Most Useful Machines That Do Incredible Things

In today’s world, technology is evolving faster than ever before and humans are powering it. Brilliant minds all around the world innovate day and night to produce the most advanced machines and equipment that can make our lives easier and our work more efficient. Sure, technology can get terrifying, if you think of it can do, such as tear down entire forests. But it’s also pretty amazing – we use machines to create bridges where humans just can’t on their own. Stick around to learn more about the top 12 most useful machines that help humans do incredible things!

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14-11-2022 om 18:24 geschreven door peter  

In a new documentary, pilots reveal chilling details about the alleged sightings of UFOs

The latest film based on the Night of the UFOs follows a Brazilian fighter pilot who came across a UFO in 1986. In the audio clip, the pilot talks about his frightening encounter with the object.

On May 19, 1986, various people reported seeing over 20 unidentified objects flying across Brazil. These sightings were reported in different areas such as Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Minas Gerais.

One night in 1986 UFOs swarmed over Brazil

The Brazilian Air Force immediately launched fighter jets to intercept the objects. However, the pilots were reportedly left disoriented by the objects and did not have a clear explanation as to why they saw them. According to reports, five of the country’s fighter pilots saw up to 21 objects disappear.

A documentary about the incident features a radio message that one of the pilots sent to the control tower.

The audio of the incident was played in the film. It captured the moment the pilot first encountered the object. In a chilling audio, he can be heard saying, “It’s not an airplane, what is it?”

In a radio message, the fighter pilot noted that there were three objects in the sky. He then asked the control tower to identify the objects. The pilot was confused by the objects and noted that one of them flew in front of Mike-Bravo-Zulu, a radio station. The short clip, which was released by James Fox, featured the pilot’s voice.

The Night of the UFOs was not the first time that a documentary explored the subject. The pilots noted that the objects moved at speeds of up to 11,500 mph. They did not appear on radars.

Local newspaper report of the incident, 1986

The Night of the UFOs documentary was significant as it highlighted the seriousness of the issue, as well as the number of officials around the world who are investigating the possibility of UFOs. In May, the US held a public hearing regarding the issue.

On June 24, the Senate of Brazil held a special session in observance of the 75th anniversary of the UFO Day. It was attended by various UFO enthusiasts and experts.

The number of reported sightings of UFOs has significantly increased worldwide. In just over a year, the number of incidents reported in the US increased from 143 to 400. Reports of these sightings have also increased in other countries such as China and Russia.

Picture from 19th May 1986, Brazil

On the night of the incident, a sergeant working at an airport in Brazil said he saw a light in the sky. He then alerted the control tower. This event, which started the Night of the UFOs, happened at around 8 pm.

Thrilled by the strange activity, Mota approached the control tower of the airport in Brazil’s Sao Paulo to see if an aircraft was flying toward his facility. The control tower did not respond to his query, and the object disappeared.

After a while, the object reappeared. According to Mota, he was able to see it through binoculars, and he found it strange and multi-colored. In an interview with the BBC, he said that he didn’t know if the objects were trying to interact with him.

Three fighter jets were immediately launched. One of these was a Mirage F-103 aircraft piloted by Captain Armindo Sousa Viriato. The pilot noted that as he was about to approach the object, it accelerated to speeds of over 11,500 mph.

After the Night of the UFOs incident, many pilots admitted that they were not aware of what they were witnessing. They were then assigned to identify the objects.

Unfortunately, they were not able to identify the objects due to their fast moving nature. According to a report by the Sun, a pilot from Brazil’s air force said that he was only able to see the objects through visual contact.

In May, Brigadier-General Octavio Moreira Lima, the Minister of Aeronautics, held a press conference to explain the incident. He said that the five fighter jets that were deployed chased over 21 unidentified objects. However, he refused to provide additional details about the nature of the objects or the pilots involved.

Due to the number of people who reported witnessing the incident, the Night of the UFOs incident has been regarded as the most popular talking point regarding the sightings of UFOs in Brazil.

The interest in UFOs grew following the US Congressional hearing on the subject in May. Governments from China and Russia also announced their investigations into the matter. This marked the first time in over 50 years that the US Congress held a hearing on the subject of UFOs.

Does this picture show a UFO over Brazil?

Moment of Contact (2022) | Official Trailer

RELATED VIDEOS, selected and posted by peter2011

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

14-11-2022 om 17:46 geschreven door peter  

This Brazilian farmer “may be first in world to be killed by UFO”

According to this book (Amazon link), a farmer may have been the first person in the world killed by a UFO.

Television reproduction of the incident (left)

Luis Barroso Fernandes, a Brazilian, died mysteriously after claiming that he was attacked by small extraterrestrials that came out of a “strange disc”.

Philip Mantle, a British investigator, believes that the incident that led to the death of Luis Barroso Fernandes could be the first case of a UFO killing a person.

According to the book, Luis said he heard a buzzing sound and spotted an unidentified object in the sky.

He claimed that the object was about 30 meters from him when it hit the ground. He then said that two small alien creatures came from it.

He said that the creatures attacked him and his donkey, causing them to become paralyzed. He woke up to find that he was several meters away from the object. He also had burn marks on his face.

After finding the farmer, a cowboy took him to his wife, who then called the doctors. They reportedly could not diagnose his strange condition.

After hearing the farmer’s story, Dr. Antnio Moreira Magalhes, a psychiatrist, concluded that the incident was very serious. Although he didn’t believe in flying saucers at that time, he admitted that something happened to the farmer.

Following the incident in 1973, the doctor ordered a tranquilizer and an anti-allergy drug for the farmer.

Luis Barroso Fernandez

Despite the treatment, Fernandes still felt ill. His body continued to hurt. His left side of his body was still red, and burning eyes were still visible.

The book also stated that after the incident, his hair started to fall grey and he had memory lapses. Although his friends and family claimed that he was in good health before the alleged incident, his health started to deteriorate.

His relatives took him to a psychiatric hospital. According to the book, 16 doctors examined him, but none of them could diagnose his condition.

After learning about the incident, Dr. Magalhes carried out his own investigation and diagnosed Fernandes’ worsening mental condition.

Fernandes died in 1993. Before his death, he could barely utter the words “Mom,” “give,” and “fear.” A couple of students, a radio broadcaster, and military personnel also reported seeing a UFO over the city that same day.

Philip Mantle, a former official of the UFO Research Association, has written a book about the incident.

According to him, many people claimed to have been in direct contact with the extraterrestrial creatures. Some also stated that the objects hurt them.

Although the book states that there were minor injuries on Fernandes’ body, he most likely became the first person to die after being attacked by a UFO.

Author of the book Thiago Ticchetti stated that contact with extraterrestrials is rare. He noted that when objects shoot a beam of light at an individual, it is extremely rare for them to hit their face.

In addition, Brazil has a huge amount of uranium that it can sell to Iran for its nuclear program. This could be the reason why there’s a lot of UFO and alien activity in the country.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

14-11-2022 om 17:19 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS

NASA to Oumuamua! A Closer Look at the Mysterious Alien Spacecraft

Avi Loeb suggested, an artificial construction made by an intelligent extra-terrestrial civilization? Since the mysterious traveler is out of the range of existing telescopes, there is only one way to find them. We go after it. New research outlines a mission called Project Lyra to send a probe to see if ’Oumuamua is as extraordinary as it appears.

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Explaining Laser Weapons in Space Combat

Spacedock delves into the sciencey details of laser weaponry in science fiction space combat.

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Huge Hidden Galactic Structure Found In The Zone of Avoidance Behind Milky Way

Hello and welcome! My name is Anton and in this video, we will talk about a discovery of a huge galactic structure behind the Milky Way in the hidden Zone of Avoidance

15 Real Things That Defy the Laws of Physics!

You don't have to be an Einstein to understand the basic laws of physics. Since objects always fall downwards, more precisely in the direction of the center of the earth, we can look forward to a nice heap of broken glass as soon as a cup slips out of our hands - thank you very much, physics. But have you ever heard of waterfalls that flow up instead of down? Or objects that start to float as if by magic? You want to know what these almost unbelievable cases are all about? Then stay tuned and see for yourself: Here are several amazing things that defy the laws of physics!

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14-11-2022 om 16:12 geschreven door peter  

YOU MAY HAVE seen clips of the creepy, dog-like robot from Boston Dynamics called Spot that can traverse rough terrains, map its environment, and grab you a drink, among other skills. The company has even programmed Spot to dance to K-pop.

Spot and other roving autonomous bots developed in recent years have received lots of criticism as they’ve been increasingly embraced by law enforcement officials. Some experts worry that the AI programmed into these robots could target people of color or use excessive violence. Last year, public concern forced the NYPD to retire a Spot model that they called Digidog.

It’s also possible for ordinary people to use commercially available robots for evil: This summer, a Russian man terrified the internet when he slapped a gun onto a Unitree dogbot.

Now, Boston Dynamics and other robotics companies seem eager to clean up their image.

WHAT’S NEW — In an open letter published last week, six major robotics companies have promised not to weaponize their publicly available devices and software — and not to support anyone doing so — as originally reported by Axios. These include Agility Robotics, which is working on a hyped-up humanoid called Digit (that will come with a face and hands).

While the letter notes that “advanced mobile robots will provide great benefit to society as co-workers in industry and companions in our homes,” the automation giants do point out the potential for mistreatment.

“We believe that adding weapons to robots that are remotely or autonomously operated, widely available to the public, and capable of navigating to previously inaccessible locations where people live and work, raises new risks of harm and serious ethical issues,” they add.

The Spot robot from Boston Dynamics has appealed to law enforcement officials in recent years.

Sam Barnes/Sportsfile/Getty Images

THERE’S A CATCH

This oath doesn’t seem to apply to the devices used by military and police officials. That’s not a huge surprise, since Boston Dynamics largely got its start with funding from the military, along with the controversial Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).

In fact, U.S. Marine Corps officials have already looked into using Boston Dynamics’ AlphaDog robot in combat, but they shelved it in 2015 because it proved too loud for the battlefield. They have also tried to prep the company’s human-like Atlas model for battle.

Governments around the world also want to automate their armies. For instance, the French army has tested Spot for surveillance purposes, according to The Verge.

So while it may get more difficult for a regular Joe to go haywire with a humanoid, this option doesn’t appear to be off the table for law enforcement agencies.

• Read the letter here.

{ https://www.inverse.com/ }

14-11-2022 om 01:44 geschreven door peter  

NATIONS UNITED STATES 643 CANADA 42 UNITED KINGDOM 40 FRANCE 19 AUSTRALIA 11 SOUTH AFRICA 7 BRAZIL 6 INDIA 6 GERMANY 4 GREECE 4 PORTUGAL 3 MEXICO 3 NETHERLANDS 3 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 2 INDONESIA 2 BELGIUM 2 JAPAN 2 ROMANIA 2 IRELAND 2 SPAIN 2 NORWAY 1 EGYPT 1 SWITZERLAND 1 TAIWAN 1 LITHUANIA 1 ITALY 1 DENMARK 1 CAMBODIA 1 ISRAEL 1 TURKEY 1 SWEDEN 1 KOREA, (South) 1 ARGENTINA 1 COLOMBIA 1 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES 1 ICELAND 1 CROATIA 1 HUNGARY 1 POLAND 1 ZIMBABWE 1 BAHAMAS 1    TOTAL: 826 BY SHAPE Circle 151 Sphere 88 Disc 78 Unknown 69 Other 61 Triangle 60 Oval 40 Cigar 40 Star-like 37 Tic Tac 25 Square/Rectangular 23 Fireball 15 Diamond 14 Boomerang 13 Cylinder 13 Bullet/Missile 10 N/A 10 Cone 7 Egg 7 Flash 5 Blimp 4 Chevron 3 Saturn-like 2 Teardrop 2 Cross 1 STATES OF THE USA Florida 65 California 65 Texas 45 Michigan 39 Ohio 27 New York 24 North Carolina 21 Arizona 20 Tennessee 19 Colorado 18 Virginia 17 Washington 17 Minnesota 16 Missouri 16 Illinois 16 Pennsylvania 15 Georgia 13 Oregon 13 Kentucky 11 Nevada 11 Indiana 11 New Jersey 11 West Virginia 9 Wisconsin 9 New Mexico 8 Maryland 8 Massachusetts 8 South Carolina 7 Kansas 7 Idaho 7 Oklahoma 7 Iowa 6 Mississippi 6 Louisiana 6 Connecticut 5 Alabama 5 Utah 5 Arkansas 5 New Hampshire 4 Alaska 3 Maine 3 South Dakota 2 Montana 2 Hawaii 2 Vermont 2 Delaware 1 Wyoming 1 North Dakota 1 District of Columbia 1 Nebraska 1 DISTANCE FROM THE WITNESS < 100 ft 97 101-500 ft 114 501 ft - 1 Mile 155 Over 1 Mile 161 Unknown 53 NO VALUE 38 Most impressively there were 23 Landings, Hovering, or Takeoffs reported and 27 Entities observed. Number of abduction (ERT) cases were 33. Number of submitted Experiencer Questionnaires were 0.

{ https://mufon.com }

14-11-2022 om 01:24 geschreven door peter  

Artist's concept of InSight "taking the pulse of Mars".

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

Based on the seismic data gathered by InSight, the team concluded that low-frequency quakes could indicate the modern-day presence of molten magma in the Martian mantle. Specifically, they found that the epicenters of these quakes were located mostly in the innermost part of Cerberus Fossae – at depths of 30 to 50 km (18.6 to 31 mi) beneath the surface. In this region, named after the hellhound that guards the gates of Hades (the underworld in Greek mythology), the terrain is sinking under its own weight, forming parallel rifts that pull the crust of Mars apart.

The team theorized that these quakes could be the last rumbles from this once-active volcanic region or that magma is moving eastward beneath the surface towards its next eruption. When the team examined orbital images of this area, they noticed that these quakes happened very close to a structure in the Cerberus Fossae Mantling Unit (previously designated a “young volcanic fissure”). This feature was surrounded by dark deposits of dust, which was present in all directions and not only in the dominant direction of the wind (as was expected).

As Stähler explained in a recent ETH Zurich press release, the only explanation for this was the presence of volcanic activity in the recent past. “The darker shade of the dust signifies geological evidence of more recent volcanic activity – perhaps within the past 50,000 years – relatively young, in geological terms,” he said.

Because of its terrestrial (rocky) nature and its proximity to Earth, Mars provides opportunities to study geological processes similar to those that shaped our planet. While technically closer, Venus’s super dense atmosphere prevents missions from studying it with anything other than surface-mapping radar and temperatures hot enough to melt lead. Because of their distance from Earth, which imposes communication delays, all other bodies in the Solar System have only been studied by orbiters and probes.

In addition, Mars is the only terrestrial planet beyond Earth known to have a core composed of iron, nickel, and sulfur that may have once supported a magnetic field. On Earth, this field results from dynamo action in the planet’s interior, where a liquid outer core rotates around a solid inner core (in the opposite direction as Earth’s rotation). It is widely believed today that roughly 4 billion years ago, the interior of the Red Planet cooled rapidly, causing the outer core to solidify while the inner core became molten. Without this field, Mars’ atmosphere was slowly stripped away by solar wind for eons.

Previously, scientists suspected this also meant that Mars became geologically dead billions of years ago. Nevertheless, these and other indications provided by robotic missions suggest that geological activity has not entirely ceased within the Red Planet. While considerable research still needs to be done to confirm these results, the evidence of potential magma in Mars’ mantle today is fascinating. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the InSight lander and its sophisticated instruments and how multiple robotic missions working together can lead to breakthroughs. Said co-author Domenico Giardini:

“InSight’s SEIS is the most sensitive seismometer ever installed on another planet. It affords geophysicists and seismologists an opportunity to work with current data showing what is happening on Mars today – both at the surface and in its interior.”

In the coming years, many more robotic orbiters, landers, and rovers are bound for Mars. The research they conduct into Mars’ surface geology, environment, climate, and atmosphere will pave the way for crewed missions planned for the 2030s.

Further Reading: 

• ETH Zurich

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

14-11-2022 om 00:45 geschreven door peter  

18 Terrifying and Impressive Historic Weapons

There is no end to the multitude of close combat weapons, from swords to spears, scythes, pikes, maces, glaives, flails, partisans, and hundreds more. Often designed to inflict the greatest damage possible, historical combat weapons are both terrifying and impressive.

Chinese steel weapon, c. 18th century 

(Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

Italian fauchard, c. 1525 AD. This is a weapon developed from an agricultural tool, the pruning hook, with which a farmer would lop off unwanted branches on his fruit tress. It was particularly popular in western European countries

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

Mace Made for Henry II of France, c. 1540 AD. It is decorated with tiny multifigured battle scenes in gold and silver

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

16th Century Hunting Knife Combined with Wheellock Pistol. Wheellock pistols sometimes were combined with swords, knives, axes, maces, spears, and even crossbows, which could be used in the event the pistol misfired

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

Partisan Carried by the Bodyguard of Louis XIV (1638–1715). It bears the king’s motto and sunburst above the crowned arms of France and Navarre, which are encircled by the collars of the royal orders of the Holy Spirit and Saint Michael

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

• Da Vinci’s Deadly Designs: The Wildest Weapons of the Renaissance Man
• Aztec Weapons: The Horrifying Aztec Armory

An Italian glaive, c. 18th century. A glaive is a European polearm, consisting of a single-edged blade on the end of a pole. They were sometimes forged with a small hook on the reverse side to better catch riders

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

Japanese Javelin, c. 1615 – 1868

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

Chinese parrying weapon, c 18th century

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

Indian Parrying Weapon (Madu), 18th–19th century. A parrying weapon is a handheld weapon used to block or defend, usually in conjunction with a single-handed sword.

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

Fauchard of the Bodyguard of Cardinal Scipione Borghese-Caffarelli (1576–1633). An example of advanced metallurgy involving bluing, gilding, engraving, and damascening, as well as encrustation with gold and silver. The blade is decorated similarly on both sides with a series of medallions and ornamental strapwork cartouches outlined in silver-encrusted dots and set against a blued background finely damascened with gold scrolls

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain).

German staff weapon carried by the bodyguards of the Prince-Electors of Saxony, c. 17th century

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

A Kiribati weapon made with wood and sharks’ teeth. Kiribati is an island country in the central Pacific Ocean

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

European Linstock weapon c. 18th century. A linstock is a staff with a fork at one end to hold a lighted slow match

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain)

German military flail c. 16th to 19th century. The chief tactical virtue of the flail was its capacity to strike around a defender's shield or parry

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain).

Indonesian spear, 18th  – 19th century

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain).

French Partisan c. 1700. A partisan is a type of polearm that consisted of a spearhead mounted on a long shaft with protrusions on the sides which aided in blocking sword thrusts.

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain).

A Flemish Halberd, c. 17th century. A halberd is a two-handed pole weapon consisting of an axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft. It always has a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade for grappling mounted combatants

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain).

South Indian wavy spear, c. 18th – 19th century

( Metropolitan Museum of Art / Public Domain).

• Top image: Fantasy weapon set.
• Source: Zaleman / Adobe Stock

By Joanna Gillan

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

14-11-2022 om 00:32 geschreven door peter  

Large Meteoroid Strike on Mars Caused a Magnitude 4 Marsquake, Huge Crater on the Red Planet

(Photo : NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona)

Boulder-size blocks of water ice can be seen around the rim of an impact crater on Mars, as viewed by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE camera) aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The crater was formed Dec. 24, 2021, by a meteoroid strike in the Amazonis Planitia region.

On December 24, 2021, NASA's InSight lander on Mars felt the ground shake because of a marsquake equivalent to a magnitude 4 earthquake. According to NASA, they just recently determined that the cause of the quake was a large meteoroid impact on the Red Planet, the biggest seen since they began exploring space.

The meteoroid excavated boulder-sized chunks of ice buried closer to the Martian equator that has never been seen before. The discovery has implications for NASA's future plans of sending crewed missions to Mars.

(Photo : NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona)
Boulder-size blocks of water ice can be seen around the rim of an impact crater on Mars, as viewed by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE camera) aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The crater was formed Dec. 24, 2021, by a meteoroid strike in the Amazonis Planitia region.

Meteoroid Impact Created Big Crater

NASA scientists published their findings in the paper, titled "Largest recent impact craters on Mars: Orbital imaging and surface seismic co-investigation," in the journal Science.

They determined the quake was caused by a meteoroid after looking at the before-and-after photos from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and spotted a new crater. The event offers a new opportunity to study how a large impact shook the surface of Mars.

The meteoroid is estimated to have spanned 16 to 19 feet (5 to 12 meters), which is small enough that it would burn if it entered Earth's atmosphere. However, Mars has a thin atmosphere that it did not burn up the space rock upon entering and landed in a region called Amazonis Planitia that created a crater about 429 feet (150 meters) across and 70 feet (21 meters) deep.

The images and seismic data provide information about the impact that it is now considered to be one of the largest craters ever witnessed forming at any place in the Solar System. The space agency noted that there bigger craters on the Red Planet but they are older and predate any Mars mission.

InSight's Impact Science Working Group leader Ingrid Daubar of Brown University said in the press release that it is unprecedented to find a fresh impact as big as the crater.

Sadly, InSight has seen its power drastically decline in the past few months because of dust settling on its solar panels. Scientists estimate that the spacecraft now only have about six weeks before it completely shuts down, bringing the mission to an end.

READ ALSO: 

• Marsquakes Studies Reveal Mars Have Larger Metallic Core than Previously Believed

Hunting Martian Craters

InSight scientists reported having detected a major marsquake on December 24 last year, SciTech Daily reported. They first spotted the crater working at Malin Space Science Systems (MSSS) which operates the two cameras of MRO.

The Context Camera (CTX) produces the black and white images, while the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) provides the colored version so scientists could track the large-scale weather changes on Mars.

The crater was visible in MRCI data that allowed the scientists to pin down a 24-hour period when the meteoroid landed on the surface. It correlated with the seismic epicenter and demonstrated that the large meteoroid created a crater on December 24, 2021.

Establishing how fast the crater was created on the Martian surface is critical for refining the planet's geologic timeline. For example, older areas on both Moon and Mars have more craters compared to Earth because the process of erosion and plate tectonics moving on Earth erase older features from the surface.

Aside from the craters, MRO's High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) color camera also spotted large chunks of ice scattered from the impact site. Subsurface ice is a vital resource for astronauts who could use it for a variety of reasons, such as drinking water, agriculture, and rocket fuel.

RELATED ARTICLE: 

• NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Announces Largest Extraterrestrial Earthquake Detected by InSight Lander on Mars
  

“The image of the impact was unlike any I had seen before, with the massive crater, the exposed ice, and the dramatic blast zone preserved in the Martian dust,” said Liliya Posiolova, orbital science operations lead for the orbiter at Malin Space Science Systems in San Diego, in a statement.

The images captured by the orbiter, along with seismic data recorded by InSight, make the impact one of the largest craters in our solar system ever observed as it was created. Mars is littered with massive craters, but they’re much older than any mission to explore the red planet.

Fortunately, the storm didn’t pass over InSight directly — otherwise, the darkness of the storm would have ended the mission. But the weather event has kicked a lot of dust up into the atmosphere, and it has cut down the amount of sunlight reaching InSight’s solar panels, said Bruce Banerdt, InSight principal investigator at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

The mission scientists estimate InSight will likely shut down in the next six weeks, ending a promising mission to unlock the interior of Mars.

{ https://www.sciencetimes.com/ }

13-11-2022 om 23:55 geschreven door peter  

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

13-11-2022 om 23:37 geschreven door peter  

Wetenschappers ontdekken hoe en wanneer onze zon aan haar einde zal komen

Aan alles komt een einde, zelfs aan de zon. Wanneer en hoe dat precies zal gebeuren was lange tijd een raadsel. Maar nu denken wetenschappers te weten hoe de massieve ster aan haar einde zal komen. Een ding staat vast: wij zullen er niet meer zijn om het mee te maken.

De zon, de ster in ons zonnestelsel, ontstond zo’n 4,5 miljard jaar geleden uit een wolk stof en gas (waterstofnevel) die door het toedoen van de zwaartekracht begon in te storten. Naar verwachting zal het nog eens zo’n 5 miljard jaar duren voordat de zon stilaan transformeert in een supernova, het verschijnsel waarbij een ster op spectaculaire wijze explodeert. Vermoedelijk verandert de zon eerst in een rode reus: de kern van de ster zal krimpen en de buitenste lagen zullen uitzetten, de zon wordt dus groter en helderder. De explosie zelf zal naar voorspelling nog eens 5 miljard jaar op zich laten wachten. Kortom, over 10 miljard jaar loopt het verhaal van de zon op zijn einde.

Lees ook

• 

  PREMIUM

  Niemand ontdekte meer asteroïden dan Eric Elst, en dat kon Amerika maar matig appreciëren

Van rode reus naar witte dwerg

Zodra de zon verandert in een rode reus is ze eigenlijk al stervende. Uiteindelijk, tijdens het laatste hoofdstuk van het verhaal, is het enige wat overblijft van de zon een witte dwerg. In zo'n witte dwerg vinden geen kernreacties meer plaats en de massa is erg klein geworden. Tot slot koelt de kern van zo'n witte dwerg af en verandert deze in een zwarte dwerg.

Uiteindelijk stoppen alle kernfusies in de ster en stoot deze materie af. Deze materie vormt een planetaire nevel rond de kern van de ster. Maar ook die nevel blijft niet voor altijd bestaan. Het gas waaruit de nevel bestaat, verdwijnt en het enige wat overblijft is de kern van de ster: een witte dwerg. Deze kern koelt steeds verder af en zal uiteindelijk veranderen in een zwarte dwerg, er wordt dan geen lichte of warmte meer uitgezonden.

De mensheid moet zich overigens geen zorgen maken. Ons einde is al veel sneller daar. Afgezien van de klimaatverandering en andere externe bedreigingen hebben mensen nog maar één miljard jaar te gaan. De zon neemt elke miljard jaar immers 10 procent in helderheid toe. Daardoor zullen oceanen verdampen en transformeert de aarde naar voorspelling in een gloeiendhete woestijn die onleefbaar is voor de mens.

BEKIJK OOK 

{ https://www.hln.be/ }

13-11-2022 om 23:24 geschreven door peter  

NASA’s Voyager 2 took this global color mosaic of Neptune’s largest moon, Triton, in 1989.

(Credit: NASA/NASA-JPL/USGS)

“Triton has a nitrogen atmosphere that freezes into polar caps seasonally,” said Dr. Hansen-Koharchek. “The Earth also has a mainly nitrogen atmosphere – can you imagine if our atmosphere froze onto the ground in the winter?! Although Triton’s atmosphere is thin, winds blow and scatter particulates across the surface.”

As stated, Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft to have visited Triton, but another NASA mission known as TRIDENT was selected as a finalist in 2020 to explore Triton up close for the first time since 1989, but was ultimately passed over in the final selection round by NASA in 2021.

“Trident would have established the existence of a subsurface ocean – the first step in reconnaissance of an ocean world,” said Dr. Hansen-Koharchek. “Trident carried a near-infrared spectrometer, which would have allowed us for the first time to map the distribution of ices (N2, CH4, CO, CO2, and H2O) across its surface (Voyager did not carry a near-IR spectrometer so all we know about the composition is what we can glean from Earth).”

For now, Triton orbits Neptune near the edge of the solar system with its active geysers, nitrogen atmosphere, and possible interior ocean. When will we visit it again, and does this active moon harbor life as we know it due to its unique features?

And with this, we wonder if Triton will finally answer, “Are we alone?”

As always, keep doing science & keep looking up!

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

13-11-2022 om 21:00 geschreven door peter  

Why Discovering Advanced Alien Life Would Be Bad For Humanity

Oxford University’s Future of Humanity Institute has a researcher named Robin Hanson, who holds a doctorate in social science and a variety of other scientific and philosophical degrees. He worked as a research programmer at NASA and Lockheed.

0:00 – Introduction

5:04 – When will machines rule the world?

14:03 – Brain emulations & Westworld

32:40 – Are we in a simulation?

45:24 – The Great Filter

50:48 – Grabby Aliens

1:17:53 – Panspermia

1:23:20 – UFO’s

1:49:50 – Rot of world government

2:02:09 – Cryonics

2:16:24 – Individualism & the future of human civilization

2:32:00 – Wealth VS fertility & raising children

See video with this link

https://youtu.be/eDJDs75I-ec

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{  https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

13-11-2022 om 20:39 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS 

TWO UFO's STARTING IN CALIFORNIA & ENDING IN GEORGIA?

Two UFO sightings, starting in California we have a bazar shaped UFO spotted. Next we have Golfer that was starting his game when he spots Two white UFOs that rise up on go in opposite directions.

Source of Videos MUFON and Terry's Theories

Mystic Secrets of the Great Pyramid | Ancient Aliens

Ancient Astronaut Theorists take a deep dive look at the profound connection between extraterrestrials and the Great Pyramid, see more in this clip from "Aliens and Unexplained Engineering."

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What's behind all this technology? | UFOs / UAPs and how tiny we all are in this universe

This is not a new phenomenon, there are records and descriptions of these types of objects flying in our skies from thousands of years ago. From our egoistic point of view, it might seem that we are the only ones capable of evolving up to this point, but there are many things at play, and there's no interest on behalf of the elite for this information to become public knowledge because it will suggest the obsolesce of our current economic system which is a disguise for the modern slavery.

Correction at 5:58 The estimated Diameter of the Milky Way galaxy is 105,700 lightyears its radius is about 52,000 lightyears.

UFO [Unidentified flying object]

UAP [Unidentified Aerial Phenomena]

It's been happening even before humans were here, here's one of the earliest detailed records https://bit.ly/3UtPb8W

What about Bob Lazar? it is my own opinion that he is telling the truth, in the documentary he was raided by the FBI, giving his story more strength, otherwise what else would the FBI be looking for? Not only that but many of the things Bob has been telling have been found to be true over time, his story has never changed in over 30 years.

New YouTube Channel https://bit.ly/3DFmrmU

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How Neptune Could Destroy The Earth

The Solar System we live in is a perfectly balanced cosmic machine, and every planet in this gravitationally stable system plays a significant role in keeping things that way.

Think of the planets as being in balance with each other. Their orbits locked in an intricate, but delicate dance.

But what would happen if an interstellar object, such as an actual ‘shooting star’ were to cruise by our solar neighborhood and alter the orbit of just one planet?

Get ready to see what would happen to the Earth and the Solar System if a passing star changed the orbit of Neptune. Learn about the giant cosmic objects headed straight for our Solar System and the destruction they could cause!

Elon Musk and NASA's Discovery on Mars Could Change Everything

Elon Musk is no stranger to controversy. Whether it’s tweeting stuff that influences the stock market, getting baked on podcasts, or making the decision to name one of his ten kids X AE A-12 [pronounced X Ash A-12], the tech billionaire is as erratic as he is ambitions. With his fresh acquisition of Twitter, he seems as determined to colonize social media as he does Mars. During his first video call with Twitter employees in June – before Musk officially owned the company and was embroiled in a messy legal dispute – he reportedly began musing on alien life and extraterrestrial civilizations. He’s even jokingly called himself an alien trying to get back to his home planet.

But Musk’s SpaceX and NASA are working on a question that’s far from a joke: Is there, or was there, life on Mars?

Randall Carlson & Graham Hancock on Lost Technology and the Great Pyramids

12 INGENIOUS INVENTIONS YOU'VE NEVER SEEN BEFORE

Most Astonishing Pre-Flood Anomalies?

China's Secret Space Plane Project Revealed..

China's Secret Space Plane Project Revealed..

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SpaceX's Secret Starship Factory...

SpaceX's Secret Starship Factory...

Last Video: China's Secret Space Plane Project Revealed..

• https://youtu.be/VhOJGYVzB9Y

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

13-11-2022 om 18:42 geschreven door peter  

Amazing daytime UFO footage of high speed objects – Canton, Ohio 10-Nov-2022

This daytime UFO sighting was filmed over Canton, a city in northeast Ohio on 10th November 2022.

Witness report: 

I was on my patio and looked up because I heard a medic helicopter and saw what I initially thought was seagulls in what appeared to be the helicopters flight path. My girlfriend said “that’s not birds” which I also realized and began recording. Prior to the recording there were dozens of these objects flying but they just look like bright lights in front of the white clouds. As they moved in front of the blue sky they seemed to appear white/gray and were traveling at a high speed. Many of these objects seemed to vanish before I could record but I did catch some which can be seen in the video.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

12-11-2022 om 23:44 geschreven door peter  

FBI raides homes of a famous Area 51 website owner!

According to George Knapp, the chief Investigative Reporter for KLAS, the FBI raided Joerg Arnu’s home. He is the owner of a famous website that claimed to have uncovered information about Area 51.

The website claims to have uncovered information about Area 51, which is a secret US Air Force facility located in Nevada. It’s located near the town of Rachel.

The FBI reportedly came after Joerg Arnu, the owner of a website that claims to have uncovered information about Area 51, after serving a no-knock warrant on his home in Rachel. The website, which is called Dreamlandresort.com, is dedicated to covering all things Area 51.

According to George Knapp, a reporter for KLAS, the FBI seized various items from Arnu’s home, including his computers and phones. During the raid, the agents also reportedly held his girlfriend at gunpoint.

On his website, Arnu stated that he did not know why the FBI came after him, and he did not believe that the raid was related to the images posted online. He said that the authorities are still gathering information regarding the incident.

Only George Knapp has reported on this matter. According to Arnu’s website, Dreamlandresort.com, it has been providing the most comprehensive coverage of all things Area 51, including the Black Projects, the Nellis Ranges, and the ET Highway. The site’s 24-year history has been dedicated to providing readers with the latest intelligence regarding this facility. The website’s webmaster is a veteran of Area 51 research and is based in Rachel, Nevada.

On November 5, Joerg Arnu, the operator of the Area 51 website, posted a message on his website, stating that he was aware of the FBI’s concerns about some of the content on his site. However, he did not believe that posting or collecting information about this facility was illegal.

Due to the situation, some of the content on his website has been removed. However, he did not provide further details regarding the reason for the removal of the content. He said that he was aware of the FBI’s concerns, and he did not want to make any further comment at this time.

In response, he posted another message on his website, stating that he had regained control of his website and assets. He also said that the FBI and the Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AF OSI) executed search warrants at his home in Rachel and in Las Vegas. Although he did not provide further details regarding the details of the incident, he said that it was very humiliating and tense for him and his girlfriend.

In addition to his computers, phones, and cameras, the FBI also seized various items from his home, including his drones and memory sticks. After the raid, he said that he was left in his home in Rachel without any means of communication. On the other hand, his home in Las Vegas was relatively unscathed.

According to him, each of his homes was visited by around 20 agents, and they were able to search his home and several vehicles. The incident was a spectacle for his neighbors in both Las Vegas and Rachel.

He said that he lost all of his personal data, including his medical records and tax records. He also noted that he was facing thousands of dollars in expenses due to the repairs and replacement of his various electronic equipment. He will be consulting an attorney on Tuesday regarding his next steps.

He maintained that he did not break the law. However, he noted that the aerial photos of various installations, including Area 51, were frequently found on his website. Because of this, he decided to take down the photos.

According to Arnu, his website had received over 27k hits on Thursday, and he believes that the raid was carried out to send a message to the residents of Area 51. He also noted that the authorities might go further with their investigation.

It is interesting to note that the FBI’s raid on his home occurred just a couple of weeks after NASA established a new team of scientists to study the mysterious phenomena known as UAP. The Pentagon also started a new agency to address the issue of anomalous flying objects.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

12-11-2022 om 23:00 geschreven door peter  

Marco Rubio’s quest to expose the truth about UFOs

As the number of UFO sightings increases, members of Congress have started looking into the matter. They believe that the government should investigate these reports seriously.

Several high-profile individuals, such as US Senator Marco Rubio, have also started speaking out about the increasing number of UFO sightings.

Due to the increasing number of UFO sightings, politicians in the US have started talking about the phenomenon more.

A year ago, the Pentagon released a report about 144 incidents of UAP sightings. The report noted that some of these were close calls for military pilots.

During the time that the report was released, Senator Marco Rubio was able to receive a sneak peek of it. According to the report, alien life is not necessarily a threat to the country, but UFOs pose a significant security concern.

In a statement, the Senator noted that the reports of encounters with unidentified flying objects have been coming from members of the US military.

Despite the negative stigma attached to the phenomenon, the government should still investigate these reports seriously.

The report, which was released by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, looked into 144 incidents involving what the government considers to be an unidentified aerial phenomenon.

Investigators were only able to explain one of the 144 incidents. The case was reportedly caused by airborne clutter.

The report also stated that there was no evidence suggesting that the sightings were related to extraterrestrial life or a technological advancement carried out by a foreign nation.

A senior official from the US government noted that there is no evidence suggesting that alien life exists in the 144 reported cases. However, the government will still look into these reports.

The increasing number of UFO sightings has raised concerns about the country’s vulnerability to foreign espionage. This is because the objects could be used by hostile forces to acquire information.

Due to the lack of information regarding the nature of the incidents, Senator Marco Rubio called for the government to take the situation seriously. Last year, he told CBS 60 Minutes that the government should allocate more resources to investigate these reports.

During his interview, Senator Marco Rubio said that the government should establish a process that will allow it to analyze the data collected regarding the incidents. He also suggested that a dedicated facility should be established to analyze the data.

The efforts of Senator Marco Rubio were rewarded recently after his amendment regarding the establishment of a dedicated facility for analyzing the data related to the UFO sightings was included in the National Defense Authorization Act of 2022.

The amendment provided that government employees would no longer be required to follow a strict process when reporting encounters with unidentified flying objects. In a statement, the Senator noted that the establishment of a dedicated facility for analyzing the data related to the UFO sightings would allow the government to get the necessary resources to investigate these reports.

The Senator noted that the amendment was also aimed at maintaining the transparency of the reports related to the incidents. It allows the government to continue unclassified reporting of these sightings.

The amendment was reportedly successful, as a classified report revealed that there were over 150 reported sightings of unidentified flying objects during the previous year.

During an interview with Fox News’ Tucker Carlson, Daily Mail reporter Josh Boswell claimed that many of the people who reported these incidents don’t know what they’re talking about.

According to Josh, many of the people who reported these incidents don’t know what they’re talking about due to the strange nature of the objects they saw. He also noted that the objects were moving in ways that they didn’t understand.

Reports about the incidents include footage taken by Reaper drones during a surveillance operation in the Middle East. They allegedly captured “orbs” flying around before suddenly bolting from the screen.

The classified report also noted that some of the incidents were reported as the work of Chinese intelligence. For instance, Chinese agents reportedly used drones to study the training of US military pilots.

Other theories have also been presented, such as weather balloons and radar systems that allegedly showed objects that didn’t exist. However, officials noted that other cases still remain unexplained.

This comes after a US congressman claimed that the upcoming report on the UFO sightings will be a whitewash. He also noted that the government is still incapable of handling the issue of alien visitors.

An expert noted that the UFO phenomenon could still gain political traction even after the next election in 2022.

{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

12-11-2022 om 22:33 geschreven door peter  

LATEST UFO SIGHTINGS AND VIDEOS

More Recent Explorations In Peru

Scientists Have Just Announced The San Andreas Fault Is About To Do Something Massive

The San Andreas Fault connects North American and Pacific tectonic plates and extends for 1200 Kilometers through California - but scientists have just announced that it's about to crack!
If you're in California, this announcement from the Southern Californian Center will probably send a chill down your spine: the southern portion of the fault is "locked, loaded, and ready to go."

What new evidence have they discovered? And what does it mean for California residents?
Join us as we tell you what massive thing the San Andreas fault is about to

Something Unusual Happened 2 Days Before The Dinosaurs Went Extinct

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Deep-Sea Gigantism. Why the Ocean Breeds Monsters

We often hear the news that the remains of giant deep-sea creatures were washed ashore after another storm again. Some of them are new even for scientists. And here's the most amazing thing: they all tend to live at depths ranging from one thousand meters. Where even the known species are the most enormous and terrifying monsters. But what other giants are concealed by the ocean? And why can underwater monsters rise to the surface?

9 Strange Deep Ocean Creatures Found by Japan's ROVs🇯🇵

Japan's coasts and nearby waters are home to some of the world's richest biodiversity. Decades of underwater research continue to yield fascinating remotely operated vehicle (ROV) encounters with deep ocean dwellers, often those that are particularly strange. These are nine of them.

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NASA Scientists Did Not Expect Mars to Do This | InSight Finale

The final images of NASA's InSight lander probe. Offset your carbon footprint on Wren:

UFOs Attack USA Navy Seals In Antarctica?

{ https://www.youtube.com/ }

12-11-2022 om 20:58 geschreven door peter  

NASA’s Roman Space Telescope Selects 24 Flight-Quality Heat-Vision ‘Eyes’

NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope team recently flight-certified all 24 of the detectors the mission needs. When Roman launches in the mid-2020s, these devices will convert starlight into electrical signals, which will then be decoded into 300-megapixel images of large patches of the sky. These images will allow astronomers to explore a vast array of celestial objects and phenomena, bringing us closer to solving many pressing cosmic mysteries.

“As the telescope’s eyes, Roman’s detectors will enable all of the mission’s science,” said John Gygax, the focal plane system manager for the Roman Space Telescope at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. “Now, based on our testing results, our team can confirm these infrared detectors meet all the requirements for Roman’s purposes.”

Each detector has 16 million tiny pixels, providing the mission with exquisite image resolution. While 18 detectors will be incorporated into Roman’s camera, another six will be reserved as flight-qualified spares.

“The heart of Roman’s detectors are millions of mercury-cadmium-telluride photodiodes, which are sensors that convert light into an electrical current – one for each pixel,” said Greg Mosby, a research astrophysicist at Goddard who is helping assess the performance of Roman’s detectors. “One of the reasons we chose this material is because by varying the amount of cadmium, we can tune the detector to have a specific cutoff wavelength. That allows us to focus more precisely on the wavelengths of light we’re trying to see.”

To make the detectors, technicians at Teledyne Imaging Sensors in Camarillo, California built up the photodiodes on the base of the detector layer by layer. Then, they secured the detector to a silicon electronics board that will help process the light signals using indium – a soft metal that has roughly the same consistency as chewing gum. The pixels were glued down using a tiny drop of indium for each one.

The drops were meticulously placed just 10 microns apart – about the width of a typical cotton fiber. If we scaled one of Roman’s detectors up to be as long as an Olympic-size swimming pool, the indium blobs would be less than half an inch apart. This precise alignment ensures that each of the sensors will operate independently.

“The Roman team has spent years identifying an optimal recipe for the mission’s detectors,” Mosby said. “It’s gratifying to see the team’s hard work pay off on this crucial technical aspect of the mission. We can’t wait to see how the images from these detectors transform our understanding of the universe.”

Hubble’s wide-eyed cousin

Combining so many detectors and pixels gives Roman its wide field of view, enabling the mission to create infrared images that will be around 200 times larger than Hubble can provide while revealing the same level of rich detail. The spacecraft is expected to collect far more data than any other NASA astrophysics mission before it. Scientists had to develop new processes that will compress and digitize the mission’s downpour of data.

Goddard engineers also pioneered novel testing methods to ensure the detectors will meet the mission’s needs. Roman requires extremely sensitive detectors to see faint signals from far across the cosmos. But it isn’t easy to create detectors that meet the mission’s strict quality requirements.

The team knew that not all of the detectors would pass their stringent tests, so they ordered more than the mission requires and will use the best ones. But the extra detectors won’t go to waste – some are destined to serve as the eyes of other telescopes that have more lenient requirements, while others will be used for additional testing on the ground.

Staying cool

Roman will create enormous, high-resolution panoramas of the infrared universe, building on the Spitzer Space Telescope’s groundbreaking observations and complementing the James Webb Space Telescope. Viewing space in infrared light is like using heat-vision goggles, helping us spot things we wouldn’t be able to see otherwise. But doing so requires precise and extremely cold detectors.

“Space is very dark, and everything gives off infrared light according to its temperature,” said Dominic Benford, the Roman program scientist at NASA Headquarters. “Roman’s telescope, camera, and detectors all have to be cooled so that they are darker than the universe they’ll be looking at.”

Since we can detect infrared light as heat, Roman’s detectors will have to be supercooled to a frigid -288 degrees Fahrenheit (-178 degrees Celsius). Otherwise heat from the spacecraft’s own components would saturate the detectors, effectively blinding the telescope. A radiator will redirect waste heat from the spacecraft components away from the detectors out into cold space, ensuring that Roman will be sensitive to faint signals from distant galaxies and other cosmic objects.

The combination of Roman’s fine resolution and enormous images has never been possible on a space-based telescope before and will make the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope an indispensable tool in the future.

The Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope is managed at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, with participation by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Caltech/IPAC in Southern California, the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, and a science team comprising scientists from various research institutions. The primary industrial partners are Ball Aerospace and Technologies Corporation in Boulder, Colorado; L3Harris Technologies in Melbourne, Florida; and Teledyne Imaging Sensors in Camarillo, California.

Banner: 

• A technician holds one of Roman's detectors. 
• Credit: NASA/Chris Gunn

{ https://www.nasa.gov/ }

12-11-2022 om 01:15 geschreven door peter  

Is Bacteria Hiding on Mars? Indestructible Microbe “Conan the Bacterium” Suggests There Is

Could there be living bacteria sheltered deep beneath the frozen and desiccated surface of the planet Mars? According to a team of experts, there very well could be.

Microbes might have been surviving undisturbed since the time dinosaurs walked the Earth, these scientists say, a conclusion they have drawn based on the results of a fascinating study recently published in the journal Astrobiology.

There is a type of bacteria that is so tough and hardy that it has been nicknamed “Conan the Bacterium.” Its real name is Deinococcus radiodurans , and this impenetrable microbe is resistant to extreme cold and heat, acid, dehydration, vacuum conditions, and radiation. In fact, it can withstand enormous doses of radiation without dying; it is this ability that was relevant to the newly published research. The authors of this study uncovered evidence that this hardiest of all microbial lifeforms could have survived on Mars if it had evolved there instead of here, despite the fact that Mars is continuously bombarded with toxic and deadly cosmic radiation .

Biologists who’ve studied the question believe microbes that evolved on Mars billions of years ago would bear a striking resemblance to those found on Earth today. So the discovery that Conan the Bacterium could have survived Mars-like conditions suggests that bacteria native to Mars might have developed the capacity to do the same.

• Long Frozen Organisms in the Arctic Awakened, Hinting at Life on Other Planets
• Most Convincing Evidence Yet that Mars Supported Life

D. radiodurans (affectionately known as "Conan the Bacterium") is particularly well-suited to surviving Mars' harsh environment.

( Michael Daly/USU )

Meet the Mighty Conan the Bacterium: Capable of Life on Mars

If life did evolve on Mars, it would have happened more than two billion years ago, when the planet had an atmosphere, milder temperatures, and liquid water flowing across the landscape.

To survive to the present day, Martian bacteria would have had to adapt to a totally frozen planet , where temperatures average -80 degrees Fahrenheit (-63 degrees Celsius) in the mid-latitudes. Even more destructive are the deadly ultraviolet light, gamma rays, and solar-generated, high-energy protons that inundate the Martian surface constantly.

Any flora or fauna that existed on the Martian surface in the far distant past would be long extinct. However, microbial life forms are extraordinary resilient and flexible. On Earth, there are bacteria that can survive some of the harshest conditions imaginable, and if microbes evolved on Mars, they might have shared that characteristic. But could they have survived Mars’ descent into its current radioactive state? This is the question the scientists involved in the new study wanted to address.

• Promising Signs For Perseverance Rover’s Quest for Martian Life
• Water on Mars Provides Hope for Human Habitation

A sample of D. radiodurans, the bacteria that could possibly live on Mars, growing on a nutrient agar plate. The red color is due to carotenoid pigment.

( Michael Daly / USU )

Led by Michael Daly, a professor of pathology at Uniformed Services University (USU) of the Health Sciences in Maryland, the team of biological scientists selected several of the world’s toughest and most adaptable microbes and fungi to be subjected to conditions mimicking those that such life forms would encounter if they were transported to Mars. These “ extremophiles” are able to live in Earth environments that are completely inhospitable to all other organisms, surviving exposure to extreme heat or cold, toxic chemicals and gases, and other substances or conditions known to destroy living cells.

In carefully controlled laboratory conditions, all of these organisms were blasted with continuous heavy doses of ultraviolet light, gamma rays, and high-energy protons, to see how they could handle such exposure.

After this phase of the experiment was finished, the scientists took samples from the organisms to test for the presence of manganese antioxidants. This is a biochemical that forms in microbes after they’ve been exposed to radiation. Manganese antioxidant formation is a cellular defense mechanism, and the more of these protective molecules a microbe can synthesize, the more resistant it will be to the deleterious effects of intense radiation.Despite their durability and resiliency, most of the extremophiles used in the experiment did not produce nearly enough manganese antioxidants to survive a Martian-style radioactive onslaught. However, there was one that did: Conan the Bacterium ( Deinococcus radiodurans to scientists).

This durable molecule was able to absorb 28,000 times the amount of radiation that would kill a human, and that protective capacity would be enough to make it viable on Mars, even as it is today.

To add further realism to the experiment, the bacteria was frozen and dried out, putting it in the suspended state it would have to enter if it were to stay alive on Mars.  

Remarkably, the experiments on D. radiodurans showed that this indestructible microbe could have survived on Mars for as long as 280 million years, if it burrowed far enough underneath the surface—33 feet (10 meters) under the surface, to be precise—to limit its radiation exposure to a manageable dosage. If buried just four inches (10 centimeters) beneath the surface it could still survive for 1.5 million years, despite being regularly hit with massive amounts of cosmic radiation.

Even at a depth of 33 feet (10 meters), the radiation that hits Mars would penetrate far enough into the ground with enough intensity to kill other types of bacteria. But it seems D. radiodurans could withstand it in a state of suspended animation , and thus have the possibility of being reanimated if conditions were right.Obviously, the scientists are not proposing that Conan the Bacterium is somehow living on Mars. This is strictly an earth-bound organism. But if life ever did evolve on Mars, the experts believe the simplest microbial life forms would almost certainly share most of the characteristics displayed by microbial life forms on Earth. This would include the capacity to survive in exceptionally harsh conditions, assuming evolutionary pressures required it—as they would on Mars.

Will Future Missions to Mars Finally Find Proof of Life?

While it seems that Martian bacteria could have survived for a long time under the planet’s surface, there is some question as to whether they would have endured until the present day.

The last liquid water to exist on Mars dried up more than two billion years ago, meaning any bacteria that evolved there would have had to retreat underground that long ago. With no water to sustain them, they would have remained in a dried or desiccated state, and after 280 million years or so (based on the Deinococcus radiodurans example), they would have all presumably died.

But Michael Daly claims this wouldn’t necessarily push all ancient bacteria into extinction.

“Although Deinococcus radiodurans  buried in the Martian subsurface could not survive dormant for the estimated  2 to 2.5 billion years  since flowing water disappeared on Mars, such Martian environments are regularly altered and melted by  meteorite impacts,” Michael Daly said in a Northwestern University press release (Northwestern personnel participated in the new study). “We suggest that periodic melting could allow intermittent repopulation and dispersal.”

If this theory is correct, impact craters less than 280 million years old would be most likely to have living bacteria buried in the ground underneath them. In older craters, too much time would have passed since the melting event for any bacteria spawned during the event to survive, no matter how far they retreated beneath the planet’s dry and frozen surface.

Fortunately, there are plenty of craters on Mars that are on the younger side of this deadline. Now that research has shown these could be prime locations to dig in the soil looking for microbes, future missions from NASA, the European Space Agency or the China’s National Space Administration may decide to target those locations for explorer landings. If they do, it may only be a matter of time before one of these organizations announces it has found proof that life exists on Mars, and that it is still there right now.

• Top image: Representative image of astronaut examining rock for bacteria on Mars.
• Source: dottedyeti / Adobe Stock

By Nathan Falde

{ https://www.ancient-origins.net/ }

11-11-2022 om 23:55 geschreven door peter