NASA Webb’s First Full-Color Images, Data Are Set to Sound

There’s a new, immersive way to explore some of the first full-color infrared images and data from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope – through sound. Listeners can enter the complex soundscape of the Cosmic Cliffs in the Carina Nebula, explore the contrasting tones of two images that depict the Southern Ring Nebula, and identify the individual data points in a transmission spectrum of hot gas giant exoplanet WASP-96 b. “Music taps into our emotional centers,” said Matt Russo, a musician and physics professor at the University of Toronto. “Our goal is to make Webb’s images and data understandable through sound – helping listeners create their own mental images.”

A team of scientists, musicians, and a member of the blind and visually impaired community worked to adapt Webb’s data, with support from the Webb mission and NASA’s Universe of Learning. 

Webb’s Cosmic Cliffs Sonification

This data sonification maps @NASAWebb's near-infrared image of the Cosmic Cliffs in the Carina Nebula to a symphony of sound. Unique notes represent gauzy regions & culminate in a buzzing soundscape.

A near-infrared image of the Cosmic Cliffs in the Carina Nebula, captured by NASA’s Webb Telescope, has been mapped to a symphony of sounds. Musicians assigned unique notes to the semi-transparent, gauzy regions and very dense areas of gas and dust in the nebula, culminating in a buzzing soundscape.

The sonification scans the image from left to right. The soundtrack is vibrant and full, representing the detail in this gigantic, gaseous cavity that has the appearance of a mountain range. The gas and dust in the top half of the image are represented in blue hues and windy, drone-like sounds. The bottom half of the image, represented in ruddy shades of orange and red, has a clearer, more melodic composition.

Brighter light in the image is louder. The vertical position of light also dictates the frequency of sound. For example, bright light near the top of the image sounds loud and high, but bright light near the middle is loud and lower pitched. Dimmer, dust-obscured areas that appear lower in the image are represented by lower frequencies and clearer, undistorted notes.

Webb’s Southern Ring Nebula Sonification

NASA’s Webb Telescope uncovered two views of the Southern Ring Nebula – in near-infrared light (at left) and mid-infrared light (at right) – and each has been adapted to sound.

In this sonification, the colors in the images were mapped to pitches of sound – frequencies of light converted directly to frequencies of sound. Near-infrared light is represented by a higher range of frequencies at the beginning of the track. Mid-way through, the notes change, becoming lower overall to reflect that mid-infrared includes longer wavelengths of light.

Listen carefully at 15 seconds and 44 seconds. These notes align with the centers of the near- and mid-infrared images, where the stars at the center of the “action” appear. In the near-infrared image that begins the track, only one star is heard clearly, with a louder clang. In the second half of the track, listeners will hear a low note just before a higher note, which denotes that two stars were detected in mid-infrared light. The lower note represents the redder star that created this nebula, and the second is the star that appears brighter and larger.

Webb’s Exoplanet WASP-96 b Sonification

NASA’s Webb Telescope observed the atmospheric characteristics of the hot gas giant exoplanet WASP-96 b – which contains clear signatures of water – and the resulting transmission spectrum’s individual data points were translated into sound.

The sonification scans the spectrum from left to right. From bottom to top, the y-axis ranges from less to more light blocked. The x-axis ranges from 0.6 microns on the left to 2.8 microns on the right. The pitches of each data point correspond to the frequencies of light each point represents. Longer wavelengths of light have lower frequencies and are heard as lower pitches. The volume indicates the amount of light detected in each data point.

The four water signatures are represented by the sound of water droplets falling. These sounds simplify the data – water is detected as a signature that has multiple data points. The sounds align only to the highest points in the data.

Mapping Data to Sound 

These audio tracks support blind and low-vision listeners first, but are designed to be captivating to anyone who tunes in. “These compositions provide a different way to experience the detailed information in Webb’s first data. Similar to how written descriptions are unique translations of visual images, sonifications also translate the visual images by encoding information, like color, brightness, star locations, or water absorption signatures, as sounds,” said Quyen Hart, a senior education and outreach scientist at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland. “Our teams are committed to ensuring astronomy is accessible to all.”

This project has parallels to the “curb-cut effect,” an accessibility requirement that supports a wide range of pedestrians. “When curbs are cut, they benefit people who use wheelchairs first, but also people who walk with a cane and parents pushing strollers,” explained Kimberly Arcand, a visualization scientist at the Chandra X-ray Center in Cambridge, Massachusetts, who led the initial data sonification project for NASA and now works on it on behalf of NASA’s Universe of Learning. “We hope these sonifications reach an equally broad audience.”

Preliminary results from a survey Arcand led showed that people who are blind or low vision, and people who are sighted, all reported that they learned something about astronomical images by listening. Participants also shared that auditory experiences deeply resonated with them. “Respondents’ reactions varied – from experiencing awe to feeling a bit jumpy,” Arcand continued. “One significant finding was from people who are sighted. They reported that the experience helped them understand how people who are blind or low vision access information differently.”

“One significant finding was from people who are sighted. They reported that the experience helped them understand how people who are blind or low vision access information differently.”

These tracks are not actual sounds recorded in space. Instead, Russo and his collaborator, musician Andrew Santaguida, mapped Webb’s data to sound, carefully composing music to accurately represent details the team would like listeners to focus on. In a way, these sonifications are like modern dance or abstract painting – they convert Webb’s images and data to a new medium to engage and inspire listeners.

Christine Malec, a member of the blind and low vision community who also supports this project, said she experiences the audio tracks with multiple senses. “When I first heard a sonification, it struck me in a visceral, emotional way that I imagine sighted people experience when they look up at the night sky.”

There are other profound benefits to these adaptations. “I want to understand every nuance of sound and every instrument choice, because this is primarily how I’m experiencing the image or data,” Malec continued. Overall, the team hopes that sonifications of Webb’s data help more listeners feel a stronger connection to the universe – and inspire everyone to follow the observatory’s upcoming astronomical discoveries.

The James Webb Space Telescope is the world's premier space science observatory. Webb will solve mysteries in our solar system, look beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probe the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency).

These sonifications are a result of a collaboration between the NASA’s Universe of Learning program and the James Webb Space Telescope. The Chandra X-ray Center (CXC) leads data sonification as a NASA’s Universe of Learning partner. Science experts affiliated with the Webb mission provide their expertise on Webb observations, data, and targets.

NASA's Universe of Learning is part of the NASA Science Activation program, from the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters. The Science Activation program connects NASA science experts, real content and experiences, and community leaders in a way that activates minds and promotes deeper understanding of our world and beyond. Using its direct connection to the science and the experts behind the science, NASA's Universe of Learning provides resources and experiences that enable youth, families, and lifelong learners to explore fundamental questions in science, experience how science is done, and discover the universe for themselves.

NASA's Universe of Learning materials are based upon work supported by NASA under cooperative agreement award number NNX16AC65A to the Space Telescope Science Institute, working in partnership with Caltech/IPAC, Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

{ https://www.nasa.gov/ }

15-04-2023 om 23:44 geschreven door peter  

Man Worked For Pentagon Confessed On Camera: ‘We Have Downed UFOs Of Alien Origin’

The US government has passed legislation protecting government whistleblowers, including those who may have information on UFOs. The All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office (AARO), headed by Director Sean M. Kirkpatrick, is responsible for fielding these whistleblower reports. Kirkpatrick is set to answer questions during a hearing with the Subcommittee on Emerging Threats and Capabilities, and the public is closely watching to see how he responds. While some commentators praise Kirkpatrick’s performance, others criticize it.

There is speculation that whistleblowers have gathered information on legacy UFO government programs, but it remains to be seen if their testimony will successfully uncover these programs, causing UFO disclosure or making it public. Dr. Colm Kelleher, a former manager of a secret Pentagon UFO program and author of Skinwalkers at the Pentagon, has made claims regarding downed UFO craft that could provide important information to AARO and others.

There is no doubt in the credibility of Dr. Kelleher. He is a biochemist with a background in cell and molecular biology. He has worked in various research institutions and works at the National Institute of Discovery Science, where he applies forensic science techniques to investigate scientific anomalies.

Dr. Kelleher told Newstalk Breakfast that he stumbled upon a unique job advertisement in a scientific magazine seeking scientists interested in studying the origin and research of consciousness of the universe. He accepted the position and led a team of 50 people investigating UFOs in the US and Brazil. The program, which was top secret and funded by the Defence Intelligence Agency for $22 million, resulted in 104 technical reports on UFOs. The program only became public when the New York Times broke an article about it in 2017.

Dr. Kelleher stated that they had no interest in finding extraterrestrial life. Instead, they focused on documenting the UAP’s behavior and technology using photography and video. He explains what they found: “The technology these objects displayed: they outclassed the best F18 fighters in our arsenal.”

“They outperformed everything we had, so it was pretty obvious these were not United States technology, Chinese technology, or Russian technology. So we did know that they were from somewhere else. But in terms of little green men or aliens, we have no idea of who or why these objects are in United States airspace.”

In the latest Weaponized podcast episode with Jeremy Corbell and George Knapp, Dr. Kelleher confidently said that the UFOs are real. He admitted that they have downed UFOs from unknown origins and that they have been trying to reverse engineer and exploit those technologies in order to understand their physics.

In the interview, Corbell asked Dr. Kelleher if the UFOs are real, and he immediately said “Yes.” He continued: “UFOs are technologically sophisticated. They have performance characteristics that are, you know, the five observables are well-documented. But they also have a very profound effect on some people, or they have superficial effects on other people, but they do have effects on people. So going forward is to combine both of those, is to study UFO performance, and, you know, the hope is that out of UFO performance can come theoretical physics which will eventually translate into engineering.”

Dr. Kelleher discusses the possibility that UFOs are interacting with planet Earth because of the presence of humans. He suggests that it is unlikely that UFOs are only focusing on non-human life forms such as marsupials or trees, and that they are more likely to be interested in interacting with humans, who are the dominant species on the planet. This leads to the hypothesis that humanity itself is the focus of the interaction between these unknown entities that we call UFOs, as other intelligent beings are believed to be operating these objects.

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• Nukes Attract Not Only UFOs but Something Bone-Chilling, Revealed By Ex-Worker At Nuclear Depot In Nevada Desert
• Steven Spielberg Called himself UFOlogist & Said 2009 James Fox UFO Documentary Was ‘Compelling’
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He then discusses the vast number of UFO sightings globally, which implies that interactions with humans are important and produce something that the UFOs need or are interested in. He argues that it is unlikely that the hundreds of thousands or even millions of sightings that have occurred over the last 77 years since 1945 are random events that are passing through and just being in the right place at the right time. Instead, Dr. Kelleher suggests there is more to it than that, as the sheer number of sightings implies that interactions with humans are somehow important and produce something that the UFOs need or are interested in.

Dr. Kelleher also notes that the incidents of the Skinwalker Ranch are emblematic of this whole thing, as they demonstrate how human perception can be altered during UFO interactions, which may affect human consciousness.

He shares the incident with six individuals at Skinwalker Ranch, who all saw completely different things through their night vision binoculars during a UFO sighting. This incident is used as a metaphor to suggest that human perception is altered in many cases as a result of or during UFO interactions. He proposes that maybe human perception as it pertains to human consciousness is one of the objectives where the UFO phenomenon somehow interacts with human consciousness for a purpose, though he admits that they do not know what that purpose is.

From Mystery Wire, In an exclusive interview with Dr. Colm Kelleher: (Source)

Well, I was hired in November of 2008. The AAWSAP program ran from September 2008 to late 2010. So one of the first tasks that I had coming on board was to put together a team of UFO focused investigators as quickly as possible. So I was thinking back on this and between November 2008, and probably April 2009, I personally conducted about 300 telephone interviews in an attempt to recruit different people for different positions at AAWSAP. In addition, I did at least 100, face to face interviews in my office in that period of time. So we’re talking about a pretty rapid clip in terms of bringing forth a lot of people into the office, sometimes there were one or two people outside.

But our focus was in hiring a team of PhD level scientists, that would include physics and biology, master’s level scientists, technicians, we also looked for database analysts, and military intelligence personnel who had a long history investigative background. And of course, we also were looking for a lot of security officers, because security was a big issue. Interestingly, one of our program managers was a 20 year veteran of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations, also known as AFOSI. And this guy was very, very seasoned investigator. And he helped us a lot in what turned out to be attempted formation of a relationship with AFOSI, which is discussed in the book. But all of this hiring and recruitment occurred within a four or five month period.

I think by the end of May of 2009, we had a team of about 50 people. And George, when you consider that this was a 24 month contract, so not only were we putting together the security infrastructure of this of this large organization, and that included facility security clearances, getting everything up to a level that was sufficient for inspections, but hiring these people, training all of these different people. And then we executed multiple programs side by side. And all of this happened in a 24 month period. So we were on a pretty rapid clip. And I would say, I’ve worked with government organizations in the past, NASA and DoD in other capacities, and putting that kind of level of activity together in a 24 month period, I think was pretty extraordinary. And, obviously, Dr. Lacatski, his input in Washington, DC, and greasing the wheels to make all of this happen, putting together a pretty large organization that was focused only on UFO investigations. That was the key.

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{ https://www.howandwhys.com/ }

15-04-2023 om 21:49 geschreven door peter  

Mystery of Fast Radio Bursts. One Step Closer to The Answer?

What are Fast Radio Bursts? Did we get a step closer to answering this question by associating some of them with a Kilonova event? What Cosmology questions can we solve by studying FRBs? Discussing all these things with Dr Clancy James from Curtin University.

CHAPTERS

00:00 Intro

01:41 Second Kilonova event

03:37 FRB connection to neutron star collisions

13:13 Mechanism behind Fast Radio Bursts

23:12 How to observe and study FRBs

29:12 Repeating FRBs

32:30 How FRBs are useful for Cosmology

38:10 When will we solve FRBs

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{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

15-04-2023 om 21:18 geschreven door peter  

This artist's illustration shows the fiery exoplanet WASP-76b. Previous study shows the planet rains iron it's so hot. Now astronomers have detected barium in its atmosphere.

Image Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser

BY PAUL M. SUTTER

The team of researchers released a paper detailing simulations of how this process could unfold. They found that these small worlds are caught between two extremes. Because they orbit closely to their parent star, they are almost certainly tidally locked, which means that only one side of the planet faces the star at all times. The other side is permanently locked in night. The day side gets blasted to such a degree that instead of a crust it just has a thin shell of pure magma. But the other side is so cold that the rocky crust remains in place.

The night side cools down the planet while the day side heats it up. The astronomers found that there is only a very narrow window where we can observe such situations. If a planet is too big or the star is not bright enough, then it does not evaporate enough material for us to detect it in something like Kepler. However if the planet is too small or the star is too intense, the entire planet obliterates in a short enough time that we are unlikely to see it in a random sample of stars.

Only certain special cases can lead to a ring of debris large enough and visible enough for us to see it. Going from this the astronomers estimate that for every star in the galaxy there is roughly one planet the size of the Earth or smaller. 

Additionally, the astronomers found that these debris trails can give us very important clues as to rocky planetary formation. We don’t normally get to crack open planets and see what’s inside of them. But in these cases the parent star is doing the job for us. They advocate for a follow-up observations with the James Webb Space telescope to study these systems in detail to understand what these rocky planets were made of.

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

15-04-2023 om 21:05 geschreven door peter  

I'm Obsessed With Venus Now. Here's Why

Active volcanism. Plate tectonics. Retaining the atmosphere without a magnetosphere. There's so much to learn about Venus! In this interview I'm discussing all these things with Dr Paul Byrne, Planetary Evangelist and Associate Professor of Earth and Planetary Science at Washington University in St. Louis

CHAPTERS

00:00:00 Intro

00:01:14 Why Venus?

00:05:32 The big questions

00:08:03 Why so underexplored

00:20:13 Problems with the VERITAS mission

00:30:05 Vulcanism on Venus

00:46:07 Data for the future

00:47:50 No Magnetosphere but with atmosphere. Why?

00:54:20 Plate tectonics

00:58:59 Venus as an exoplanet

01:04:13 Venus sample return

{  https://universetoday.com/ }

15-04-2023 om 20:57 geschreven door peter  

In a study published this week in Astrophysical Journal Letters, an international team of astronomers described how they filled in the gaps by analyzing more than 30,000 simulated black hole images.

“With our new machine learning technique, PRIMO, we were able to achieve the maximum resolution of the current array,” study lead author Lia Medeiros of the Institute for Advanced Study said in a news release.

PRIMO slimmed down and sharpened up the EHT’s view of the ring of hot material that swirled around the black hole as it fell into the gravitational singularity. That makes for more than just a prettier picture, Medeiros explained.

“Since we cannot study black holes up close, the detail of an image plays a critical role in our ability to understand its behavior,” she said. “The width of the ring in the image is now smaller by about a factor of two, which will be a powerful constraint for our theoretical models and tests of gravity.”

The technique developed by Medeiros and her colleagues — known as principal-component interferometric modeling, or PRIMO for short — analyzes large data sets of training imagery to figure out the likeliest ways to fill in missing data. It’s similar to the way AI researchers used an analysis of Ludwig von Beethoven’s musical works to produce a score for the composer’s unfinished 10th Symphony.

Tens of thousands of simulated EHT images were fed into the PRIMO model, covering a wide range of structural patterns for the gas swirling into M87’s black hole. The simulations that provided the best fit for the available data were blended together to produce a high-fidelity reconstruction of missing data. The resulting image was then reprocessed to match the EHT’s actual maximum resolution.

The researchers say the new image should lead to more precise determinations of the mass of M87’s black hole and the extent of its event horizon and accretion ring. Those determinations, in turn, could lead to more robust tests of alternative theories relating to black holes and gravity.

The sharper image of M87 is just the start. PRIMO can also be used to sharpen up the Event Horizon Telescope’s fuzzy view of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of our own Milky Way galaxy. And that’s not all: The machine learning techniques employed by PRIMO could be applied to much more than black holes. “This could have important implications for interferometry, which plays a role in fields from exoplanets to medicine,” Medeiros said.

• In addition to Medeiros, the authors of “The Image of the M87 Black Hole Reconstructed With PRIMO” in Astrophysical Journal Letters include Dimitrios Psaltis, Tod Lauer and and Feryal Özel. Development of the PRIMO algorithm was enabled through the support of the National Science Foundation Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship.

{ https://www.universetoday.com/ }

15-04-2023 om 20:28 geschreven door peter  

5 Things You May Not Have Known About The Dodo Bird

The dodo went extinct in 1690, but there was more to this bird than you think.

15-04-2023 om 18:40 geschreven door peter  

UFO at NASA space station April 15, 2023, UFO Sighting News. Video!

{ https://www.ufosightingsdaily.com/ }

15-04-2023 om 17:53 geschreven door peter  

Extraordinary: The Seeding – Exploring the Unsettling Phenomenon of Alien Hybridization

Imagine waking up one day with the haunting memory of an unexplainable experience that leaves you feeling confused, depressed, and overwhelmed with a profound sense of loss. Thousands of people worldwide claim to have had such encounters, pointing to their participation in an alien hybrid program that’s both baffling and terrifying. In the documentary Extraordinary: The Seeding, brave individuals come forward to share their deeply personal stories, while experts in the field of ufology offer insight into this enigmatic phenomenon.

Alien Hybridization: A Disturbing Concept

The premise of alien hybridization revolves around the idea that extraterrestrial beings are engaging in complex reproductive experiments with humans. These experiments often involve unexplained pregnancies that mysteriously terminate without any apparent reason. The memories of these encounters are usually suppressed and fragmented, leaving the experiencers in a state of emotional turmoil.

• 5 UFO ENCOUNTERS THAT WILL BLOW YOUR MIND | The Proof Is Out There

• TOP 5 UFO SIGHTINGS | The Proof is Out There - YouTube

As public acceptance and curiosity grow, more and more individuals are coming forward with their unsettling experiences. The documentary Extraordinary: The Seeding offers a platform for these individuals to share their stories through one-on-one interviews, shedding light on the emotional and personal aspects of their encounters.

Expert Analysis: The Whys and Hows

In addition to providing a space for abductees to share their stories, Extraordinary: The Seeding also delves into the rationale and impact of such hybridization programs. Ufology experts from around the world analyze this phenomenon and discuss the possible reasons behind it. Is the hybridization program meant to cultivate a population of human-alien hybrids? If so, to what end?

The documentary raises these questions and more, encouraging viewers to ponder the possibility of such a reality. By presenting a balanced perspective that combines personal experiences with expert analysis, the film aims to educate, entertain, and provoke thought about this deeply intriguing subject.

A Call for Open-Mindedness

Extraordinary: The Seeding serves as a reminder that we should not be dismissive of the unknown. Instead, we should approach these enigmatic phenomena with an open mind and heart, willing to explore the unknown and question the simple answers we’ve been given. The experiences shared in the documentary are a testament to the resilience of the human spirit and the importance of seeking a greater understanding of our reality.

The stories shared in Extraordinary: The Seeding may seem unbelievable to some, but the deeply personal accounts and expert analysis presented in the film urge us to consider the possibility of their truth. As we continue to explore the mysteries of our universe, we must remain open to the unknown and be willing to question our preconceived notions about the nature of our existence. Ultimately, the film raises the thought-provoking question: What if this is all true?

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{ https://www.latest-ufo-sightings.net/ }

15-04-2023 om 17:46 geschreven door peter  

Sawdah Bhaimiya 

OpenAI hired a team of experts to examine whether GPT-4 could present prejudiced responses or assist illegal activities. 

Jaap Arriens/NurPhoto via Getty Images

• A professor hired by OpenAI to test GPT-4 said people could use it to do "dangerous chemistry."
• He was one of 50 experts hired by OpenAI last year to examine the risks of GPT-4. 
• Their research showed that GPT-4 could help users write hate speech or even find unlicensed guns. 

One professor hired by OpenAI to test GPT-4, which powers chatbot ChatGPT, said there's a "significant risk" of people using it to do "dangerous chemistry" – in an interview with the Financial Times published on Friday.  

Andrew White, an associate professor of chemical engineering at the University of Rochester in New York state, was one of 50 experts hired to test the new technology over a six-month period in 2022. The group of experts – dubbed the "red team" – asked the AI tool dangerous and provocative questions to examine how far it can go.

White told the FT that he asked GPT-4 to suggest a compound that could act as a chemical weapon. He used "plug-ins" – a new feature that allows certain apps to feed information into the chatbot – to draw information from scientific papers and directories of chemical manufacturers. The chatbot was then able to find somewhere to make the compound, the FT said. 

"I think it's going to equip everyone with a tool to do chemistry faster and more accurately," White said in an interview with the FT. "But there is also significant risk of people . . . doing dangerous chemistry. Right now, that exists."

The team of 50 experts' findings was presented in a technical paper on the new model, which also showed that the AI tool could help users write hate speech and help find unlicensed guns online. 

White and the other testers' findings helped OpenAI to ensure that these issues were amended before GPT-4 was released for public use. 

OpenAI did not immediately respond to Insider's request for comment made outside of regular working hours. 

GPT-4 launched in March and was described as OpenAI's most advanced AI technology that can pass a bar exam for lawyers or score a 5 on some AP exams. 

Twitter CEO Elon Musk and hundreds of AI experts, academics, and researchers signed an open letter last month to call for a six-month pause on developing AI tools more powerful than GPT-4.  

The letter said that powerful AI systems should only be developed "once we are confident that their effects will be positive and their risks will be manageable." 

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{ https://www.insider.com/ }

15-04-2023 om 01:18 geschreven door peter  

THE BEST IMAGES OF SPACE

We are all excited about the arrival of James Webb, but let's not forget that Hubble gifted us the first most wonderful portraits of space.

These fantastically real images of the universe include: The Sombrero Galaxy (infrared), the Ring Nebula, the Spiral Galaxy NGC 1566, the NGC 5195, the Veil Nebula and the Andromeda Galaxy.

All-sky view of the entire near-infrared sky reveals the distribution of galaxies beyond the Milky Way.

© : NASA/HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE

{https://www.nasa.gov }

15-04-2023 om 01:05 geschreven door peter  

Scientists explain how extraterrestrials will make first contact with humanity

There are millions of stars gravitated by various planets. There are billions of planets in our galaxy, and some will certainly be able to support life as we know it. Therefore, it may be selfish of us to say that we are alone in the Universe. Based on this premise and the evolution of technology, some scientists already know what the first contact between extraterrestrials and humanity will be like.

The scientist director of the international committee on the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence explains how the presentation of Earth to extraterrestrials will be. So let’s take a leap into the future.

The Secret of the Warp Engine

The year is 2063 and brilliant scientist Zefram Cochrane has just performed the first successful test flight of a Warp Motor, unlocking the seemingly impossible possibilities of faster-than-light travel.

The warp signature is detected by a nearby Vulcan ship, whose crew determines that humanity has finally matured enough for first contact. And that’s how – in the Star Trek universe – we become aware of the existence of aliens.

I do not think that such a scenario can be ruled out.

Any extraterrestrial civilization is likely to be significantly more advanced than we are. They can be camouflaged.

Said Prof. Michael Garrett , director of the Center for Astrophysics at Jodrell Bank and current chairman of the Standing Committee of the International Academy of Astronautics on the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (IAA SETI).

An artist’s impression of three types of habitable planets: one primarily earthy; a planet with a good mix of land and sea, like Earth; and an oceanic planet with almost no land. 

(Image credit: Europlanet 2024 RI/T. Roger.)

According to Garrett, our knowledge of intelligent extraterrestrial life is more likely to come from an observatory receiving an extraterrestrial signal than from the sudden arrival of a spacecraft.

In this scenario, organizations that have joined SETI have their own first contact protocol.

The first step is verification of the signal by an independent observatory.

He referred to Garrett, who explains that the discovery must be kept secret until a broader verification is carried out.

The government of the country discovering this event, and eventually the United Nations, must then be informed, with news of the contact announced to the public shortly afterwards. That, at least, is how it should be done.

Whether the protocol would actually be adopted I have some doubts. If the signal is rich in information, for example, I think that has far greater consequences than a signal that just points to an intelligent civilization out there somewhere.

It will have a value that will become understood by governments very quickly. At some level, scientists have to protect themselves. What is written in the protocols may not be what happens in practice.

These Garrett.

If we were contacted, how would we respond to extraterrestrials?

Depending on the nature of the alien signal, and whether we would even be able to understand or translate it, there is also the question of whether we would respond.

It is very difficult to stop people from transmitting signals into space. And if we had a really advanced civilization out there, maybe it wouldn’t take much to transmit a signal that they could detect.

We would no doubt have small groups of enthusiasts and amateurs who would send out signals. But what gives any group, individual or country the right to send messages on behalf of the entire planet?

This is where the involvement of the United Nations is important, although the United Nations does not currently have an opinion on this.

Explained the director of the Center for Astrophysics at Banco Jodrell.

In the Star Trek saga, the revelation that we are not alone, that intelligent life exists beyond the stars, leads to a profound change in the way the human race sees itself. It becomes more enlightened, more unified, and ultimately more motivated by exploitation than war or greed. However, it remains to be seen whether we would react in the same way.

I think a lot depends on the distance. If aliens are inside the Solar System then I think people will be worried. But if they’re on the other side of the Galaxy, I think people would be excited about that.

Some religious organizations may need to change their doctrines, but most religions are pretty good at accommodating things as they arise.

I would like to think that if we found another civilization out there, it would accelerate our own political, ethical, and moral maturity. But that’s the beauty of Star Trek – it gives you something to aspire to.

Concluded Michael Garrett.

On a planet with wars, contempt for life itself, with a pandemic still to be resolved and countries called super powers in conflict of interests, would this be a good time to be contacted by aliens?

{ https://ufosecret.space/affiliate-disclosure/ }

15-04-2023 om 00:43 geschreven door peter  

NEW Documentary UFO Endgame To Disclosure! Whistle Blowers UFO / UAPs, Dr. Greer D.C. Event!

Dr. Steven Greer - Whistle Blowers UFO / UAPs, Alien Phenomenon, and The Secret Government! Available Now UFO Endgame To Disclosure Link!

• https://geni.us/UFO_Endgame

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15-04-2023 om 00:26 geschreven door peter  

You saw the first image of a black hole. Now see it better with AI.

Mix general relativity with machine learning, and an astronomical donut starts to look more like a Cheerio.

BY PURBITA SAHA 

AI, enhance. 

Medeiros et al., 2013

Astronomy sheds light on the far-off, intangible phenomena that shape our universe and everything outside it. Artificial intelligence sifts through tiny, mundane details to help us process important patterns. Put the two together, and you can tackle almost any scientific conundrum—like determining  the relative shape of a black hole. 

The Event Horizon Telescope (a network of eight radio observatories placed strategically around the globe) originally captured the first image of a black hole in 2017 in the Messier 87 galaxy. After processing and compressing more than five terabytes of data, the team released a hazy shot in 2019, prompting people to joke that it was actually a fiery donut or a screenshot from Lord of the Rings. At the time, researchers conceded that the image could be improved with more fine-tuned observations or algorithms. 

Related: 

• How AI can make galactic telescope images ‘sharper’
  

In a study published on April 13 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, physicists from four US institutions used AI to sharpen the iconic image. This group fed the observatories’ raw interferometry data into an algorithm to produce a sharper, more accurate depiction of the black hole. The AI they used, called PRIMO, is an automated analysis tool that reconstructs visual data at higher resolutions to study gravity, the human genome, and more. In this case, the authors trained the neural network with simulations of accreting black holes—a mass-sucking process that produces thermal energy and radiation. They also relied on a mathematical technique called Fourier transform to turn energy frequencies, signals, and other artifacts into information the eye can see.

Their edited image shows a thinner “event horizon,” the glowing circle formed when light and accreted gas crosses into the gravitational sink. This could have “important implications for measuring the mass of the central black hole in M87 based on the EHT images,” the paper states.

The original image of M87 from 2019 (left) compared to the PRIMO reconstruction (middle) and the PRIMO reconstruction “blurred” to EHT’s resolution (right). The blurring occurs such that the image can match the resolution of EHT and the algorithm doesn’t add resolution when it is filling in gaps that the EHT would not be able to see with its true resolution. 

Medeirois et al., 2023

One thing’s for sure: The subject at the center of the shot is extremely dark, potent, and powerful. It’s even more clearly defined in the AI-enhanced version, backing up the claim that the supermassive black hole is up to 6.5 billion times heftier than our sun. Compare that to Sagittarius A*—the black hole that was recently captured in the Milky Way—which is estimated at 4 million times the sun’s mass.

Sagittarius A* could be another PRIMO target, Lia Medeiros, lead study author and astrophysicist at the Institute for Advanced Study, told the Associated Press. But the group is not in a rush to move on from the more distant black hole located 55 million light-years away in Messier 87. “It feels like we’re really seeing it for the first time,” she added in the AP interview. The image was a feat of astronomy, and now, people can gaze on it with more clarity.

Watch an interview where the researchers discuss their AI methods more in-depth below:

{  https://www.popsci.com/ }

15-04-2023 om 00:11 geschreven door peter  

Researchers have confirmed the existence of a SECOND Earth located in the Proxima Centauri System. The planet is believed to have oceans just like Earth and may hay host alien life. In the past, thousands of exoplanets have been discovered in the universe, but none of them is like Proxima B.

Proxima b, as has been baptized, has very ‘promising characteristics: it is probably rocky, slightly more massive than our own planet, and is located in the region around its star that would allow liquid water on its surface to exist.

Researchers have discovered a planet located in the Proxima Centauri system, one of the closest stars to Earth which they believe harbors liquid water and potentially alien life.

The planet, named Proxima B is believed to be around 1.3 times the size of our planet and has the ideal temperature on the surface for water in a liquid state to exist.

Proxima B has located four light years away from Earth –over 25 TRILLION MILES—meaning that in order to visit the planet in the near future, future generations would have to come up with super-fast spacecraft that would allow them to travel to the Proxima Centauri system with ease.

If the planet proves to be a SECOND Earth’ it could become one of the best options for future human colonization.

Researchers believe that the temperature on the surface of the planet could be between -90 degrees Celsius and 30 degrees Celsius.
According to researchers, Proxima B may be the best opportunity we have come across to find DIRECT evidence of the existence of Alien Lifeforms outside of our solar system.

The planet which has already been dubbed a second Earth’ is located at an ideal distance from its host star for liquid water to exist, which means that life as we know it is very likely to exist.

Proxima B is the closest exoplanet we have ever discovered, and according to researchers, a mission to the planet to search for signs of life could be something achievable within our lifetime.

The distance from our planet to Proxima B may seem insurmountable, but it is actually formidably shorter when compared to other candidates to host life. This means that Proxima B could become the first objective for future interstellar travel.

Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf located in the constellation Centaurus. The star itself is too weak to be observed with the naked eye, but in recent months, scientists have not taken their eyes off of it.

In fact, during the first half of this year, Proxima Centauri was followed regularly with the HARPS spectrograph installed on the 3.6-meter telescope of the European Southern Observatory (ESO) in La Silla (Chile) and monitored simultaneously with other instruments from around the world.

“Many exoplanets have been found, and many more will be found, but searching for the closest potential Earth-analogue and succeeding has been the experience of a lifetime for all of us,” Dr. Guillem Anglada-Escudé, lead author of the paper, said.“Many people’s stories and efforts have converged on this discovery. The result is also a tribute to all of them. The search for life on Proxima b comes next.”

There are already two papers that describe and go through the potential habitability of Proxima B.

Future observations, for example using the 39-m ESO E-ELT telescope under construction in Chile, will allow further investigation of Proxima b and of the hypothetical presence of a thick atmosphere and a liquid water reservoir. If this turned out to be the case, it would be very exciting that the nearest star to the Sun also hosts the nearest habitable (perhaps inhabited?) planet.

{ https://blog.yameestudio.com/ }

14-04-2023 om 23:53 geschreven door peter  

Cosmic "caramel" appears in photo of colliding galaxies !

About 180 million light-years away are two colliding galaxies that together are called Taffy ("caramel" in English — specifically a soft, "stuffed" type of caramel). A new image from the Gemini North observatory has revealed details of the object that inspired the name: a cloud that looks like a "taffy" stuffing inside a galactic "sandwich".

Typically, galactic collisions result in tails and distortions in gas clouds, driving new star formation. But in the case of galaxies UGC 12914 (left, 130,000 light-years across) and UGC 12915 (right, 80,000 light-years across), the result was somewhat unusual.

Initiated somewhere between 25 and 30 million years ago, this fusion has two peculiar characteristics. The first is that the galaxies are facing each other, at an angle that makes them almost parallel. The second is the gas cloud pulled by the two galaxies.

When the galactic encounter is lateral or at more open angles, the gravity of one can "steal" a piece of the other's arms, or both can mix. In all cases, the star-forming clouds collide and increase stellar output.

But that was not the scenario in Taffy, since the collision was practically head-on. When they collided, the galaxies caused turbulence in the gas cloud, and when they emerged from the collision (yes, the collision already occurred), the gas was pulled by them and formed a “bridge”.
Now, the gas we see between the two objects is trapped between them, more or less like a spider's web, and the turbulence is preventing the gas from collecting and compressing it necessary to form new stars.

Unfortunately for home telescope users capable of observing Taffy, the "caramel filling" cannot be seen except by radio telescopes, which are able to "see" light in radio emissions, invisible to us. Still, it must be interesting to find a pair of spirals so close together in the sky.

Source: NOIRLab

• The Taffy galaxies, in a new image from the Gemini observatory (Image: Reproduction/International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA)

{ James Webb Space Telescope & Cosmology }

14-04-2023 om 23:38 geschreven door peter  

JWST’s detection of early galaxies that are far мore мassiʋe than astronoмers had expected could мean we need to rewrite our understanding of the cosмos.

Astronoмers haʋe used the Jaмes WeƄƄ Space Telescope (JWST) to reʋeal a host of high-мass galaxies in the early uniʋerse — Ƅut according to a new study they shouldn’t really exist. Either astronoмers haʋe мisunderstood soмething aƄout the galaxies theмselʋes, or our leading мodel of cosмology is called into question.

Despite Ƅeing in space less than 18 мonths, JWST is already proʋiding unprecedented ʋiews of the uniʋerse in the first few hundred мillion years after the Big Bang. A Ƅig surprise has Ƅeen how quickly large, star-filled galaxies appeared.

Now, Michael Boylan-Kolchin (The Uniʋersity of Texas, Austin) has looked at the proƄleм froм another angle, puƄlishing his findings in <eм>Nature Astronoмy. The leading cosмological мodel is known as ΛCDM, where CDM stands for cold dark мatter. According to the мodel, ordinary мatter and dark мatter were well мixed in the early uniʋerse. When dark мatter haloes collapsedto forм the first galaxies, soмe of the мixed-in ordinary мatter turned into new stars.

“We haʋe ʋery good eʋidence of the distriƄution of мatter in the early uniʋerse froм the cosмic мicrowaʋe Ƅackground,” Boylan-Kolchin says. He calculated how мuch of the ordinary мatter would need to end up in stars to account for the JWST high-мass galaxies. “Alмost eʋery aʋailaƄle atoм would haʋe Ƅeen used to мake stars,” he says.

According to Boylan-Kolchin, this near 100% efficiency is Ƅorderline iмpossiƄle. “It’s мore like 10% in the мodern uniʋerse,” he says.

“The theoretical analysis in this paper is ʋery sound,” says Mark VogelsƄerger (MIT), who was not inʋolʋed in the research. “There are not мany assuмptions going into the calculation, which renders the results ʋery roƄust.”

So if Boylan-Kolchin’s suмs are right, does that мean ΛCDM is wrong? He isn’t quite ready to dispense with it just yet. “No other theory can do what it does — it would Ƅe a last resort to oʋerthrow it,” he says.

What else could Ƅe going on? A teaм led Ƅy Hayley Williaмs (Uniʋersity of Minnesota) has just announced the discoʋery of an intriguing early galaxy at redshift 9.5, also using JWST. It’s so faint that it can only Ƅe seen thanks to aмplification Ƅy graʋitational lensing. Williaмs found that the galaxy has a star forмation rate soмe 38 tiмes higher than a galaxy at redshift 8. The results are puƄlished in <eм>Science.

“This galaxy has a мuch lower мass than the galaxies discussed [Ƅy Boylan-Kolchin] Ƅut, if this kind of star forмation can also happen in higher-мass galaxies at siмilar redshifts, it could help explain the tension with the standard cosмological мodel,” she says.

Boylan-Kolchin isn’t so sure, Ƅecause this oƄject is just 53 light-years across. Galaxies are norмally thousands of tiмes Ƅigger. “It could Ƅe a gloƄular cluster instead,” Boylan-Kolchin says.

There are soмe other options for resolʋing the tension, like tweaking ΛCDM. A faмily of theories known as Early Dark Energy (EDE) мodels suggest altering the Ƅehaʋior of dark energy (the Λ in ΛCDM) iммediately after the Big Bang. Doing so would help resolʋe another ongoing deƄate surrounding the HuƄƄle constant. Squaring this with other oƄserʋations would require extra мatter in the early uniʋerse. Boylan-Kolchin calculates that the density of мatter in early galaxies would haʋe Ƅeen 3 tiмes higher in this case, мeaning star forмation wouldn’t need to Ƅe as efficient to proʋide the saмe result. Howeʋer, EDE мodels also suggest that the uniʋerse is only 13 Ƅillion years old, which is in conflict with other мeasureмents.

Astronoмers could also Ƅe мistakenly attriƄuting soмe of the galaxies’ light to stars, when in fact it is coмing froм accretion disks around superмassiʋe Ƅlack holes. “This is one of the мost likely scenarios,” Boylan-Kolchin says.

So far astronoмers haʋe only seen a handful of these galaxies, and they are all in an area that takes up just a quarter-мillionth of the sky. That’s hardly representatiʋe of the whole cosмos. “We мay well find with follow-up full statistical surʋeys . . . that this tension disappears,” says Joel Leja (Penn State), who was not inʋolʋed in the research.

They мight not eʋen Ƅe distant galaxies at all. “NearƄy, low-мass galaxies can мiмic the appearance of distant, мassiʋe galaxies,” says Peter Behroozi (Uniʋersity of Arizona), also not inʋolʋed in Boylan-Kolchin’s work. “No-one can reliaƄly [say] whether the conclusions of this paper are right or wrong until мore мeasureмents are taken.”

What’s really needed are spectroscopic мeasureмents of these galaxies. That will help iron out their true distance and allow astronoмers to look for signs of Ƅlack holes. The good news is that this data is on the way. “We really should know if this a serious proƄleм within a couple of years, мayƄe less,” Boylan-Kolchin says.

{ https://live.xem.plus/ }

14-04-2023 om 23:15 geschreven door peter  

Discovery of a hidden Bible chapter written 1,500 years ago is 'fascinating' - and could provide key insights into the earliest translations of the religious text, experts say

• Hidden Bible text in Syriac was found masked behind two layers of writing
• The parchment was reused by a scribe, which was a common practice 
• READ MORE: Academics discover a long-lost Bible chapter using UV light 

By STACY LIBERATORE and JONATHAN CHADWICK FOR MAILONLINE 

A 'hidden chapter' of Bible text written more than 1,500 years ago could provide key insights into how the religious text has changed over time, experts say. 

The new text comprises parts of Matthew 11-12 in the New Testament written in the ancient Syriac language, giving more details than today's standard Gospel text. 

Scientists uncovered the scripture after applying UV light to a manuscript about ancient Christian stories and hymns housed at the Vatican Library. 

The text had been scraped from the parchment, a common practice so new text could be written over it, but the text left traces detectable by UV light. 

Speaking to MailOnline, Dr Garrick Allen, a senior lecturer in New Testament studies at the University of Glasgow, said the discovery provides an insight into the early translations of the Bible. 

The manuscript is chapters 11 through 12 in Matthew. Experts applied UV light to a document, revealing the Bible text was masked behind two layers of writing

'This discovery is highly interesting, but it isn't ground-breaking in isolation, mostly because the newly identified text is only fragmentary parts of Matthew 11-12,' Dr Allen told MailOnline. 

'The Syriac translation of the Bible is important on its own as one of the earliest translations from Greek.

'It gives us insight into the earliest stages of the text of the Bible and the communities that produced these translations.'

Justin Brierley, a Christian author, broadcaster and radio host, called the discovery 'fascinating'.

'The discovery of this new fragment of a Syriac copy of the Gospels is yet another example of how rich the manuscript tradition of the New Testament has been over many centuries,' he told MailOnline.

'It's also fascinating to note the variation in some of the wording of Matthew's gospel compared to our received version of the text. 

'I often encounter critics who question whether the Bible has been changed over time, but the science of textual criticism, aided by discoveries like these, help historians to put together an extremely accurate picture of what the original gospels said.' 

Professor Hugh Houghton at the University of Birmingham's Department of Theology and Religion, called it a 'genuine and important discovery'.

'Until a few years ago we only knew of two manuscript witnesses to the Old Syriac translation of the gospels and now we have four,' he told MailOnline.

'The value of the early translations is that they were made from Greek manuscripts which no longer survive, and may provide some of the first evidence for particular readings.' 

Professor Houghton continued: 'The find is important for Christians as the evidence from this document will be incorporated in editions of the Greek New Testament and used by editors to reconstruct the earliest form of the text. 

'Given how few manuscripts survive from the first centuries, all pieces are welcome in reconstructing the jigsaw puzzle of the history of the text.' 

Meanwhile, Dr Peter Williams from Cambridge's Faculty of Divinity said: 'It’s an exciting discovery. The team that did this are top of their game.' 

The new text was discovered by Grigory Kessel from the Austrian Academy of Sciences, who has not yet revealed a complete translation written in ancient Syriac but shared some details. 

In the Greek version of Matthew chapter 12, verse one reads: 'At that time Jesus went through the grainfields on the Sabbath and his disciples became hungry and began to pick the heads of grain and eat.

The more detailed Syriac translation reads, '[...] began to pick the heads of grain, rub them in their hands, and eat them.'

Austrian Academy of Sciences scientists found the manuscript in the Vatican Library (pictured). The document was written on parchment that was reused three times. This was a common practice because paper made from animal skin was scarce 

The initial text was written around the third century but was erased by a scribe – a person employed before printing was invented to make copies of documents – in Palestine.

This was a common practice because the paper made from animal skin was scarce and needed to be reused. 

Writing over scraped-off text creates palimpsests – manuscripts with multiple layers of writing.

• Hebrew Bible created 1,100 years ago could auction for $50M - READ MORE

Its writing style suggests its creator was an early 10th-Century scribe in Egypt or the Levant

UV light has become popular among scientists who hope to uncover secret documents, as the hidden text absorbs the light and glows blue.

It can capture hidden text because parchment soaks in ink. And no matter how often it is reused, the original writings are still imprinted on the paper.

'The Gospel text is hidden in the sense that the early 6th-Century parchment copy of the Gospels Book was reused twice and today on the same page one can find three layers of writing (Syriac - Greek - Georgian),' Grigory Kessel from the Austrian Academy of Sciences, who made the discovery, told MailOnline.

The Old Syriac translation of the scriptures was called 'Peshitta' and became the official translation used by the Syriac Church in the fifth century.

Kessel and his colleagues said the parchment was first reused for the Apophthegmata patrum in Greek, translated to 'Sayings of the Desert Fathers' – a title that refers to early Christian hermits who practiced asceticism in the Egyptian desert.

They did so around the 3rd century and eventually formed the basis of Christian monasticism.

The Apophthegmata patrum is a collection of more than 1,000 of their stories and sayings and dates to the late fifth and early sixth centuries.

The hidden Bible chapter was a palimpsest uncovered by Grigory Kessel from the Austrian Academy of Sciences (pictured)

The next time the page was erased and reused was to copy the Iadgari of Mikael Modrekili, a Georgian manuscript of the 10th Century that included a collection of hymns.

The Syriac translation was written at least a century before the oldest Greek manuscripts that have survived, including the Codex Sinaiticus – the 4th-Century Christian manuscript of the Greek Bible.

Dr Nic Baker-Brian at Cardiff University's School of History, Archaeology and Religion called the new text a 'remarkable discovery' and said its significance lies in a small number of variants. 

'The example cited already - Mt. 12.1-2 - of the disciples "rubbing the ears of corn in their hands" is not attested in the Greek manuscripts for Matthew,' he told MailOnline.

'The presence of variant readings in the manuscript highlights the diverse nature of early Christianity and reinforces an emerging consensus that ancient Christianity was not fixed and monolithic, rather different versions of stories about Jesus were circulating in the early Church. 

'Its existence should remind modern Christians about the diverse history and nature of their religion.' 

The findings are published in the journal New Testament Studies.  

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14-04-2023 om 18:00 geschreven door peter  

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14-04-2023 om 17:27 geschreven door peter