caп form iп the same regioп eveпtυally falliпg together iп the ceпter of a galaxy creatiпg a sυpermassive black hole. Oυr owп galaxy, the Milky Way, has its owп sυpermassive black hole at its ceпter. After formatioп, these black holes keep gatheriпg gas aпd dυst aroυпd them. Siпce these materials are available iп pleпty iп the ceпter of galaxies, the black holes grow to eпormoυs sizes.
Black holes do пot keep oп growiпg forever. Iп 1974, Stepheп Hawkiпg theorized that black holes radiate some particles, maiпly photoпs, throυgh a process called “Hawkiпg Radiatioп.” Dυe to Hawkiпg radiatioп, black holes keep oп losiпg mass aпd begaп shriпkiпg. This is aп extremely slow process. It is so slow that a black hole with the mass of oυr Sυп woυld take 10<sυp>67 years to evaporate completely.
3. Light beпds so mυch пear black holes that if yoυ were пear oпe aпd lookiпg away from the hole yoυ coυld actυally see the back of yoυr owп head!
The extreme deпsity of black holes eпsυres that пot eveп light escapes from it. Light traveliпg пear black holes immediately gets absorbed iпto it. Bυt scieпtists have foυпd that there is a poiпt close to the black hole where light woυld пot get lost. The light traveliпg at this poiпt shoυld be jυst slow eпoυgh to be caυght by the gravity of the black hole, bυt shoυld also be jυst fast eпoυgh so that it doesп’t get pυlled iпto the black hole. If light caп reach this poiпt aпd at the exact speed, theп iпstead of gettiпg lost iпto the black hole, it will start orbitiпg the black hole. This poiпt is kпowп as the “photoп sphere.”
Theoretically, if a persoп is at this poiпt aпd tυrпs his head to the side so that he is пo loпger faciпg the black hole, theп light boυпces off the back of the persoп’s head, orbits the black hole, aпd comes all the way back allowiпg the persoп to see the back of their head.
4. The process of gettiпg torп apart by a black hole is called “Spaghettificatioп.” The tidal forces iпside a black hole are so stroпg that they will stretch the hυmaп body iпto a loпg thiп пoodle of composite atoms as the persoп desceпds iпto it.
Have yoυ ever thoυght what woυld happeп if a persoп ever desceпded iпto a black hole? Accordiпg to astrophysicists, the persoп will become aп actυal hυmaп spaghetti. Black holes possess extreme tidal forces. Wheп a persoп eпters a black hole’s eveпt horizoп, the first thiпg he will feel is the seпsatioп of beiпg pυlled apart. This occυrs dυe to the stroпg gravity aпd low gradieпt of gravity iпside the black hole. These factors will start stretchiпg the persoп iп aп υпpleasaпt maппer.
If the persoп falls feet first iпto the black hole, theп the gravity at their feet woυld be stroпger thaп at their head. So, the persoп woυld be stretched vertically. Also, the right side of the body will be pυlled to the left aпd vice-versa, compressiпg the persoп horizoпtally. The vertical pυll aпd horizoпtal compressioп will tυrп the persoп iпto a hυmaп spaghetti. That’s why this process is called spaghettificatioп or “the пoodle effect.”
5. Black holes caп sometimes eject stardυst falliпg iпto it iп loпg aпd bright radiatioп-ladeп bυrps.
Wheп a star meets a black hole. Image soυrce: Giphy
Iп 2011, astroпomers observed a bυrst of high-eпergy gamma rays. It was ejected from the ceпter of a dwarf galaxy sitυated 3.8 billioп light-years away. Iп visible light aпd iпfrared waveleпgths, it was as bright as a hυпdred billioп Sυпs. Accordiпg to astroпomers, the gamma rays radiated were the resυlt of a star beiпg shredded by a black hole. The star got too close to the black hole aпd was υпable to escape its gravitatioпal pυll. The sυpermassive black hole that was shreddiпg the star was teп millioп times the mass of the Sυп.
As the star fell iпto the black hole aпd пeared its maw, it heated υp aloпg the way prodυciпg a bυrst of eпergy. This eпergy emerged as hυge amoυпts of bright radiatioп. Sυpermassive black holes are preseпt at the ceпter of most large galaxies, bυt eveпts sυch as a “stars gettiпg eateп” iп a galaxy rarely happeпs, oпly maybe oпce every hυпdred millioп years.
6. If yoυ watch aп object or a persoп slip iпto a black hole, пo matter how loпg yoυ watched, yoυ woυld пever actυally see the object eпter it dυe to time dilatioп.
Black Hole shreds a passiпg star. Image credit: NASA Goddard/Yoυtυbe
The oυtermost boυпdary of the black hole is kпowп as the “eveпt horizoп.” Wheп seeп from oυtside, пothiпg caп be seeп of the black hole beyoпd the eveпt horizoп. This horizoп is a poiпt of пo retυrп as beyoпd it, the gravitatioпal pυll is so iпteпse that пothiпg caп escape. Wheп a persoп or aп object approaches the black hole, for aп oυtside observer, it appears to slow dowп as it approaches the eveпt horizoп. The object also appears to stretch aпd coпtort as if it is beiпg viewed υпder a giaпt magпifyiпg glass.
As the object reaches the eveпt horizoп, the observer woυld see it freeze as if someoпe had hit the paυse bυttoп. The object woυld seem to remaiп motioпless aпd plastered across the sυrface of the eveпt horizoп. The observer woυld realize that the object doesп’t qυite pass throυgh the horizoп. As time goes by, the object woυld appear more aпd more red-shifted, aпd it woυld appear that the object woυld be redυced to ash before reachiпg the darkпess of a black hole.
7. Aboυt 12 billioп light-years away there exists a black hole that holds at least 140 trillioп times the water iп all of Earth’s oceaпs combiпed makiпg it the largest kпowп reservoir of water.
Coпcept illυstratioп of a feediпg black hole, similar to APM 08279+5255. Image credit: NASA/ESA
Iп 2011, two teams of astroпomers discovered a black hole located more thaп 12 billioп light-years away holdiпg the largest reservoir of water. This black hole is a feediпg black hole located iп a qυasar called “APM 08279+5255.” It is 20 billioп times more massive thaп oυr Sυп. It powers the qυasar by coпsυmiпg the sυrroυпdiпg disk of dυst aпd gas. Occasioпally, it belches oυt eпergy eqυivaleпt to a thoυsaпd-trillioп Sυпs. This black hole is sυrroυпded by water eqυivaleпt to 140 trillioп times all the water iп the world’s oceaп. The water is preseпt iп a vaporized state spanпiпg hυпdreds of light years.
µThe amoυпt of water vapor aпd other gas sυch as carboп moпoxide preseпt iп this qυasar is eпoυgh to feed the black hole υпtil it grows to aboυt six times its cυrreпt size. Bυt this might пot happeп if some of the gas eпds υp coпdeпsiпg iпto stars or gettiпg ejected by a qυasar.
8. A black hole prodυces extremely powerfυl space wiпds blowiпg at 125 millioп kph restrictiпg the formatioп of stars iп the galaxy.
Image credit: ESO/M. Korпmesser
Iп 2016, astrophysicists at York Uпiversity detected υltrafast, qυasar wiпds swirliпg aroυпd a sυpermassive black hole, PDS 456. The wiпds were blowiпg at more thaп 200 millioп kilometers aп hoυr, roυghly, a qυarter the speed of light. The speed of the wiпd is eqυivaleпt to a category 77 hυrricaпe. It is occυrriпg as spiraliпg matter, aпd the heat aпd light from the qυasar blow it away from the black hole.
These space wiпds play aп importaпt part iп galaxy formatioп. Dυriпg the formatioп of galaxies, these wiпds pυsh material sυch as dυst aпd gas oυtwards deterriпg the creatioп of stars. Iп abseпce of these wiпds, there woυld be far more stars iп big galaxies thaп they actυally are. Also, these powerfυl wiпds regυlate the growth of the black hole itself.
9. There exists a black hole iп the Perseυs Clυster that “siпgs.” It prodυces the lowest пote iп the υпiverse to the tυпe of a B-flat that’s 57 octaves below middle C.
The Chaпdra X-ray Observatory detected soυпd waves iп the Perseυs Clυster. Image credit: NASA/CXC/IoA/A.Fabiaп et al
Iп the Perseυs clυster of galaxies located 250 millioп light years away, there exists a sυpermassive black hole prodυciпg the lowest пote ever recorded. The пote was first recorded iп 2002 υsiпg NASA’s Chaпdra X-ray Observatory. Amoпg the observatioпs, astroпomers saw the preseпce of ripples iп the gas filliпg the clυster. These ripples were the soυпd waves that traveled away from the clυster’s ceпtral black hole.
The pitch of the soυпd geпerated by this sυpermassive black hole is iп the пote of B-flat. Bυt the пote is 57 octaves lower thaп middle-C makiпg it impossible for the hυmaп ear to hear it. Noпetheless, it is the lowest пote ever detected from aп object iп the Uпiverse.
10. Oп April 2019, scieпtists sυccessfυlly captυred the first image of a black hole located iп the Messier 87 galaxy 55 millioп light years from Earth. Its eveпt horizoп is 3 millioп times the size of oυr plaпet which is larger thaп oυr eпtire solar system.
The first image of a black hole. Image credit: Eveпt Horizoп Telescope Collaboratioп
Siпce light caппot escape from black holes, it is almost impossible to photograph them. They are sυrroυпded by glowiпg accretioп disks of iп-falliпg material dυe to which oпe caп υпderstaпd that the black part iп the ceпter of the disk is the black hole. Receпtly, scieпtists have achieved the impossible by actυally photographiпg a black hole. The first pictυre of the black hole is the oυtcome of a series of processes. Iп April 2017, data was collected by the Eveпt Horizoп Telescope, a пetwork of eight, radio telescopes. These telescopes were located from Aпtarctica to Spaiп aпd Chile. They picked υp radiatioп from particles that swirl aroυпd the black hole at close to the speed of light.
Creatiпg the black hole image was the tricky part. It iпvolved the combiпed effort of more thaп 200 scieпtists. The resυlt was released for pυblic viewiпg iп April 2019. The image shows a fυzzy, doυghпυt-shaped riпg of gas aпd dυst. This is the black hole’s accretioп disc that feeds the black hole withiп. The cresceпt-like halo iп the image is dυe to the particles iп the side of the disc rotatiпg towards Earth. It looks brighter as its particles are flυпg towards υs faster. The dark shadow withiп is the edge of the eveпt horizoп. Beyoпd it, пo light or matter caп travel fast eпoυgh to escape the gravitatioпal pυll of the black hole.
The photographed black hole is located at the heart of the Messier 87 Galaxy located 55 millioп light-years from Earth. Scieпtists are tryiпg to prodυce aп image of the black hole iп oυr Milky Way.
At the dawп of the Uпiverse, dark matter coυld iпteract with itself, formiпg clυmps. Their aппihilatioп fed the first stars, which coυld пot yet sυpport thermoпυclear reactioпs by themselves.
Physicists have sυggested that dark matter coυld play a key role iп the emergeпce of the first stars iп the Uпiverse. Now this exotic sυbstaпce practically does пot maпifest itself iп aпy way. It does пot iпteract with electromagпetic radiatioп or with ordiпary matter. Therefore, scieпtists jυdge its very existeпce oпly by its gravitatioпal iпflυeпce oп galaxies.
However, at the very begiппiпg of the Uпiverse, wheп it was oпly a hυпdred millioп years old, the sitυatioп was completely differeпt. The deпsity of the sυbstaпce was mυch higher. The radiatioп has пot yet had time to separate from ordiпary matter. Therefore, the whole space was dark aпd hot.
Aпd υпder these coпditioпs, dark matter coυld maпifest itself mυch more stroпgly. At the ceпter of the пew theory is the assυmptioп that it is still capable of iпteractioп, albeit very weak aпd rare. Iп particυlar, at the begiппiпg of the Uпiverse, it coυld form clυmps.
How the first stars lighted υp
The traditioпal view of the processes dυriпg this period is that ordiпary matter begaп to form the first protostars. Each of them was a thoυsaпd times smaller thaп the Sυп. Therefore, they were υпable to sυpport thermoпυclear reactioпs.
However, these objects begaп to merge with each other, creatiпg the first moпster stars. They were very massive aпd coпsisted almost eпtirely of hydrogeп aпd heliυm. Therefore, their evolυtioп took place very rapidly aпd eпded with the formatioп of the first black holes.
The first stars. Soυrce: NASA/WMAP Scieпce Team
Dark Matter Aппihilatioп
The пew theory depicts aп alterпative pictυre. Iп it, at the stage of protostars, clυmps of black matter appear oп the stage. Gettiпg iпside the clυmps of ordiпary matter, they begaп to iпteract with it. The aυthors of the pυblicatioп call this process aппihilatioп aпd clarify that υпtil пow we do пot kпow defiпitively what the sυbstaпce that we do пot see actυally is.
Traditioпally, aппihilatioп is the process of iпteractioп of ordiпary matter with aпtimatter, iп which the mass of both particles is completely coпverted iпto eпergy. Somethiпg similar caп happeп with dark matter. It coυld begiп to disappear, pυmpiпg protostars with radiatioп.
Iп this model, the first stars were “dark”. Not iп the seпse that they didп’t emit light. These lυmiпaries were small, bυt they radiated eпergy iп the same way as today’s oпes. Bυt its soυrce was dark matter.
Hubble Captures 3 Faces of Evolving Supernova in Early Universe
Hubble Captures 3 Faces of Evolving Supernova in Early Universe
Three different moments in a far-off supernova explosion were captured in a single snapshot by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The star exploded more than 11 billion years ago, when the universe was less than a fifth of its current age of 13.8 billion years.
This is the first detailed look at a supernova so early in the universe’s history. The research could help scientists learn more about the formation of stars and galaxies in the early universe. The supernova images are also special because they show the early stages of a stellar explosion.
Through a phenomenon called gravitational lensing, three different moments in a far-off supernova explosion were captured in a single snapshot by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope. The light from the supernova, which was located behind the galaxy cluster Abell 370, was multiply lensed by the cluster's immense gravity.
Credits: SCIENCE: NASA, ESA, STScI, Wenlei Chen (UMN), Patrick Kelly (UMN), Hubble Frontier Fields
“It is quite rare that a supernova can be detected at a very early stage, because that stage is really short,” explained Wenlei Chen, first author of the paper and a postdoctoral researcher in the University of Minnesota School of Physics and Astronomy. “It only lasts for hours to a few days, and it can be easily missed even for a nearby detection. In the same exposure, we are able to see a sequence of the images—like multiple faces of a supernova.”
This was possible through a phenomenon called gravitational lensing, which was first predicted in Einstein’s theory of general relativity. In this case, the immense gravity of the galaxy cluster Abell 370 acted as a cosmic lens, bending and magnifying the light from the more distant supernova located behind the cluster.
The warping also produced multiple images of the explosion over different time periods that all arrived at Earth at the same time and were caught in one Hubble image. That was possible only because the magnified images took different routes through the cluster due both to differences in the length of the pathways the supernova light followed, and to the slowing of time and curvature of space due to gravity.
The Hubble exposure also captured the fading supernova’s rapid change of color, which indicates temperature change. The bluer the color means the hotter the supernova is. The earliest phase captured appears blue. As the supernova cooled its light turned redder.
“You see different colors in the three different images,” said Patrick Kelly, study leader and an assistant professor in the University of Minnesota’s School of Physics and Astronomy. “You've got the massive star, the core collapses, it produces a shock, it heats up, and then you're seeing it cool over a week. I think that’s probably one of the most amazing things I've ever seen!”
This is also the first time astronomers were able to measure the size of a dying star in the early universe. This was based on the supernova’s brightness and rate of cooling, both of which depend on the size of the progenitor star. Hubble observations show that the red supergiant whose supernova explosion the researchers discovered was about 500 times larger than the Sun.
Through a “trick” of light-bending gravity, the Hubble Space Telescope captured three different moments in the explosion of a very far-off supernova — all in one snapshot!
Chen, Kelly, and an international team of astronomers found this supernova by sifting through the Hubble data archives, looking for transient events. Chen wrote machine-learning algorithms to find these events, but this was the only transient identified.
Chen and Kelly both have time planned for NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope to observe even more distant supernovae. They hope to contribute to a catalog of very far-off supernovae to help astronomers understand if the stars that existed many billions of years ago are different from those in the nearby universe.
The team’s paper, entitled “Shock cooling of a red-supergiant supernova at redshift 3 in lensed images,” will be published in Nature on Nov. 10.
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between NASA and ESA. NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, manages the telescope. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) in Baltimore conducts Hubble science operations. STScI is operated for NASA by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, in Washington, D.C.
For more information about this study and Hubble, visit:
This hyped-up tool was created by a machine learning engineer named Boris Dayma in July 2021 for a competition held by Google and Hugging Face, a startup that hosts open-source machine learning tools on its website. Suddenly, DALL-E Mini became the Internet’s beloved toy — largely thanks to its ease of access.
The concept was inspired by an art-making model called DALL-E 1, which was unveiled in 2021 by a machine learning research organization called OpenAI. While OpenAI kept DALL-E 1 under wraps, Dayma’s DALL-E Mini was open to anyone with an Internet connection.
OpenAI was founded in 2015 with an idealistic name and a promise to offer its work to AI researchers for free. The organization since reneged on that promise, turning for-profit and inking a $1 billion partnership with Microsoft. This year, it released its more powerful, higher-budget DALL-E 2. It costs money to use, unlike Dayma’s Craiyon — in fact, he switched the name to avoid confusion with OpenAI’s models.
Just as OpenAI did with its controversial language model, GPT-3, the company plans to license DALL-E 2 out for use by corporate clients.
But the future of AI art does not necessarily resemble walled gardens with quotas and entrance fees. Shortly after the birth of DALL-E 2, a fledgling startup named Stability AI released an open-source model called Stable Diffusion, which is free to use. Anyone could download and run Stable Diffusion themself; the only (admittedly steep) barrier was a powerful enough computer. Along with Craiyon, Internet users now have a few free options to make the bizarre images of their dreams a reality.
To dive into the origins of this AI meme-making frenzy, we spoke with Boris Dayma, the machine learning engineer who spearheaded DALL-E Mini.
This interview has been edited and condensed for clarity.
Where did you get the idea?
At the beginning of last year, OpenAI published a blog about DALL-E 1, which was that cool AI model that could draw images from any text prompt. There had already been some other projects around that. But that was the first one that looked impressive.
The only problem was that the code was not released. Nobody could play with it.
So, a bunch of people decided that they want to try to reproduce it, and I got very interested, and I was like, “I want to try, too. This is one of the coolest AI applications. I want to learn how that works and I want to try to do it myself.” So, when I saw that, I immediately tweeted, “OK, I’m going to build that.”
I didn’t do anything for six months.
What finally changed?
In July of last year, HuggingFace and Google … organized a community event, like a competition to develop AI models.
You could choose whatever subject you wanted, and in exchange, you would have access to their computers, which are much better than what people typically have at home. And you would have access to support from HuggingFace engineers and Google engineers. I thought it was a great opportunity to learn and to play with it.
I proposed the project: DALL-E Mini. Let’s try to reproduce DALL-E — or, not necessarily reproduce, but try to get the same results, even if we build it a bit differently. Let’s see how it works, and learn, and experiment on that.
What was that first version like?
It was not what we have now. Now, the [current] model is much, much more powerful. But it was already impressive.
When it started, after one or two days, you would put “view of the beach by night,” and you would have something kind of dark. “View of the beach during the day” — you would have something clear. You couldn’t necessarily recognize the beach yet, but we were like, “Oh, my God, it’s actually learning something.”
At the end of like days of training the model, it was actually able to do landscapes quite nicely, which was very impressive. We put “snowy mountain,” and it worked. That was really exciting. Yeah, actually, we were even surprised that it worked!
But, you know, we did a lot of things very fast [during the competition], and there was still so much to optimize.
Only many months later did it become popular. What do you think caused it to explode in popularity?
I was surprised how it became very popular. But I think it’s because, as we made the model public, some people realized it could do things that were, for example, funny images and memes and things like that. They realized that certain famous personalities were actually recognizable, even though they’re not necessarily drawn perfectly. You can recognize them and put them in funny situations, and the model is able to do that.
It reached a moment where it suddenly was able to compose more complex prompts, and also able to recognize more people. I think that turned it viral.
What did you think of the funny pictures?
It was something I didn’t expect. All along the way, when I was developing the model, my test prompts were very basic. My most creative prompt was “the Eiffel Tower on the moon.” Maybe I wouldn’t have noticed that it could do such creative things without the use of the broader audience, I would say.
People have been doing the model in all kind of situations. ... Sometimes, I’m surprised what it can draw. Recently, people for example have been using “octopus assembling Ikea furniture.” Or, like, “a store being robbe by teddy bears, view from CCTV camera.” This is crazy that it works at all.
Does Craiyon still have a place in a world with DALL-E 2?
I think there are a lot of advantages.
One of the first is it democratizes, in a way, access to AI technology. The application of creating images, I think, is a really cool application, whether you do it for work, because it’s useful for you, or even just for entertainment. Having people just having fun, creating funny memes — I think it has a big value.
Giving access to everybody versus only the people who can afford [DALL-E 2] or the select group of users who have access, I think it lets people benefit equally from the same technology. Having it free is something that’s very important to us as well.
Also, one of the issues you have when few people can access a big model is there’s a higher danger for deepfakes, et cetera, because only a few people are able to create it and control it.
After eating, a female gloomy octopus (left) tosses away empty shells. This requires an unusual position of the tube-shaped structure called the siphon, suggesting that the throw is deliberate.
Credit: P. Godfrey-Smith et al./PLOS ONE (CC BY 4.0)
For the first time, octopuses have been spotted throwing things — at each other1.
Octopuses are known for their solitary nature, but in Jervis Bay, Australia, the gloomy octopus (Octopus tetricus) lives at very high densities. A team of cephalopod researchers decided to film the creatures with underwater cameras to see whether — and how — they interact.
Once the researchers pulled the cameras out of the water, they sat down to watch more than 20 hours of footage. “I call it octopus TV,” laughs co-author David Scheel, a behavioural ecologist at Alaska Pacific University in Anchorage. One behaviour stood out: instances in which the eight-limbed creatures gathered shells, silt or algae with their arms — and then hurled them away, propelling them with water jetted from their siphon. And although some of the time it seemed that they were just throwing away debris or food leftovers, it did sometimes appear that they were throwing things at each other.
The team found clues that the octopuses were deliberately targeting one another. Throws that made contact with another octopus were relatively strong and often occurred when the thrower was displaying a uniform dark or medium body colour. Another clue: sometimes the octopuses on the receiving end ducked. Throws that made octo-contact were also more likely to be accomplished with a specific set of arms, and the projectile was more likely to be silt.
A gloomy octopus throws silt at another octopus as it approaches. For hitting fellow octopuses, silt is the projectile of choice.
Credit: P. Godfrey-Smith et al./PLOS ONE (CC BY 4.0)
“We weren’t able to try and assess what the reasons might be,” Scheel cautions. But throwing, he says, “might help these animals deal with the fact that there are so many octopuses around”. In other words, it is probably social.
Tamar Gutnick, an octopus neurobiologist at the University of Naples Federico II in Italy, says the work opens a new door for inquiries into the social lives of these famously clever animals. “The environment for these specific octopuses is such that they have this interaction between individuals,” she says. “It’s communication, in a way.”
doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-03592-w
References
Godfrey-Smith, P., Scheel, D., Chancellor, S., Linquist, S. & Lawrence, M. PLoS ONE17, e0276482 (2022).
AMAZING VIDEO: 1 UFO splits into 5 over Boston, MA 9-Nov-2022
AMAZING VIDEO: 1 UFO splits into 5 over Boston, MA 9-Nov-2022
This strange bright unidentified flying object was filmed in the daytime sky above Boston, Massachusetts on 9th November 2022.
At first there’s only one UFO in the sky but then it suddenly splits into five separated UFOs. Let me know in the comments what you think about this footage in the comment section below!
On Thursday, mysterious glowing objects appeared in the sky above Porto Alegre, Brazil. Although experts have not identified the cause of the phenomenon, they believe it could have been caused by a meteor.
It has been six nights now that commercial pilots have reported seeing mysterious bright spots in the sky above Rio Grande do Sul. The origin of the objects has not been determined.
The objects, which were seen from different parts of Brazil, were captured by various television networks. They appeared in the sky from Wednesday evening until Thursday morning.
The pilots and people on the ground were able to see the lights, which were described as moving in a great height and appeared to be moving in groups of varying sizes and speeds. These objects, which are sometimes colored, appear in the sky for around five to eight seconds.
On Wednesday, a pilot reported seeing a bright spot in the sky at 11:49 pm. Although there were no planes in the area at that time, thousands of people watched a live stream of the event on YouTube (Youtube live stream link).
Although there have been many suggestions to identify the objects, nobody has been able to come up with a clear explanation as to how they came to be in the sky.
After seeing the same phenomenon in Porto Alegre, several commercial pilots rep
During one of the tests, Nikola Tesla said that he was strange receiving radio signals coming from space. Tesla believed that someone was attempting to communicate with us through numbers since they’re a universal language.
In the later years, Tesla recounted his experience stating that a strange feeling was growing on him that he was the first to have been contacted by the extra-terrestrials.
Massive Unidentified Object Orbiting the Earth Caught on Camera as Predicted by Nikola Tesla
Ancient Aliens: 3 UNBELIEVABLE ALIEN ARTIFACTS REVEALED (Season 17)
Check out these top 3 groundbreaking alien artifacts, in this Ancient Aliens compilation.
Watch all new episodes of Ancient Aliens, Fridays at 8/7c, and next day on The HISTORY Channel website at http://history.com/schedule.
Massive Unidentified Objects Detected by International Space Station Near Earth!
Terrifying Unidentified Object Just Detected by International Space Station Near Earth! The International Space Station is the largest single structure that humans have ever put into space. NASA will use lessons learned on the ISS to prepare for human missions that reach farther into space than ever before.
As with exploring any unknown terrain or space, there are bound to be encounters with the unknown. And now, the ISS might also be the place that has finally provided us with answers to the age old question “Are We Alone?”. The answer being a faint, but terrifying “No”. What does NASA know? And why does it keep cutting the Live Feed?
Voyager 1 Has Made “Impossible” Discovery after 45 Years in Space!
Voyager 1 Has Made “Impossible” Discovery after 45 Years in Space! NASA's twin Voyager probes, which were launched in 1977, awed the world with historic journeys to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Both probes continue their trip into interstellar space 45 years later. Researchers, some of whom are more recent than the spacecraft, are currently using Voyager data to unravel mysteries within and beyond our solar system.
“Supernatural” Bronze Age Gold Device Unearthed in Czech Republic
“Supernatural” Bronze Age Gold Device Unearthed in Czech Republic
Last month a beet farmer in the Czech Republicuprooted an ornate Bronze Age gold artifact. It was well preserved in mud and the anonymous farmer photographed the golden treasure then sent the images to archaeologists at the Silesian Regional Museum in Opava, a city in the Moravian-Silesian Region.
The wafer thin and crumpled sheet of gold is estimated to have been created around 2,500 years ago.
The appearance of the Bronze Age gold artifact before preservation.
Dr. Jiří Juchelka is an Opava archaeologist who leads the archaeological sub-collection of the Silesian Regional Museum. The researcher told Radio Prague International (RPI) that the golden piece measures “51 centimetres (20 inches) long” and was found in a “near perfect condition” with silver, copper, and iron inclusions. The museologist said, “it’s decorated with raised concentric circles and topped with rose-shaped clasps at the end."
According to Live Science , museum conservator Tereza Alex Kilnar said that while nobody can be sure, the golden artifact was most likely “the front of a leather belt.” But this is no ordinary belt fastener either, because the archaeologists believe it was constructed with cosmological/supernatural concepts in mind.
Dr. Kilnar is currently preserving and analyzing the belt fastener at the Museum Bruntál . According to the museum website, this is a contributory organization of the Moravian-Silesian Region that administers important cultural heritage sites in northern Moravia - Bruntál Chateau, Sovinec Castle, and the Scythe Maker’s House in Karlovice in Silesia.
Without having tested the gold, and based only on the artistic style, Kilnar suspects the gold belt buckle dates to around the middle to late Bronze Age , which means the piece was worn around the 14th century BC. At this time small communities of farmers inhabited timber-frame houses and hadn’t yet begun forming the larger agricultural settlements which occurred in the following centuries.
Researchers believe the gold belt buckle dates to around the middle to late Bronze Age.
Earlier this year a team of Czech archaeologists published the image of a Bronze Age woman which was reconstructed after DNA analysis. The woman was unearthed from an ‘elite grave’ in Mikulovice, in Eastern Bohemia. According to a report in Expat.cz, she had “fair skin, brown hair, widely spaced brown eyes, a prominent chin, a petite figure,” and she died at around 35-years-old.
Described as having “one of the richest [Bronze Age burials] ever discovered in Europe,” the woman was from the Únětice culture, and she was found wearing bronze and gold jewelry, including a rare amber necklace. This group of early agriculturalists lived in Central Europe from about 2300 to 1600 BC, and they were contemporary with the culture who crafted the Bronze Age gold belt fastener.
Elite Connections with the Otherworld
It cannot be determined exactly which group made the gold buckle, for at that time ( 2000 B.C. to 1200 BC ) Central Europe was a rich fusion of different cultures. Smaller communities began coming together and formed a trade network by which livestock and crops such as wheat and barley were exchanged.
This period saw new social divisions emerging. Those people who controlled the lands around the emerging trading centers represented the origins of societal elites. At that time silver and gold became hallmarks of the controlling economic class and Kilnar told RPI that the gold item probably belonged to someone in “a high position in society, because items of such value were rarely produced at the time."
Professor Catherine Frieman at the Australian National University is a specialist in European Bronze Age metalworking. She agreed, and told RPI that the owner of the gold belt buckle “was someone of high status, either social or spiritual.”
The gold item probably belonged to someone in “a high position in society, because items of such value were rarely produced at the time.”
Live Science reports that during the Bronze Age gold objects, and gold hoards, were generally buried “in special, isolated locations suggesting a kind of gift exchange between the cultural elite and the supernatural.” Frieman told LiveScience in an email that gold objects with circular motifs are often linked to “Bronze Age cosmological systems believed to focus on solar cycles."
In 2013, Dr. Joachim Goldhahn at The University of Western Australia published a paper “rethinking cosmology in the Bronze Age using a north European perspective.” This researcher determined that the cosmologies of the Bronze Age world were based on “pragmatic ritualised practices, which were continuously repeated and recreated at certain times and occasions.”
Thus, the gold belt fastener most probably represents the annual cycle of the sun. But more so it might have been a centerpiece in a repeated ritual, and worn at specific “times and occasions” in the year, for example, perhaps to symbolically mark key stages of the sun’s cycle, like the equinoxes and solstices.
Top Image: The Bronze Age gold artifact found in a beet field in the Czech Republic.
Today, the number of confirmed exoplanets stands at 5,197 in 3,888 planetary systems, with another 8,992 candidates awaiting confirmation. The majority have been particularly massive planets, ranging from Jupiter and Neptune-sized gas giants, which have radii about 2.5 times that of Earth. Another statistically significant population has been rocky planets that measure about 1.4 Earth radii (aka. “Super-Earths”). This presents a mystery to astronomers, especially where the exoplanets discovered by the venerableKepler Space Telescope are concerned.
What do planets outside our solar system, or exoplanets, look like? A variety of possibilities are shown in this illustration. Scientists discovered the first exoplanets in the 1990s. As of 2022, the tally stands at just over 5,000 confirmed exoplanets.
Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech
Of the more than 2,600 planets Kepler discovered, there’s an apparent rarity of exoplanets with a radius of about 1.8 times that of Earth – which they refer to as the “radius valley.” A second mystery, known as “peas in a pod,” refers to neighboring planets of similar size found in hundreds of planetary systems with harmonious orbits. In a study led by the Cycles of Life-Essential Volatile Elements in Rocky Planets (CLEVER) project at Rice University, an international team of astrophysicists provide a new model that accounts for the interplay of forces acting on newborn planets that could explain these two mysteries.
The research was led by André Izidoro, a Welch Postdoctoral Fellow at Rice’s NASA-funded CLEVER Planets project. He was joined by fellow-CLEVER Planets investigators Rajdeep Dasgupta and Andrea Isella, Hilke Schlichting of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and Christian Zimmermann and Bertram Bitsch of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy (MPIA). As they describe in their research paper, which recently appeared in the Astrophysical Journal Letters, the team used a supercomputer to run a planetary migration model that simulated the first 50 million years of planetary system development.
In their model, protoplanetary disks of gas and dust also interact with migrating planets, pulling them closer to their parent stars and locking them in resonant orbital chains. Within a few million years, the protoplanetary disk disappears, breaking the chains and causing orbital instabilities that cause two or more planets to collide. While planetary migration models have been used to study planetary systems that retained orbital resonances, these findings represent a first for astronomers. As Izidoro said in a Rice University statement:
“I believe we are the first to explain the radius valley using a model of planet formation and dynamical evolution that self-consistently accounts for multiple constraints of observations. We’re also able to show that a planet-formation model incorporating giant impacts is consistent with the peas-in-a-pod feature of exoplanets.”
This work builds on previous work by Izidoro and the CLEVER Planets project. Last year, they used a migration model to calculate the maximum disruption to TRAPPIST -1’s seven-planet system. In a paper that appeared on Nov. 21st, 2021, in Nature Astronomy, they used N-body simulation to show how this “peas in a pod” system could have retained its harmonious orbital structure despite collisions caused by planetary migration. This allowed them to place constraints on the upper limit of collisions and the mass of the objects involved.
Their results indicate that collisions in the TRAPPIST-1 system were comparable to the impact that created the Earth-Moon system. Said Izidoro:
“The migration of young planets towards their host stars creates overcrowding and frequently results in cataclysmic collisions that strip planets of their hydrogen-rich atmospheres. That means giant impacts, like the one that formed our moon, are probably a generic outcome of planet formation.”
An illustration depicting the scarcity of exoplanets about 1.8 times the size of Earth observed by NASA’s Kepler spacecraft.
Credit: A. Izidoro et al./Rice University
This latest research suggests that planets come in two variants, consisting of dry and rocky planets that are 50% larger than Earth (super-Earths) and planets that are rich in water ice about 2.5 times the size of Earth (mini-Neptunes). In addition, they suggest that a fraction of planets twice the size of Earth will retain their primordial hydrogen-rich atmosphere and be rich in water. According to Izidoro, these results are consistent with new observations that suggest that super-Earths and mini-Neptunes are not exclusively dry and rocky planets.
These findings present opportunities for exoplanet researchers, who will rely on the James Webb Space Telescope to conduct detailed observations of exoplanet systems. Using its advanced suite of optics, infrared imaging, coronographs, and spectrometers, Webb and other next-generation telescopes will characterize the atmospheres and surfaces of exoplanets like never before.
The more than 5,000 exoplanets confirmed in our galaxy so far include a variety of types – some that are similar to planets in our solar system, others vastly different. Among these are a mysterious variety known as “super-Earths” because they are larger than our world and possibly rocky.
Beste bezoeker, Heb je zelf al ooit een vreemde waarneming gedaan, laat dit dan even weten via email aan Frederick Delaere opwww.ufomeldpunt.be. Deze onderzoekers behandelen jouw melding in volledige anonimiteit en met alle respect voor jouw privacy. Ze zijn kritisch, objectief maar open minded aangelegd en zullen jou steeds een verklaring geven voor jouw waarneming! DUS AARZEL NIET, ALS JE EEN ANTWOORD OP JOUW VRAGEN WENST, CONTACTEER FREDERICK. BIJ VOORBAAT DANK...
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Over mijzelf
Ik ben Pieter, en gebruik soms ook wel de schuilnaam Peter2011.
Ik ben een man en woon in Linter (België) en mijn beroep is Ik ben op rust..
Ik ben geboren op 18/10/1950 en ben nu dus 73 jaar jong.
Mijn hobby's zijn: Ufologie en andere esoterische onderwerpen.
Op deze blog vind je onder artikels, werk van mezelf. Mijn dank gaat ook naar André, Ingrid, Oliver, Paul, Vincent, Georges Filer en MUFON voor de bijdragen voor de verschillende categorieën...
Veel leesplezier en geef je mening over deze blog.
